tài liệu ccna tổng hợp ccna1 đến ccna4

7/14/2019 Ti Liu CCNA Tng Hp CCNA1 n CCNA4

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LI NI U

Cun sch Gio trnh htnh CCNA 2 c bin son da trn chng trnh oto chuyn vin mng ca Cisco. Ln xut bn thnht c bn c nhit tnh

n nhn. y l chng trnh hc c tnh thc tcao. Trong bi cnh cng nghpht trin lin tc nn gio trnh cn c cp nht bm st thc tin. chnhl l do chng ti gii thiun bn cun gio trnh mi trong ln xut bn ny.

Gio trnh ny tng g vi khc thhai trong chng trnh o to CCNA caCisco. Sch gm c 11 chng, cc chc trnh by c hthng v c ng.

Ni dung chnh ca tp hai l kho st thnh phn cu trc v hot ng ca router,ng thi hng dn ngi c cu hnh cbn cho router. So vi phin bn c,

phin bn mi c cp thm hai phn mi l: Giao thc thng ip iu khin

Internet (ICMP) v danh sch kim tra truy nhp (Access Control List). Bn cnh, cc phn v cu trc router, cu hnh router v x l s c cho router cngc bsung thm nhiu chi tit mi so vi phin bn c.

Cun sch khng chl mt gio trnh hu ch cho cc hc vin mng CCNA mcn l ti liu b ch cho cc bn c mun tr thnh nhng nh networkingchuyn nghip.

Mc d c gng sa cha, b sung cho cun sch c hon thin hn song

chc rng khng trnh khi nhng thiu st, hn ch. Nhm bin son mong nhnc c kin ng gp qu bu ca bn c.
http://www.minhkhai.com.vn/mailto:[email protected]


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2

LI NG

Knh tha qu bn c gn xa, Ban xut bn MK.PUB trc ht xin by t lngbit n v nim vinh hnh trc nhit tnh ca ng o Bn c i vi tsch

MK.PUB trong thi gian qua.Khu hiu chng ti l:

* Lao ng khoa hc nghim tc.

* Cht lng v ngy cng cht lng hn.

* Tt cv Bn c.

Rt nhiu Bn c gi mailcho chng ti ng gp nhiu kin qu bu

cho tsch.

Ban xut bn MK.PUB xin c knh mi qu Bn c tham gia cng nng caocht lng tsch ca chng ta.

Trong qu trnh c, xin cc Bn ghi ch li cc sai st (d nh, ln) ca cunsch hoc cc nhn xt ca ring Bn. Sau xin gi va ch:

E-mail: [email protected] [email protected]

Hoc gi v: Nh sch Minh Khai

249 Nguyn ThMinh Khai, Q.I, Tp. HCh Minh

Nu Bn ghi ch trc tip ln cun sch, ri gi cun sch cho chng ti thchng ti sxin hon li cc ph bu in v gi li cho bn cun sch khc.

Chng ti xin gi tng mt cun sch ca sch MK.PUB ty chn la ca Bntheo mt danh mc thch hp sc gi ti Bn.

Vi mc ch ngy cng nng cao cht lng ca tsch MK.PUB, chngti rt mong nhn c shp tc ca qu Bn c gn xa.

MK.PUBv Bn c cng lm !
mailto:[email protected]:[email protected]:[email protected]:[email protected]


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MK.PUB

MC LC

LI NI U ................................................................................................. 3

MC LC......................................................................................................... 3

CHNG 1: WAN V ROUTER................................................................... 5

GII THIU ................................................................................................... 13

1.1.WAN.................................................................................................... 13

1.1.1.Gii thiu vWAN ................................................................... 13

1.1.2.Gii thiu vrouter trong mng WAN ..................................... 15

1.1.3.Router LAN v WAN ............................................................... 17

1.1.4.Vai tr ca router trong mng WAN ......................................... 19

1.1.5.Cc bi thc hnh m phng ..................................................... 21

1.2.Router ................................................................................................. 21

1.2.1.Cc thnh phn bn trong router ............................................... 21

1.2.2.c im vt l ca router ......................................................... 24

1.2.3.Cc loi kt ni bn ngoi ca router ........................................ 25

1.2.4.Kt ni vo cng qun l trn router ......................................... 25

1.2.5.Thit lp kt ni vo cng console ............................................ 261.2.6.Thc hin kt ni vi cng LAN .............................................. 28

1.2.7.Thc hin kt ni vi cng WAN ............................................. 29

TNG KT .................................................................................................... 31


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CHNG 2: GII THIU VROUTER .................................................... 33

GII THIU .................................................................................................. 33

2.1.Phn mm hiu hnh Cisco IOS .................................................... 33

2.1.1.Mc ch ca phn mm Cisco IOS........................................... 33

2.1.2.Giao din ngi dng ca router ............................................... 33

2.1.3.Cc chcu hnh router ........................................................ 34

2.1.4.Cc c im ca phn mm Cisco IOS ................................... 35

2.1.5.Hot ng ca phn mm Cisco IOS ........................................ 382.2.Bt u vi router ............................................................................... 40

2.2.1.Khi ng router ....................................................................... 40

2.2.2.n LED bo hiu trn router ................................................... 42

2.2.3.Kho st qu trnh khi ng router .......................................... 43

2.2.4.Thit lp phin kt ni bng HyperTerminal ............................ 45

2.2.5.Truy cp vo router ................................................................... 45

2.2.6.Phm trgip trong router CLI ................................................. 46

2.2.7.Mrng thm vcch vit cu lnh ......................................... 48

2.2.8.Gi li cc lnh sdng ....................................................... 49

2.2.9.Xl li cu lnh ....................................................................... 50

2.2.10. Lnh show version ................................................................... 51

TNG KT CHNG .................................................................................. 52


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CHNG 3: CU HNH ROUTER............................................................. 53

GII THIU .................................................................................................. 53

3.1.Cu hnh router ................................................................................... 54

3.1.1.Chgiao tip dng lnh CLI ................................................ 54

3.1.2.t tn cho router ...................................................................... 55

3.1.3.t mt m cho router ............................................................... 55

3.1.4.Kim tra bng cc lnh show .................................................... 56

3.1.5.Cu hnh cng serial .................................................................. 583.1.6.Thm bt, dch chuyn v thay i tp tin cu hnh ................. 59

3.1.7.Cu hnh cng Ethernet ............................................................. 60

3.2.Hon chnh cu hnh router ................................................................ 61

3.2.1.Tm quan trng ca vic chun ho tp tin cu hnh ................ 61

3.2.2.Cu ch thch cho cc cng giao tip ........................................ 61

3.2.3.Cu hnh cu ch thch cho cng giao tip ............................... 62

3.2.4.Thng ip ng nhp ................................................................ 63

3.2.5.Cu hnh thng ip ng nhp (MOTD) ................................. 63

3.2.6.Phn gii tn my ...................................................................... 64

3.2.7.Cu hnh bng host .................................................................... 65

3.2.8.Lp hsv lu dphng tp tin cu hnh .............................. 65

3.2.9.Ct, dn v chnh sa tp tin cu hnh ....................................... 66


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TNG KT CHNG ................................................................................. 67

CHNG 4: CP NHT THNG TIN TCC THIT BKHC ......... 69

GII THIU .................................................................................................. 69

4.1.Kt ni v khm ph cc thit bln cn ............................................ 70

4.1.1.Gii thiu vCDP ..................................................................... 70

4.1.2.Thng tin thu nhn c tCDP ............................................... 71

4.1.3.Chy CDP, kim tra v ghi nhn cc thng tin CDP ................ 72

4.1.4.Xy dng bn mng ............................................................. 76

4.1.5.Tt CDP ..................................................................................... 76

4.1.6.Xl scca CDP ................................................................. 77

4.2.Thu thp thng tin vcc thit bxa ............................................... 77

4.2.1.Telnet ......................................................................................... 77

4.2.2.Thit lp v kim tra qu trnh khi ng router ...................... 78

4.2.3.Ngt, tm ngng phin Telnet ................................................... 79

4.2.4.Mrng thm vhot ng Telnet ........................................... 80

4.2.5.Cc lnh kim tra kt ni khc .................................................. 81

4.2.6. Xl scva chIP ........................................................... 84

TNG KT .................................................................................................... 84

CHNG 5: QUN L PHN MM CISCO IOS .................................... 85

GII THIU .................................................................................................. 85

5.1. Kho st v kim tra hot ng router ............................................... 86


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5.1.1.Cc giai on khi ng router khi bt u bt in ..................... 86

5.1.2.Thit bCisvo tm v ti IOS nhthno ..................................... 86

5.1.3.Sdng lnh boot system .............................................................. 87

5.1.4.Thanh ghi cu hnh............. 88

5.1.5.Xl sckhi khi ng IOS .............. 89

5.2. Qun l tp tin hthng Cisco ....................... 91

5.2.1. Khi qut vtp tin hthn IOS........................ 91

5.2.2. Quy c tn IOS......................................... 94

5.2.3. Qun l tp tin cu hnh bng TFTP .................................. 95

5.2.4. Qun l tp tin cu hnh bng cch ct-dn........................ 99

5.2.5. Qun l Cisco IOS bng TFTP .................. 100

5.2.6. Qun l IOS bng Xmodem ................................... 103

5.2.7. Bin mi trng.............................. 105

5.2.8. Kim tra tp tin hthng.... 106

TNG KT ............................................................................................. 106

CHNG 6: NH TUYN V CC GIAO THC NH TUYN ............ 107

GII THIU .................................. 107

6.1. Gii thiu vnh tuyn tnh ................................................................. 108

6.1.1. Gii thiu vnh tuyn tnh.......................................................... 108

6.1.2. Hot ng ca nh tuyn tnh........................................................ 108


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6.1.3. Cu hnh ng cnh ................................................................. 110

6.1.4. Cu hnh ng mc nh cho router chuyn gi i ...................... 112

6.1.5. Kim tra cu hnh ........................................................................... 114

6.1.6. Xl sc...................................................................................... 114

6.2. Tng qut vnh tuyn ......................................................................... 116

6.2.1. Gii thiu vgiao thc nh tuyn ................................................. 116

6.2.2. Autonomous system (AS) (Hthng tqun)............................... 117

6.2.3. Mc ch ca giao thc nh tuyn v hthng tqun ............... 117

6.2.4. Phn loi cc giao thc nh tuyn................................................. 118

6.2.5. c im ca giao thc nh tuyn theo vector khong cch....... 118

6.2.6. c im ca giao thc nh tuyn theo trng thi ng lin kt 121

6.3. Tng qut vgiao thc nh tuyn ......................................................... 121

6.3.1. Quyt nh chn ng i .............................................................. 123

6.3.2. Cu hnh nh tuyn........................................................................ 123

6.3.3. Cc giao thc nh tuyn ................................................................ 126

6.3.4. Htqun, IGP v EGP................................................................. 128

6.3.5. Trng thi ng lin kt ............................................................... 130

TNG KT......................................................................................................... 132

CHNG 7: GIAO THC NH TUYN THEO VECTOR KHONG CCH .... 133

GII THIU ....................................................................................................... 133


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7.1. nh tuyn theo vector khong cch ...................................................... 134

7.1.1. Cp nht thng tin nh tuyn ....................................................... 134

7.1.2. Li nh tuyn lp........................................................................... 135

7.1.3. nh ngha gi trti a.................................................................. 136

7.1.4. Trnh nh tuyn lp vng bng split horizon................................ 137

7.1.5. Router poisoning............................................................................. 138

7.1.6. Trnh nh tuyn lp vng bng cchcp nht tc thi ............. 140

7.1.7. Trnh lp vng vi thi gian holddown ......................................... 140

7.2. RIP .......................................................................................................... 142

7.2.1. Tin trnh ca RIP........................................................................... 142

7.2.2. Cu hnh RIP................................................................................... 142

7.2.3. Sdng lnh ip classless ................................................................ 144

7.2.4. Nhng vn thng gp khi cu hnh RIP .................................. 146

7.2.5. Kim tra cu hnh RIP .................................................................... 149

7.2.6. Xl scvhot ng cp nht ca RIP ................................... 151

7.2.7. Ngn khng cho router gi thng tin nh tuyn ra mt cng giao tip

.................................................................................................................. 153

7.2.8. Chia ti vi RIP .............................................................................. 154

7.2.9. Chia ti cho nhiu ng ............................................................... 156

7.2.10. Tch hp ng cnh vi RIP .................................................. 158


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7.3. IGRP ....................................................................................................... 160

7.3.1. c im ca IGRP ........................................................................ 160

7.3.7. Kim tra cu hnh IGPR ................................................................. 171

7.3.8. Xl scca IGPR..................................................................... 171

TNG KT ........................................................................................................ 173

CHNG 8: THNG IP IU KHIN V BO LI CA TCP/IP........ 175

GII THIU ....................................................................................................... 175

8.1. Tng qut vthng ip bo li ca TCP/IP ...................................... 176

8.1.1. Giao thc Thng ip iu Khin Internet (IMCP) .................... 176

8.1.3. Truyn thng ip IMCP................................................................ 177

8.1.4. Mng khng n c .................................................................... 177

8.1.5. S dng lnh ping kim tra xem a ch ch c n c hay

khng ........................................................................................................ 178

8.1.6. Pht hin ng di qu gii hn ................................................... 179

8.1.7. Thng ip echo ............................................................................. 180

8.1.8. Thng ip Destination Unreachable.......................................... 181

8.1.9. Thng bo cc loi li khc............................................................ 182

8.2. Thng ip iu khin ca TCP/IP...................................................... 183

8.2.1. Gii thiu vthng ip iu khin ............................................... 183

8.2.2. Thng iICMP redirect/change request....................................... 184


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8.2.3. ng bng hv c tnh thi gian truyn dliu .................. 186

8.2.4. Thng ip Information request v reply ....................................... 187

8.2.6. Thng ip tm router ................................................................ 189

8.2.7. Thng ip Router solicitation ....................................................... 189

8.2.8. Thng ip bo nghn v iu khin lung dliu ....................... 190

TNG KT......................................................................................................... 191

CHNG 9: CBN VXL SCROUTER ..................................... 193

GII THIU ....................................................................................................... 193

9.1. Kim tra bng nh tuyn .......................................................................... 194

9.1.1. Lnh show ip route ......................................................................... 194

9.1.2. Xc nh gateway ........................................................................... 196

9.1.3. Chn ng chuyn gi tngun n ch............................... 197

9.1.4. Xc nh a lp 2 v lp 3 ............................................................ 198

9.1.5. Xc nh chstincy ca cc con ng .................................... 198

9.1.6. Xc nh thng snh tuyn......................................................... 199

9.1.7. Xc nh trm ktip...................................................................... 201

9.1.8. Kim tra thng tin nh tuyn c cp nht mi nht.................. 202

9.1.9. Sdng nhiu ng n cng mt ch....................................... 203

9.2. Kim tra kt ni mng ............................................................................... 205

9.2.1. Gii thiu vvic kim tra kt ni mng ....................................... 205


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9.2.2. Cc bc tin hnh xl sc ...................................................... 206

9.2.3. Xl sctheo lp ca m hnh OSI ........................................... 208

9.2.4. Sdng cc n bo hiu tm scca Lp 1 ......................... 209

9.2.5. Sdng lnh ping xl scLp 3 ..................................... 209

9.2.6. Sdng Telnet xl scLp 7 .......................................... 211

9.3. Tng qut vqu trnh xl mt sscca router............................... 212

9.3.1. Sdng lnh show interfaces xl scLp 1 ...................... 212

9.3.2. Sdng lnh show interfaces xl scLp 2 ..................... 216

9.3.3. Sdng lnh show cdp xl sc .......................................... 217

9.3.4. Sdng lnh traceroute xl sc .......................................... 218

9.3.5. Xl cc scvnh tuyn ........................................................ 219

9.3.6. Sdng lnh show controllers serial xl sc ...................... 222

TNG KT......................................................................................................... 225

CHNG 10: TCP/IP ........................................................................................ 227

GII THIU ....................................................................................................... 227

10.1. Hot ng ca TCP............................................................................... 228

10.1.1 Hot ng ca TCP........................................................................ 228

10.1.2 Qu trnh ng bhay qu trnh bt tay 3 bc............................ 228

10.1.3 Kiu tn cng tchi dch vDoS (Denial of Service)................ 230

10.1.4 Ca sv kch thc ca s .......................................................... 231


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10.1.6 ACK xc nhn ............................................................................... 234

10.2. Tng quan vport lp vn chuyn . .................................................. 236

10.2.1. Nhiu cuc kt ni gia 2 host. .................................................... 236

10.2.2. Port dnh cho cc dch v............................................................. 238

10.2.3. Port dnh cho client ...................................................................... 240

10.2.4. Chport v cc chsport ni ting............................................. 240

10.2.5. V dvtrng hp mnhiu phin kt ni gia 2 host............. 240

10.2.6. So snh gia a chIP, a chMAC v sport ......................... 241

TNG KT......................................................................................................... 241

CHNG 11: DANH SCH KIM TRA TRUY CP ACLs ......................... 243

GII THIU ....................................................................................................... 243

11.1 Cbn vdanh sch kim tra truy cp.................................................. 244

11.1.1 ACLs lm vic nhthno? ......................................................... 246

11.1.2 Kim tra ACLs............................................................................... 254

11.2.1 Danh sch kim tra truy cp ACLs..................................................... 256

11.2.1 ACLs cbn ................................................................................. 256

11.2.2 ACLs mrng ............................................................................... 258

11.2.3 ACLs t tn .................................................................................. 259

11.2.4 Vtr t ACLs .............................................................................. 261

11.2.5 Bc tng la ................................................................................ 262


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11.2.6 Gii hn truy cp vo ng vty trn router ................................. 263

TNG KT......................................................................................................... 265


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CHNG 1

WAN V ROUTER

GII THIU

Mng din rng (WAN) l mng truyn d liu qua nhng vng a l rt ln.WAN c nhiu c im quan trng khc vi LAN. Trong chng ny, trc tincc bn s c mt ci nhn tng th v cc k thut v cc giao thc ca mngWAN. ng thi trong chng ny cng sgii thch nhng c im ging nhauv khc nhau gia LAN v WAN.

Bn cnh , kin thc vcc thnh phn vt l ca router cng rt quan trng.Kin thc ny sl nn tng cho cc knng v kin thc khc khi bn cu hnh

router v qun trmng nh tuyn. Trong chng ny, cc bn sc kho stthnh phn vt l bn trong v bn ngoi ca router v cc k thit kt ni vinhiu cng khc nhau trn router.

Sau khi hon tt chng ny, cc bn c ththc hin cc vic sau:

Xc nh tchc quc tchu trch nhim vcc chun ca WAN.

Gii thch skhc nhau gia LAN v WAN, gia cc loi a chm mimng sdng.

M tvai tr ca router trong WAN.

Xc nh cc thnh phn vt l bn trong ca router v cc chc nng tngng.

M tcc c im vt l ca router.

Xc nh cc loi cng trn router.

Thc hin cc kt ni n cng Ethernet, cng ni tip WAN v cngconsole trn router.

1.1. WAN

1.1.1 Gii thiu vWAN


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WAN l mngtruyn d liu qua nhng vng a l rt rng ln nhcc bang,tnh, quc gia Cc phng tin truyn dliu trn WAN c cung cp bi ccnh cung cp dch v, v dnhcc cng ty in thoi.

Mng WAN c mt sc im sau:WAN dng kt ni cc thit bcch xa nhau bi nhng a l ln.

WAN sdng dch vca cc cng ty cung cp dch v, v dnh: Regional BellOperating Conpanies (RBOCs), Sprint, MCI, VPM internet servies, Inc.,Altantes.net

WAN sdng nhiu loi lin kt ni tip khc nhau.

WAN c mt sim khc vi LAN. V dnh: LAN c sdng kt ni ccmy tnh n l, cc thit bngoi vi, cc thit bu cui v nhiu loi thit bkhc trong cung mt to nh hay mt phm vi a l nh. Trong khi WAN csdng kt ni cc chi nhnh ca mnh, nh m thng tin c trao i ddng gia cc trung tm.

Mng WAN hot ng chyu lp Vt l v lp Lin kt dliu m hnh OSI.WAN kt ni cc mng LAN li vi nhau. Do , WAN thc hin chuyn i ccgi dliu gia cc router, switch v cc mng LAN m n kt ni.

Sau y l cc thit bc sdng trong WAN:

Router: cung cp nhiu dch vkhc nhau, bao gm Internet v cc giao tipWAN.

Loi switch c sdng trong WAN cung cp kt ni cho hot ng thngtin lin lc bng thoi video v dliu.

Modem: bao gm: giao tip vi dch v truyn thoi; CSU/DSU (Chanel

service units/ Digital service units) giao tip vi dch vT1/E1; TA/NT1(Terminal Adapters /Network Terminal 1) giao tip vi dch v ISDN(Integrate Services Digital Network).

Server thng tin lin lc: tp trung xl cuc gi ca ngi dng.


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Hnh 1.1.1: Cc thit bWAN

c vn chuyn gia cc h thng trn mt ng truyn d liu. cc giaothtruy

Cc tisau:

Lin hip vin thng quc t - lnh vc tiu chun vin thng ITUT

ctor), trc y l Uban cin thoi v in tn quc

T ch net Engineering TaskForce).

Lin hip cng nghip in t- EIA (Eletronic Industries Association).

1.1.2Gii thiu vrouter trong mng WAN

Cc giao thc lp Lin kt dliu ca mng WAN m tvcch thc m gi dliu

c ny c thit kcho cc dch vchuyn mch im-n-im, a im, anhp, v dnh: FrameRelay.

u chun ca mng WAN c nh ngha v qun l bi cc tchc quc t

(International Telecommunication Union-TelecommunicationStandardization Set - CCITT (Consultative Committee for International Telegraph andTelephone).

T chc quc t v tiu chun ISO (International Organization forStandardization).

c c trch v k thut Internet IETF (Inter


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Hnh 1.1.2

Router l mt loi my tnh c bit. N cng c cc thnh phn cbn ging nh

my tnh: CPU, bnh, system bus v cc cng giao tip. Tuy nhin router c

a ng i tt nht cho dliu.

h chy cc tp tin cu hnh. Tp tin cu hnh

o cc gi dliu. Do , tp tin cu hnh cng cha cc thngtin o thc nh tuyn trn router.

Gi t hch r cch xy dng tp tin cu hnh tcc cu lnh IOSrouter c ththc hin c cc chc nng cbn. Lc ban u c thbn thytp n sthy n dhiuhn h

C h gm: bnhRAM, NVRAM, bnhflash, ROM v cc c

RA ,chc n

kt l thc hin mt schc nng c bit. V d: router c thit kl thchin mt schc nng c bit. V d: router kt ni hai hthng mng vi nhauv cho php hai hthng ny c thlin lc vi nhau, ngoi ra router cn thc hinvic chn l

Cng ging nhmy tnh cn phi c hiu hnh chy cc trnh ng dng throuter cng cn phi c hiu hncha cc cu lnh v cc thng siu khin lung dliu ra vo trn router.

c bit l router cn sdng giao thc nh tuyn truyn quyt nh chnng i tt nht ch

ci t v chy cc gia

o rnh ny sgii t

tin cu hnh rt phc tp nhng n cui gio trnh ny bn iu.

c t nh phn chnh bn trong router baong giao tip.

M hay cn gi l RAM ng (DRAM- Dynamic RAM) c cc c im vng nhsau

Lu bng nh tuyn.


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Lu bng ARP.

C vng bnhchuyn mch nhanh.

Cung cp vng nhm cho cc gi dliu

Duy tr hng i cho cc gi dliu.

Cung cp bnh tm thi cho tp tin cu hnh ca router khi router ang

c im v chc nng ca NVRAM:

itp tin cu hnh khi ng ca router.

ttin.

c i

Lu hiu hnh IOS.

C thcp nht phn mm lu trong Flash m khng cn thay i chip trn

Ni du ikhi router khi ng li hoc b ttin.

Ta c thl trong Flash.

hot ng.

Thng tin trn RAM sbxo mt khi router khi ng li hoc btt in.

Lu g

Ni dung ca NVRAM vn c lu gikhi router khi ng li hoc b

m v chc nng ca bnhflash:

bxl.

ng ca Flash vn c lu g

u nhiu phin bn khc nhau ca phn mm IOS

Flash l loi ROM xo v lp trnh c (EPROM).

c im v chc nng ca cc cng giao tip:

Kt ni router vo hthng mng nhn v chuyn gi dliu.

Cc cng c thgn trc tip trn mainboard hoc l di dng card ri.

1.1.3Router LAN v WAN


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Hnh 1.1.3a: Phn on mng LAN vi router

Router va c s dng phn on mng LAN va l thit b chnh trongmng WAN. Thc cht l

l: chn ng i ttnht v chuyn mch gi dliu. thc hin chc nng ny, mi router phi xydng mt bng nh tuyn v thc hi nh tuyn vi nhau.

Do , tn router c ccng giao tip LAN v WAN.cc k thut WAN c s dng kt ni cc router, router ny giao tip virouter khc qua ng lin kt WAN. Router l thit b xng sng ca mngIntranet ln v mng Internet. Router hot ng Lp 3 v thc hin chuyn gidliu da trn a chmng. Router c hai chc nng chnh

n trao i thng tin

Hnh 1.1.3b: Kt ni router bng cc cng nghWAN


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Ng tr bng nh tuyn bng cch cu hnh nh tuyntnh, nhng thng th ng nhcc giao thcnh tuyn th r.

i qun trmng c thduyng thi bng nh tuyn c lu gi

c hin trao i thng tin mng gia cc route

Hnh 1.1.3c

V d: nu my tnh X mun thng tin lin lc vi my tnh Y mt chu lc khcv vi my tnh Z mt vtr khc na trn thgii, khi cn phi c nh tuyn

Mng WAN hot ng chyu lp vt l v lp lin kt dliu. iu ny khngc ngha l nm lp cn li ca m hnh OSI khng c trong mng WAN. iu

c thtruyn dliu v ng thi cng cn phi c cc ng dphng, thaythm bo tin cy. Rt nhiu thit kmng v cng nghc a ra

cho cc my tnh nhX Y, Z c thlin lc vi nhau.

Mt hthng mng c cu hnh ng phi c y cc c im sau:

C hthng a chnht qun tu cui n u cui

Cu trc a chphi thhin c cu trc mng.

Chn c ng i tt nht.

nh tuyn ng v tnh. Thc hin chuyn mch.

1.1.4Vai tr ca router trong mng WAN


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ny n gin c ngha l mang WAN chkhc vi mng LAN lp Vt l v lpLin kt d liu. Hay ni cch khc l cc tiu chun v giao thc sdng trongmng WAN lp 1 v lp 2 l khc vi mng LAN.

Lp Vt l trong mng WAN m tcc giao tip thit bd liu u cui DTE(Data Terminal Equipment) v thit bu cui mch dliu DCE (Data Circuit-terminal Equipment). Thng thng, DCE l thit bpha nh cung cp dch vv DTE l thit bkt ni vo DCE. Theo m hnh ny th DCE c thl modemhoc CSU/DSU.

Chc nng chyu ca router l nh tuyn. Hot ng nh tuyn din ra lp 3 -lp Mng trong khi WAN hot ng lp 1 v 2. Vy router l thit bLAN hayWAN? Cu trli l chai. Router c thl thit bLAN, hoc WAN, hoc thit

btrung gian gia LAN v WAN hoc c thl LAN v WAN cng mMt trong nhng nhim vca router trong mng WAN l nh tuyn gi dliu lp 3, y cng l nhim vca router trong mng LAN. Tuy nhin, nh tuynkhng phi l nhim v ch uter sdng cc chun v giao thc ca lp Vt l v lp Lin kt dliu kt ni ccmng WAN th lc ny nhim v chn mng WAN khng

t giao tip

SDN sang T1, ng thi chuynkiu ng gi eRelay.

t lc.

nh yu ca router trong mng WAN. Khi ro

h y ca router trongphi l nh tuyn na m l cung cp kt ni gia cc mng WAN vi cc chunvt l v lin kt d liu khc nhau. V d: mt router c th c m

ISDN sdng kiu ng gi PPP v mt giao tip ni tip T1 sdng kiu nggi FrameRelay. Router phi c khnng chuyn i lung bit tloi dch vnysang dch vkhc. V d: chuyn i tdch vI

lp Lin kt dliu tPPP sang Fram

Chi tit vcc giao thc lp 1 v 2 trong mng WAN sc cp tp sau cagio trnh ny. Sau y chlit k mt schun v giao thc WAN chyu cc

bn tham kho:


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Hnh 1.1.4a: Cc chun WAN lp Vt l

Hnh 1.1.4b: Cc kiu ng gi dliu WAN

Lp lin kt dliu

Cc chun v giao thc WAN lp vt l: EIA/TIA-232,449, V24, V35, X21, EIA-530, ISDN, T1, T3, E1, E3, Xdsl, sonet (oc-3, oc-12, oc-48, oc-192).

Cc chun v giao thc WAN lp lin kt d liu: HDLC, FrameRelay, PPP,SDLC, SLIP, X25, ATM, LAMB, LAPD, LAPF.


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1.1.5Cc bi thc hnh m phng

Trong cc bi thc hnh m phng trong phng lab, cc mng c kt ni bng

c thnh phn cbn ca router.

RAM. RAM thng c chia thnh haiphn: phn bnhxl chnh v phn bnhchia sxut/nhp. Phn bnhchias xut/nhp c chia cho cc cng giao tip lm ni lu tr tm cc gi dliu.Ton bni dung trn RAM sbxo khi tt in. Thng thng, RAM trnrouter l loi RAM ng (DRAM Dynamic RAM) v c thnng thm RAM

bng cch gn thm DIMM (Dual In-Line Memory Module).

Flash: BnhFlash c sdng lu ton bphn mm hiu hnh CiscoIOS. Mc nh l router tm IOS ca n trong flash. Bn c thnng cp hiuhnh bng cch chp phin bn mi hn vo flash. Phn mm IOS c thdidng nn hoc khng nn. i vi hu ht cc router, IOS c chp ln RAMtrong qu trnh khi ng router. Cn c mt srouter th IOS c thchy trc tip

cp serial trong thc tkhng kt ni trc tip nhvy c. V d: trn thc t,

mt router New York v mt router Sydney, Australia. Ngi qun trmng Australia phi kt ni vo router New York thng qua m my WAN xlsctrn router New York.

Trong cc bi thc hnh m phng, cc thit btrong dm my WAN c gilpbng cp DTE-DCE kt ni trc tip tcng S0/0 ca router ny n cng S0/1ca router kia (ni back-to-back).

1.2 Router

1.2.1 Cc thnh phn bn trong router

Cu trc chnh xc ca router rt khc nhau tutheo tng phin bn router. Trongphn ny chgii thiu vc

CPU n vxl trung tm: thc thi cc cu lnh ca hiu hnh thc hincc nhim vsau: khi ng h thng, nh tuyn, iu khin cc cng giao tipmng. CPU l mt bgiao tip mng. CPU l mt bvi xl. Trong cc router lnc thc nhiu CPU.

RAM: c sdng lu bng nh tuyn, cung cp bnhcho chuyn mchnhanh, chy tp tin cu hnh v cung cp hng i cho cc gi dliu. Trong a srouter, hiu hnh Cisco IOS chy trn


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trn flash m khng cn chp ln RAM. n c th gn thm hoc thay th ccthanh SIMM hay card PCMCIA ng flash.

VRAM (Non-volative Random-access Memory): L bnhRAM khng bmt

ng tin, c sdng lu tp tin cu hnh. Trong mt sthit bc NVRAMv flash . Trong mt s thit b, flash v

us hthng c s

ROM (Read Only Memory): L ni lu on m ca chng trnh kim tra khikhi ng. Nhim vchnh ca ROM l kim tra phn cng ca router khi khing, sau chp phn mm Cisco IOS tflash vo RAM. Mt srouter c thc

phin bn IOS c dng lm ngun khi ng d phng. Ni dung trong ROMkhng thxo c. Ta chc thnng cp ROM bng cch thay chip ROM mi.

Cc cng giao tip:L ni router kt ni vi bn ngoi. Router c 3 loi cng:LAN, WAN v console/AUX. Cng giao tip LAN c thgn cnh trn router

hoc di dng card ri.Cng giao tip WAN c th l cng Serial, ISDN, cng tch hp n vdch vknh CSU (Chanel Service Unit). Tng tnhcng giao tip LAN, cc cng giaotip WAN cng c chip iu khin c bit. Cng giao tip WAN c thnh trnrouter hoc d

Cng console/AUX l cng ni tip, chyu c ddng cu hnh router. Haicng ny khng phi l loi cng kt ni mng m l kt ni vo my tnhthng qua mod nh thchin cu uter

Bnng dung l

N

th ring, NVRAM c thc thi nh flashNVRAM l cng mt bnh. Trong chai trng hp, ni dung ca NVRAM vnc lu gikhi tt in.

Bus: Phn ln cc router u c bus hthng v CPU bus. Bdng thng tin lin lc gia CPU vi cc cng giao tip v cc khe m rng.Loi bus ny vn chuyn dliu v cc cu lnh i v n cc a chca nhtng ng.

ng card ri.

em hoc thng qua cng COM trn my tnh tmy thnh ro .

Ngun in: Cung cp in cho cc thnh phn ca router, mt srouter ln c thsdng nhiu bngun hoc nhiu card ngun. Cn mt srouter nh, ngunin c thl bphn nm ngoi router.


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Hnh 1.2.1a

Hnh 1.2.1b

tr ca chng trong router rt khc nhau tu theo tngloi phin bn thit b.

1.2.2 c im vt l ca router

Khng nht thit l bn phi bit vtr ca cc thnh phn vt l trong router mic th sdng c router. Tuy nhin trong mt s trng hp, v dnhnngcp bnhchng hn, nhng kin thc ny li rt hu dng.

Cc loi thnh phn v v


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Hnh 1.2.2a: Cu trc bn trong ca router 2600

Hnh 1.2.2b: Cc loi kt ni bn ngoi ca router 2600

1.2.3 Cc loi kt ni ngoi ca router

Router c ba loi kt ni cbn l: cng LAN, WAN v cng qun l router. Cnggiao tip LAN cho php router kt ni vo mi trng mng cc bLAN. Thng

g c cng Token Ringv ATM (Asynchronous Tranfer Mode).

Kt ni mng WAN cung cp kt ni thng qua cc nh cung cp dch vn ccchi nhnh xa hoc i kt ni ny c thl ni tip hay btkloi gi tip WA m mt thit bngoi vi nhCSU chng

thng, cng giao tip LAN l cng Ethernet. Ngoi ra cn

kt ni vo Internet. Loao N, bn cn phi c th


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hn n outer cp dch v. i vi mt s loi giao tip WANkhc th bn c thkt ni trc tip router ca mnh n nh cung cp dch v.

Chc nng ca port qun l hon ton khc vi ai loi trn. kt ni LAN, WAN

kt ni router v m nhn v pht cc gi d liu. Trong khi , portqun l cung cp ch n bn bn c thcu hnh hoc xl trn router. Cng qun l thng l cng console hoc cng AUX (Auxilliary).y l loi cng ni tip bt ng bEIA-232. Cc cng ny kt ni vo cngCOM trn my tnh. Trn my tnh, chng ta sdng chng trnh m phng thit

bu cui thit lp phin kt ni dng vn bn vo router. Thng qua kiu ktni ny, ngi qun trmng c thqun l thit bca mnh.

i r n nh cung

ng routero bn mt kt ni dng v

Hnh 1.2.3

1.2.4 Kt ni vo cng qun l trn router

Cng console v cng AUX l cng qun l trn router. Loi cng ni tip bt ny c th . Tathng sdng cng console thit lp cu hnh cho router v khng phi routerno cng c cng AUX.

Khi router hot ng ln u tin th cha c thng smng no c cu hnh c.Do router ch a thgiao tip vi bt kmng no. chun bkhi ng v cuhnh router, ta dng thit bu cui ASCII kt ni vo cng console trn router.Sau ta c th nh cu hnh, ci t cho router.

Khi bn nhp cu hnh cho router thng qua cng console hay cng AUX, routerc thkt ni m

ng b it kkhng phi kt ni mng m l cu hnh router

dng l

ng xl schoc theo di hot ng mng.


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bn c th a modem k t ni vo cngcu hnh router txa bng cch quay squconsole hay cng AUX trn router.

Hnh 1.2.4: Kt ni modem vo cng console hay cng AUX

trng.1.2.5 Thit lp kt ni v cng console

Cng console l loi cng qun l, cung cp ng kt ni ring vo router. Cngny c s dng thit lp cu hnh cho router, theo di hot ng mng vkhi phc router khi gp scnghim trng.

kt ni PC vo cng console bn cn c cp rollover v bchuyn i RJ45-DB9. Cisco c cung cp bchuyn i ny ni PC vo cng console.

PC hay thit bu cui phi c chng trnh m phng thit bu cui VT100.Thng thng phn mm ny l HyperTerminal.

Sau y l cc bc thc hin kt ni PC vo cng console:

1. Cu hnh phn mm gilp thit bu cui nhsau:

Khi xl sc, bn nn sdng cng console thay v cng AUX. V mc nh lcng console c thhin thqu trnh khi ng router, thng tinhot ng v ccthng ip bo li ca router. Cng console c sdng khi c mt dch vmngkhng khi ng c hoc bli, khi khi phc li mt m hoc khi router bs

cnghim


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Chn ng cn

w control: None

g COM.

Tc band l 9600.

Data bits: 8

Parity: None

Stop bits: 1

Flo

Hnh1.2.5a: Kt ni PC vo cng console trn router

Cm mt u RJ45 ca cp rollover vo cng console trnrouter.

2.

4.

3. Cm u cp cn li vo bchuyn i RJ45-DB9.

Gn u DB9 ca bchuyn i vo cng COM trn PC.


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Hnh 1.2.5b: Cu hnh hyper terminal kt ni vo console

1.2.6 Thc hin kt ni vi cng LAN

t cc mi trng mng LAN hin nay, router c kt ni vo LANbng cng Ethernet hoc Fast Ethernet. Router giao tip vi mng LAN thng qua

h. Chng ta sdng cp thng ni router v hub/switch. i ving cp UTP

CAT5 hoc cao hn.

Trong mt strng hp ta c thkt ni trc tip cng Ethernet trn router vomy tnh hoc vo r

Khi thc hin kt n cp ng cng v nu cm sai c thgyhh ng cho router v thi i cng khc nhaunh hnh dng c ernet, ISDN BRI,console, AUX, cn ng cng 8chn l RJ45, RJ48 hoc RJ49.

1.2.7 Thc hin kt ni vi cng WAN

Trong hu h

hub hoc switctt ccc loi router c cng 10/100BaseTx chng ta u phi sd

outer khc bng cp cho.

i, chng ta phi lu t bkhc. Trn router c rt nhiu lo

ng ng lai ging nhau. V d nh: cng Ethg tch hp CSU/DSU, cng Token Ring u s d


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K i WAN c nh k thutthc hin truyn dliu qua mt vng a l rng ln. Cc dch v

AN thng c thu tnh cung cp dch v. Chng ta c 3 loi kt ni WANnh sau: kt ni thu knh ring, kt ni chuyn mch - mch, kt ni chuyn

mch gi.

t n iu dng khc nhau. Mt kt ni WAN sdng nhiukhc nhauW

Hnh 1.2.7a

i vi tng loi dch v WAN, thit b thuc s hu ca khch hng (CPE Customer Premises Equipment), thng thng l router, c gi l thit bdliuu cui DTE (Data Terminal Equipment). Thit bDTE ny c kt ni vo nhcung cp dch v thng qua thit b kt cui mch d liu DCE (Data Circuit-terminating Equipment), thng thng l modem hay CSU/DSU. Thit bDCE nyc sdng chuyn i d liu tDTE sang dng ph hp vi dch vcanh cung cp dch v.

Hu ht cc cng WAN trn router u l cng Serial. Cng vic chn la cho

ng loi cp srt ddng khi bn trli c 4 cu hi sau:

Loi kt ni trn thit b Cisco l loi no? Cisco router sdng nhiu loi u ni khc nhau cho cng Serial. Nhtrong hnh 1.2.7b,cng bn tri l cng Smart Serial, cng bn phi l cng DB-60. La chon


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cp Serial kt ni h th t phn then cht trong qua trnhng mng l mthit lp WAN.

Hnh 1.2.7b

Hthng mng c kt ni v thit bDTE hay DCE? DTEc nhau. im khc nhau quan trng gia

u xung ng hcho qu trnh thngkho ti liu ca thit bxc nh DTE

no? mi loi thit bkhc nhaus s dng loi chun Serial khc nhau. Mi chun s quy c tn hiu

n tham kho ti liu caun tn hiu ca thit b.

v DCE l hai loi cng serial khhai loi ny l: thit bDCE cp tn hitin lin lc trn bus. Bn nn thamv DCE.

Thit bi hi chun tn hiu

truyn trn cp v loi u ni 2 u cp. Bn nthit bxc nh ch


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Hnh 1.2.7c

Cp c loi u ni c hay ci? Nu u ni c chn cm rangoi th l u c. Nu u ni chc lcm cho cc chn th l uci

Hnh 1.2.7d

TNG KT


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Sau

trong WANs v LANs.

ch kt ni vo cng console, cng LAN v WAN.

y l cc im quan trng bn cn nm c trong chng ny:

Khi nim vWAN v LAN.

Vai tr ca router

Cc giao thc WAN.

Cu hnh kiu ng gi cho cng giao tip.

Xc nh v m tcc thnh phn bn trong router.

c im vt l ca router.

Cc loi cng thng gp trn router.

C


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CHNG

phi nm vng v IOS.

io trnh ny.

ng lnh vi router.

Chuy

hp cu lnh.

Mc ch ca phn mm Cisco IOS

switch khng thhot ng c nu khng ca mnh l hiu hnh mng Cisco hay gi

2

GII THIU VROUTER

GII THIU

Cc k thut ca Cisco u c xy dng da trn h iu hnh mng Cisco(ISO). Phn mm IOS iu khin qu trnh nh tuyn v chuyn mch trn ccthit b kt ni lin mng. Do ngi qun tr mngTrong chng ny, chng ti s gii thiu cbn v kho st cc c im caIOS. Tt ccc cng vic cu hnh mng tn gin nht n phc tp nht uda trn mt nn tng cbn l cu hnh router. Do trong chng ny cng giithiu vcc kthut v cng ccbn cu hnh router m chng ta ssdngtrong sut g

Sau khi hon tt chng ny, cc bn c th:

Nm c mc ch ca IOS.

M thot ng cbn ca IOS.

Nm c cc c im ca IOS.

Nm c phng thc thit lp phin giao tip bng d

n i gia cc chcu hnh router.

Thit lp kt ni bng HyperTerminal vo router.

Truy cp vo router.

Sdng tnh nng trgip trong giao tip bng dng lnh.

Xl li khi n

2.1 Phn hiu hnh Cisco IOS

2.1.1

Tng tnhmy tnh, router vh isco gi hiu hnh chiu nh. C


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tt l Cis . Hiu hnh c ci trn cc Cisco router v Catalysst Switch.h vmng nhsau:

n v chuyn mch.

t cho vic truy cp vp ti nguyn mng.

hthng mng.

outer

ng giao din dng lnh (CLI Command line interface)mi sole truyn thng. IOS l mt kthut cbn, t c pht

ho sn phm khc nhau ca Cisco. Do hot ng cthca

g IOS g loi thit b.ng ta router. Cchu tin sole

trn router. Cch thhai l sdng ng quay squa modem hoc kt ni nulldem ng AUX trn router. Chai cch trn u khng cn phi cu hnhc ch ba l telnet vo router. thit lp phin telnet voter th , ccng v

.3 C router

o di sco sdng cu trc phn cp. Cu trc ny i hi bnng ng. V d: nu bn mun cu hnh

g gia no ca router th bn phi vo chcu hnh cng giao tip . tt ccc cu hnh c nhp vo chc hiu lc i vi cng giao

n i. Tng ng vi mi chcu hnh c mt du nhc cp lnh ring.

S c . Sau khi bn nhp mt cu lnh thEC s nh .

mt nn Cisco IOS chia phin bn lm vic ca EXEC thnh hai ch

co IOSCisco IOS cung cp cc dc

nh tuy

B o m v bo m

Mrng

2.1.2 Giao din ngi dng ca r

Phn mm Cisco sdcho tr ng contrin c nhiu dng

tn srt khc nhau tutheo tnCh c nhiu cch khc nhau truy cp vo giao din CLI ca l kt ni trc tip tmy tnh hoc thit bu cui vo cng con

mo vo ctr o router. Cch throu

trn router t nht phi c mt cng c cu hnh a ch IPty c cu hnh cho php truy cp v t mt m.

2.1 c chcu hnh

Gia n dng lnh ca Cimun cu hnh ci g th phi vo chtcn

cho tip

Tp t

nyti g ng m thtrng ring v mt t

IO mt trnh thng dch gi l EXECEX thc thi ngay cu l

V l do bol: chEXEC ngi dng v chEXEC c quyn. Sau y l cc cim ca chEXEC ngi dng v chEXEC c quyn:


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ChEXEC ngi dng chcho php thc thi mt scu lnh hin thccthng tin cbn ca router m thi. Chny chxem chkhng cho

php thc hin cc cu lnh lm thay i cu hnh router. Ch EXECngi dng c du nhc l >.

ChEXEC c quyn cho php thc hin tt ccc cu lnh ca router.Bn c thcu hnh ngi dng phi nhp mt m trc khi truy nhpvo chny. Ngoi ra, tng thm tnh bo mt bn c th cu hnh

dng cc cu lnh cu hnh hoc qun l router. Tch

n hn dngnhc >. Nu mt m c ci t th router syu cu bndo bo mt nn cc thit bmng Cisco khng hin thmt m

ng. Sau khi mt m c nhp vo chnh xc th du nhcchEXEC c quyn. Bn g du

ter hin thra nhiu cu lnh hn so vi

chEXEC ngi dng.

thm userID. iu ny cho php chnhng ngi no c php mi c thtruy cp vo router. Ngi qun trmng phi chEXEC c quynmi c thsEXEC c quyn bn c thchuyn vo cc chc khc nhau nhchcu hnh ton cc chng hn. ChEXEC c quyn c xc nh bidu nhc #.

chuyn tchEXEC ngi dng sang chEXEC c quylnh enableti dunhp mt m. V ltrong lc bn nhp ch> chuyn thnh # cho bit bn ang chm hi (?) du nhc ny th sthy rou


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Hnh 2.1.3

2.1.4 Cc c im ca phn m

n phm mng khc nhau.

it b, Cisco pht trin nhiu loiph i loi phn mm IOS ph hp vi tng loi thit b, vim v vi nhu cu ca khch hng.

M hn mm IOS khc nhau cho nhiu loi thit bvi nhiu ctnh ng cu trc lnh cu hnh cbn th vn ging nhau. Do knng cu hnh v x l s c ca bn c thng dng cho nhiu loi sn phm

sau:

bit phn

thng mng

m Cisco IOS

Cisco cung cp rt nhiu loi IOS cho cc loi s

ti u ho phn mm IOS cho nhiu loi thn mm Cisco IOS. Mc dung lng bnh

c d c nhiu pkhc nhau nh

khc nhau.

Tn ca Cisco IOS c quy c chia ra thnh ba phn nh

Phn thnht thhin loi thit bm phn mm IOS ny c thsdngc.

Phn thhai thhin cc c tnh ca phn mm IOS.

Phn thba thhin ni chy phn mm IOS trn router v chomm ny c cung cp di dng nn hay khng nn.

Bn c th la chn cc c tnh c bit ca IOS nh phn mmCisco Software Advisor. Cisco Software Advisor l mt cng ccung cpcc thng tin hin ti v cho php bn chn la cc c tnh cho phu hp viyu cu ca h

The name has three parts, separated by dashes: e.g. xxx-yyy-ww: xxxx = Platform

yyyy = Feature ww = Format where It execute from if compressed

Name CodesPlatform (Hardware) (Partial list)C1005 1005


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C1600 1600C1700 1700, 1720, 1750C2500 25xx, 3xxx, 5100, AO (11.2 and later only)C2600 2600

C2800 Catalyst 2800C2900 2910, 2950C3620 3620C3640 3640C4000 4000 (11.2 and later only)C4500 4500, 4700Feature (Partial list)B AppletalkBoot Boot imageC Commserver file (CiscoPro)Drag IOS based diagnostic imagesG ISDN subnet (SNMP, IP, Bridging, ISDN, PPP, IPX, Atalk)I IP subnet (SNMP, IP, Bridging, W e Node, TerminalAN, Remot

Services)N IPXQ AsyncT Telco return (12.0)Y Reduced IP (SNMP, IP RIP/IGRP/EIGRP, Bridging, ISDN, PPP)

(C1003/4)

Z Managed moderns40 40 bit encryption56 56 bit encryptionFormat (Where the image runs in the route)F FlashM RamR RomL RebcatableCompression Type

Z Zip compressed (note lower case)X M zip compressedW STAC compress

Hnh

Khi bn chn mua IOS mi th mt trong nhng iu quan trng bn cn phi chl stng thch gia IOS vi bnhflash v RAM trong router. Thng thng

2.1.4a


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th cc phin bn mi c thm nhiu tnh mi th li i hi thm nhiu bnh. Bn c thdng lnh show versionkim tra phn IOS hin ti v dunglng flash cn trng. Trn trang web h ca Cisco c mt scng cgip bnxc nh dung lng flash v RAM cn tht cho tng loi IOS.

Trc khi ci t phn mm Cisco IOS mi ln router, bn phi kim tra xemrouter c dung lng bnhhay khng. xem dung lng RAM bn dngl h show version:

cisco 1721 (68380) processor (revision c) with 3584k/512Kbytes of memory.

Dng trn cho bit dung lng ca bnh chnh v bnhchia strn router. Cmt sthit bsdng mt phn DRAM lm bnhchia s. Tng hai dung lngtrn l dung lng tht sca DRAM trn router.

xem dung lng ca bnhflash bn dung lnh show flash:

GAD#show flash

1599897 bytes total (10889728 bytes free)

c

tri

n


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Thit bCisco IOS c 3 chhot ng sau:

ROM monitor

Boot ROM

Cisco IOS.

t trong cc chhot ngun trhthng c thci t gi trcho

anh ghi iu khin chkhi ng mc nh router.

Hnh 2.1.4b

2.1.5 Hot ng ca phm mm Cisco IOS

Thng thng trong qu trnh khi ng router, mtrn c ti ln RAM chy. Ngi qth


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ChROM monitor thc hin qu trnh bootstrap v kim tra phn cng. Chny c sdng khi phc li hthng khi bli ngim trng hoc khi ngiqun tr mng b mt mt m. Chng ta ch c th truy cp vo ch ROMmonitor bng ng kt ni vt l trc tip vo cng console trn router. Ngoi ra

chng ta khng thtruy cp vo chny bng bt k cng no khc.

Khi router chboot ROM, chc mt phn chc nng ca Cisco IOS l hotng c. Chboot ROM cho php bn chp c ln bnhflash, nn chny thng c s dng thay th phn mm Cisco IOS trong flash. Bndng lnh copy tftp flash chp phn mm IOS trn TFTP server vo bnhflash trn router.

Hnh 2

p t flash. Tuynhin, hu ht cc Cisco router u chp phn mm IOS ln RAM ri chy t

n xem h thng cn baonhiu dung lng bnhti phn mm Cisco IOS mi th bn dng lnh show

.1.5a

Router mun hot ng bnh thng th phi cht c ton b phn mm IOStrong flash. mt s thit b, phn mm IOS c chy trc ti

RAM. Mt sphn mm IOS lu trong flash di dng nn v c gii nn khichp ln RAM.

Bn dng lnh show version xem cc thng tin vphn mm IOS, trong chin thgi trcu hnh ca thanh ghi. Cn nu bn mu

flash.


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Hnh 2.1.5b

2.2 Bt u vi router2.2.1 Khi ng router

Router khi u

Kim tra phn cng ca router v bo m l chng hot ng tt.

Tm v ti phn mm Cisco IOS.

Tm v thc thi tp tin cu hnh khi ng hoc vo ch ci t nu

ng bng cch ti bootstrap, hiu hnh v tp tin cu hnh. Nrouter khng tm thy tp tin cu hnh th s tng vo chci t. Khi bnhon tt vic cu hnh trong chci t th tp tin cu hnh sc lu trong

NVRAM.

cho router bt u hot ng, qu trnh khi ng phn mm Cisco IOS thc

hin 3 cng on sau:

khng tm thy tp tin ny.


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u thc hin khi ng phn mm.

Sau qu trnh POST, router sthc hin cc bc sau:

Hnh 2.2.1a: Cc bc khi ng router

Khi router mi c bt in ln th n thc hin qu trnh t kim tra POST

(Power on self test). Trong qu trnh ny, router chy mt trnh tROM kimtra tt ccc thnh phn phn cng trn router, v dnhkim tra hot ng caCPU, bnhv cc cng giao tip mng. Sau khi hon tt qu trnh ny, router bt


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Bc 1: Chy chng trnh np bootstrap tROM. Bootstrap chn gin lmt tp lnh thc hin kim tra phn cng v khi ng IOS.

Bc 2: Tm IOS. Gi trkhi ng trn thanh ghi cu hnh squyt nh

u hnh scho bit chnh xc v

c bnmn hnh console danh sch cc thnh phn phn cng v

ng giao tip mng v thitter.

ver no

[0] out saving this config.

[1] this config.

[2] exit.

vic tim IOS u. Nu gi trny cho bit l ti IOS tflash hay tmngthi cc cu lnh boot system trong tp tin ctr v tn ca IOS.

Bc 3: Ti hiu hnh c ti xung v bt u hot ng th csthy hin trn

phn mm c trn router.

Bc 4: Tp tin cu hnh lu trong VNRAM c chp ln bnhchnh v

c thc thi tng dng lnh mt. Cc cu lnh cu hnh thc hin khing qu trnh nh tuyn, t a chcho cc clp nhiu c tnh hot ng khc cho rou

Bc 5: Nu khng tm thy tp tin cu hnh trong VNRAM th h iuhnh si tm TFTP server. Nu cng khng tm thy mt TFTP serth chci t sc khi ng.

Trong chci t, cc bn khng thcu hnh cho cc giao thc phc tp carouter. Mc ch ca chci t ch l cho php ngi qun trmng ci tmt cu hnh ti thiu cho router khi khng thtm c tp tin cu hnh tnhngngun khc.

Trong chci t, cu trli mc nh c t trong du ngoc vung [] saumi cu hi. Bn c thnhn phm Ctrl-C bt klc no kt thc qu trnh cit. Khi tt ccc cng giao tip mng trn router sng li.

Khi bn hon tt cu hnh trong chci t, bn sgp cc dng thng bo nhsau:

Go to the IOS command promt with

Return back to the setup without saving

Save this configuration to nvram and


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Enter your selection [2]:

Hnh 2.2.1b: Chci t ca router

2.2.1. n LED bo hiu trn router

Hnh 2.2.2

dng n LED bo hiu cc trng thi hot ng ca router. Cc

loi n LED ny skhc nhau tutheo cc loi router khc nhau.s cho bit trng thi hot ng ca cc

Cisco router s

Cc n LED ca cc cng trn routercng. Nu en LED ca mt cng no btt trong khi cng ang hot ngv c kt ni ng th chng tl c sci vi cng . Nu mt cnghot ng lin tuc th n LED ca cng sng lin tc. Cn n LED OK bn

phi cng AUX sbt sng sau khi router hot ng tt.


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2.23. Kho st qu trnh khi ng ca router

Hnh 2.2.3a: Thng tin hin thtrong qu trnh khi ng router

V dhnh 2.2.3a cho thy ni dung cc thng ip c hin thtrn mn hnh

console trong sut qu trnh khi ng ca router. Cc thng tin ny skhc nhaututheo cc loi cng c trn router v tutheo tng phin bn Cisco IOS. Do hnh 2.2.3a ch l mt v d tham kho chkhng pn nh chnh xc ton bnhng g c hin th.


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co IOS ti tbnhflash v tp tin cu hnh ti tNVRAM.

Trong hnh 2.2.3b, cu VNRAM invalid, possibly due to write erase cho bitrouter ny cha c cu hnh hoc l NVRAM b xo. Thng thng khirouter c cu hnh th tp tin cu hnh c lu trong NVRAM, sau ta

phi cu hnh thanh ghi router sdng tp tin cu hnh ny. Gi trmc nhca thanh ghi cu hnh l 0x2102, khi router skhi ng vi Cis


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Hnh 2.2.3c: Thng tin hin thtrong qu trnh khi ng router

D in bn caph sdng trn router. Ngoi ra bn cng xcn ter, bxl l loi g, cung lng ca bnhv mtscc thng tin khc ca router nh:

chy chng trnh m phng HyperTerminal.chuyn i RJ45-

DB9.

a vo thng tin nhhnh 2n2n3c, chng ta c thxc nh c phn mm boottrap v IOS ang ch c phin bn ca rou

Slng cc cng giao tip.

Cc loi cng giao tip.

Dung lng NVRAM.

Dung lng bnhflash.

2 Thit lp phin kt ni bng HyperTerminal

Tt c cc Cisco router u c cng console ni tip bt ng bTIA/EIA-232(RJ45). Chng ta cn phi c cp v bchuyn i kt ni tthit bu cuiconsole vo cng console trn router. Thit bu cui console c thl mt thit

bu cui ASCII hoc l mt PC ckt ni PC c cng console chng ta dng cp rollover v b


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Thng smc nh ca cng console l: 9000 baud, 8 data bits, 1 stop bit, no flowcontrol. Cng console khng c htriu khin lung bng phn cng. Sau yl bc thc hin kt ni mt thit bu cui vo cng console trn router:

router bng cp rollover v5-DB9 hoc RJ

u cui hoc ccc thng ssau: 96000 baud, 8 data bits, 1 stop bit, no flow control.

ter

truy cp ngng truy

i bn mi c thnhp cc cu lnh cho router.

router c 2 mc truy cp:

n s gp du nhc ca ch EXEC

p lnh bn phi chuyn vo chEXECenable. du nhc password: bn phi

router c cu hnh bienable secret s c p dng. Sau khinhc # cho bit l bn ang ch

chny bn mi c thtruy cp vo chcu hnh ton

Kt ni thit bu cui vo cng console trnbchuyn i RJ4 45-DB25.

Cu hnh thit b u hnh phn mm m phng trn PC vi

Truy cp vo rou

cu hnh router bn phu cui hoc bng

i vo giao din ngi dng ca router bruy cp c vo routerthit b cp txa. Sau khi t

th

V l do bo mt nn

Mc EXEC ngi dng: chc mt scu lnh dng xem trng thi carouter. mc ny, bn khng ththay i c cu hnh ca router.

Mc EXEC c quyn: bao gm tt ccc cu lnh cu hnh router.

Ngay sau khi truy cp c vo router b

tngi dng. sdng c ton bc quyn. du nhc > bn g lnhnhp mt m ng vi mt m c cu hnh cho router trc bng lnhenable secret hoc enable password. Nu mt m cac 2 lnh trn th mt m ca cu lnh

trn bn s gp duhon tt cc bcEXEC c quyn. Tcc ri sau l cc chcu hnh ring bit hn nh:

Chcu hnh cng giao tip.

Chcu hnh cng giao tip con.

Chcu hnh ng truy cp.

Chcu hnh router.


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Chcu hnh route-map.

nT ch EXEC c quyn, bn g disable hoc exit tr v ch EXECngi dng. trvchEXEC c quyn tchcu hnh ton cc, b

dng lnh exit hoc Ctrl-Z. Lnh Ctrl-Z c th s dng tr v ngay ch EXEC c quyn tbt kchcu hnh ring bit no.

Hnh 2.2.5a

gip trong router CLI

nhcui mn hnh

cho bi n cn tip. xem trang tip theo, bn nhn nhanh

2.2.6. Phm tr

Khi bn g du chm hi (?) du nhc th router shin thdanh sch cc ltng ng vi chcu hnh m bn ang . Ch--More--

t l phn hin th v


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Spa thtip tng dng mt th bn nhn phm Enterhoc Return. Bn c thnhn tng dng mt th bn nhn phm bt kno khc qu t

cebar. Cn nu bn mun hin

ay rvdu nhc.

Hnh 2.2.6a: Danh sch l ng chEXEC ngi dungnh sd

chuyn vo chEXEC c quyn bn g enable hoc g tt l ena cngc. Nu mt m c ci t vo cho router th router syu cu bn nhpmt m. Sau khi bn vo c chny ri th bn g du chm hi (?), bn


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sthy l danh sch cc cu lnhd EXEC c quyn nhiu hn hndanh sch cc cu lnh m b i dng. Tuy nhin cctp lnh ny skhc nhau tu r v tutheo tng phin bn

o IOS.

bn nhp li y cu lnh.

nh bnhp sai. Vtr ca du (^)m cu lnh tu cho ti vtr m du (^) chsai ri bn

i (?) thm c php ng tip theo ca cu lnh.u lnh theo ng c php ri nhn phm Enter hoc

vit cu lnh

h tr son thohhnh 2.2.7a di chuyn con tr

i bn cn phi chnh sa cu lnh . Trong cc

u chny ln nh hng khi bn bit cc script thbn cthtt bng lnh terminal no editing trong chEXEC c quyn.

ung ch chn thy trong chEXEC ngtheo cu hnh ca route

phn mm Cisc

By gigisbn mun ci t ng hcho router nhng bn lai khng bit phidng lnh no thi khi chc nng trgip ca router sgip bn tm c culnh ng. Bn thc hin theo cc bc sau:

1. Dng du chm hi tm cu lnh ci t ng h. Trong danh sch cccu lnh c hin thbn stm c lnh clock.

2. Kim tra c php cu lnh khai bo gi.

3. Bn nhp gi, pht, giy theo ng c php cu lnh. Bn sgp cu thngbo l cu lnh cha hon tt nhhnh 2.2.6b.

4. Bn nhn Ctrl-P hoc phm mi tn () li lnh va mi nhp. cuicu lnh bn thm mt khong trng v du chm hi (?) xem phn ktip ca cu lnh. Sau

5.Nu bn gp du (^) th c ngha l cu lscho bit vtr

snhp thm du chm h6. Bn nhp li y c

Return thc thi cu lnh.

2.2.7.Mrng thm vcch

Trong giao din ngi dng ca router, router c thc chcu lnh. Bn c thsdng cc thp phm ntrn dng lnh m bn ang vit kh

phin bn phn mm hin nay, chh tr son tho cu lnh l hon ton tng. Tuy nhin n

Command DescriptionCtrl-A Moves to the beginning of the command line


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Esc-B Moves back one wordCtrl-B (or right arrow) Moves back one characterCtrl-E Moves to the end of the command lineCtrl-F (or left arrow) Moves forward one character

Esc-F Moves forward one word

hi son tho cu lnh, mn hnh scun ngang khi cu lnh di qu mt hang.n ht lphi th dng lnh sdch sang tri 10 khong trng. Khi

0 k tu tin ca cu lnh skhng nhn thy c trn mn hnh na. Bn cthcun li xem bng cch nhn Ctrl-B hoc nhn phm mi tn () cho tikhi mn hnh cun ti u cu lnh. Hoc bn c thnhn Ctrl-A chuyn ngayv u dng lnh.

Trn hnh 2.2.7b l v dkhi mt cu lnh di qu mt hnh. Du ($) cho bit lcu lnh c dch sang tri.

Phm Ctrl-Z c sdng quay trvchEXEC c quyn tbt kchcu hnh ring bit no.

KKhi con tr1

Hnh 2.2.7b

2.2.8. Gi li cc lnh sdng


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Khi cu hnh router, router co lu li mt scc lnh bn sdng. iu ny ci cc cu lnh di v phc tp. Vi cchny bn

hthc vng bm lu cc cu lnh sdng.

M nh trong b m. Bn c th thay i sl lnh terminal history size hoc historysiz thlu li c.

N a mi sdng gn nht th bn nhn Ctrl-P hoc

ph n th mi ln nhn nhvy bn sgi li

n tt cu lnh cho bn. Khi bn dngphm Tab m router hin thc cu lnh th c ngha l router nhn bit

n nhp.

y cu lnh trc ri dn hoc chn vo cu lnh

bit c ch khi bn mun lp lc ththc hin cc vic sau:

Ci t kc Gi li cc cu lnh sdng.

Tt chc nng ny i.

c nh l router s lu li 10 cu lng cu lnh m router lu li bnge. Ti a l 255 cu lnh c

u bn mun gi li cu lnh v

m mi tn (). Nu bn tip tc nhtun tcc cu lnh trc na. Nu bn mun gi lui lmt cu lnh sau thbn nhn Ctrl-N hoc nhn phm mi tn (). Tng t, nu bn tip tc nhn nhvy thi mi ln nhn bn sgi li mt lnh .

Khi g lnh, bn chcn g cc k trouter phn bit vi mi cu knh khcri nhn phm Tab th router stng ho

c cu lnh m bn mu

Ngoi ra, hu ht cc router u c them chc nng cho bn nh du khi vcopy. Nh bn c thcophin ti.

Lnh Gii thch lnhCtrl-P or up arrow key Gi li lnh ngay trc Ctrl-N or down arrow key Gi li lnh ngay sau Router>show history Xem cc lnh sdng cn lu trong b

m

Router>Terminal history sizenumber-of-lines

Ci t dung lng bm lu cc lnh sdng

Router>terminal no editing Tt chc nng son tho lnh nng caoRouter>terminal editing Mchc nng son tho lnh nng cao Hon tt cu lnh


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Xl li cu lnh

Li cu lnh thng l do bn g sai. Sau khi bn g mt cu lnh bsai th bn s

dng chc nng trgip ca hthng bn stm ra v chnh sa li li

i cho bit cu lnh bsai s93. Bn g li cu lnh t

ruary 1993

h ri nhn phm Enter m cu lnh bsai th bn cva mi nhp. Sau bn dng cc

phm mi tn sang phi, sang tri di chuyn con trti vtr bsai sa li. Nuthdng phm .

tin vgi trthanh ghi cu hnh.

g tin c hin th do lnh showversion bao gm:

Phin bn IOS v mt t thng tin c trng.

hng thc khi ng router ln gn y nht.

Phin bn phn cng ca router.

gp du bo li (^). Du bo li (^) t vtr m cu lnh bt u bsai. Da vo

v vnc php ca cu lnh.

Router#clock set 13:32:00 February 93% Invalid input detected at ^ marker

Trong v dtrn, du bo lu ti vtr bli ri thm du chm hi (?) nhsau:

Router # clock set 13:32:00 February ?

YearSau bn nhp li cu lnh vi snm ng nhc php trn:

Router#clock set 13:32:00 Feb

Sau khi bn g xong cu lnthdng phm mi tn () gi cu lnh

cn xo cc k tth bn c

Lnh show version

Lnh show version dng hin thcc thng tin vphin bn phn mm CiscoIOS ang chy trn router, trong c cthng

Trong hnh di cc bn s thy nhung thn

Phin bn phn mm Bootstrap ROM. Phin bn phn mm Boot ROM. Thi gian hot ng ca router.

P

Tn v vtr lu phn mm hiu hnh.


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Gi trci t ca thanh ghi cu hnh.

Chng ta thng sdng lnh show version xc nh phin bn ca phn mmIOS v xem gi trthanh ghi ci t cho qua trnh khi ng ca router.

TNG KT

Sau khi kt thc chng ny, chng ta nm c cc nhsau:

Mc ch ca IOS.

Hot ng cbn ca IOS.

Xc nh cc c tnh khc nhau ca cc phin bn IOS khc nhau.


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Cc phng php thit lp phin kt ni CLI vo router.

Skhc nhau gia 2 chEXEC ngi dng v EXEC c quyn

Thit lp phin kt ni vo router bng HyperTerminal.

Truy cp vo router.

Sdng chtrgip ca router trong giao din dng lnh.

Sdng cchhtrson tho cu lnh.

Gi li cc cu lnh sdng.

Xl li cu lnh.

Sdng lnh show version.


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CHNG 3

CU HNH ROUTER

GII THIU

r thc hin nhiu chc nng mng phc tp l mt

nh nhiu lm quen v nm vng cu hnh ca router th cng vic cuhn n hn rt nhiu. Trong chng ny sgiithi router v mt slnh cu hnh n gin.

K

trng c cung cp mt scng ccho ngiqu t sthng tin cn thit vo tp tin cu hnh. Cng ging

Thc hin mt sthay i trn router.

Cu hnh router cho routecng vic y th thch. Tuy nhin bc bt u cu hnh router th khng khlm. Nu ngay tbc ny bn cgng thc h

c cc bc di chuyn gia cc chh phc tp vsau strnn n gi

u vcc chcu hnh cbn ca

nng c v hiu mt cch r rng cc tp tin cu hnh l mt k nng rt quan

ca ngi qun trmng. Cisco IOSn trmng thm m

nhnhng ngi lp trnh phi c ti liu ca tng bc lp trnh th ngi quntrmng cng cn c cung cp thng tin cng nhiu cng tt khi m h thngmng do ngi khc qun tr.

Khi hon tt chng ny cc bn c th:

t tn cho router.

Ci t mt m cho router. Kho st cc lnh show.

Cu hnh cng Ethernet trn router.

Lu cc thay i li.

Cu hnh cu ch thch cho cc cng giao tip trn router.

Cu hnh thng ip hng ngy cho router.

Cu hnh bng host cho router.

Hiu c tm quan trng ca vic ghi nhn li v lu dphng cu hnh carouter.


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3.1.Cu hnh router3.1.1.Chgiao tip dng lnh CLI

Hnh 3.1.1

Tt ccc cu lnh lm thay i cu hnh router u xut pht tchcu hnh tonc theo bn mun thay i thay i phn cu hnh c bit no ca routerth bn chuyn vo chchuyn bit tng ng. Cc chcu hnh chuyn bit

con ca chcu hnh ton cc.

chcu hnh ton cc l nhng cu lnh c tc

c. Tu

ny u l ch

Cc cu lnh c sdng trongng ln ton bhthng. Bn sdng cu lnh sau di chuyn vo ch cuhnh ton cc:


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Ch :Sthay i ca du nhc cho bit bn ang chcu hnh ton cc

Router # configure terminal

Router(config)#

Ch ch ny bn c thchu

tip.

Khi bn chuyn vo ch cu hnh chuyn bit no th du nhc s thay itng ng. Cc cu lnh trong chc tc ng i vi cc cng hay cc tintrnh no lin quan n chcu hnh thi.

Bn dng lnh exit trvchcu hnh ton cc hoc bn dng phm Ctrl-Zquay vthng chEXEC c quyn.

3.1.2.t tn cho router

Cng vic u tin khi cu hnh router l t tn cho router. Trong chcu hnhton cc, bn dng lnh sau:

Router(config)#hostname Tokyo

Tokyo (config)#

Ngay sau khi bn nhn phm Enter thc thi cu lnh bn sthy du nhc i tn mc nh (Router) sang tn m bn va mi t (Tokyo).

t m cho router

c truy cp vo router. Thng thng ta lunt m n c sdng kim sot struy cp vo chEXEC c quyn trn router. Khi , ch

cu hnh ton cc l ch cu hnh chnh. Tyn vo cc chchuyn bit nh:

Chcu hnh cng giao

Chcu hnh ng truy cp.

Chcu hnh router.

Chcu hnh cng con.

Chcu hnh biu khin.

t

3.1.3.t m

Mt m c sdng hn chvit m cho ng vty v console trn router. Ngoi ra mt m c


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nhng ngi no c php mi c th thc hin vic thay i tp tin cu hnhtrn router.

Sau y l cc lnh m bn cn sdng thc hin vic t mt m cho ng

rd

ho mt ng d

Mt m enable v enable secret c s ng hn chvic truy cp vo chEXEC c quyn. Mt m enabl dng khi chng ta ci t mt menable secret v mt m ny c m ho cn mt m enable th khng. Sau y

r rng khi sdng lnh show running-config hoc show startup-config. trnh iu ny bnu hnh ca

console:Router(config)#line console0

Router(config-line)#passwo

Router(config-line)#login

Chng ta cng cn t mt m cho mt hoc nhiu ng vty kim sot cc usertruy nhp txa vo router v Telnet. Thng thng Cisco router c 5 ng vtyvi thtt0 n 4. Chng ta thng sdng mt mt m cho tt ccc ngvty, nhng i khi chng ta nn t thm mt m ring c

phng khi c4 ng kia u ang c sdng. Sau y l cc lnh cn sdngt mt m cho ng vty:

Router(config)#line vty 0 4

Router(config-line)#password

Router(config-line)#login

de chc s

l cc lnh dng t mt m enable secret:

Router(config)#enable password

Router(config)#enable secret

i khi bn sthy l rt khng an ton khi mt m c hin th

nn dng lnh sau m ho tt ccc mt m hin thtrn tp tin crouter:

Router(config)#service password-encryption


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Lnh service password-encryption sp dng mt cchm ho n gin ln ttcc mt m cha c mc ho. Ring mt m enable secret th sdng mt

thut ton m ho rt mnh l MD5.

Hnh 3.1.3

3.1.4.Kim tra bng cc lnh show

owc dng kim tra ni dung cc tp tin trn

g

Chng ta c rt nhiu lnh sh

router v tm ra sc. Trong chai chEXEC c quyn v EXEC ngidng, khi bn g show? Th bn sxem c danh sch cc lnh show. ngnhin l slnh show dng c trong chEXEC c quyn snhiu hn tronchEXEC ngi dng.


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Hnh 3.1.4

Show interface - hin thtrng thi ca tt ccc cng giao tip trn router.xem trng thi ca mt cng no th bn thm tn v s th tcacng sau lnh show interface. V dnh:Router#show interface serial 0/1


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Show controllers serial - hin thcc thng tin chuyn bit vphn cng ca

t trn router.

htng ng.

ang kt ni vo router. Show history - hin thdanh sch cc cu lnh va mi c sdng.

n bnhflash v tp tin IOS cha trong .

Show version - hin ththng tin vrouter v IOS ang chy trn RAM.

ng console hoc vty. Sau y l cc

ask.

c clock nu u cp cm vo cng serial l DCE. Nu u cp l

RoRouter(config)#ip address

C thi gian thc hin thng tinlin lc. Trong hu ht cc trng hp, thit bDCE, v dnhCSU, sl thit b

cc cng serial.

Show clock - hin thng hc ci Show hosts - hin thdanh sch tn v a c

Show users - hin thtt ccc user

Show flash hin ththng ti

Show ARP - hin thbng ARP trn router. Show protocol - hin thtrng thi ton cc v trng thi ca cc cng giao

tip c cu hnh giao thc lp 3.

Show startup-configuration - hin thtp tin cu hnh ng chy trn RAM.

3.1.5.Cu hnh cng serial

Chng ta c thcuhnh cng serial bng bc cn thc hin khi cu hnh cng serial:

1. Vo chcu hnh ton cc.2. Vo chcu hnh cng serial.3. Khai bo a chv subnet m

4. t tDTE th chng ta c thbqua ny.

5. Khi ng serial.

Mi mt cng serial u phi c mt a ch IP v subnet mask chng c thnh tuyn cc gi IP. cu hnh a chIP chng ta dng lnh sau:

uter(config)#interface serial0/0

ng serial cn phi c tn hiu clock iu khin

cung cp tn hiu clock. Mc nh th Cisco router lad thit bDTE nhng chng tac thcu hnh chng thnh thit bDCE.


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Trong mi trng lm lab th cc ng lin kt serial c kt ni trc tip vi

00, 38400,

000, 800000, 1000000, 1300000,c tu

o tip trn router u ng. Nu bn mun mhay khin. Nu bn mun ng cng

li bo tr hoc xl scth bn dng lnh shutdown.

Trong mi trng lm lab, tc clock thng c sdng l 56000. Sau y l

cc lnh c sdng ci t tc clock v khi ng cng serial:Router(config)#interface serial 0/0

Router(config-if)#clock rate 56000

Router(config-if)#no shutdown

3.1.6.Thc hin vic thm bt, dch chuyn v thay i tp tin cu hnh

Nu bn cn chnh sa tp tin cu hnh th bn phi di chuyn vo ng chcu

hnh v thc hin cn thit. V d:nu bn cn mmt cng no trn router thtrc ht bn phi vo chcu hnh ton cc, sau vo chc ca cng ri dng lnh no shutdown.

c nhng c nhng chi tit khng ng th bn c thchnh sa li bng

nhau. Do phi c mt u l DCE cp tn hiu clock. Bn dng lnhclockrate ci t tc clock. Sau y l cc tc clock m bn c thtcho router (n v ca tc clock l bit/s): 1200, 2400, 9600, 192

56000, 64000, 72000, 125000, 148000, 5002000000, 4000000. Tuy nhin s c mt s tc bn khng sdng theo khnng vt l ca tng cng serial.

Mc nh th cc cng giang cc cng ny th bn phi dng lnh no shutdow

u

kim tra nhng g m bn va mi thay i, bn dng lnh show running-config. Lnh ny shin thni dung ca tp tin cu hnh hin ti. Nu kt quhin thcch thc hin mt hoc nhiu cch sau:

Dng dng no ca cc lnh cu hnh. Khi ng li router vi tp tin cu hnh nguyn thutrong NVRAM.

Chp tp tin cu hnh dphng tTFTP server.

Xo tp tin cu hnh khi ng bng lnh erase startup-config,sau khing li router v vo chci t.


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lNVRA

Rou

u tp tin, cu hnh hin ti thnh tp tin cu hnh khi ng lu trongM, bn dng lnh nhsau:

ter#copy running-config startup-config

Hnh 3.1.6.

3.1.7.Cu hnh cng Ethernet

Tng t nh cng serial, chng ta c th cu hnh cng Ethernet bng ng

M c mt a chIP v subnet mask c ththchi ng .

Sau hnh Ethernet:

h cng Ethernet.

Khai bo a chv subnet mask.ernet.

M . Do , bn phi dng lnh noshu ng. Nu bn cn ng cng li bo tr hay xl s n.

console hoc vty.

i cng Ethernet cng cn phin nh tuyn cc gi IP qua c

y l cc bc thc hin cu

Vo chcu hnh ton cc.

Vo chcu hn

Khi ng cng Eth

c nh l cc cng trn router u ngtdown mhay khi ng ccth bn dng lnh shutdow


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Hnh 3.1.7

3.2. on chnh cu hnh router.2.1.Tm quan trng ca vic chun ho tp tin cu hnh

Trong mt tchc vic pht cc quy nh dnh cho cc tp tin cu hnh l rt cnthit. T ta c thkim sot c cc tp tin no cn bo tr, lu cc tp tin u v nhthno.

Cc quy nh ny c thl nhng quy nh c ng dng rng ri hoc cng cthch c gi trtrong mt phm vi no . Nu khng c mt quy nh chung chotchc ca mnh th hthng mng ca bn strnn ln xn v khng m boc hot ng thng sut.

3.2.2.Cu ch thch cho cc cng giao tipTrn cc cng giao tip bn nn ghi ch li mt sthng tin quan trng, v dnhchsmch m cng ny kt ni vo, hay thng tin vo router khc, vphn onmng m cng ny kt ni n. Da vo cc cu ch thch ny, ngi qun trmng c thbit c l cng giao tip ny kt ni vo u.

H3


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Cu ch thch chn gin l ghi ch c cng giao tip, ngoi ra nhon ton khn cu ch

nh dng chung v mi cng giao tip c mt cu ch thch ring.c mng v quy c chung, bn c thquyt nh l ghi ch nhng

thm cho cg c tc ng g i vi hot ng ca router. Bn nn vit

thch theo mtTutheo cu tr

thng tin no lin quan n cng giao tip gip cho tp tin cu hnh c rrng hn, gip cho vic xc nh scc nhanh hn.

Hnh 3.2.2

3.2.3.Cu hnh ch thch cho cc cng giao tip

Tr c c. Ri tchcu hnh ton ccbn i y bn g lnh description vcu

Sau c cu hnh cu ch thch cho cng giao tip:

1. c bng lnh configure terminal.2. giao tip (v d l cng Ethernet 0): interface

3. l cu ch thch.4. trvchEXEC c quyn bng

L g lnh copy running-config startup-

dvcch vit cu ch thch:

c tin bn phi vo hcu hnh ton cchuyn vo chcu hnh cng giao tip. Tch thch m bn mun.

y l cc b

Vo chcu hnh ton cVo ch cu hnh cngEthernet 0.

Nhp l

nh description v theo sau

Thot khi chcu hnh giao tip cch nhn phm Ctrl-Z.

5. u li cu hnh va ri vo NVRAM bnconfig.

Sau y l 2 v


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Interface Ethernet 0Description LA

Interface serial

Description AB

N Engineering, Bldg.2

0

C network 1, circuit 1

Hnh 3.2.33.2.4.Thng ip ng nhp

Thng ip ng nhp c hin thkhi bn ng nhp vo hthng. Loi thngip ny rt hu dng khi bn cn cnh bo trc khi n gitt hthng mng.

Tt c mi ngi u c th nhn thy thng ip ng nhp. Cho nn bn nndng cc thng ip mng tnh cnh bo, thu ht sch . Cn nhng thng ipcho n mi ngi ng nhp vo router l khng thch hp lm.

V dmt thng ip nhsau: This is a secure system, authorized access only!(y l hthng c bo mt, chdnh cho nhng ngi c thm quyn!) csdng cnh bo nhng vkhch ving thm bt hp php.

LAB_A# confEnter configuration commands, one per line. End withCNTL_Z

LAB_A (config)#interface Ethernet 0

LAB_A (config-if)#description LAN Engineerinng, Bldg. 2

ig terminal


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Hnh 3.2.4

3.2.5.Cu hnh thng ip ng nhp (MOTD)

Hnh 3.2.5

Th t ni vorouter.

u thng bo, kt thc bng cch nhp k tphn cch mt lnna.

Sau y l cc bc thc hin cu hnh thng ip MOTD:

1. Vo chcu hnh ton cc bng lnh configure terminal2.Nhp lnh nhsau: banner motd # The message of the day goes here #.3. Lu cu hnh va ri bng lnh copy running-config startup-config.

3.2.6.Phn gii tn my

ng ip MOTD c th hin th trn tt v cc thit b u cui k

cu hnh thng ip MOTD bn vo ch cu hnh ton cc. Ti y bndng lnh banner motd, cch mt khong trng, nhp k tphn cch v dnhk t#, ri vit c


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Phn gii tn my l qu trnh my tnh phn gii ttn my thnh a chIP tngng.

c thlin hvi cc thit bIP khc bng tn th cc thit bmng nhrouter

cng cn phi c khnng phn gii tn my thnh a chIP. Danh sch gia tnmy v ichIP tng ng c gi l bng host.

Bng host c thbao gm tt ccc thit bmng trong tchc ca mnh. Mi mta chIP c mt tn my tng ng. Phn mm Cisco IOS c mt vng m lu tn my v a chtng ng. Vng bm ny gip cho qu trnh phn giitn thnh a chc nhanh hn.

Tuy nhin tn my y khng ging nh tn DNS, n ch c ngha i virouter m n c cu hnh m thi. Ngi qun trmng c th c u hnh bnghost trn router vi bt ktn no vi IP no v cc thng tin ny chc nghai vi router m thi.

he following is an exemple of the configuration of a host table on a router:

T

Router(config)#ip host Auckland 172.16.32.1Router(config)#ip host Beirut 192.168.53.1Router(config)#ip host Capetown 192.168.89.1Router(config)#ip host Denver 10.202.8.1

Hnh 3.2.63.2.7.Cu hnh bng host

tn cho cc a y dng lnh ip host, theo sau l tn ca thit bv tt vy

xvi t tc thdng lnh ping hay telnet ti thit b bng tn a chIP

c hin cu bng host:

1. Vo chcu hnh ton cc ca router.2.Nhp lnh ip host theo sau l tn ca router v tt c a ch IP ca cc

n router .3. Tip tc nhp tn v a chIP tng ng ca cc rou

khai bo chIP, u tin bn vo ch cu hnh ton cc. Ticcc IP ca n. Nh

tn my ny snh ng a chIP ca cc cng rn thit b. Khi bnca thit bhay

tng ng u c.

Sau ay l cc bc th

c ccng tr

ter khc trong mng


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4. Lu cu hnh vo NVRAM.

hot ng ca h thng.m cc cng vic sau:

Hnh 3.2.7

3.2.8.Lp hsv lu dphng tp tin cu hnh

Tp tin cu hnh ca cc thit bmng squyt nh sCng vic qun l tp tin cu hnh ca cc thit bbao g

L p danh sch v so snh vi tp tin cu hnh trn cc thit b ang hotng.

Lu dphng cc tp tin cu hnh lnh server mng. Thc hin ci t v nng cp cc phn mm.

Chng ta cn lu dphng cc tp tin cu hnh sdng trong trng hp c sc. Tp tin cu hnh c thc lu trn server mng, v dnhTFTP server, hocl lu trn a v ct ni an ton. Ngoi ra chng ta cng nn lp hsi kmvi cc tp tin ny.

3.2.9.Ct, dn v chnh sa tp tin cu hnh

Chng ta c thdng lnh copy running-config tftp sao chp tp tin cu hnhang chy trn router vo TFTP server. Sau y l cc bc thc hin:

Bc 1: nhp lnh copy running-config tftp.

Bc 2: nhp a chIP ca my m chng ta slu tp tin cu hnh ln .

Bc 3: nhp tn tp tin.


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Bc 4: xc nhn li cu lnh bng cch trli yes

Hnh 3.2.9a

Chng ta c th s dng tp tin cu hnh lu trn server mng cu hnh chorouter.

thc hin iu ny bn lm theo cc bc sau:

ing-config.2. du nhc tip theo bn chn loi tp tin cu hnh my hay tp tin cu hnhmng. Tp tin cu hnh mng c cha cc lnh c ththc thi cho tt ccc

o m bn ang lu tp tin cu hnh trn . V d nh trn hnh

nh cho loi tp tin cu hnh my lhostname-config, cn tn mc nh cho loi tp tin cu hnh mng l

nfig. Trong mi trng DOS th tn tp tin bgii hn vi 8 k t

1.Nhp lnh copy tftp runn

router v server trong mng. Cn loi tp tin cu hnh my th ch s cc lnhthc thi cho mt router m thi. du nhc ktip, bn nhp a chIP camy n3.2.9b: router c cu hnh tTFTP server c a chIP l 131.108.2.155.

3. Sau nhp tn ca tp tin hoc l chp nhn ly tn mc nh. Tn ca tptin theo quy tc ca UNIX. Tn mc

netword-cov 3 k tmrng (v dnh: router.cfg). Cui cng bn xc nhn li tt ccc thng tin va ri. Bn lu trn hnh th s thy l du nhc chuyn


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ngay sang tn Tokyo. iu ny chng tl router c cu hnh li ngay saukhi tp tin cu hnh va c ti xung.

Tp tin cu hnh trn router cng c thc lu vo a bng cch sao chp di

dng vn bn ri lu vo a mm hoc a cng. Khi no cn chp trli rouer thbn dng chc nng son tho cbn ca chng trnh m phng thit bu cuict dn cc dng lnh vo router.

H

y l phn tng k hnh m bn cn nm khi cu hnh router.

sa

EC ng

ChEXEC

t

ng giao d thc hin mt sthay i chonh

ho route

nh 3.2.9bTNG KT CHNG

Sau t cc c

Router c cc ch u:

ChEX i dng.c quyn.

Chcu hnhu h

on cc. Cc chc nh khc.

Bn c thd in dng lnh ca router cu hnh ca router :

t tn c r.


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t mt m cho r

hnh cc cn

Chnh sa tp tin Hin thtp tin cu hnh.

trng gip cho ngi qun trmng nm c cu trc hthng mng v x

i dng khi h

outer.

Cu g giao tip trn router.

cu hnh.

Ngoi ra, bn cn nhmt sim quan trng sau:

Xy dng mt cu hnh chun l yu tquan trng thnh cng trong vicbo tr bt khthng mng ca mt tchc no.

Cu ch thch cho cc cng giao tip c th mang mt s thng tin quan

l scnhanh hn.

Thng ip ng nhp s cung cp cc thng bo cho ng

ng nhp vo router. Phn gii tn my thnh a chIP cho php router c thchuyn i nhanh

tmy ra a ch.

Cng vic lp hsv lu dphng tp tin cu hnh l ht sc quan trngbo m cho hthng mng lun hot ng thng sut.


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CHNG 4CP NHT THNG TIN TCC THIT BKHC

GII THIU

i khi ngi qun trmng sphi xl nhng hthng mng m khng c hsy v chnh xc. Trong nhng tnh hung nhvy th giao thc CDP-CiscoDiscovery Protocol sl mt cng crt hu ch gip bn xy dng c cu trccbn vh thng mng. CDP l mt giao thc hot ng khng ph thuc vomi trng truyn ca mng, giao thc ny l c quyn ca Cisco c sdngpht hin cc thit bxung quanh. CDP shin ththng tin vcc thit bktni trc tip m bn ang xl. Tuy nhin y khng phi l mt cng cthc smng.

Trong nhiu trng hp, sau khi router c cu hnh v i vo hot ng thnh qun trmng skh c thk vo router cu hnh hay lm g

u

mng ca cc thit b ln cn bng cch sdng CDP.

Thit lp kt ni Telnet.

Kim tra kt ni Telnet.

4.1 cn

t ni trc tipkhc. Khi , Telnet, l mt ng dng ca TCP/IP, sgip ngi qun trmngthit lp kt ni txa vo chgiao tip dng lnh (CLI) ca router xem, chnh v xl sc. y l mt cng cchyu ca cc chuyn gia mng.

Sau khi hon tt chng ny, cc bn snm c cc kin thc sau:

Bt v tt CDP.

Cch sdng lnh show cdp neighbors. Cch xc nh cc thit bln cn kt ni vo cng giao tip.

Ghi nhn thng tin va ch

Kt thc phin Telnet.

Tm ngng mt phin Telnet.

Thc hin cc kim tra kt ni khc.

Xl scvi cc kt ni txa.. Kt ni v khm ph cc thit bln4.1.1. Gii thiu vCDP


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TCP/IP Novell IPX AppleTalk Others

CDP discovers and shows information about

directtl connected Cisco devices

LANS Frame Relay ATM Others

Hnh 4.1.1

CDP l giao thc lp 2 kt ni vi lp vt l di v lp mng trn nhhnhv. CDP c sdng thu thp thng tin tcc thit bln cn, v dnhthit

mng v c thp mng con SNAP

Phit i

bn 10 hin bn 1).v cho php thit bd tm

cc u vcho nhau cho d 2 thit bny c thchygiao thc lp mng khc nhau.

Mi thit bc cu hnh CDP sgi mt thng ip qung co theo nh kchocc router khc. Mi thng ip nhvy phi c t nht mt a chm thit b

c thnhn c thng ip ca giao thc qun l mng cbn SNMP (SimpleNetwork Management Protocol) thng qua a ch . Ngoi ra, mi thng ipqung co cn c thi hn sng hoc l thi hn lu gi thng tin. y lkhong thi gian cho cc thit b lu gi thng tin nhn c trc khi xo bthng tin i. Bn cnh vic pht thng ip, mi thit bcng lng nghe theo

b l loi thit bno, trn thit b cng no l cng kt ni v kt ni vocng no trn thit b ca chng ta, phin bn phn cng ca thit b lgCDP l giao thc hot ng c lp vi mi trng truynchy trn tt ccc thit bca Cisco trn nn giao thc truy c(Subnet Access Protocol).

) l phin bn mi nht ca giao thc ny. Cisco IOSph n bn 12.0(3)T tri c h trCDPv2. Mc nh th Cisco IOS (tphin

.3 n 12.0(3) chy CDP p

n bn 2 ca CDP (CDPv2

Khi thit bCisco c bt ln, CDP tng hot ngthit bln cn khc cng chy CDP. CDP hot ng lp lin kt dliphp 2 thit b thu thp thng tin ln


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nh knhn thng ip tcc thit b ln cn khac thu thp thng tin vchng.

4.1.2.Thng tin thu nhn c tCDP

CDP c sdng chyu pht hin tt ccc thit bCisco khc kt ni trctip vo thit bca chng ta. Bn sdng lnh show cdp neighbors hin ththng tin vcc mng kt ni trc tip vo router. CDP cung cp thng tin vtngthit bCDP lng ging bng cch truyn thng bo CDP mang theo cac gi trtype length (TLVs).

TLVs c hin thbi lnh show cdp neighbors sbao gm cc thng tin v:

Device ID: Chsdanh nh (ID) ca thit blng ging.

al rface: Cng trn thit b ca chng ta kt ni n thit b l ngging,

Hold time: thi hn lu gith ht.

n qun l ca VTP (ch c

rn router (chc CDPv2).

ng kt ni trc tip vp router m

tip vi router .

Loc inte

ng tin cp n

Capability: loi thit b. Platform: phin bn phn cng ca thit b.

Port ID: chsdanh nh (ID) ca cng trn thit blng ging kt ni vothit bca chng ta.

VTP management domain name: tn mi

CDPv2). Native VLAN: VLAN mc nh t

Half/Full duplex: chhot ng song cng hay bn song cng.

Trong hnh 4.1.2, router v tr thp nht khngi qun trmng ang thc hin kt ni console. Do xem c cc thngtin CDP ca router ny, ngi qun trmng phi Telnet vo router kt ni trc

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