taiwo oluwadare

CHAPTER ONE

1.0 INTRODUCTION

BACKGROUND TO THE STUDY

Management in all business and organizational activities is the act of getting people

together to accomplish desired goals and objectives using available resources efficiently and

effectively.

Rabbins (1988) defined management as the process of getting activities completed

efficiently with and through other people.

Mefar land (1979), defined management as the process by which managers create,

direct, maintain and operate purposeful organization through systematic, coordinate and co-

operative human effort”

Henry Fayol (1916), provides a classical description of management by saying that,

“to mange is to forecast and plan, to organize, to command, to coordinate and to control.

Williams et al (1985), defined management as “the process of utilizing organizational

resources to achieve specific objectives through the functions of planning, organizing,

leading and controlling”.

Management comprises planning organizing staffing, leading or directing and

controlling an organization or effort for the purpose of accomplishing a goal.

Resourcing encompasses the deployment and manipulation of human resources,

financial resources, technological resources and natural resources.

Since organizations can be viewed as systems, management can also be defined as

human action, including design, to facilitate the production of useful outcomes from a

system.

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This view opens the opportunity to “manage” oneself, a pre-requisite to manage

others (leadership).

The organization and coordination of the activities of an enterprise is in accordance

with certain policies and achievement of defined objectives. Management is often included

as a factor of production along with machines, materials and money otherwise knows as

3Ms. According to the management guru, Peter Druker (1909-2005), the basic task of a

management is twofold: marketing and innovation. Practice of modern management owes

its origin to the 16th century enquiry into low-efficiency and failure of certain enterprises,

conducted by the English statesman, Sir Thomas (1478-1535).

As a discipline management consists of the interlocking function of formulating

corporate policy and organizing, planning, controlling and directing an organization’s

resources to achieve the policy objectives.

1.1 PRINT MEDIA MANAGEMENT

Both newspapers and magazines are classified as print media that perform the

functions of surveillance (news), correlations (edition/persuasion) socialization (cultural

transmission) and entertainment in the society (Wright 1986).

Print media are periodically printed publication containing public news intelligence

or any remark, essays, poems, etc. by any writers and often photographs and drawings,

frequently specializing in a particular subject or area, as hobbies or sport (Lawal, 2005).

There are policies of newspaper and magazine adopted by the editorial board of print

media. This defines the aims and objectives of these media houses. The policies of these

media are editorial philosophy which states the ideological persuasion of a medium vis-à-vis

its focus, goals; stand on issues and so on.

Editorial philosophy is usually published in the maiden or first edition of publications

as a form of mission statement.

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These policies are frameworks that guard the conduct of what news to be reported

and at what prominence. The maker of these policies is the management team in accordance

to the main intent of the publisher or the proprietor of the media establishment. The

initiation may be for political, economic educational reasons.

The policies of a print medium may border on reportorial adherence, policy on

photographs, staff policy and policy on house style. Also policy can be made on pattern of

circulation of copies of the publications.

1.1.1 BRIEF HISTORY OF PRINT MEDIA IN NIGERIA

The history of print media in Nigeria goes as far back as the 1840s when the

European missionaries established community newspapers to propagate Christianity. This

initiative later gave rise to the establishment of newspaper outfits likes of Dr. Nnamdi

Azikwe in 1937; title “West African pilot,” Azikwe paper pioneered a general protest

against attainment of independence in 1960.

The new Nigeria newspaper limited, with its head office along Ahmadu Bello way,

Kaduna, was established by the then government of the northern region on 23 rd October,

1964. The first copy of the paper was issued on 1st January, 1966. Its initial name was

Northern Nigerian newspapers limited, but when states were created it was changed to new

Nigeria newspaper limited up till today.

Before the establishment of NNN, the Northern Nigerian government had established

a Hausa newspaper in Zaria called Gaskiya Ta Fi Kwabo in 1965. In March 1973, the

company set up the southern plant alongside the one in Kaduna. They simultaneously

printed newspapers which enhanced the wide spread of newspaper in Kaduna and Lagos.

As at today, Nigeria has various newspapers ranging from The Nigerian Tribune,

established 16th November, 1949 and The Punch, The Vanguard, The Pilot, The sun, The

Weed Kay, Thisday and so on.

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At present, Nigeria has more than a number of language papers ranging from Yoruba,

Hausa, Igbo, Itsekiri and so on.

1.2 STATEMENT OF RESEARCH PROBLEM

Have inadequacies in print media management portrayed Nigerian print media not

performing to their optimum capacity?

1.3 RESEARCH QUESTIONS

i. To what extent management influences print media effectiveness?

ii. Does old print journalism different from the new ones?

iii. To what extent is effect of print journalism on Nigerian populace?

iv. Does the sun newspaper root strong as a print media in Nigeria?

v. Does deficiency in management a reason many print media go defunct?

1.4 PURPOSE OF THE STUDY

i. To find extent to which print media management has progressed in Nigeria?

ii. To portray to the Nigerian populace the importance and impact of print media

management.

iii. To enlighten prospective publishers on how to improve on prints media

management?

1.5 SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY

The focus is impact of print media management in enhancing its establishment and

sustenance in Nigeria. However findings of the research work tend to ameliorate the

difficulties in print media management. This can be achieved through ability to comprehend

the problems in print media management, predict and ability to control.

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1.6 SCOPE OF STUDY

Identification of scope of study is an indispensable aspect of the research work.

Scope implies the main area of coverage by the research work. This research work tends to

focus on the nature, process and principle of print media management in The Sun

newspaper, Nigeria as the special case study.

1.7 LIMITATION TO THE STUDY

While carrying out this project work, the researcher faced many problems and those

problems are itemized below:

Lack of sufficient funds to carryout extended study. This hindered data collection

effort.

Time equally posed problems in carrying out detailed study due to the time limits

within the research work is expected to be completed and submitted.

Inadequate information: the unwillingness of some officers to supply the necessary

information needed for the study also limits the scope of the study.

1.8 DEFINITION OF THE TERMS

i. News hole: - This refers to the space left for news and other editorial matter after

the space for the advert has been marked out.

ii. Body: - Main story or text body type is the size of typed used for the contents.

iii. Copy: - Words typewritten by reporters or editors from which type is set. Printers

set copy.

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iv. Tabloid: - Newspaper format, usually six columns wide and approximately 16

inches deep. Also refers to a sensational style of news presentation.

v. Management: - It is referring to the employers of all factors of production who

control and manage the available resources towards attaining the predetermined

purpose of the organization.

1.9 THE SUN PUBLISHING LIMITED

The Daily Sun, a franchise of The Sun Publishing Limited is a Nigerian daily print

newspaper founded and published in Ikeja, Lagos, Nigeria. As of 2011, The Sun had a daily

print run of 130,000 copies and 135,000 for weekend titles with an average of sales. This

made The Sun the highest selling newspaper in Nigeria.

The Daily Sun was incorporated on 29 March, 2001. It started production as a weekly

on 18th January, 2003 and as a daily on 16 June 2003. The target audience is young adults in

the 18-45 years age bracket and in the B-C social economic class.

The paper attempts to offer quality information. It is similar in format to the popular

Sun newspaper of the United Kingdom.

The Chairman of the publishing house is Dr. Orji Uzor Kalu, a former governor of

Abia state. The first Managing/Director and Editor in Chief was Mike Awoyinfa. In January

2010, there was a shake-up in which Tony Onyima succeeding Awoyinfa, and his deputy

editor, Dimgba Igwe was replaced by Femi Adesina. Awoyinfa and Igwe remained as

directors on the company’s board.

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CHAPTER TWO

LITERATURE REVIEW

Print media have spread all over the world; they also remained popular media of

mass communication in spite of the electronic media in the modern world (Akinrosoye,

2011).

Powerful as the print media, it would have remained inefficient if there is no proper

management of resources at the disposal of the print media. Management in print media

determines the success or failure of the print media establishment.

Print media have inherent advantages over broadcast or electronic media. Despite the

conspicuous fame of the electronic media and capability to attract heterogeneous audience,

the outstanding advantages of print media are indispensable. One of the advantages is

readers can encode the written message and as well revisit the material he/she reads for

reference purpose but in the case of electronic counterpart this might not be possible which

makes it disadvantaged. Also print media contents promote literacy as it enables the readers

have mental pictures of all the written codes like spellings, punctuation and others. Print

media have made possible the availability of books, newspapers, and magazines of all types

(Akinrosoye 2011). It has also enabled prospective scholars to express themselves.

One noticeable fact is that, electronic media do its broadcast within a frame of time

but there is no time constraint in volume of news to be printed thus, make prospective

practicing journalists to express themselves to the optimum capacity through print medium.

At the beginning of the 1980s there were about 140 newspapers, magazines and other such

publications in the country (Nigeria handbook, 1982), by 1990 within a period of less than

ten years, this number had more than double to 300 publications (research and marketing

successes 1990). This proliferation of print media has thus resulted to availability of books,

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newspaper and magazines of all types.

2.1 THE ICTs AND NIGERIAN PRINT MEDIA

To a large extent, Nigerian print media have been transformed by ICTs in order to

functions in the evolving information society-almost all print media in Nigeria are using

wide range of ICTs, each according to its needs and what is affordable. The pressure to

invest in ICT applications derives from three causes:

1. The media organization in the last five years accentuated the need to gain

competitive advantage.

2. ICTs have become a strategy for meeting organizational goal for survival and for

enhancing profit level and

3. The media organizations are quite conscious of developments in the information

society and the changing role of the print media in the emerging information

economy and so, are prepared to meet these challenges.

2.2 ENTREPRENEURSHIP AND PRINT MEDIA MANAGEMENT

In early 1700s, entrepreneurship was seen as an economic tool to describe the process

of bearing risk of buying at certain prices only sell at uncertain prices. Later economists

broadened the definition probably eighteenth century during the industrial revolution to

include the concept of bringing together the factors of productions. Thus, entrepreneurship

came to be regarded as a factor of production like land, labour and capital (Agboola et al,

2010).

According to Osisioma (2009) the entrepreneurial model seeks to create “a dynamic

fix among four interrelated components: people, context, deal and opportunity.

2.2.1 People

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According to Agboola et al (2010), people are those who contribute to the ventures

resources by providing the skills, attitudes, knowledge, contacts, and values which supply

the resources needed by the business through their variegated personalities, motivations,

capabilities create the friction and energy needed for success.

2.2.2 Intrapreneurship

An intrapreneur according to Agboola et al (2010) is referred to independent

official’s champions raw concepts to successful reality. While an entrepreneur found new

company to actualize a concept, an intrapreneur advocates and champions the application of

new idea, products, services within and existing organization. intrapreneurs are those have a

particular skill and responsibilities and entrepreneur is whom employs this skill especially

managerial skill to actualize the dream of attaining an organizational goals.

To promote intrapreneurship, management should explain the organizational goals

and objectives with the employees so that they will know how to contribute to the

attainment of those objectives, encourage innovation (creativity) in staff, keep open lines of

communication with staffers so that they will feel encouraged to sell their ideas to the

company rather than starting their own companies thus stirs stifle competitiveness rather

provide adequate incentives for new ideas, focus on venture teams and invest heavily in an

entrepreneurial structure to encourage new concepts to flourish in a creative environment.

2.2.3 Duties of Managers in Media Organizations

For the duties of a manager to be properly understood, it must be made clear that

management does not take place only at the top clear level in a media organization where

the board of directors initiates corporate policies. It manifest at any level (Lawal 2005)

Print media managers’ duties border on:

i. Decision making and how to make the organization realize its objectives.

ii. Engage in periodic review and evaluation of staff performance

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iii. Engage in policy formulation for the organization e.g. policy on staff welfare,

recruitment and training are initiated and approved by the top management.

iv. Engage in short-term, medium-term and long-term planning and so on.

2.3 MAJOR OBJECTIVE AND GOAL OF ESTABLISHING PRINT MEDIA IN

NIGERIA

Whatever objective or goal, a print media exist; it must be registered before they go

into operation (Akinrosoye 2011). In Nigeria, it is done by the corporate affair commission

and the newspaper registration board if the proprietors are individuals, groups or

organizations.

Meanwhile, the crucial at the stage of registration is the name. The name should aim

to sell the newspaper or magazine.

After registering the newspaper or magazine the real reason for going into the venture

is revisited. That is, what is the newspaper or magazine really out to achieve. The

considerations are to which group in the population the newspaper or magazine is targeted?

Therefore, the major concern in this wise, is target audience. A major way for a

publisher to reconcile the interest of the audience with the objective is, he must have the

knowledge of the target audience. To achieve this, he must know such variables as the

economic status, cultural background, education, interest and values of the target audience.

These will help the publisher to make principles that will guide the production of the

newspaper or magazine to suit its goals and objectives. These principles are what constitute

the editorial policy of any newspapers or magazines.

According to Seymour-Ure (1969), an editorial policy is in a wide sense, actions

affecting decisions on a paper’s overall style and contents.

2.4 THE ORGANIZATION OF A NEWSPAPER

Once our case study is the Sun newspaper, therefore, organization of newspaper will

be our focus here.

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In order to operate effectively, a newspaper like any media organization must be

organized in a systematic way. Although there is no one scheme used across the board and

not all newspapers can afford to staff each department separately, all newspapers fulfill

news and opinion, production, and business functions.

Heading the newspaper is the owner or chairman who appoint managing director who

oversees the newspaper operation, in small operations, however, the owner can also

functions as the publisher.

2.4.1 The Business Function

The newspaper’s business department performs advertising, circulation, promotion

and personnel functions. As with any organization, this department is concerned with

payments that go out and revenues that come in. Much of the newspaper’s incoming

revenue is supplied by the advertising group.

Since advertising is expected to bring in approximately three quarters of a

newspaper’s income, it is of major concerns to the paper because newspapers rely so heavily

on advertising, more and more of the paper’s space is devoted to it. The advertising in a

typical newspaper consumes from 23 to 70 percent of the paper’s available space. In most

papers, the average space consumed by advertising is 60 percent.

Newspapers print local about 60 percent, while national advertising about 10 percent

and classified about 25 percent. National advertising usually comes to the paper form an

advertising agency in camera ready form. Classified advertisements are used extensively by

people looking for jobs, organization looking for people and real estate buyers and sellers.

Newspapers also distribute preprints. Those fliers which are printed elsewhere are

inserted into the paper prior to sale.

After all the advertisement is set, the remaining space available in the paper is called

the news hole. Thus, it is the news, and not the advertising, that is made to fit the available

space. Seldom are pages added to a paper so that more news can be printed. Pages are added

regularly, however to accommodate additional advertising. On certain days of the week, 11

newspapers increase in length. Keep in mind that as the amount of advertising increases, the

sizes of the news hole may increase as well.

Approximately, 25 percent of the income a newspaper receives is developed through

circulation or sales. Newspapers are sold in a number of different ways. News stand or

vendors, once popular in cities, have recently experienced a decline in use. Some

newspapers especially weeklies are now sold entire by subscription. Boxes or containers on

street corners are another method of circulation.

Lately, a number of newspapers have experimented with hiring delivery personnel as

staff members. Other papers have assumed the carriers billing responsibilities so that the

carriers are not forced to make extra house calls in order “to collect”. In some locations like

apartment houses or colleges, newspapers are now placed in a locked container to which

only the subscribers have a key. This enables such subscribers to receive the daily paper and

deposit the subscription charges in the box at the same time.

Newspaper promotion people perform public relation functions for their organization.

They aim to communicate a positive image of the newspaper organization to the general

public so that circulation will be increased. To achieve this goal, the people in promotion

sponsor athletic leagues, concerts, or other community oriented events designed to

encourage readers and potential readers to view the paper as a “human” enterprise of late,

games have also been utilized as promotional devices. On a more academic note,

“newspaper in education” programs are also used as a way to encourage and promote

student readership.

2.4.2 The Production Function

The job of a newspaper’s production department is to transfer words and photographs

to the printed page. This task is accomplished in three phases: the first phase occurs in the

composing room, where the page is laid out; the second phase occurs in the plate making,

where the plates that produce the printed page are prepared; and the last phase occurs in the

press room where the paper is actually printed on high speed presses. Computers, offset

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printers, and lasers have all combined to increase the speed and efficiency of newspaper

production. Recently, changes have occurred in large and small newspapers alike.

2.4.3 The News/Opinion Function

The news and editorial departments provide the product of the newspaper. You

will notice in the organizational charts that the news and editorial departments of any given

paper are distinct and separate, with both reporting to the publisher. In this way, the news

department can remain “objective” while the editorial department presents opinions. The

editorial function is designed to help readers make sense out of the news and draw

conclusions about topics of importance to contemporary society. In addition to the printing

of editorials, the editorial functions includes the selection and printing of letters to the editor

and on the OP – ED or pages opposite the editorial pages regular and guest columnists are

given the opportunity to voice their views on issues of controversy. The news division is

headed by a Managing Editor or Editor – in – Chief. He or she is responsible for

coordinating the operation of the newsroom. In addition, a number of editors work for this

person and are charged with more specific responsibilities, some of which are as follows:

The wire editor is responsible for regional, national, and international news from the wire

services. The city editor is responsible for local events. The sports editor is responsible for

sports news. The lifestyle editor is responsible for entertainment, society, food and other

features.

2.5 PRINCIPLES OF MANAGEMENT VIS – A- VIS PRINT MEDIA ESTABLISHMENT

Essentially, the role of managers is to guide organizations towards goal

accomplishment. All organizations exist for the purposes of objectives and managers have

responsibility for combining the using organizational resources to ensure that the

organizations achieve their purposes.

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According to Henry Fayol (1841 – 1925) some of the principles of management

relevant to the newspaper and magazine production are stated below:

2.5.1 Division of Work

This is otherwise known as media specialization. Unlike the dominance of ill-trained

job seekers who, in the times past chose the profession as a last resort, journalism is now

marked by specialization and clear cut division of labour, with a profusion of University and

other higher institution trained staffs. More journalists are now assigned to special beats,

perhaps in response to the increasing competition for the market: Advertisement and sales

share. Currently, the Nigeria mass media has developed such specialized beats as health,

science, business, economy, tourism, transport and aviation etc. although, media job or

journalism is regarded in some quarters as an embodiment of all profession where individual

journalist work in a media organization regardless of his/her discipline. But nevertheless,

journalism is an art of collecting and writing news for a media organization.

Therefore, if anyone is not trained as journalist, is not worthy to practice journalism

in any media organization irrespective of his/her discipline or having flare for writing

because he/she has not learnt the technicalities behind the job. Other principle of

management bordered on the following: Authority and responsibility: discipline; unity of

command; remuneration of personnel; order, equity, esprit de corps; initiative, subordination

of individual interest to general interest.

2.5.2 Management Functions

One of the functions of management is planning. Planning involves choosing tasks

that must be performed to attain organizational goals by outlining how the tasks must be

performed and indicating when the tasks should be performed.

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Another function is organizing that is, assigning the tasks developed during planning

to various individuals and or groups within the organization. To achieve this particular task,

a manager must understand the nature of the business. Another function of management is

motivation as a psychological rationale behind human behaviour. This can also be referred

to the leadership role of management of encouraging appropriate behaviour within

organizations by providing an environment in which people can satisfy their human needs

through both their work and working environment. Appropriate behaviour means, any

behaviour that helps the organization move towards goal attainment.

The ultimate purpose of motivation is to increase productivity. The last is the

controlling as a function of management and its essence is ability to comprehend human

element by gathering information that measures recent performances within the

organization; ability to predict by comparing present performance to pre – established

performance standard; and finally to control by able to determine if the organization should

be modified to meet pre – established standards.

Controlling is an Ongoing Process

Managers continually gather information; make their comparison, and then try to find

the way of improving production through organizational modification.

2.5.3 Management and Organizational Resources

Since resources are scarce, the management’s competence will be judged by its

ability to operate within available resources subsumed under what is popularly known as the

4Ms. These are Man, Machine, Money and Materials.

Input

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Organizational resources:PeopleMoney

Raw MaterialsMachines

Output

Human resources are the people who work for an organization. The skills they

possess and their knowledge of work system are invaluable to managers.

Monetary Resources are amounts of money managers use to purchase goods and

services for the organization. Raw materials are ingredients acquired to be used directly in

the manufacturing of products. For examples, a paper reel is a material that a printing press

purchased in the production of newspaper. While capital resources are machines an

organization used during manufacturing process.

2.5.4 Managerial Effectiveness and Efficiency

In the cause of using resources, managers must be effective and efficient. Managerial

effectiveness is defined in terms of resource utilization in relation to organizational goal

attainment. While managerial efficiency is the proportion of total organizational resources

that contribute to productivities. If an organization is making little progress toward goal

attainment, it might primarily be because of major inefficiencies or poor utilization of

resources during the production process. Invariably this anomaly is caused by inefficiency

in management skills.

2.5.5 Management Skills

What determines how effective and efficient a manager is, has to do with his

management skills. According to Daniel L. Katz (1955) managerial success depends

primarily on performance rather than personality traits. Katz therefore states three types of

primary skills which are important for successful management performance. Managers must

have technical skills, conceptual skill and human skill.

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Production process

Finished products:

Goods & Services

Technical skills according to Lawal (2005) mean that anybody who claims to be a

manager must have practical knowledge of his job. He must be able to handle the tools of

his job and know the techniques of doing it. According to him, this is particularly true of

people in the lower management cadre since the need for technical skills decreases with

upward movement within the hierarchy in the organization. For example, in print media

organizations, line editors and other senior editors command respect of their subordinates if

they can write good stories, plan newspaper pages, cast good headlines and show good news

judgment.

Human skill is otherwise known as human relation skill. This is ability to relate well

with subordinates, colleagues and even external public of the organization. While

conceptual or administration skills is the ability of a manager to be vast in management.

That is, ability to see the organization as a whole. It helps managers to understand how

various functions of the organization complement one another.

2.5.6 Concept of Organizational Communication

The formal study of organization began after industrial revolution. It was engineered

by mechanical revolution which characterized the age. Early managers of the organization

were concerned with the mechanical relationship and function of the organization. Indeed,

man was regarded as an extension of machines. So, his relationship and functions were

explained in mechanical term. Organization is defined as “a stable system of individuals

who work together to achieve through a hierarchy of ranks and division of labour for

common goals” (Oluga et al, 1998 citing Rogers and, 1976).

As a way to ensure high propositional input of human resources as an effort of

fulfilling managerial efficiency, it is imperative to enhance good communication model in

an organization through which good relationship is established. Communication is therefore

central to the basic operations of the machinery of any organization. The early scholar of

organization began to explain organization in mechanical term.

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According to Akanbi et al (2006), there are different schools of organization among

which are classical school and human relation school. The classical school is a very rigid

oriented school of organization which believes that laws, rules and guidelines must be

strictly followed between peers in organizational structure aid between superior and

subordinate.

In this wise emphasis is on goal attainment with less regard for communication and

human feelings. Man is regarded as working for and not working with the organization as

man was being used as machine and thus care less about his emotional feelings. As a result

of this, no worker or employee has a sense of job satisfaction and thus, there is no

organization that has survived solely on the principle of scientific school of management

(classical school).

The next is the off shoot of this management phenomenon, which is human relation

school. It identifies the inadequacies of classical school. In human relation school, the norm

of the community of workers in performing their duties would determine the level of

performance. That is, it is the community of people that set their norm to achieve their

goals.

Henceforth, human relations is regarded as a management concept that emphasizes

the need for managers to fairly deals with subordinates in a manner that worker’s senses of

dignity and belonging will not be impaired in any way, to enable them to give their best to

their employers. The human relations policies model, according to Adegoke (2001:15)

stipulates that the responsibility of managers to make employees feel useful and important is

to keep subordinates accurately informed about what is going on in the establishment, and

listen to employees’ objections to management plans about issues that affect their welfare.

The manager is also expected to give his subordinate the opportunity to exercise his

discretion through self-control on routine basis. Therefore, communication is the life blood

of an organization.

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Barnard (1938) says, “The chief function of the executive is to communicate. There

is very little that this executive can do without communication. Above all, communication is

the mean by which relationship is established, sustained and nurtured.”

5.5.7 Flow of Communication in an Organization

This is an official way of passing information or conveying messages within an

organization. The formal flow of communication can be vertical, horizontal or diagonal.

Vertical flow of communication is the upward or downward flow of information

within an organization.

The downward flow is the conveyance of information from the superior to the

subordinate. This flow of communication may originate from the Managing Director,

Editor-in-Chief or those in the upper management levels to the appropriate lower levels staff

for various reasons.

Some problems associated with downward communication have been identified by

Ikpe (1990) as information over-load as a result of excessive generation of messages by the

upper level managers (i.e. over publication) which often make subordinates to ignore them,

possibility of misinterpretation of messages as they move on the organizational hierarchy,

the use of inappropriate channels, especially the neglect of oral face-to-face communication;

wrong timing of message which often affects subordinates processing and creation and lack

of accuracy due to omission; queuing (i.e. allowing things to pile up) and lack of precision

(Lawal, 2005).

This thus necessitates upward flow of communication i.e. from the subordinate to

superior. This gives the subordinate the opportunity to send messages about their attitudes,

reactions or feelings to the upper level managers. This communication flow exemplifies 19

industrial democracy since it provides journalists and other professionals the opportunity of

two-way communication.

Once the print media or better still newspaper fulfills news and opinion; production

and business function, it has departments that fulfill these functions. This necessitates the

lateral flow or horizontal communication. This is a communications that serves as a mean of

coordinating activities among the various departments performing different tasks but

nevertheless, working towards the same goal.

Lateral communication allows information sharing and conflict resolution among

employees in different department, it also enhances a department complement others in bid

to fulfill organizational objectives. For example, the quality of news items offered the

audience will determine the level of advertisement from the reading publics.

5.5.8 Limitations of Lateral Communication

The limitations of lateral communication are problem of interdepartmental barriers

and diagonal flow of communication.

Problem of interdepartmental barriers occurs because of the specialization in the

organization today. As a result, each department comes up with technicalities which seem

not understood by other departments. Or supremacy contest among these department can

reduce the communication flow or degenerate communication to rumor and grapevine (an in

formal way or channel)

Diagonal flow of information communication is usually between union and the rest

of the organization, for example, between Nigerian union of Journalist (NUJ) and a media

organization. This serves as a buffer to link the union to the management as a bargaining,

transactional and negotiating power of the organization. Invariably as a way to surmount

organizational challenges, there must be adequate management skills as mentioned in figure

2.5.2.

2.6 SOCIO – POLITICAL IMPEDIMENT TO PRINT MEDIA ESTABLISHMENT & SUSTENANCE 20

In reference, context, a component among entrepreneurial model as mentioned in

figure 2.2, as environmental factor that can frame the opportunities and risks, socio –

political environment can be regard as a major treat to print media establishment and

sustenance.

Historically, Nigeria has boasted the most free and outspoken press of any African

country, but also one which has consistently been the target of harassment by the past

military dictatorships and now under governance of Nigeria’s former civilian president,

Umaru Musa Yar’Adua. Many agents of Nigeria’s press have been imprisoned, exiled,

tortured, or murdered as a result, among them being Ogoni Activist and television producer,

Ken Saro - Wiwa, who was executed for treason by order of the Sani Abacha dictatorship in

1995 (resulting in expulsion of Nigeria from the common wealth of Nations and Sanctions

form abroad).

Even under the somewhat less – oppressive current civilian government, journalisms

have continued to come under fire, be it from the government (as with the 2006 arrest of

Gbenga Aruleba and Rotimi Durojaiye of African Independence Television under charges

of Sedition) or from other popular establishments (such as the self – imposed exile of

Thisday’s Isioma Daniel following the riots in Northern Nigeria over “sensitive comments”

which she had in an article regarding Muhammed and the 2002 Miss. World Pageant, a

Fatwa calling for her beheading was issued by the mullahs of Northern Nigeria, but was but

was declared null and void by the relevant religious authorities in Saudi Arabia, and the

Obasanjo faced an international public relations smearing (especially within journalist

circle) in the aftermath, which was not helped by the Amina Lawal controvery which had

occurred prior to the riots, which had seen over 200 dead.

All these societal hazards are factors impeding print media from flourishing. It is a

visible fact that mass media product is its information dissemination. And as it is said

earlier, organizational objectives must be towards satisfying consumer wants which is the

target audience.

21

Therefore, for any mass media to flourish, it poised to manipulate the news content

which is against the principle of management in revealing news content that bordered on

consumer wants which are information, education and entertainment.

Mass media have been regarded as a major instrument that either make or mar

society and a major factor that distinguish developing countries from their developed

counterparts.

Recently, President Goodluck Jonathan signed freedom of information Bill (FOI)

into law after tortuous and long road that the FOI act had taken. Worse still, there are

grounds on which the Act gives exemptions to the right of the public to know though there

is certainly no country in the world where freedom of information is absolute. But to a

certain degree, the new enacted law still deprives journalists from performing their statutory

functions.

From the above analysis, one major setback or hazard in journalism is intra and inter-

border laws that refrains journalists from reporting objective news.

A vivid example is an arrest of Taiwo Oluwadare, a writer of this project report in

2010 in Togo for an attempt to unravel the anomalies in Togolese government but due to his

inability to mane oeuvre his way in this tiny West African Country, he was arrested and

incarcerated for 9days before he was released by God’s intervention.

All these factors are what refrains journalist from Zeal to perform their substantive

duty of reporting objective news which is the mainstay of journalism. Also, this factor has

been what has reduced many African countries to developing nation like Nigeria.

Another consideration is pseudo – democracy in African countries. According to

Bollen (1979) in index of his book titled “political democracy” gave an excellent description

of the ingredients of democracy. This consists of three indicators of popular sovereignty and

three of political liberties.

The three measures of popular sovereignty are:

22

1. Fairness of elections

2. Effective executive selection, and

3. Legislative selection. The indicators of political liberties are;

4. Freedom of the press

5. Freedom of group opposition, and

6. Government sanction

It can therefore be deduced from the above explanation that leadership is not a

position; rather it is a responsibility of motivating appropriate behavior. If African

government refute to dispense leadership quality, it is behooved the African led not to give

up on their rights especially now democracy as the government of the people is encouraged

on all lands, we should not sell our right to unscrupulous politicians. This can allow power

to be returned to the people by having true representatives in government.

By doing this, we will have a good conducive socio – political environment where

journalists can perform their substantive duty of reporting objective stories without fear or

prejudice.

And also this will encourage mass media as an agent of socialization to encourage

their heterogeneous audience on appropriate behaviour.

23

CHAPTER THREE

3.0 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

Survey method is used for the study because it allows the collection of fresh relevant

response from a fairly representative cross section of the population being studies. The

method is also the main data gathering techniques relevant to measure journalists response

to the question raised in the questionnaire which has been designed to cover the hypothesis

forming the basic of the study.

3.1 RESTATEMENT OF QUESTIONS

i. To what extent management influences print media effectiveness?

ii. Does old print journalism different from the new ones?

iii. To what extent is effect of print journalism on Nigerian populace?

iv. Does The Sun newspaper root strong as a print media in Nigeria?

v. Does deficiency in management a reason many print media go defunct?

3.2 RESEARCH DESIGN

A letter was attached to each of the questionnaire and sent to the respondents to

complete as honest and possible.

The information generated is used for the purpose of academics.

3.3 CHARACTERISTICS OF THE STUDY POPULATION

All members of staff of the Sun newspaper, Lagos were chosen as the population of

this study because the researcher believes that they have experience to shed more light on

the key impact of management in Nigerian print media. Lagos was chosen as the survey area

for the study for the fact that The Sun newspaper headquarter is in Lagos and has the highest

number of staff that can constitute the population of the study. This therefore makes Lagos

as place for opinion sampling.

24

3.4 SAMPLING DESIGN AND PROCEDURE

Out of the work force of the sum newspaper which cannot be specified, two hundred

(200) were picked to represent the selection, including the top officers. This was done

through stratified sampling method where the population is divided into strata.

This is to ensure that information obtained from this sample is a true representative of

the whole population of the study stratifying also made our population to enhance the

representative of different sub- group in the populations.

This process has eliminated bias in choosing the study sampling, which might

invalidate the result of research findings. The opinions of journalists were therefore sampled

on the subject of research

3.5 SAMPLING SIZE

Sampling size is referring to the selected respondents of the study. Hence, the

number of sample size of this study is two hundred (200) respondents who are the staff of

The Sun newspaper are picked using stratified random sampling technique.

3.6 DATA COLLECTION INSTRUMENT

Questionnaire is the collection instrument used to elicit the opinion of the workers in

this study. A total of two hundred (200) copies of questionnaire were therefore distributed of

which 140 were answered and returned.

A total of twenty (20) questions were asked requesting the opinion of respondents on

a wide range of issues considered to be important in determining the likely roles of

management in Nigerian print media industry. The relevance of each question to the

objective of the study was the basic rationale for its inclusion in the questionnaire and each

of the twenty (20) question has been framed such that the relevance of its expected answers

whether negative or positive to the objective of this study is not in doubt.

25

3.7 VALIDITY AND RELIABILITY OF STUDY INSTRUMENT

At the successful completion of this project work, an area of the selection of the

economy will benefit immensely from it. The study is particularly carried out to sensitize

towards the impact of management on establishment and sustenance of print media in

Nigeria.

Generally, the outcome of the study will serve to enlighten or educate both the

researcher and those that interested in this area of knowledge.

3.8 ADMINISTRATION OF DATA COLLECTION INSTRUMENT

In this research work, 200 questionnaires were distributed and 140 were answered by

the respondents.

3.9 RATE OF RETURN OF QUESTIONNAIRES AND DATA ANALYSIS

The response obtained from the 140 respondents was collected coded and analyzed

through the un-dimensional frequency distribution.

This involves listing the frequency or response in a particular way under an

appropriate column.

The responses are then coded in a simple percentage system while the findings are

subjected to validate or reject the formulated hypothesis findings therefore, the

questionnaire and other relevant assumption in the questionnaire are confirm and inferences

drawn while tentative conclusion is reached.

3.10 DATA ANALYSIS PROCEDURE

Analysis of data was done by the use of simple percentage method of analyzing data

with use of frequency distribution table.

26

Tables were provided where necessary for easier understanding of data supplied.

Below is the formula for analysis data.

Number of respondents x 100

Sample size 1

3.11 SOURCES OF DATA

The various data gathered for this research work were soured through primary data

from questionnaire gathered; through internet browsing, and text books.

27

CHAPTER FOUR

DATA ANALYSIS AND DISCUSSION OF FINDINGS

This chapter deals with the analysis and presentation of data collection since the

method employed for the research is survey. Questionnaire is therefore administered to

analyze and present the data.

In order to give clear and concise information about the data so that reader would not

find it difficult to understand the result, there is need for analyzing the data collected

through the questionnaire

Also, in this chapter, the data collected from the respondent are analyzed with the use

of percentage method. The information scores are tabulated as well interpreted for better

understanding.

One hundred and forty (140) questionnaires were appropriately filled and returned.

Therefore, we can conclude that the response rate of 70% is gotten from the total number of

questionnaires distributed.

Question 1: Table 1

Sex No. of Respondents Percentage

Female 40 29%

Male 100 71%

Total 140 100%

The table shows that 29% respondents are female while 71% are male.

28

Question 2 table 2

Age distribution of respondents

Age No. of Respondents Percentage

18-24year - -

25-35year 30 21

35& above 110 79

From the table above, we can see that 79% the respondents fall between 35 and

above years of age while 21% fall between 25-35years and no any other respondents.

Question 3 table 3

Educational Qualification

Educational Qualification No. of Respondents Percentage

SSCE - -

OND 5 4%

HND 25 18%

BC.sc 70 50%

Other 40 28%

Total 140 100

It can be seen from this above table that 28% respondents are other qualifications like

M.sc, PhD; 50% are B.sc, and 18% are HND while 4% are OND and no any other.

Question 4 table 4

Marital Status

Marital status No. of Respondents Percentage

Married 120 86%

Single 20 14%

Divorced 140 100%

29

The above table shows that 86% respondent are married while 14% respondents are

single.

Question 5 table 5

How long have you been in organization?

Options No. of Respondents Percentage

Below 5years 35 25%

Above 5year 80 57%

Above10years 25 18%

Total 140 100%

The above table shows that 25% respondent spent below 5 year in the organization,

57% spent above 5years and 18% spent above 10years

Question 6 table 6

Rank of office


Junior staff 35 25%

Senior staff 85 61%

Mgt. staff 20 14%

Total 140 100%

The above table shows that 25% respondents are junior staff, 61% are senior staff

and 14% are Mgt. staff.

Question 7 Table 7

If worked in other company?


Yes 115 82%

No 25 18%

Total 140 100%30

The above table shows that 82% respondent have worked in other organization

before joining The Sun newspaper while 18% have not worked in any organization before

joining the media organization.

Question 8 table 8

If yes, what is the name of the organization?


popular 65 46%

Unpopular 35 25%

Total 140 100%

The above table shows that 46% of respondent left prominent print media for The

Sun newspaper while 25% respondents left less prominent print media for the media

organization.

Question 9 table 9

Why they left their respective organization


Went defunct 50 36%

Payment reason 10 7%

Satisfaction 35 25%

Total 140 100%

The above table shows that 36% respondents joined The Sun newspaper because

their former medium went defunct, 7% respondents joined because of payment deficiency

and 25% respondents joined the paper because of lack of job satisfaction.

31

Question 10 table 10

Years of service in the profession

Options No. of respondents Percentage

1-5 years 35 25%

6-10years 40 29%

10years & above 50 36%

Total 140 100%

The above table shows that 25% respondents are below 5years in the profession, 29%

are below 10 years and 36% are above 10years while 10% did not respond.

Question 11, table 11

The medium’s selling point


Human interest 115 82%

News stories 20 14%

Crime - -

Others 5 4%

Total 140 100%

The above table shows that 82% respondents agree on human interest stories as the

medium selling point, 14% agree on news stories and 5% on other stories while nobody

agree on crime.


The Media extension beyond the frontier of Nigeria


Yes 140 100%

No - -

Total 140 100%32

The above table shows that all 100% respondents agree that the sun newspaper

extend its frontier beyond the country.


Dispensation of managerial mandate


Yes 140 100%

No - -

Total 140 100%

The above table shows that all 100% respondents agree that The Sun newspaper has

fulfilled its managerial mandate.


Projection of good leadership role


Yes 115 82%

No 25 18%

Total 140 100%

The above table shows that 82% respondents agree that The Sun newspaper has

projected good leadership role on its subordinates while the remaining 18% agree otherwise.


The management’s leadership model


Autocratic 25 18%

Democratic 70 50%

Laissez- faire 10 7%

Other 35 25%

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Total 140 100%

The above table shows that 18% respondents agree that The Sun management

leadership model is autocratic, 50% agree that it is democratic, 7% agree that it is laissez –

faire while 25% agree on other leadership models.


The Sun welfare package compare to its counterparts


Good 100 71%

Better 15 11%

Worse 25 18%

Total 140 100%

The above table shows that 71% respondent agree that The Sun has good welfare

package, 11% agree that its package is better while 18% agree it is worse compare to other

print media.


The regions the newspaper covers


South - -

West - -

East - -

North - -

All 140 100%

Total 140 100%

The above table shows that all 100% respondents agree that The Sun newspaper

circulates throughout the regions of the country.

34


The medium’s target audience


Higher educated 25 18%

Average educated 115 82%

Uneducated - -

Total 140 100%

The above table shows that 82% respondent agree on ‘average educated’ as the

medium’s target audience, 18% agree on ‘higher educated’ while nobody agree on the

‘uneducated’ as The Sun’s target audience


Are you working with good equipment?


Yes 105 75%

No 35 25%

Total 140 100%

The above table shows that 75% respondents agree that The Sun workers are working

with good equipment while other 25% agree otherwise.


Is management necessary in establishment and sustenance of print media in Nigeria?


Yes 140 140

No - -

Total 140 100%

35

The above table shows that all 100% respondents agree that management is a pre-

requisite in establishment and sustenance of print media in Nigeria.

4.3 DISCUSSION OF FINDINGS

The findings of the study arising from the above analysis in table 1,2,3,4 and 5,

revealed the demographic distribution of viable workers being employed in The Sun

newspaper in term of gender, age, experience and educational qualification. Table 7, 8 and

9, revealed that The Sun newspaper employed workers from other print media in higher

proportion which have either go defund or not provided with conducive environment than

workers which have not worked in other media before joining the newspaper organization to

work efficiently by providing them with a sense of job satisfaction as a pre-requisite to

maximize the newspaper productivity.

Table 11, 12 and 13 revealed the ability of the medium to dispense its managerial

mandate by extending its frontier beyond the country and having human interest stories as

selling point which has been confirmed by notable scholars as stories that motivate

readership.

Table 14, 15, and 16 revealed that the management of The Sun newspaper have

dispensed leadership qualities especially democratic model of leadership where high

proportional input of human resources is enhanced in order to fulfill managerial efficiency.

See figure 2-5-6.

Table 17, 18, 19 and 20 revealed The Sun newspaper’s effectiveness and efficiency

in managing the resources especially the human resources at its disposal. See figure 2-5-4.

This is visible in the area of covering all regions of the country, reaching out to the highest

number of demographic population (average educated) and use of good equipment by its

workers.

36

CHAPTER FIVE

SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION

5.1 SUMMARY OF FINDINGS

The findings of the study have identifies the impact of management in establishment

and sustenance of print media in Nigeria. This research work has emphasized the essence of

dispensing managerial mandate as a pre-requisite to prevent a media organization from

going defunct as well as enhancing a sense of job satisfaction in the members of staff.

However, print media management has been generally accepted as the concerted

process of ensuring managerial effectiveness and efficiency or managerial quality control.

Therefore, of all the organizational resources, human resource is the most important

of all. Media management must maximize productivity by motivating appropriate behaviour

in workers see figure 2.5.2 and 2.5.3.

Invariably, the finding of the study has underscored the need for media managements

to forestall all barriers that can prevent good relationship between them and their

subordinates.

Hitherto, the findings of the study have identified some obstacles to fulfill managerial

mandate which are managerial skills. See figure 2.5.5

The skills are technical skills, conceptual skills and human skills

5.2 CONCLUSION

Arising from the findings of the study has become palpable that there had always

been a pre-conception of aims and objective before launching a media organization. Such

37

aims and objectives must be a driving force or watch word in the course of managing a

media organization.

Above all, some realities in working situation must be taken into cognizance. One of

which is the concept of Intrapreneurship. An intrapreneur is who has a particular skill and an

entrepreneur is who employs the skill to actualize the dream of attaining an organizational

goal.

Therefore, in order to achieve this objective, management should explain the

organizational goals and objectives with the employees so that they will know how to

contribute to the attainment of these objectives.

This can best be achieve by motivating appropriate behaviour or encouraging

innovation (creativity) in staff by keeping open lines of communication with staffers unless

they will lack sense of job satisfaction and thus leave the company for other organization or

starts their own establishment therefore stifles competitiveness. See figure 2.2.2.

Above all, government should provide effective socio-political environment for

journalists to perform to their optimum capacity. See figure 2.6. Adequate legal and

institutional frame-work should be put in place to encourage print media effectiveness and

efficiency.

5.3 RECOMMENDATION

The researcher hereby recommends as follows:

Management should employ viable crop of workers that will contribute to the

attainment of organizational objectives.

Media managements must dispense their managerial mandate by being effective and

efficient and having requisite management skills in the course of exploiting the

organizational resources.

38

Media management must dispense leadership qualities by motivating appropriate

behaviours in workers to contribute their best quota to the organizational development.

This can be achieved by ensuring good communication model and an enabling

environment that can give employees a sense of job satisfaction.

5.4 SUGGESTIONS FOR FURTHER STUDIES

This study mainly focused on impact of management on establishment and

sustenance of print media in Nigeria. The researcher suggests that further studies should be

carried out on role of advertising in sustenance of print media in Nigeria (a case study of

The Sun newspaper).

39

BIBLIOGRAPHY

Akanbi, Olagunju, Odebiyi, Yahya Hussein (2006) Principles of Communication, Ife; Divine favour publishers

Akinfeleye, Ralph (1984): Essentials of modern African Journalism, Miral press Lagos, Nigeria

Akinrosoye1.A (2011) Essentials of Newspapers and Magazines Journalism, Ibadan: Roalex Global service publishers

Anaeto (2009) newspaper and magazine management production, marketing; Ibadan stirling Horden publishers.

Dimkpa, (1997) Media Management in Nigeria, Org.: Communication Consultant, Lagos Nigeria.

Folarin, Babatunde (1978): Issues in Applied Communication, Sterling: Horden publishers (Nig) Ltd, Ibadan, Nigeria

Ikpe, Essien (1990): “Organizational Communication” in Emmanuel Akpan (ed), Communication Arts, Principles Application, Practices, Modern Business Press Ltd., Uyo, Nigeria

Lawal A.T (2005), Essentials of Media Management, Ibadan: LAAB print limited

Owens Noma, Ibe (2000) “Conflict in Organization” Soola. H.O (2000) Organization Communication: A book of readings Ibadan Del by concepts

Odetoyinbo, Ayo (2001) Basic Broadcast production techniques: Nicolack visual communications, Abeokuta, Nigeria

Oyedokun W.A (2004) Introduction to communication, Kaduna: Olatunde Rasheed printing work.

Wainwright D. (1978) Journalism made simple, London: W.H. Allen and company Ltd. 2nd

Edition

40

THE IMPACT OF MANAGEMENT ON ESTABLISHMENT AND SUSTENANCE OF PRINT MEDIA IN NIGERIA

(A CASE STUDY OF THE SUN NEWSPAPER)

BY:

TAIWO OLUWADARE ADEWALE. 10/DMCH/0091

SUBMITTED TO THE DEPARTMENT OF MASS COMMUNICATION, FACULTY OF INFORMATION AND

COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGY, OSUN STATE POLYTECHNIC, IREE.

IN PARTIAL FULFILMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE AWARD OF HIGHER NATIONAL DIPLOMA (HND) IN MASS

COMMUNICAITON

DECEMBER, 2012.

41

CERTIFICATION

This is to certify that this project report titled, “The Impact of Management on

Establishment and Sustenance of Print Media in Nigria” being the original work of

TAIWO OLUWADARE ADEWALE with Matriculation Number 10/DMCH/0091 is

submitted to the Department of Mass Communication, Osun State Polytchnic, Iree in partial

fulfillment of the requirement for the award of Higher National Diploma (HND) in Mass

Communication

_____________________ _____ _________________

MR. IDOWU AKINROSOYE DATE

Supervisor

_____________________ _____ __________________

Mr. P.O EWUOLA DATE

Head of Department

42

DEDICATION

This work is first of all, dedicated to God almighty who gives me the grace to complete this

academics programme.

Also, I dedicate this academic work to my beautiful daughter, Excellence Oluwadamilare

Taiwo whose love has been a source of inspiration behind this wonderful work.

43

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

First of all, I give all glory, honour and adoration to almighty God and His son, our

Lord Jesus Christ, my savior and my rock of ages, whose favour has been my valour and

grace in my academic endeavour.

I wish to express my appreciation and profound gratitude to my supervisor, Mr.

Idowu Akinrosoye for his constructive criticism in the course of writing this project work,

and also my other lecturers in Mass Communication department like Mr. Babatunde

Ishamuko, Mr. Ayobami Lawal, Mr. Philip O. Ewuola, Mr. A.A Bamikefa, Mr. M.O

Oyekanmi, Mr. Tope Abiola, Mr. S.A Adeagbo, Mr. Jimoh Olorede, Mr. P. Awofadeju and

others unable to mention I say big thanks to you all.

I appreciate members of my class whose companionship has been a source of

motivation during the course of this academic programme.

I also appreciate my lecturers in the polytechnic Ibadan, Adeseun Ogundoyin

campus, Eruwa whose indelible impact in my life can never be forgotten during Ordinary

National Diploma (OND) programme: Ife Adepoju, Mr. Kunle Gbolagunte, Mr. Bolarinwa

Rotimi, Mr. Patrick Akolade, Evangelist Biola Jesulowo and others.

I thank my parents, Deacon and Mrs. S.A Taiwo, my sisters and brothers who

supported me in my academic endeavor.

I thank the love of my life Oyindamola Oluwadamilare who has assisted me in no

small measure.

I appreciate my father in the Lord, Bishop John Alagbala Osa-Oni of Vineyard

Christian Ministry, Osolo Lagos especially for his financial assistance during the course of

this academic programme.

My final appreciations go to my bosses and co-workers in The Sun newspaper

starting from the DMD, Mr. Femi Adesina; Daily Editor, Mr. Steve Nwosu; Saturday 44

Editor, Mr. Onuoha Ukeh; Daily Deputy Editor, Mr. Femi Adeoti; political Editor, Mr.

Chidi Obineche; Mr. Ikenna Emewu (Abuja); Mr. Taiwo Amodu (Abuja); Mr. Tosin Ajirire

(Lagos); Mr. Lanre Omoboriogbon (Lagos); Madam Josfyn Uba (Lagos); Madam Vivian

Onyebukwa (Lagos); Mr. Tunde Thomas (Lagos); Mrs. Chioma Igbokwe; Mr. Sam

Anokam; Mr. Gilbert Ekezie; Mrs. Rachael Agunta; Mr. Sola Balogun; Mr. Wole Balogun;

Alhaji Rasaq Bamidele; Alhaji Sina Aiyekoti; Mr. Shola Oshunkeye (Editor Weekend

Mag); Human Resources Manager (HRM) Pastor Patrick Enilama who is instrumental to be

part of the organization and others who has encouraged me in this journalistic adventure. I

say, thank you all.

45

ABSTRACT

This research work is a social scientific study that aims to observe, formulate hypothesis, do findings and draw conclusion. Therefore, the researcher observed the impact of management as a pre-requisite in media establishment and sustenance. This made the researcher to use this topic: “The Impact of management on establishment and sustenance of print media in Nigeria” as a hypothesis. The essence of the scientific study is to comprehend, predict and control the phenomenon, media establishment and sustenance. A method employed to unravel a phenomenon in social science is determining the dependent variable and independent variable. Chapter one of the study has covered the background of the study, statement of the problem and objective and hypothesis of the study. The dependent variable here is media establishment and sustenance while independent variable is impact of management. The social scientists are not concerned with studying variables but the situation or concept that associates the two variables. Therefore, Chapter two of the study centered on literature review where materials like textbooks, internet materials, newspapers etc. were reviewed to develop the concept of the study. As a way to validate the concept, chapter three dealt with research methodology, it covered research designs and instruments where questionnaires were used for selection of respondents and collection of primary data for the study. The study made use of tabular data presentation and where simple percentage was used to test the hypothesis of the study. The findings of the research work revealed that management was a basic tool to ensure an effective and efficient control in establishment and sustenance of print media in Nigeria.

46

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Title Page iCertification iiDedication iiiAcknowledgement ivAbstract vTable of Content viCHAPTER ONE1.0 INTRODUCTION 1 1.1 Print media Management 21.1.1 Brief history of Print Media in Nigeria 31.2 Statement of Research Problem 41.3 Research Questions/Hypothesis 41.4 Purpose of the Study 41.5 Significance of the Study 41.6 Scope of Study 51.7 Limitation to the Study 51.8 Definition of the Terms 51.9 The Sun Publishing Limited 6CHAPTER TWOLITERATURE REVIEW 72.1 The ICTs and Nigerian Print Media 82.2 Entrepreneurship and Print Media Management 82.2.1 People 82.2.2 Intrapreneurship 92.2.3 Duties of Managers in Media Organizations 92.3 Major Objective and Goal of Establishing Print Media in Nigeria 102.4 The Organization of a Newspaper 102.4.1 The Business Function 112.4.2 The Production Function 122.4.3 The News/Opinion Function 132.5 Principles of Management vis – a- vis Print Media Establishment 132.5.1 Division of Work 142.5.2 Management Functions 142.5.3 Management and Organizational Resources 152.5.4 Managerial Effectiveness and Efficiency 16

47

2.5.5 Management Skills 162.5.6 Concept of Organizational Communication 175.5.7 Flow of Communication in an Organization 195.5.8 Limitations of Lateral Communication 202.6 Socio – Political Impediment to Print Media Establishment & Sustenance 20CHAPTER THREE3.0 Research Methodology 243.1 Restatement of Questions 243.2 Research Design 243.3 Characteristics of the Study Population 243.4 Sampling Design and Procedure 253.5 Sampling Size 253.6 Data Collection Instrument 253.7 Validity and Reliability of Study Instrument 263.8 Administration of Data Collection Instrument 263.9 Rate of Return of Questionnaires and Data Analysis 263.10 Data Analysis Procedure 263.11 Sources of Data 27CHAPTER FOURData Analysis and Discussion of Findings 284.3 Discussion of Findings 36CHAPTER FIVESummary, Conclusion and Recommendation 375.1 Summary of Findings 375.2 Conclusion 375.3 Recommendation 385.4 Suggestions for Further Studies 39BIBLIOGRAPHY 40APPENDIX

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taiwo oluwadare

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