��

Tai Po: Pre-History

��

ForewordTaiPoisoneofHongKong'seighteenadministrative

districts.Located in easternNewTerritories, it extends

westwards fromTungPingChau in theeastandborders

westonthenorthernedgesofTaiMoShan,coveringalso

thenorthernandsoutherncoastsofToloHarbour.TaiPo,

thesecondlargestadministrativedistrictinHongKong,has

a totalareaof14,800hectaresandcomprisesTaiPoKau,

CheungShueTan,LamTsuenValley,TingKok,Shuen

Wan,TaiMeiTuk,andShapSzeHeung,LaiChiChong,

andHoiHainnorthernSaiKung.Mostof thelandinthis

vastexpanse ishillyandmountainous,withTaiMoShan,

the tallestmountain inHongKong,standing to thewest,

957metresinheight.ThereisalsoPatSinLeng,511metres

highinthenorth,andShekUkShaninnorthernSaiKung,

481metres inheight.Theonly suitable land forhuman

inhabitation is located in rivervalleysaswellas foothill

andbayareasalongthecoastline.Alotofancienthuman

activitiestookplaceontheflatlandinthevalleyandinthe

bayareas,andtodatearchaeologistshavediscoveredmore

than30archaeologicalsitesinTaiPo.

One of the main charac ter i s t ics of Tai Po ' s

archaeological sites is that their f indsdatebackover a

remarkablylongtimespan.Thereisevidenceofprehistoric

human inhabitation in theareaover30,000yearsago in

the latePalaeolithicAge,muchearlier than inotherareas

inHongKong.Thedistributionmapshows thatover30

archaeological siteshavebeendiscovered in thedistrict.

Theyaremostlyscattered inLamTsuenValleyandsmall

baysalong thecoastlineofToloHarbour,with the largest

concentration in the north of the Sai Kung Peninsula.

Theseimportantarchaeologicaldiscoveriesweretheresult

of rigorous investigationand researchbyarchaeologists

in thepast twodecades.Confinedbythehilly terrain, the

archaeologicalsites tend tobesmall,mostof themunder

2,000 squaremetres, but theyhaveyieldedawealthof

archaeologicalheritage.Amongthem,WongTeiTongisthe

earliestsite,withartefactsdatingbackatleasttotheMiddle

Archaeology in Tai Po: A Brief Introduction

NeolithicAgeofover7,000yearsago.Infact,somescholars

arguethatWongTeiTongisasitefromthePalaeolithicAge

anditsartefactsdatebacktomore than30,000yearsago.

Meanwhile,theculturalrelicsexcavatedfromCentreIsland

datebackto6,000yearsago.TiuYinKongandShaLeiChe,

BronzeAgesitesdiscoveredontheterracesalongtheriver

inLamTsuenValley,havebeendatedto2,000to3,000years

ago.TaiPoisalsohometositesfromlatertimes,mainlythe

MingandQingDynasties.TheseincludetheWunYiuKiln

Site,where twoextensive investigationsandexcavations

haveunearthedalargequantityofvaluableartefacts.

Thearchaeologicalsitesdiscovered inTaiPoarean

indispensablepartofHongKong'sculturalheritage,and

areprotectedbytheAntiquitiesandMonumentsOrdinance.

Noexcavationisallowedatthearchaeologicalsiteswithout

priorpermissionfromtheHongKongGovernment.Thisis

because thecultural resourcescontained in thesesitesare

finiteandnon-renewable.Onceexcavatedanddestroyed,the

sitesandtheirculturaldepositswillbelostforever.Infact,

thesesitesarenotonlyimportanttoHongKongbutarealso

valuableresourcesforallofhumanity.TheUnitedNations

EducationalScientificandCulturalOrganisation(UNESCO)

adoptedaRecommendationatitsNinthSessionofGeneral

Conference inNewDelhi in1956urgingMemberStates

toprotect archaeological sites and implement effective

regulationsforexcavations.1TheInternationalCouncilon

MonumentsandSites (ICOMOS)adopted theCharter for

theProtectionandManagementofArchaeologicalHeritage

in1990.2 Itcalledoncountries toprotectarchaeological

heritage by enacting appropriate law and policies.

Furthermore, the importanceof archaeologicalheritage

protectionshouldbecommunicatedtothepeople,andthey

shouldbeencouragedtobecomeinvolvedintheprotection

work.Thisarticle setsout toprovidean introduction to

TaiPo's archaeologicalheritage, aswell aspromote the

appreciationofour localheritageby thecommunity. It is

alsohoped thatHongKongcitizenscanall takepart in

protectingourheritage, so that thispreciousgemcanbe

preserved,sustainedandpassedontofuturegenerations.

CHAU Hing Wah

��

Tai P

o: Pr

e-Hist

ory

Wong Tei Tong: Hong Kong's Oldest Archaeological Site

WongTeiTong is a small hill by the sea at 154

metres inheight.Situatedon thenorth shoreof theSai

KungPeninsula,itseastendbordersSekUkShanwhileits

westendfacestheThreeFathomsCove.Inearly2003,Wu

WeihongandHuangHuoftheHongKongArchaeological

Societydiscovered lithic tools atWongTeiTong.After

furtherfieldinvestigationsof thearea, theycollectedeven

moreartefacts.PreliminaryinferencewasdrawnastoWong

TeiTongbeingthefirstPalaeolithicsitediscoveredinHong

Kong.

AdistantviewoftheWongTeiTongarchaeologicalsitewhichislocatedatthelowerslopeofthetallhillinthemiddleofthisphotograph.(BycourtesyofMr.NgWaiHungandtheHongKongArchaeologicalSociety)

ExcavationoftheWongTeiTongsitein2005,inthefardistanceisMaOnShan.(BycourtesyofMr.NgWaiHungandtheHongKongArchaeologicalSociety)

TrenchesT3andT4ofWongTeiTongsiteinthe2004excavation,thefrontviewshowstheeasternsectionofT4.(BycourtesyofMr.NgWaiHungandtheHongKongArchaeologicalSociety)

StratigraphyofeasternsectionofT4ofWongTeiTongsite in the2004excavation. (By courtesy of Mr. NgWai Hung and the Hong KongArchaeologicalSociety)

��

TofurtherexploretheWongTeiTongarchaeological

site, an excavation team was formed with members of

theHongKongArchaeologicalSociety and theCentre

ofLingnanArchaeologyofZhongshanUniversity.From

November2004 to January2005, the teamsurveyed the

site andunearthedmore lithic artefacts. In early2006,

preliminaryfindingsfromtheseinvestigationswerepublished

inActaAnthropologicalSinica (人類學學報).3Accordingto

thereport,theteamhascarriedoutextensivefieldscanning

andartefactdistributionsurveys,andconductedexcavation

offivetestpitstotalling10squaremetres.Atotalof3,261

stoneartefactshavebeendiscovered,includingfinishedand

semi-finishedstoneartefacts,cores, flakesandnodules–

partandparcelofafulllithicmanufacturingprocess.There

are156finishedlithicartefacts,whichcanbeclassifiedinto

ninecategoriesaccording to their functionsand shapes:

pick,handaxe,point,chopper,axe-likelithic,scraper,burin,

arrow-likelithicandawl-likelithic.Aninitialexaminationof

theartefactsrevealedevidenceoflatePalaeolithicAgestone

working techniques, suggesting that thesiteatWongTei

Tongwasa lithicmanufacturingworkshopduringthe late

PalaeolithictoearlyNeolithicAge.

StratigraphyofsouthernsectionofquarryNo.2,WongTeiTongsite,2005.(BycourtesyofMr.NgWaiHungand theHongKongArchaeologicalSociety)

In order to determine the site's actual age, the

excavation team tooka seriesof soil samples from the

sectionsofTestPit4anddeliveredthemto the laboratory

of thePhysicsDepartment atZhongshanUniversity for

opticallystimulatedluminescence(OSL)dating.Theearliest

fourthandfifthlayers,whichhaveyieldedagreatnumber

of lithicartefacts,aredated to39,000±1,320and35,000

±1,350yearsagorespectively.Basedontheseresults, the

excavationteamdeducedthattheWongTeiTongsiteisfrom

thelatePalaeolithicageofmorethan30,000yearsago.Not

onlyis it theoldestsiteinHongKong,butalsooneofthe

earliestinsouthernChina.However,somearchaeologistsare

scepticalof thisfindingandquestiontheaccuracyofOSL

dating,andarguethat thelithic techniquesof theartefacts

shouldbelongtotheearlyNeolithicAgeofmorethan7,000

yearsago.

Toexplorethesiteevenfurther,asecondexcavation

teamwasformedbytheHongKongArchaeologicalSociety

and the Centre of LingnanArchaeology of Zhongshan

University.FromDecember2005 to January2006, the

teamconducteddetailed investigations andexcavations

atWongTeiTong.AlsoonboardwasProfessorZhang

SenshuifromtheInstituteofVertebratePalaeontologyand

Palaeoanthropologyof theChineseAcademyofSciences.

Duringtheinvestigation,arock-miningsitescatteredwith

stonematerials,stoneflakesanddebriswasdiscoveredon

aslope32metreshighin thewestendofWongTeiTong.

Theexcavationteamopenedatestpitoftwometresbyone

metre,andclearedoutacrosssectiononthesouthernedge

of the rock-mining site.Sixmore testpitsofonemetre

squareeachwereopenedandsoilsampleswerecollected

fromthesectionsofTestPit14fordating.Thefindingsof

thissecondexpeditionweresimilartothatof2004–some

1,700finishedandsemi-finishedstonearticlesanddebris

pieceswerediscoveredintheearlyculturallayers.Thesoil

samplesweresent to theInstituteofEarthSciencesof the

ChineseAcademyofSciencesinXi'anfordatingandthose

fromtheearliestfourthlayergavetworeadings–13,100±

900and13,700±900yearsago.TheseconfirmedthatWong

TeiTongisasitefromthelatePalaeolithicAgethatexisted

between40,000and7,000years ago.4ProfessorZhang

��

Tai P

o: Pr

e-Hist

ory

SenshuibelievesthatWongTeiTongisthemostsignificant

archaeological discovery in thepast twentyyears from

LingnantothecoastandislandsofsoutheasternChina.The

stoneartefactsexcavatedatWongTeiTongdemonstratea

newcategoryoflithicassemblageneverseenbeforeinthe

coastalsoutheastChinaarea,henceitshouldbenamedthe

"WongTeiTongTechno-complex."5

ChippedlithicartifactscollectedatthecoastlineofWongTeiTongsite.(BycourtesyofMr.NgWaiHungandtheHongKongArchaeologicalSociety)

ChippedlithicartifactscollectedatthecoastlineofWongTeiTongsite.(BycourtesyofMr.NgWaiHungandtheHongKongArchaeologicalSociety)

ChippedlithicartifactscollectedatthecoastlineofWongTeiTongsite.(BycourtesyofMr.NgWaiHungandtheHongKongArchaeologicalSociety)

Stonebladeunearthed fromoneof the testpitson the slopeofWongTeiTong site. (BycourtesyofMr.NgWaiHungand theHongKongArchaeologicalSociety)

Stoneartifactsdiscoveredat testpitsontheslopeofWongTeiTong.Theoneontheleft isfromlayer3of testpitT4whiletheoneontheright isfromlayer5ofT4.(BycourtesyofMr.NgWaiHungandtheHongKongArchaeologicalSociety)

�0

Nevertheless, some archaeologists continue to

disagreewiththefindingsofandconclusionsfromthetwo

investigationsatWongTeiTong.Theyargue thatasmall

numberofpolishedstoneartefactsarefoundin theWong

TeiTongassemblageandthusthesiteshouldbelongtoearly

NeolithicAge. Inorder to reachanaccurateconclusion,

theAntiquities and Monuments Off ice has joined the

DepartmentofAnthropologyofTheChineseUniversityof

HongKongintakingmoresoilsamplesfromWongTeiTong

forOSLdatinginalaboratoryintheUnitedKingdom,but

theresultshaveyettobereleased.Nevertheless,evenifwe

are to takethelatestdating, that is7,000yearsago,Wong

TeiTongisstill theoldestarchaeologicalsiteeverfoundin

HongKong.Itsdiscoveryis,withoutdoubt,abreakthrough

inHongKong'sarchaeologicalhistory.

Centre Island: Prehistoric Heritage on Barren Islands

ThereareanumberofislandsinToloHarbour.Among

these,YimTinTsaiandMaShiChauarelargerwhileYuen

ChauTsai,YeungChauandTangChauaresmaller.Besides

YimTinTsaiandYuenChauTsai,whereasparsepopulation

resides,otherislandsarelargelybarren:fewpeopleeverset

footthere,ifanyatall.Yetarchaeologistshavefoundtraces

ofprehistoricheritageinYimTinTsai,YuenChauTsaiand

CentreIsland.TheYuenChauTsaisitedatesbacktosome

3,000yearsagointheBronzeAge,whiletheYimTinTsai

sitebelongstothelateNeolithicAge,about4,000yearsago.

Theearliestheritagesite,datedtosome6,000yearsagoin

themid-NeolithicAge,wasdiscoveredonCentre Island.

Withanareaofjust0.035squarekilometresandthehighest

pointat26.8metres,CentreIslanddoesnothaveanyfresh

watersourcesuitablefordrinking.Yetithasyieldedtracesof

humaninhabitationfrom6,000yearsago.Thediscoveryis

simplyamazing.

TheCentreIslandarchaeologicalsitewasdiscovered

during the second Hong KongArchaeological Survey

conductedbytheAntiquitiesandMonumentsOfficefrom

1997to1998.Duringthesurvey,archaeologicalteamsfrom

abroad,Mainland andHongKongconducted extensive

investigationsinelevendistrictsinHongKong.TheTaiPo

surveysweredonebytheCentreforChineseArchaeology

andArt ofThe Chinese University of Hong Kong and

ZhuhaiMuseum.In1998, the teamexcavatedsix testpits

in the relatively flatareason thesaddle-shapedridges in

both thenorthand thesouthof the Island.The four test

pitsontheridgesinthenorthhadyieldedpotterysherdsof

coarsewareandfineclayware,andpebbletools,alldated

to themiddleNeolithicAge.However,nosuchdiscovery

has beenmadeon the ridges in the south.Preliminary

investigationrevealedthatthesiteonCentreIslandissmall,

occupyinganareaofonly80squaremetres.Thecoarse

potteryunearthedwaslow-fired,itsfabriclooseandfragile.

Theredclaypotterydiscoveredbearsfeaturessimilartothe

6,000-year-oldpaintedpottery found in theCircum-Pearl

RiverDeltaarea.Therefore, it isestimatedthat theCentre

Islandsitebelongstothemid-NeolithicAgeof6,000years

ago.Thermoluminescentdatingofpottery samples from

CentreIslandwithMaOnShanatthebackground.

ArchaeologicalsurveyoftheCentreIslandin1998.

��

Tai P

o: Pr

e-Hist

ory

thesiteconductedat theYeungShuiSangLaboratoryfor

ThermoluminescenceofAncientCeramics,TheChinese

UniversityofHongKong,dates the site to7,300±1100

yearsago.Althoughthisfigure isprone toa largemargin

oferror, itstillfallsreasonablywithina6,000-yearrange,

serving as supporting evidence toprove the ageof the

CentreIslandsite.6

perspective,themainfeaturesofthecultureofthisperiodare

paintedpotterywithfootring,whitepotterywithimpressed

patterns,coarsepotterywithroundbottomandfinecorded

design,smallpolishedstonetoolsandstripedstonebeaters.

This culturehasbeennamedas "XiantoulingCulture"7

and"TaiWanCulture"8bydifferent archaeologists.The

discoveryattheXiantoulingsitein2005boresignificanceas

itpushedbacktheperiodofthiscultureto7,000yearsago.9

Manyscholarsbelieve that thewhitepotteryandpainted

potteryof thisperiodoriginatedfromtheTangjiagangand

DaxiCulturesinthemiddlereachesoftheYangtzeRiver.10

Thesecultureswererelativelyadvanced,andspreadthrough

theYangtzeandPearlRiver systems.TheXiang,Ziand

Yuanrivers, themajor tributariesof theYangtzeRiver in

HunanProvince,canallbetracedsouthwardstothejunction

ofHunanandGuangxi,andonceover theNanlingRange,

thewatersconnecttotheXijiangRiverSystem,atributary

of thePearlRiver.These riversystemshavealwaysbeen

an important means of transport linking the north and

thesouth. Inrecentyears,cultureheritageof theperiod–

approximately7,000yearsago–hasbeendiscoveredatthe

Gaomiaosite in theupperreachesofHunan'sYuanRiver,

theXiaojinsite in theupperreachesofGuanxi'sZiRiver

and theShixiasitealongQujiang,whichconnects to the

XiangRiver,innorthernGuangdong.Themajorityofrelics

unearthedat these sites arecomprisedofwhitepottery,

paintedpotteryandcoarsecordedpottery,suggesting that

morethansixthousandsyearsagotheprehistoricculturesin

thePearlRiverDeltahadcontactswithandwereinfluenced

bythemoreadvancedculturesinthemiddlereachesofthe

YangtzeRiver.11Thediscoveryof theCentreIslandsite in

HongKongaddsyetanothermilestone to this important

north-southjourneyofculturalexchange.

Lam Tsuen: Bronze Age Settlement in a Valley

TheelongatedLamTsuenValleyrunsfromnortheast

tosouthwest.Thelandis4,000metreslong,withtheLam

TsuenRiverflowingintheebbofthevalleyfromsouthwest

to northeast until it reachesWaiTauVillage, where it

OfallsitesdiscoveredinHongKong,onlyafewdate

back to6,000yearsago.These includeChungHomWan

onHongKongIsland,TaiWanonLammaIsland,SamWan

VillageonChekLapKok,andLungKwuTanandYung

LonginTuenMun.Asamatteroffact,intheentireCircum-

PearlRiverDeltaarea, thereareonlyabouttwentysitesof

thesameperiod, includingXiantoulingandDameisha in

Shenzhen,Wanfuan inDongguan,Jinlansi inZengcheng,

XiankezhouinGaoyao,LongxueinZhongshan,Houshawan

inZhuhaiandHacSa inMacau.Fromanarchaeological

ExcavationofatestpitonCentreIslandin1998.

��

runssoutheastwards intoToloHarbour.Today,25villages

findhomealong the river terracesofLamTsuenValley.

Accordingtohistoricalrecords,peoplefromCentralChina

settledinLamTsuentoescapewarandsocialinstabilityas

earlyastheendoftheSouthernSongDynastyandtheearly

YuanDynasty.Migrationbecameevenmorefrequentduring

theMingandQingDynasties,especiallyaftertheeightyears

oftheCoastalEvacuationintheKangxiReignofearlyQing.

ManyHakkapeople fromFujianandeasternGuangdong

moved toLamTsuenat this time, resulting in themixed

residencesofPuntiandHakkapeopleinLamTsuentoday.

InJanuaryof2008,theLamsofthethreevillagesofHang

HaPo,KaoLiuHa,andNamWaPocelebrated the400th

anniversaryof thefoundingof theirvillagesandaspecial

publicationwasprinted tocommemorate this fascinating

history. Nevertheless, scholars have always wondered

whether therewere indigenous inhabitants inLamTsuen

belongingtoamuchearlierepochinhumanhistory.

During the1998ArchaeologicalSurvey, the joint

excavationteamofTheChineseUniversityofHongKong

andZhuhaiMuseuminvestigatedLamTsuenValley.They

discoveredartefacts fromtheBronzeAge inWaiTau,Ko

TinHom,SanTongHaVillageandShueUkFarm.From

February toApril2000, theHongKongArchaeological

Society investigated theareaagain, andconducted trial

excavationsatShaLeiChe,TiuYinKong,MaPoMeiand

SheShanVillage,anddiscoveredBronzeAgerelicsinTiu

YinKongandShaLeiChe.12

TiuYinKong is locatedwestofcentralLamTsuen

Valley.Asariver terrace220metres longand100metres

wide, thisareastands15metresabove the river surface.

Eight testpitsofonemetreby1.5metresweredug,and

artefactswereunearthedfromtheBronzeAgelayer insix

testpits.Among theartefactsdiscovered, there iscoarse

pottery,andhardgeometricpotteryimpressedwithdouble-f

patterns, square and rhombic checkpatterns and stripe

patterns.Otherartefacts includestone flakesandpebble

stonehammers,suggesting thatTiuYinKongisaBronze

Agesiteofsome2,000yearsago.

TheHongKongArchaeologicalSocietyconductedarchaeologicalsurveyatterracesoftheLamTseunRiverValleyin2000.(BycourtesyofMr.NgWaiHungandtheHongKongArchaeologicalSociety)

ApieceofBronzeAgehardpotteryshardstampedwithdouble-fpatternwasunearthedatTiuYinKong.(BycourtesyofMr.NgWaiHungandtheHongKongArchaeologicalSociety)

TheHongKongArchaeologicalSocietyexcavateda test-pitatTiuYinKong.(BycourtesyofMr.NgWaiHungandtheHongKongArchaeologicalSociety)

��

Tai P

o: Pr

e-Hist

ory

knivesand fishinghooks. Inaddition, thearchaeologists

discoveredstonemouldsforbronzecasting, includingfour

bronzeaxemouldsdiscovered inShaPoVillageand two

pairsof completebronzeaxemoulds found inKwoLo

Wan. InShaPoVillage,bronze-casting remains, suchas

bronzeslag,havebeenfound,showingthatthebronzeware

discovered therehadbeenmade locally.Thediscoveryof

arichbronzecultureconfirmsBronzeAgehumanactivity

inHongKongover2,000yearsago.Archaeologistsused

tofocuson thecoastalareas inpreviousresearchbecause

prehistoric inhabitants mostly f ished for food.Yet the

archaeological sitesofTiuYingKongandShaLeiChe

inLamTsuenValleyprovideampleevidenceofhuman

inhabitationintheinlandrivervalleys,whereresourcefull

freshwaterandanabundanceofanimalsandvegetation

providedanidealhabitatforhumans.

Looking further to thePearlDeltaRiverbasinand

thecoastalislandsinthearea,tracesofBronzeAgehuman

lifeaboundasover500siteshavebeendiscovered.The

moresignificantones includeDameishaandHedishan in

Shenzhen,YingangandHenglingshaninBoluo,Jinlansi in

ZenchengandTangxiawan inZhuhai.By this time,much

of theLingnanareahadseen thedevelopmentofbronze

culture,butthearticlesproducedweremostlyweaponsand

practicaltools.Bronzevesselshaverarelybeendiscovered.

This is a notabledifference from thebronze culture in

CentralChinawherebronzewarewasmadeformusicand

rituals.Moreover,onlystonemouldsforbronzecastinghave

beendiscovered,butnopotterymouldshavebeenfound.

Largebronzevesselswerealso rare, suggesting that the

BronzeAge inhabitants inLingnanhadnotyetmastered

thecomplexbronzecastingtechniquesofcombiningpieced

potterymouldcomponents,commonlyemployedinCentral

China.Moreover, thepotterymaking techniques in the

PearlRiverDeltastoodinstarkcontrasttothoseinCentral

China– the formerhadpotterykilnscapableof firingat

a temperatureof1,200degreesCelsius, thusproducing

stonewareandgreenglazedproto-ceramics.Largekilnsites

werediscoveredatYingangandMeihuaduninBoluo.13The

Yingangsiteboastsanimpressivescale,whereremainsof

fourdragonkilns,eachwithovertenmetresremaining,were

ShaLeiChe,alsoariverterrace,islocated600metres

northeastofTiuYinKong.The triangular-shaped land is

300metreswide fromeast towestand150metres long

fromnorthtosouth.Theexcavationteamopenedeleventest

pits in thisarea,allonemetreby1.5metres.Relicsfrom

theBronzeAgewerefoundineightoftheeleventestpits,

yieldingsherdsofhardgeometricpotteryandcoarsepottery.

Thehardpotteryisimpressedwithdouble-fpatterns,square

andrhombiccheckpatterns,stringpatternsanddotpatterns.

Thediscoveryof theserelicssuggests thatShaLeiCheis

anotherBronzeAgesiteinLamTsuenValley.

Todate,tensofBronzeAgesiteshavebeendiscovered

inHongKong,mostof themscatteredinbaysandamong

smallhillsalongthecoastline.WellknownsitesincludeMan

KokTsui,HaiTeiWan,TaiLong,TungWan,andShaLo

WanonLantauIsland,ShaPoVillage,TaiWan,andSham

WanonLammaIsland,KwoLoWanonChekLapKokand

ShaHainSaiKung.Thesesiteshaveyieldedhardpottery

adornedwithavarietyofneatgeometricpatterns,among

which thedouble-fpattern is themostcharacteristic.The

stoneartefactsunearthedfromthesites,whichdemonstrates

sophisticatedpolishing techniques, isalsoworthnoting.

Amongtheseremarkablestonerelicsaretwosetsofquartz

ringsuncoveredfromHaiTeiWanandasetof tenslotted

ringsfoundatKwoLoWan.Asmallamountofbronzeware

wasalso found,mostofwhichareweaponsand toolsof

practicalusage,suchasaxes,spears,swords,arrowheads,

BronzeAgehardpotteryshardsandpebbleswerediscoveredatTiuYinKong.(BycourtesyofMr.NgWaiHungandtheHongKongArchaeologicalSociety)

��

discovered in2000.14Aproductionsiteofsuchextensive

scalewasrareamongthecontemporarycultures inChina

atthetime.Thehardgeometricpotterysherdsdiscoveredat

theTiuYinKongandShaLeiChesitesinLamTsuenValley

havesimilarcharacteristicsasthosediscoveredinYingang,

featuringsimilardouble-fpatternsamongothers,andcould

havebeenproductsofYingang.Itis,therefore,deducedthat

inhabitantsofBoluoandLamTsuen2,000yearsagohad

contactwitheachother.

Meanwhile,a largeburialsite fromtheBronzeAge

wasdiscovered atHenglingshan, 30kilometres east of

YingangKiln.Duringtheexcavationsfrom1999to2000,

304graves from thePre-QinDynastyhavebeen found.

These were built close together, but were orderly and

seldomcutintoeachother,suggestingthatthesitehadbeen

properlymanagedandwasvery likelyapubliccemetery

at thetime.15Eachof thegraveshasadifferentnumberof

burialobjects–thelargestnumberis30,whilesomegraves

havenoburialobjectsatall.Mostoftheburialobjectsare

hardpotteryware impressedwithgeometricpatterns,but

proto-ceramics,bronzeware, jade,crystalandwhetstone

havealsobeenunearthed.Onlyasectionof thecemetery

hasbeenexcavated, indicating that theoriginal sitewas

very large,withaconservativeestimateof thenumberof

tombsat1,000.Thediscoveryofthislargepubliccemetery

in Boluo, coupled with the kiln that specialised in the

productionofhardgeometricpottery, shows thata large

communityofprehistoric inhabitants lived there,witha

complexsocialstructureandestablishedcommercial life.

Professionalpotteryworkers facilitated thedevelopment

ofahardgeometricpotteryindustryandtheproductswere

tradedallover thePearlRiverDeltaarea.Manyscholars

maintainthat therewasanancientkingdominGuangdong

inPre-Qinperiod.XuHengbinpointsoutthatthedouble-f

hardpotterycultureshouldbelongtoNanyueCulture,within

whichwere thekingdomsofCangwu,Fulou,Yangyu,and

Huandou.16Today'sBoluocouldhavebeenrelatedtoFulou

inancient times,andtheareawecall"HongKong"could

havebeenunderthejurisdictionofFulou.Thishelpsexplain

thesimilaritybetweentheBronzeAgerelicsdiscoveredin

thetwoplaces.

Wun Yiu: the Only Blue and White Ceramic Kiln of the Ming and Qing Dynasties Discovered in the Pearl River Delta

WunYiuVillageislocated1,000metressouthofTai

PoMarketRailwayStationand thevillage isdivided into

SheungWunYiuandHaWunYiu.Mostofitsresidentsare

oftheMaancestryfromHakka,andvillagersareallaware

thatthevillagewasinvolvedinthemassproductionofblue

andwhitewarethatwassoldallovertheneighbouringareas.

Afterceramicproductionceasedinthe1930s,thekilnswere

abandonedandpeoplebuilthousesandfarmedontheland.

Nevertheless,WunYiuVillagewasscatteredwithsherdsand

kilndebris,whichbearwitnesstotheonceprosperouskilns.

Inaddition,thevillagehasoneFanSinTemple,whichisthe

onlytemplededicatedtoFanSininHongKong.Legendhas

itthatFanSinisthepatrongodforpotterymakers.Villagers

invitedFanSinfromeasternGuangdongtositinthistemple

a long timeago, andworshippedhim in the temple for

flourishingbusiness.Althoughthekilnsarepartofadistant

past, thetempleisstill thrivingwithtithing.Culturalrelics

inthetemplearereminiscencesofthekilns'intriguingpast.

TheWunYiu site hasbeendiscovered for a long

timeandmanytouristshavevisitedthesitetocollectrelics,

but ithascaught theattentionofarchaeologistsonlysince

the1970s.Intheearly1970s,JiangShunhongofChuHai

CollegeofHongKongconductedresearchinWunYiuand

published, inChinese,ABriefDiscussionof thePottery

IndustryinWunYiuofTaiPo,HongKong(香港大埔碗窰

陶業淺探).17Between1981and1982,ZhouYuelingand

JiangBingqiangofJinanUniversity investigated theWun

Yiusiteandwereinterviewedbythelocalpressforfeature

reports,kindlingpublicinterestinthesite.TheGovernment

becameawareof theneed toprotect the archaeological

heritage inWunYiuandfinallydesignatedWunYiuasa

declaredmonument inApril1983.Thesitehassincebeen

protectedbytheAntiquitiesandMonumentsOrdinance.No

excavationsareallowed inWunYiuwithoutgovernment

permissionandpartofthesitewhichfallsonpubliclandwas

��

Tai P

o: Pr

e-Hist

ory

enclosedwithfencesforadditionalprotection.Enteringthe

1990s,archaeologistsconductedtwoextensiveinvestigations

andexcavationsinWunYiu,andunearthedremainsrevealing

thecompletepotterymanufacturingprocess.Onlythendid

thefullhistoryofWunYiucometopublicknowledge.

In1995,theMuseumSectionoftheformerRegional

ServicesDepartment,partneredwiththeInstituteofChinese

StudiesofTheChineseUniversityofHongKong,formedan

excavationteamledbyAuKaFat.Asystematicstudywas

conductedatWunYiuwithparticipationbyZengGuangyi

of Guangdong Provincial Museum and Zhou Shirong

of theHunanProvincial InstituteofCulturalRelicsand

Archaeology.ThestudybeganinAugust1995andendedin

February1996,withthemostsignificantdiscoveryatthesite

beingrelicsrevealing thewholemanufacturingprocessof

porcelain,fromtheminingofrawclaytofiring.Severalclay

miningsitesintheformofpitsandtrencheswerediscovered

atwhat thevillagerscalled the"clay-diggingcave"onthe

hillbehindCheungUkTeiVillage.Ontheslopesbehindthe

village,16water-millworkshops,eachequippedwiththree

tosixsetsofpestlesandmortars,havebeenfound.Water

thatpoweredthewheelsofthewater-millshouldhavecome

fromthehill.Theclaystonewouldbeplacedinthemortar

andground intopowderby thepestleswith thehelpof

hydropower.Insidethefenced-offprotectedareaofSheung

WunYiuVillage,abuffalo-drivengrinderwasdiscovered.

Thetroughofthegrinderwasmadeofgraniteandwasused

tocrush theclaystone intopowder.Next to thestreamin

thevillage,remainsofafewsquareandroundclay-washing

basinshavebeenfound.Thesebasinswereusedtowashthe

powderysubstanceresultingfromthecrushingprocedure–

aftersoakingandwashingthepowderwouldeventuallyform

clayreadyforpotters'use.Meanwhile,aroundfiftymetres

westof theclay-washingbasins,apaste-makingworkshop

wasdiscovered,butonlythreesquarestonepillarsremained.

Onekilnwasfoundoneachof thenorthandsouthslopes

ofa smallhillnext to thepaste-makingworkshop.They

werebothdragonkilnsofovertenmetreslong.18WunYiuis

indeedararearchaeologicalsiteinChinaasithaspreserved

anddocumented the fullproductionprocessofblueand

whiteceramics.

Remainsof16water-millworkshopswerediscoveredontheslopebehindtheWunYiuVillagein1995.

Pestlesandmortarsdiscoveredinoneofthewater-millworkshops.

Remainsofabuffalo-drivengrinderwasdiscoveredontheslopeofWunYiuVillagein1995.Thetroughandthecirculargrindingbladewerehammeredfromgranite.

��

that thekilnwascapableoffiringabout321,540porcelain

bowls ineachoperation.Thescaleofproduction is fairly

impressiveforthetime.

As to theyearof foundingof theWunYiukilns,

genealogyof theMaclanrecordsthatDuenChoiKungof

the12thgenerationmovedfromChangleCountytoXin'an

CountyinGuangzhouFuandtookover thekilns there.In

the13thyearof theKangxiReign(1674),hebroughthis

familytoXin'anandsignedapermanentpurchaseagreement

with theTangsandLius,aswellas theMans inTaihang.

WunYiu thencameintobeingandbusinessstarted.Thus

wesee theMans,LiusandTangswerealreadyoperating

kilnsbefore theMasmoved toWunYiuduring theearly

QingDynasty.It ispossiblethat theywereforcedtocease

productionbecauseoftheCoastalEvacuationOrderinearly

Qing.TheMansofTaihang,theLiusofSheungShui,andthe

TangsofTaiPoTausettledinTaiPoasearlyastheSongand

YuanDynasties.BytheMingDynasty,thesethreeclanshad

becomeprominentlineagesinHongKong.Theycouldhave

startedtheceramicbusinessasearlyas theMingDynasty.

Judgingfromtheformandpatternof therelicsdiscovered

atWunYiu,theexcavationteamsuggeststhattheWunYiu

kilnsbeganproductionduring theXuandeReign(1426–

1435)intheMingDynasty.However,YuJiadongholdsthe

viewthat theWunYiukilnswereestablishedbetweenthe

Hongwu(1368–1398)andYongle(1403–1424)Reignsin

earlyMing.20Nevertheless, localceramicexpertLamYip

Keunghasconducteddetailedanalysisof theartefactsand

concludesthat,basedonthestyleofthepatternofWunYiu's

ceramicrelics, theycouldnothavebeenproducedearlier

thantheWanliReign(1573–1620)of theMingDynasty.

Infact,mostofthemwereproducedaftertheTianqi(1621

–1627)andChongzhen(1628–1644)Reigns.Hefurther

argues that theopeningof thesearoutes in lateMinghad

indirectlyresultedintheflourishingoftheceramicbusiness

insouthernChina.All theblueandwhiteceramickilns in

southernChinabecameprosperousonlyintheJiajing(1522

–1566)andWanliReignsafter the16thcentury.Thesame

dynamicsshouldhaveenabledtheestablishmentoftheWun

YiukilnsinTaiPo.21Asscholarsholddifferentviewsonthis

issue,moreresearchandexcavationsareneededtouncover

thetruthbehindWunYiu'sbeginning.

To further explore the history of theWunYiu

archaeological si te, the former Regional Services

Department joinedforceswithTheChineseUniversityof

HongKong in1999.Theexpeditionwasonceagain led

byAuKaFat.Besides theoriginalparticipants, the team

also invitedYuJiadongof theJiangxiProvincial Institute

ofCulturalRelicsandArchaeology,anexpertonpottery.

Excavationswerecarriedout fromSeptember toOctober

1999.Ninetestpitswerefirstdugonthesmallhillwhere

thedragonkilnswere found inorder tounderstand them

more.ItwasfollowedbyacomprehensiveexcavationatKiln

No.2onthesouthernslope,exposinganareaof185square

metres.KilnNo.2withanobliqueangleofabout19˚was

builtonaslope.Remainsofthisdragonkilnmeasure21.87

metresinlength,buttakingintoaccountthedestroyedfront

chamberand thefirechamber, it isbelieved tohavebeen

30metreslongoriginally.Theroundedroofandwallofthe

kilnhave longsincecollapsedanditsoriginalappearance

was not known.The excavation revealed that the kiln

comprised seven stackingchambers, eachofwhichwas

equippedwitha flameseparatingwallwith14 to18flue

holes.Doorswerefoundoneithersideofeachchambersto

facilitate thestackingprocess,suggestingthat itshouldbe

asteppedkiln.19Onthefloorofthechamberswererowsof

roundkilnfurnituretosupportstackedwareduringfiring.

Thenumerouskilndebrisofblueandwhitebowlsinstacks

suggestedthat thiskilnspecialisedinfiringblueandwhite

bowlsfordailyuse.Havingcountedthenumberoftheround

kiln furnitureon the floor, theexcavation teamestimated

Remainsofafewsquareandroundclay-washingbasinsforsoakingandwashingthepowderyclaywerefoundatWunYiuin1995.

��

Tai P

o: Pr

e-Hist

ory

OneofthetestpitsexcavatedatWunYiuin1999.

ExcavationofdragonkilnNo.2atWunYiuin1999.

RowsofroundkilnfurnituretosupportstackedwaresduringfiringwerefoundonthefloorofdragonkilnNo.2

Business sealof a ceramic shopaspreservedbyoneof theWunYiuvillagers.

SomeoftheporcelainbowlsdiscoveredatWunYiuin1999.

Currentlyarchaeologicalevidenceshows thatWun

Yiu is theonlyblueandwhiteceramickilnsite fromthe

MingandQingDynasties ever found in thePearlRiver

Delta.Sinceblueandwhiteceramicwasapopularcraft in

theMingandQingDynasties,archaeologicalsitesof this

periodyieldedmostlyblueandwhiteceramicshards.Some

oftheserelicscanbetracedtothekilnsinJingdezhen,but

fortheresttheplaceofproductioncannotbeidentifiedand

theyare just collectivelyknownas localblueandwhite

ceramics.Ifasystematicanalysiswascarriedouttoidentify

theoriginsof theblueandwhiteceramicsfoundalongthe

coastlinesofsoutheasternChinaandevenSoutheastAsia,it

wouldnotbesurprisingtofindrelicsproducedinWunYiu.

��

Furthermore,itwouldbepossibletotracethetradingroute

andmarketsofWunYiu'sblueandwhiteceramicsat the

time,andHongKong'srole in theancientsea tradecould

alsobeadequatelydefined.TheMaKwuLamarchaeological

site of Shap Sze Heung in north Sai Kung is a good

example.Duringanexcavationin2002,stonefoundations

of f ive buildings were discovered.The R3 foundation,

rectangularinshape,waswellpreserved.Itmeasuresseven

metres in length fromnorth tosouth,and fourmetres in

widthfromeast towest.Alargeamountofbrokenpieces

ofblueandwhiteceramics,glazedhardpotteryandroof

tiles,and tensofabacusbeadswereunearthedat thesite.

The blue and white ceramics are very similar to those

produced inWunYiu in the late Ming Dynasty. It is,

therefore, inferred thatMaKwuLamhadbeenavillage

inthelateMingandearlyQingDynasty.R3isbelievedto

beastorage facility for thesaleor transportofWunYiu

ceramic,suggestingthatasearlyasthelateMingDynasty,

ceramicfromWunYiuhadbeentransportedbysea toMa

KwuLamon thesouthcoastofToloHarbour forsale.22

ConclusionTaiPoisrich inarchaeologicalresources.Thereare

about230archaeologicalsitesdiscoveredinHongKongto

dateand31areinTaiPo,accountingfor13.5%ofthetotal.

Among themanyarchaeological sites inTaiPo, there is

WongTeiTongofthelatePalaeolithicAge,CentreIslandof

themid-NeolithicAge,CheHa,CheungShueTan,HoiHa,

SaiO,SanTongHaandYimTinTsaiofthelateNeolithic

Age,ShaLeiChe,SheShanVillage,ShekKuLung,Wai

Tau,YuenChauTsaiof theBronzeAge,LaiChiChong

North,HoiTing,WangLengTauof theTangDynasty,

andfinallyPakTamAu,LaiChiChong,YungShueO,Tai

Tong,MaKwuLam,andWunYiuof theMingandQing

Dynasties.Thehistoryenvelopedinthesesitesspans30,000

years,and theyallspeakofHongKonghistory.Theyare

thusHongKong's invaluableculturalheritage,anddeserve

ourconcertedeffortinconservation.Thereneedstobemore

educationandpromotion toenhanceHongKongcitizens'

appreciationof our cultural history, therebybuilding a

senseofidentityaswellaspassionfortheprotectionofour

archaeologicalheritage.Thepreservationof theWunYiu

heritagesite isagoodexample.After twoarchaeological

investigationsin1995and1999,theimportanceofthesite

hasbeenwidely acknowledgedbyHongKongcitizens

and theGovernment.Througha jointeffortbetween the

Government and the local villagers, one of the vacant

WunYiuSchoolbuildings isnowbeingrenovated intoan

exhibitioncentretodisplayartefactsexcavatedfromthesite.

Thecentrewillalsointroducethehistoryofblueandwhite

ceramicproductioninWunYiuandalsothehistoryofFan

SinTempleaswell.Thecentrewillcertainlybeavaluable

additiontoHongKong'sculturalheritagetourismattractions,

aswellasatestamenttotheremarkablehistoryofTaiPo.

��

Tai P

o: Pr

e-Hist

ory

ASummaryofArchaeologicalSitesinTaiPo

NumberontheMap

Names Periods Sources

1 AChauArchaeologicalSite NeolithicPeriodTheGeographicalInformationSystemonHongKongHeritage

2 CheHaArchaeologicalSiteNeolithicPeriod,Song,Yuan,MingandQing

TheGeographicalInformationSystemonHongKongHeritage

3CheungShueTanArchaeologicalSite

NeolithicPeriodTheGeographicalInformationSystemonHongKongHeritage

4 CheungShueTanKiln MingandQingUnpublishedrecords,AntiquitiesandMonumentsOffice

5 HoiHaArchaeologicalSiteNeolithicPeriod,Su,Tang,FiveDynasties,Song,MingandQing

TheGeographicalInformationSystemonHongKongHeritage

6 HoiHaLimeKiln Su,TangandFiveDynastiesTheGeographicalInformationSystemonHongKongHeritage

7LaiChiChong(North)ArchaeologicalSite

Su,TangandFiveDynasties <1>,pp.223-225

8LaiChiChongArchaeologicalSite

Ming,Qing <1>,pp.228-229

9PakTamAuArchaeologicalSite

Ming,Qing <2>

10 SaiOArchaeologicalSite NeolithicPeriod,BronzePeriod <1>,pp.159-161

11ShaPa(ShaLeiChe)ArchaeologicalSite

BronzePeriod <3>

12TiuYinKongArchaeologicalSite

BronzePeriod <3>

13ShekKwuLungArchaeologicalSite

BronzePeriod,Su,Tang,FiveDynasties,SongandYuan

TheGeographicalInformationSystemonHongKongHeritage

14SunTongHaTsuenArchaeologicalSite

NeolithicPeriod,BronzePeriod,SongandYuan

TheGeographicalInformationSystemonHongKongHeritage

15 TaiKauArchaeologicalSite Tang <1>,pp.56-58;<4>,p.143

16 TaiOmOldBrickKiln QingTheGeographicalInformationSystemonHongKongHeritage

17 TaiPoKauKiln QingTheGeographicalInformationSystemonHongKongHeritage

18 TaiTongArchaeologicalSite Sung,MingandQingTheGeographicalInformationSystemonHongKongHeritage

19 TaiTongWoLiuKiln QingUnpublishedrecords,AntiquitiesandMonumentsOffice

20 WaiLauArchaeologicalSite BronzePeriod <5>,pp.37-40

21WangLengTauArchaeologicalSite

Su,TangandFiveDynasties <5>,pp.9-18

22WongTeiTongArchaeologicalSite

PalaeolithicPeriod <6>

23 WunYiuArchaeologicalSite MingandQing <7>,<8>

24YimTinTsaiArchaeologicalSite

NeolithicPeriod <5>,pp.41-42

25YuenChauTsaiArchaeologicalSite

BronzePeriodTheGeographicalInformationSystemonHongKongHeritage

�0

Sources:TheGeographicalInformationSystemonHongKongHeritage,Antiquities

andMonumentsOfficeWebpage(http://www5.lcsd.gov.hk/gishinter/html/

viewer_tc.htm).

<1> Peacock,B.A.V.,Reportof theHongKongArchaeologicalSurvey, Volume III, 1986 (Hong Kong:Antiquities and Monuments

Office)(unpublished).

<2> HongKongArchaeologicalSurveyTeamofShanxishengInstitute

ofArchaeology,ArchaeologicalSurveyReportsofHongKongSaiKung'sNorthernDistrict (香港西貢北區考古調查報告) (Hong

Kong:AntiquitiesandMonumentsOffice,1998)(InternalReport).

<3> WuWeihong,YanKongzhaoetal.,"Reporton theArchaeological

InvestigationatLamTsuenValley"(林村谷考古調查報告),JournalofHongKongArchaeologicalSociety (香港考古學會會刊)(2002)

vol.15,pp.33-47.

<4> CentreforChineseArchaeologyandArt,InstituteofChineseStudies,

TheChineseUniversityofHongKongandZhuhoishiMuseum,

Reportof theSeventhDistrictofHongKongHeritageSurvey (全

港文物普查第七地區(大埔區)工作報告)(HongKong:Antiquities

andMonumentsOffice,1998)(InternalReport).

<5> Peacock,B.A.V.,Nixon,T.J.P.,TheHongKongArchaeologicalSurvey:SubsurfaceInvestigationReports (HongKong:Antiquities

andMonumentsOffice,1988).

<6> WuWeihong,Wang Hong,Tan Huizhong, Zhang Zhenhong,"Preliminary Report onTrial Excavation atWongTeiTong

ArchaeologicalSite,ShamChung,HongKongSAR" (香港深涌

黃地峒遺址試掘簡報),ActaAnthropologicaSinica (人類學學報)

(February2006)vol.25,No.1,pp.56-67.

<7> AuKaFat,ZhouShirong,etal.,TheSurveyandStudyontheBlueandWhiteCeramicKilnsatWunYiu,TaiPo,HongKong(香港大埔

碗窰青花瓷窰址調查及研究)(HongKong:HongRegionalCouncil,

1997).

<8> AuKaFat,ZengGuangyi,ZhouShirong,etal.,TheExcavationandStudyontheBlueandWhiteCeramicKilnsatWunYiu,TaiPo,HongKong (香港大埔碗窰青花瓷窰址發掘及研究)(HongKong:

HongKongCulturalandHeritageMuseum,2000).

<9> The Hong Kong Institute ofArchaeology, "The Ma Kwu Lam

ArchaeologicalSiteofSaiSha,ShapSzeHeung"(西沙十四鄉馬牯

纜遺址),electronicdocument(http://www.archaeology-hongkong.

org/main.php).

26YungShueOArchaeologicalSite

Song,Yuan,MingandQingTheGeographicalInformationSystemonHongKongHeritage

27MaKwuLamArchaeologicalSite

MingandQing <9>

28HokTauReservoir-CheungUkBoulderTrackway

Su,Tang,FiveDynasties,SongandYuan

TheGeographicalInformationSystemonHongKongHeritage

29LungAPai–SiuUmShanTrackway

MingandQing <4>,p.89

30 SunLeungTamTrackwaySu,Tang,FiveDynasties,SongandYuan

TheGeographicalInformationSystemonHongKongHeritage

31 WunYiuTrackway MingandQingTheGeographicalInformationSystemonHongKongHeritage

��

Tai P

o: Pr

e-Hist

ory

��

Footnotes1 UNESCO,RecommendationsonInternationalPrinciplesApplicable to

ArchaeologicalExcavations (1956),InternationalCouncilonMonuments

andSiteswebsite(http://www.icomos.org/icahm/newdelhi.html).

2 ICOMOS,Char ter for the Protection and Management of the

ArchaeologicalHeritage (1990), InternationalCouncilonMonuments

andSiteswebsite(http://www.international.icomos.org/e_archae.htm).

3 WuWeihong,WangHong,TanHuizhong,ZhangZhenhong,"Preliminary

ReportonTrialExcavationatWongTeiTongArchaeologicalSite,Sham

Chung, Hong Kong SAR" (香港深涌黃地峒遺址試掘簡報),Acta

AnthropologicaSinica (人類學學報)(February2006)vol.25,No.1,pp.

56-67.

4 HongKongArchaeologicalSociety,PreliminaryReporton theFirst

Excavationof theWongTeiTongSite inSaiKungin2005 (香港西貢

黃地峒遺址2005年度第一次正式發掘簡報) (unpublished). Special

acknowledgementtoMr.WuWeihong,whokindlyprovidedthissource.

5 SpeechbyProf.ZhangSenshui,researcheroftheInstituteofVertebrate

PalaeontologyandPalaeoanthropologyof theChineseAcademyof

Sciences,andexpertadvisorof theStateAdministrationofCultural

Heritage,15January2006,electronicdocument,accessed13February

2008(http://www.archaeology-hongkong.org/main.php).

6 CentreforChineseArchaeologyandArtofTheChineseUniversityof

HongKongandZhuhaiMuseum,"Findings from theExcavationsat

Centre Islandof theToloHarbour" (香港吐露港丫洲的考古收獲), in

TangChung,NgChunMing,eds.,ArchaeologicalStudyoftheSoutheast

Vol.3(東南考古研究第三輯)(Xiamen:XiamenUniversityPress,2003),

pp.59-65.

7 LiSongsheng,"ABriefDiscussionoftheXiantoulingCulture"(試論咸

頭嶺文化),inArchaeologicalDiscoveryandResearchinShenzhen(深圳

考古發現與研究)(Beijing:CulturalRelicsPublishingHouse,1994),pp.

187-191.

8 TangChung,WongWunCheung, "ABriefDiscussionofTaiWan

Culture" (大灣文化試論), inTangChung, ed.,AStudyofAncient

CulturesinSouthChinaandNeighbouringRegions (南中國及鄰近地區

古文化研究)(HongKong:ChineseUniversityPress,1994),pp.395-450.

9 ShenzhenMunicipal InstituteofAntiquity andShenzhenMuseum,

"XiantoulingNeolithicSiteofShenzhen,Guangdong"(廣東深圳市咸頭

嶺新石器時代遺址),Archaeology(考古)(2007)vol.7,pp.9-16.

10 HeJiejun,"PrehistoricPaintedPotteryoftheDaxiCultureandtheCirum-

PearlRiverDelta"(環珠江口的史前彩陶與大溪文化), inTangChung,

ed.,AStudyofAncientCultures inSouthChinaandNeighbouring

Regions (南中國及鄰近地區古文化研究),pp.321-300.RenShenan,

"PatternsonPrehistoricwhitepotteryRemainsinSouthChina"(論華南

史前印紋白陶遺存),inTangChung,ed.,AStudyofAncientCulturesin

SouthChinaandNeighbouringRegions (南中國及鄰近地區古文化研

究)(HongKong:ChineseUniversityPress),pp.299-309.

11 ChauHingWah,"PluralisticDevelopmentandCultural Interaction:A

StudyoftheAssimilationintotheHanChineseCivilizationoftheAncient

YueCulture in thePearlRiverDeltaand theAncientShuCulture in

SichuanProvince"(多元互動：四川古蜀文化和珠江三角洲古越文化

融入中華文化的過程),inHongKongHeritageMuseum,ed.,Splendour

andMysteryofAncientShu:CulturalRelicsfromSanxingduiandJinsha

(三星閃爍，金沙流采：神祕的古蜀文明) (HongKong:Leisureand

CulturalServicesDepartment,2007),pp.56-73.

12 WuWeihong,YanKongzhao et al., "Report on theArchaeological

InvestigationatLamTsuenValley"(林村谷考古調查報告),Journalof

HongKongArchaeologicalSociety (香港考古學會會刊)(2007)vol.15,

pp.33-47.

13 TheGuangdong InstituteofCulturalRelics andArchaeology, "The

SecondExcavationoftheYingangHeritageSiteinBoluo,Guangdong"

(廣東博羅銀崗遺址第二次發掘),CulturalRelics (文物)(2006)vol.6,

pp.4-16.

14 LiuChengji,"ObservationsofthePotteryKilnFiringTechniquesDuring

thePre-QinDynastyPeriodinGuangdong"(廣東先秦陶瓷窰爐燒造技

術發展觀察),inGuangdongInstituteofCulturalRelicsandArchaeology,

SpecialIssueCommemoratingtheTenthAnniversaryoftheGuangdong

InstituteofCulturalRelicsandArchaeology(廣東省文物考古研究所建

所十周年文集)(Guangzhou:LingnanPress,2001),pp.144-157.

15 Guangdong InstituteofCulturalRelicsandArchaeology,Excavation

Reportof theShangandZhouTombsinHenglingshan,Boluo (博羅橫

嶺山——商周時期墓地2000年發掘報告)(Beijing:TheSciencePress,

2005).

16 Xu Hengbin, "A Preliminary Discussion ofAncient Kingdoms in

Guangdong" (廣東古國問題初論), in Institute of Cultural Relics

ArchaeologyofGuangdongProvince,SouthChinaArchaeologyI (華南

考古1)(Beijing:CulturalRelicsPublishingHouse,2004),pp.63-68.

17 JiangShunhong,ABriefDiscussionofthePotteryIndustryinWunYiu

ofTaiPo,HongKong(香港大埔碗窰陶業淺探)(HongKong:ChuHai

College,InstituteofHistoricalResearch,OccasionalPaper2,1997).

18 AuKaFat,ZhouShirongetal.,eds,TheSurveyandStudyontheBlue

andWhiteCeramicKilnsatWunYiu,TaiPo,HongKong(香港大埔碗

窰青花瓷窰址調查及研究)(HongKong:HongKongRegionalCouncil,

1997).

19 AuKaFat,ZengGuangyi,ZhouShirongetal.,eds,TheExcavationand

StudyontheBlueandWhiteCeramicKilnsatWunYiu,TaiPo,Hong

Kong(香港大埔碗窰青花瓷窰址發掘及研究)(HongKong:HongKong

CulturalandHeritageMuseum,2000).

20 YuJiadong,"AnAnalyticalReadingofWunYiuinTaiPo,HongKong"

(香港大埔碗窰試析),inAuKaFat,ZengGuangyi,ZhouShirongetal.,

eds,TheExcavationandStudyontheBlueandWhiteCeramicKilnsat

WunYiu,TaiPo,HongKong (香港大埔碗窰青花瓷窰址發掘及研究),

pp.103-119.

21 LamYipKeung,"AnotherDiscussionofFourTopicsonWunYiuofTai

Po,HongKong"(再說香港大埔碗窰四題),inAuKaFat,ZengGuangyi,

ZhouShirongetal.,eds,TheExcavationandStudyon theBlueand

WhiteCeramicKilnsatWunYiu,TaiPo,HongKong(香港大埔碗窰青

花瓷窰址發掘及研究),pp.146-162.

22 The Hong Kong Institute ofArchaeology, "The Ma Kwu Lam

ArchaeologicalSiteofSaiSha,ShapSzeHeung"(西沙十四鄉馬牯纜

遺址),electronicdocument,accessed20February2008(http://www.

archaeology-hongkong.org/main.php).

��

Tai P

o: Pr

e-Hist

ory

Bibliography

1. Chinese References

ArchaeologicalDiscoveryandResearch inShenzhen

(深圳考古發現與研究) (Beijing: Cultural Relics

PublishingHouse,1994).

AuKaFat,ZengGuangyi,ZhouShirongetal.,eds,

TheExcavation andStudyon theBlue andWhite

CeramicKilnsatWunYiu,TaiPo,HongKong(香港大

埔碗窰青花瓷窰址發掘及研究) (HongKong:Hong

KongLeisureandCulturalServiceDepartmentand

HongKongHeritageMuseum,2000).

AuKaFat,ZhouShirongetal.,eds,TheInvestigation

andStudyon theBlueandWhiteCeramicKilnsat

WunYiu,TaiPo,HongKong (香港大埔碗窰青花瓷

窰址調查及研究)(HongKong:HongKongRegional

Council,1997).

CentreforChineseArchaeologyandArt, Instituteof

ChineseStudies,TheChineseUniversityofHongKong

andZhuhoishiMuseum,ReportoftheSeventhDistrict

ofHongKongHeritageSurvey (全港文物普查第七

地區(大埔區)工作報告)(HongKong:Antiquitiesand

MonumentsOffice,1998)(InternalReport).

Guangdong Ins t i tu te of Cul tura l Rel ics and

Archaeology,ExcavationReport of theShangand

ZhouTombsinHenglingshan,Boluo(博羅橫嶺山——

商周時期墓地2000年發掘報告)(Beijing:TheScience

Press,2005).

Guangdong Ins t i tu te of Cul tura l Rel ics and

Archaeology,SpecialIssueCommemoratingtheTenth

Anniversaryof theGuangdong InstituteofCultural

RelicsandArchaeology(廣東省文物考古研究所建所

十周年文集)(Guangzhou:LingnanPress,2001).

Hong Kong Archaeo log ica l Sur vey Team of

ShanxishengInstituteofArchaeology,Archaeological

SurveyReportsofHongKongSaiKung'sNorthern

District (香港西貢北區考古調查報告) (HongKong:

AntiquitiesandMonumentsOffice,1998) (Internal

Report).

Hong Kong Heritage Museum, ed., Splendour

andMysteryofAncientShu:CulturalRelics from

Sanxingdui and Jinsha (三星閃爍，金沙流采：神

祕的古蜀文明) (HongKong:Leisure andCultural

ServicesDepartment,2007).

JiangShunhong,ABriefDiscussionof thePottery

Industry inWunYiuofTaiPo,HongKong (香港大

埔碗窰陶業淺探) (Hong Kong: Chu Hai College,

InstituteofHistoricalResearch,OccasionalPaper2,

1997).

TangChung,ed.,AStudyofAncientCulturesinSouth

ChinaandNeighbouringRegions (南中國及鄰近地區

古文化研究)(HongKong:ChineseUniversityPress,

1994).

TangChung,NgChunMing, eds.,Archaeological

Studyof theSoutheastVol.3 (東南考古研究第三輯)

(Xiamen:XiamenUniversityPress,2003).

2. Chinese Essays

Hong KongArchaeological Society, "Preliminary

ReportontheFirstExcavationof theWongTeiTong

SiteinSaiKungin2005"(香港西貢黃地峒遺址2005

年度第一次正式發掘簡報)(unpublished).

Shenzhen Municipal Institute ofAntiquity and

ShenzhenMuseum, "XiantoulingNeolithicSiteof

Shenzhen,Guangdong"(廣東深圳市咸頭嶺新石器時

代遺址),Archaeology(考古)(2007)vol.7.

The Guangdong Institute of Cultural Relics and

Archaeology,"TheSecondExcavationoftheYingang

HeritageSiteinBoluo,Guangdong"(廣東博羅銀崗遺

址第二次發掘),CulturalRelics (文物)(2006)vol.6.

WuWeihong,Wang Hong,Tan Huizhong, Zhang

Zhenhong,"PreliminaryReportonTrialExcavation

atWongTeiTongArchaeologicalSite,ShamChung,

HongKongSAR"(香港深涌黃地峒遺址試掘簡報),

ActaAnthropologicaSinica (人類學學報) (Feburary

2006)vol.25,No.1.

��

WuWeihong,YanKongzhaoet al., "Reporton the

Archaeological InvestigationatLamTsuenValley"

(林村谷考古調查報告), Journal of Hong Kong

ArchaeologicalSociety (香港考古學會會刊) (2007)

vol.15.

XuHengbin,"APreliminaryDiscussionofAncient

Kingdoms inGuangdong" (廣東古國問題初論), in

InstituteofCulturalRelicsArchaeologyofGuangdong

Province,SouthChinaArchaeology I (華南考古1)

(Beijing:CulturalRelicsPublishingHouse,2004).

3. English References

Peacock, B.A.V., Nixon,T.J.P.,The Hong Kong

Archaeological Survey: Subsurface Investigation

Reports (HongKong:Antiquities andMonuments

Office,1988).

Peacock , B.A.V. , Repor t o f the Hong Kong

ArchaeologicalSurvey,VolumeIII,1986(HongKong:

AntiquitiesandMonumentsOffice)(unpublished).

4. Websites

ICOMOS,CharterfortheProtectionandManagement

of theArchaeologicalHeritage(1990), International

CouncilonMonumentsandSiteswebsite(http://www.

international.icomos.org/e_archae.htm).

Speech by Prof. Zhang Senshui, researcher of

the Insti tute ofVer tebrate Palaeontology and

Palaeoanthropology of the ChineseAcademy of

Sciences,andexpertadvisoroftheStateAdministration

of Cultural Heritage, 15 January 2006, electronic

document,accessed13February2008 (http://www.

archaeology-hongkong.org/main.php).

TheGeographicalInformationSystemonHongKong

Heritage,AntiquitiesandMonumentsOfficewebpage

(http://www5.lcsd.gov.hk/gishinter/html/viewer_tc.

htm).

TheHongKong InstituteofArchaeology, "TheMa

Kwu LamArchaeological Site of Sai Sha, Shap

Sze Heung" (西沙十四鄉馬牯纜遺址), electronic

document,accessed20February2008 (http://www.

archaeology-hongkong.org/main.php).

UNESCO, Recommendations on International

PrinciplesApplicable toArchaeologicalExcavations

(1956),InternationalCouncilonMonumentsandSites

website(http://www.icomos.org/icahm/newdelhi.html).