Talking Freight SeminarTalking Freight Seminar

Paul Bubbosh

Environmental Protection Agency

July 21, 2004

OverviewOverview

BackgroundIdling Emission ImpactsIdle Reduction TechnologiesEPA’s Efforts

Why do trucks idle?Why do trucks idle?

Two types of idling:– Unavoidable: traffic light, long lines, congestion– Avoidable: overnight rest period

Reasons for for long duration idling:– Cab comfort – need for heat or air conditioning while

driver rests– Engine protection – need to heat engine & fuel in

extremely cold temperatures– On-board appliances – need to operate tv, refrigerator– Habit – desire not to turn diesel engine off

Where do trucks idle?Where do trucks idle?

As close as possible to their pick-up or drop-off location

Private truck stops (restaurant, shower, fuel)Public rest areas (fuel, proximity to

interstate)Border crossingsPortsSide of the road

Who idles?Who idles?

Long haul truckersSchool & transit busesAgriculture and construction equipmentLocomotives (freight and passenger)AircraftMarine vessels

Idling ImpactsIdling Impacts

Air pollutionFuel consumptionEngine maintenance/lifeDriver health & safety

Extent of IdlingExtent of Idling

Population of long haul trucks:– 500,000 – 1,000,000

Idling hours per year:– 1,800 – 2,400

Fuel consumption per truck– .80 – 1.20 gallons per idle hour

Maintenance costs– $1.14 per day at idle

Population of locomotives – “Switch yard” locomotives – 5,000

Air ImpactsAir Impacts

Oxides of Nitrogen (NOx) Particulate Matter (PM)Carbon Dioxide (CO2)Air Toxics (e.g., formaldehyde)

Pollutants of ConcernPollutants of Concern

Long Haul Trucks:– NOx: 180,000 tons per year– PM: 5,000 tons per year– CO2: 11 million tons– Fuel: 1 billion gallons

Switch Yard Locomotives– NOx: 13,000 tons per year– PM: 430 tons per year– CO2: .75 million tons– Fuel: 65 million gallons

Mobile & Idling Emissions Mobile & Idling Emissions

Ozone Nonattainment Areas– 31 states– 474 counties– 159 million people

Mobile emissions: 1/3 of all NOx emissions– Idling: 5-10% of all NOx emissions

Cost EffectivenessCost Effectiveness

Idle Reduction Technologies– $2,500 per ton of NOx reduced

Assumes 10 year life of technology Averages use of auxiliary engine and electrification

costs and benefits Does not include fuel savings which accrue to truck

owner and which make the cost effectiveness a positive savings

– For locomotives, cost effectiveness is $1,500 per ton of NOx reduced

AlternativesAlternatives

On-Board TechnologiesOff-Board TechnologiesBehavior

On-Board TechnologiesOn-Board TechnologiesTechnology Cost Pros/Cons

Engine Control Module

0 No extra cost; avail. from engine mnfr. Does not address cab comfort needs.

Auto. Shut-Down/Turn-On System

<$1,000 Low cost; avail. from engine mnfr. Low driver acceptance.

Fuel Fired Heaters $900-$1,200 Low cost, lightweight, avail. from engine mnfr. Heat only.

Auxiliary Power Units/Generator Sets

$5,000-$7,000 Provides all needs. Expensive, heavy, noisy, maintenance, after-market retrofit.

Battery Powered Heating/AC

$7,000-$8,000 Provides all needs, zero air emissions. Heavy.

Picture of an APUPicture of an APU

Off-Board TechnologiesOff-Board Technologies

Technology Cost Pros/Cons

Electrified Parking Spaces – RV Model

$6,000 per space Lower cost. Requires modifications to truck (electric heat/AC, inverter/charger

Electrified Parking Spaces –All Inclusive

$18,000 per space No truck modifications needed. Very expensive.

Pictures of Electrified ParkingPictures of Electrified Parking

Electrification On-Board Electrification On-Board NeedsNeeds

BehaviorBehavior

Driver Incentives/Bonuses– Differs per trucking company

State/Local Anti-Idling Law– Lack of enforcement; fines add revenue

Personal Choice

Driver Health & SafetyDriver Health & Safety

Truck drivers– Resting in vehicle idling or nearby other idling vehicles– Exposure to harmful pollutants– Potential health problems & disturbed sleep

EPA funded project– Study exposure of pollutants on truck drivers– Partners: DOE (Oak Ridge) & Univ. of Tenn.– Location: I-40 in Knoxville, TN– Anticipated Results: Dec., 2004

EPA’s ObjectiveEPA’s Objective

Presidential Directive (May, 2001):– Develop ways to reduce demand for petroleum

transportation fuels by: Working with the trucking industry to establish a

program to reduce emissions and fuel consumption form long-haul trucks at truck stops by:

– Implementing alternatives to idling, such as electrification and auxiliary power units.

– Developing partnership agreements with trucking fleets, truck stops, and manufacturers of idle reducing technologies.

EPA’s Idle Reduction ProgramEPA’s Idle Reduction Program

Research, Testing, and AssessmentEducation and OutreachAir Quality GuidanceDemonstration ProjectsInnovative Funding and Incentive

OpportunitiesPartnerships and Relationship Management

EPA’s Idle Reduction ProgramEPA’s Idle Reduction Program

Emissions Testing– 1st Federal agency to comprehensively examine extent of idling

emissions from trucks– Future efforts will examine school and transit buses– http://www.epa.gov/smartway/idlingimpacts.htm

Education and Outreach– Hosted conferences and workshops to educate industry and reach

consensus on idling issues– Future efforts will focus on smaller workshops targeting innovative

funding opportunities– http://www.epa.gov/smartway/idlingplan.htm

EPA’s ProgramEPA’s Program

State Efforts – Air Quality Guidance– Mobile Emission Reduction Credits

Published landmark guidance for quantifying and using idle emission reductions in SIPs, transportation and general conformity, and NSR offset credits

http://www.epa.gov/smartway/idlingplan.htm

– Future efforts will target working with States to create harmonization of anti-idling laws

Need to avoid patchwork of inconsistent state laws

EPA’s ProgramEPA’s Program

Industry Efforts– Launched SmartWay Transport Partnership this year

Voluntary program that encourages energy efficiency, energy security, emission reductions, and greenhouse gas reductions

Rewards successful partners with EPA recognition Targets ground freight shippers and carriers (truck and rail) Partners include: Fed Ex, UPS, Swift, Schneider, J.B. Hunt,

Roadway, Ikea, Home Depot, Cannon, Michelin, Nike, Coca-Cola, Yellow, etc.

– To join: www.epa.gov/smartway– Expanding program to include truck stops and rest areas for

implementing off-board idle reduction technology or no-idle zones.

EPA’s ProgramEPA’s Program

Grant Programs – Demonstration Projects– Awarded over $1.3 million in grants to deploy:

On-board technologies Off-board technologies Locomotive on-board technologies

– Leveraged over 50 demonstration projects in 20 States

Future focus on loan programs

EPA’s ProgramEPA’s Program

Partnership and Relationship Management– Working closely with:

Technology manufacturers – see web listing of all commercially available idle reduction technologies at:http://www.epa.gov/smartway/idlingalternatives.htm

States: held 4 regional workshops, and planning 3-5 more

Federal gov’t: working closely with DOT/FHWA, DOE (Clean Cities & ANL)