table of contents library/tocs/2009...ronald syme, “the working of patronage,” in the roman...

INTERPRETATIONS OF THE WESTERN WORLDANCIENT AND CLASSICAL 2–5

MEDIEVAL 5–10

RENAISSANCE 11–19

ANCIEN RÉ GIME 19–24

NINETEENTH CENTURY 24–26

TWENTIETH CENTURY 26–31

‡ Recommended Primary Source Readings available in the Penguin Custom Editions: The Western World selection guide.

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ANCIENT AND CLASSICALEarly Empires, The State, and NaturalResources: The Wittfogel Thesis Among the more influential theories concerning theorigin of state power in early civilizations was thethesis developed by Karl Wittfogel (1896–1988). The essays presented here include Wittfogel’s ownaccount of “hydraulic societies” and a discussion ofthis thesis by a friendly critic.IW1-031 27 pp.

SELECTIONSKarl A. Wittfogel, “The Hydraulic Civilizations,” inMan’s Role in Changing the Face of the Earth.

William P. Mitchell, “The Hydraulic Hypothesis: AReappraisal,” Current Anthropology, 14.5 (1973).

The “Black Athena” ControversyMartin Bernal argues that ancient Greek culture wasnot “European” in origin but rather derived mostlyfrom the “Egyptian and Semitic cultural area.” MaryR. Lefkowitz denies that Greek culture was derivedfrom “Afroasiatic” roots in any meaningful sense,and she rejects the idea that classical scholarship is racist.IW1-001 54 pp.

SELECTIONSMartin Bernal, from the Introduction to Black Athena: The Afroasiatic Roots of ClassicalCivilization.

Mary R. Lefkowitz, “Ancient History, ModernMyths,” in Black Athena Revisited.

‡Recommended Primary Source Readings from Penguin Custom Editions:PWC1-030 thru PWC1-034 Herodotus, excerpts from The Histories

PWC1-128-A, PWC1-128-B Plato, The Myth of Atlantis

Was there a Trojan War?Leading scholars debate whether the Trojan War is just an epic myth or whether it has a historicbasis. They discuss whether evidence from anarcheological site in Asia Minor that was identifiedas the ancient city of Troy casts any light on or canbe connected with the Trojan War as described by Homer.IW1-002 44 pp.

SELECTIONSM. I. Finley, “The Trojan War,” Journal of HellenicStudies, 84 (1964).

G. S. Kirk, “The Character of the Tradition,” Journal of Hellenic Studies, 84 (1964).

D. L. Page, “Homer and the Trojan War,” Journal of Hellenic Studies, 84 (1964).

Michael Wood, “Postscript 1996: The Trojan WarFound Again?” in In Search of the Trojan War.

‡Recommended Primary Source Readings from Penguin Custom Editions:PWC1-200 thru PWC1-204 Homer, excerpts from The Iliad

The Greek Way of WarVictor Davis Hanson, a military historian, describeshoplite warfare in Classical Greece, with anemphasis on battlefield experience.IW1-032 24 pp.

SELECTIONVictor Davis Hanson, from The Western Way of War.

‡Recommended Primary Source Readings from Penguin Custom Editions:PWC1-038 Herodotus, Persia’s Multicultural Army

PWC1-039 Herodotus, Thermopylae: Last Stand of the Spartans

PWC1-077-A or -B Polybius, The Roman Military System

PWC1-218 Polybius, The Greek Phalanx versus the Roman Legion

PWC1-268 Ammianus Marcellinus, The Battle of Adrianople

2 INTERPRETATIONS OF THE WESTERN WORLD

www.pearsoncustom.com keyword search: interpretations content and availability subject to change

How Democratic was Athenian Democracy?In four short essays, leading experts on Atheniandemocracy try to determine the commitment toequality and liberty found among the ancientAthenians, comparing ancient and moderndemocratic ideas and practices.IW1-003 68 pp.

SELECTIONSRobert Browning, “How Democratic was AncientAthens?” in The Good Idea: Democracy and Ancient Greece.

Martin Ostwald, “Shares and Rights: ‘Citizenship’Greek Style and American Style,” in De-mokratia: AConversation on Democracies, Ancient and Modern.

M. H. Hansen, “The Ancient Athenian and theModern Liberal View of Liberty as a DemocraticIdeal,” in De-mokratia: A Conversation onDemocracies, Ancient and Modern.

Kurt A. Raaflaub, “Equalities and Inequalities inAthenian Democracy,” in De-mokratia: AConversation on Democracies, Ancient and Modern.

‡Recommended Primary Source Readings from Penguin Custom Editions:PWC1-015, PWC1-511 thru PWC1-513 Aristotle, excerpts from The

Athenian Constitution

PWC1-506 thru PWC1-510 Aristotle, excerpts from The Politics

PWC1-123 Plato, Democracy and the Democratic Character

PWC1-133 Plato, The Failure of Democratic Statesmanship

PWC1-140 Plato, Plato’s Political Testament?

PWC1-020-A Plutarch, Pericles the Politician

PWC1-066 thru PWC1-071 Thucydides, excerpts from History of the

Peloponnesian War

Female Power in Ancient SpartaBarton Kunstler argues that Spartan women enjoyedfar greater power and freedom than other women inclassical Greece; Paul Cartledge takes issue withthis conclusion. At issue is the degree to which thesources have “mythologized” ancient Sparta.IW1-004 56 pp.

SELECTIONSB. L. Kunstler, “Family Dynamics and Female Powerin Ancient Sparta,” in Rescuing Creusa: NewMethodological Approaches to Women in Antiquity.

Paul Cartledge, “Spartan Wives: Liberation orLicense?” in Spartan Reflections.

‡Recommended Primary Source Readings from Penguin Custom Editions:PWC1-017 Plutarch, Sparta’s Peculiar Society

PWC1-018 Plutarch, Growing Up Spartan

PWC1-028 Xenophon, Spartan Rule

Athenian Imperialism: The Paradoxes of aDemocratic Empire Two historians discuss the effects of empire onAthens. Russell Meiggs holds that Athens benefitedeconomically from her empire, while Kurt A.Raaflaub considers the political impact ofimperialism on Athenian politics.IW1-034 48 pp.

SELECTIONSRussell Meiggs, from The Athenian Empire.

Kurt Raaflaub, “Democracy, Power, and Imperialism in Fifth-Century Athens,” in AthenianPolitical Thought and the Reconstruction ofAmerican Democracy.

‡Recommended Primary Source Readings from Penguin Custom Editions:PWC1-065 Thucydides, The Causes of the Peloponnesian War

PWC1-066-B Thucydides, Pericles’ Funeral Oration

PWC1-067-A Thucydides, Pericles’ Last Speech

PWC1-070 Thucydides, The Melian Dialogue

PWC1-067-B Thucydides, The Burdens of Empire

PWC1-068 Thucydides, The Mytilenian Debate

Thucydides and the Peloponnesian War In the essays presented here, Simon Hornblowerdiscusses Thucydides’s neglect of the religious dimensions of war, while KennethDover and David Whitehead critique from differentperspectives the ways that historians useThucydides to understand Greek history.IW1-035 53 pp.

SELECTIONSSimon Hornblower, “The Religious Dimension to thePeloponnesian War, or, What Thucydides Does NotTell Us,” Harvard Studies in Classical Philology,94 (1992)

Kenneth Dover, “Thucydides ‘as History’ and ‘asLiterature’,” History and Theory, 22 (1983)

David Whitehead, “Thucydides: Fact-Grubber orPhilosopher?,” Greece & Rome, 27.2 (1980)

‡Recommended Primary Source Readings from Penguin Custom Editions:PWC1-064-A or -B Thucydides, The Greatest War in History

PWC1-065 Thucydides, The Causes of the Peloponnesian War

PWC1-066-A or -B Thucydides, Pericles’ Funeral Oration and the Plague

PWC1-067-A Thucydides, Pericles’ Last Speech

PWC1-067-B Thucydides, The Burdens of Empire

PWC1-068 Thucydides, The Mytilenian Debate

PWC1-069-A or -B Thucydides, The Effects of War on Human Nature

PWC1-070 Thucydides, The Melian Dialogue

PWC1-071 Thucydides, Athens Defeated

3ANCIENT AND CLASSICAL

ANCIENT AND CLASSICAL



The Motives Behind Roman ExpansionFour historians discuss the motives behind theexpansion of the Roman Empire in the second andfirst centuries b.c. There is sharp disagreement onthe relative importance of economic motives, thedesire for security and control, and the need ofcompetitive aristocrats to acquire honor.IW1-006 69 pp.

SELECTIONSErnst Badian, “The Economic Motive,” from RomanImperialism in the Late Republic, 2nd ed.

William V. Harris, from War and Imperialism inRepublican Rome, 327–70 b.c.e.

J. A. North, “The Development of RomanImperialism,” in Journal of Roman Studies, 71 (1981).

Eric Gruen, “Material Rewards and the Drive forEmpire,” in The Imperialism of Mid-RepublicanRome.

‡Recommended Primary Source Readings from Penguin Custom Editions:PWC1-041 Julius Caesar, Paying for War

PWC1-269 Cicero, Fear and the Spread of Roman Tyranny

PWC1-272 Cicero, A Corrupt Governor Condemned

PWC1-275 Cicero, Rome Welcomes Foreigners

How Democratic was the Roman Republic?Traditional accounts of the Roman Republic assume that the state was dominated by a narrowsenatorial oligarchy for most of the period from the expulsion of the kings down to the beginning ofthe Principate of Augustus. Some recent historianshave questioned this assumption and have arguedfor a greater role of the plebs in Roman political life,even in the last century of the Republic; some haveeven seen an active democratic element in theRoman polity.IW1-007 42 pp.

SELECTIONSJ. A. North, “Democratic Politics in RepublicanRome,” Past and Present, 126 (1990).

Fergus Millar, “Popular Politics at Rome in the LateRepublic,” in Leaders and Masses in the RomanWorld: Studies in Honor of Zvi Yavetz.

‡Recommended Primary Source Readings from Penguin Custom Editions:PCW 1-076 Polybius, A Greek Analysis of the Roman Constitution

PCW 1-061 Plutarch, The Ides of March

PCW1-272 Cicero, A Corrupt Governor Condemned

PCW1-273 Cicero, An Enemy of Freedom

PCW1-278, PWC1-279 Cicero, excerpts from On Government

The Fall of the Roman Republic Two historians attempt to account for the fall of theRoman republic in 31 b.c.e. and the establishmentof the principate. IW1-036 52 pp.

SELECTIONSRonald Syme, “The Working of Patronage,” in The Roman Revolution.

P. A. Brunt, “The Fall of the Roman Empire” in TheFall of the Roman Republic and Related Essays.

‡Recommended Primary Source Readings from Penguin Custom Editions:PWC1-076-A Polybius, A Greek Analyzes the Roman Constitution

PWC1-041 Julius Caesar, Paying for War

PWC1-223 Sallust, Roman Africa

PWC1-224 Sallust, Roman Decline

PWC1-055 Plutarch, Antony Meets Cleopatra

PWC1-061 Plutarch, The Ides of March

PWC1-056 Plutarch, Cleopatra’s Suicide

PWC1-003 Cassius Dio, Powers of the Roman Emperor

PWC1-244 Juvenal, Pointless Ambition

Defining the Roman EmpireA prominent Roman historian describes Romanattitudes toward empire and military expansion,and an expert in Roman constitutional andadministrative history discusses the various ways inwhich parts of the Roman Empire were related to thecenter of power in Rome.IW1-008 56 pp.

SELECTIONSP. A. Brunt, “Laus Imperii,” in Imperialism in theAncient World.

Andrew Lintott, “What was the ‘ImperiumRomanum’?” Greece and Rome, 2nd ser. 28.1 (1981).

‡Recommended Primary Source Readings from Penguin Custom Editions:PWC 1-520 Cicero, Religion is the Ground of Morality

PWC 1-081 Livy, The Noble Behavior of Camillus

PWC 1-078 Polybius, Why Rome Became Great

PWC 1-223 Sallust, Roman Africa

5MEDIEVAL

MEDIEVAL

The Roman Family Paul Veyne describes the Roman household and itsvarious members, including freed slaves andclients. Peter Garnsey, building on recent interest inthe history of childhood among modern Europeanhistorians, offers a discussion of child-rearingpractices in ancient Italy. Susan Treggiari analyzesthe ideals and the realities of matchmaking amongRoman citizens from about 90 b.c.e. to the earlythird century c.e., especially the criteria used toselect a mate and the place of affection in a systemof arranged marriages.IW1-037 58 pp.

SELECTIONSPaul Veyne, “The Household and Its Freed Slaves,”in A History of Private Life, vol. I of From Pagan Rometo Byzantium.

Peter Garnsey, “Child Rearing in Ancient Italy,” inThe Family in Italy from Antiquity to the Present.

Susan Treggiari, “Ideals and Practicalities inMatchmaking in Ancient Rome,” in The Family inItaly from Antiquity to the Present.

‡Recommended Primary Source Readings from Penguin Custom Editions:PWC1-220 Plautus, Marry a Poor Wife

PWC1-221 Plautus, Slaves Get Their Orders

PWC1-222 Plautus, Captured and Sold into Prostitution

PWC1-233 Horace, The Pleasures of Country Life

PWC1-245 Ovid, Advice to a Married Girlfriend

PWC1-246 Ovid, Domestic Violence

PWC1-247 Ovid, Abortion

PWC1-248 Ovid, Love at the Races

PWC1-249 Ovid, Embarrassing Impotence

PWC1-250 Ovid, Where to Find Women

PWC1-236 Petronius, Roman Nouveau Riche

PWC1-237 Petronius, An Extravagant Banquet

PWC1-238 Petronius, Man-Boy Love

PWC1-239 Petronius, Seducing a Virtuous Widow

PWC1-108 Pliny the Elder, On Women and Sex

PWC1-054 Plutarch, A Tough Slave Master

PWC1-048 Tacitus, German Families

PWC1-240 Juvenal, Homophobia

PWC1-242 Juvenal, Sex-Crazed Women

PWC1-243 Juvenal, Roman Viragos

PWC1-007 Appian, Growth of the Slave System

PWC1-045 Justinian, Sexual Harrassment in Ancient Rome

Religious Intolerance in the Roman Empire:Pagan and ChristianTwo essayists explore the intolerance of paganstowards Christians before the conversion ofConstantine in the fourth century, and theintolerance of Christians towards pagans afterChristianity became the established religion ofRome in the fourth century of the Christian era.IW1-009 69 pp.

SELECTIONSG. E. M. de Ste. Croix, “Why Were the EarlyChristians Persecuted?” Past and Present, 26 (1963).

H. A. Drake, “Lambs into Lions: Explaining EarlyChristian Intolerance,” Past and Present, 153 (1996).

‡Recommended Primary Source Readings from Penguin Custom Editions:PWC 1-002 Pliny the Younger, Rome and the Christians

PWC 1-051 Suetonius, The Life of Nero

PWC 1-010 Tacitus, Nero and the Burning of Rome

PWC 4-062 Gibbon, The Rise of Christianity

PWC 2-003 St Augustine of Hippo, Peace and Justice on Heaven

and Earth

MEDIEVALThe Varieties of Early ChristianityElaine Pagels brings the evidence of newlydiscovered early Christian texts from Nag Hammadi(the “Gnostic Gospels”) to bear on the issue ofwhether it can be said that there was a “truechurch” in the first centuries of Christianity. WayneA. Meeks discusses the variety of moral attitudes to“the world” and the human body among earlyChristian communities in the Near East.IW1-038 54 pp.

SELECTIONSElaine Pagels, “Whose Church Is the ‘TrueChurch’?,” in The Gnostic Gospels.

Wayne A. Meeks, from The Origins of ChristianMorality: The First Two Centuries.

‡Recommended Primary Source Readings from Penguin Custom Editions:PWC1-011 Josephus, Religious Parties in Roman Judea

PWC1-002 Pliny the Younger, Rome and the Christians

PWC1-010 Tacitus, Nero and the Burning of Rome

PWC1-329-A Polycarp, Polycarp’s Teaching and Martyrdom

PWC1-328-A or -B Barnabas, Christianity and Judaism

PWC1-327-B Ignatius of Antioch, On Martyrdom



Women in Early Christianity Two scholars discuss the place of women in theearly Church. Francine Cardman describes howwomen, who were often leaders and patrons of earlyChristian house-churches from the time of St. Paul,were gradually marginalized as the Church becameaccepted in the Greco-Roman world and took on thevalues of the surrounding culture. Gillian Clark, anintellectual historian, reconstructs ideas about thenature of woman found among the Church fathers inlate antiquity.IW1-039 56 pp.

SELECTIONSFrancine Cardman, “Women, Ministry, and ChurchOrder in Early Christianity,” in Women and ChristianOrigins: A Reader.

Gillian Clark, “Being Female,” in Women in LateAntiquity: Pagan and Christian Lifestyles.

The Conversion of the Roman Empire to ChristianityHistorians describe the appeal of Christianity toindividual souls seeking spirituality and aharmonious community life; social changes in thefamily life of the senatorial aristocracy, whichcreated a greater openness to Christianity; and therole of non-religious factors such as enlightenedself-interest and straightforward coercion by the authorities.IW1-010 78 pp.

SELECTIONSE. R. Dodds, “The Dialogue of Paganism withChristianity,” in Pagan and Christian in an Age ofAnxiety; Some Aspects of Religious Experience fromMarcus Aurelius to Constantine.

P. R. L. Brown, “Aspects of the Christianization ofthe Roman Aristocracy,” Journal of Roman Studies,51 (1961).

Ramsay MacMullen, “Nonreligious Factors inConversion,” and “Conversion by Coercion,” inChristianizing the Roman Empire, A.D. 100–400.

‡Recommended Primary Source Readings from Penguin Custom Editions:PWC 4-062 Edward Gibbon, The Rise of Christianity

PWC 1-261 Ammianus Marcellinus, An Emperor Visits Rome

PWC 1-263 Ammianus Marcellinus, The People of Rome

PWC 2-009 St Augustine of Hippo, St Augustine Describes

his Conversion

Church and State in the Age of Constantine Three leading scholars discuss relations betweenthe Christian church and the Roman state in the keyperiod after the conversion of the EmperorConstantine.IW1-040 50 pp.

SELECTIONSArnaldo Momigliano, “The Disadvantages ofMonotheism for a Universal State,” ClassicalPhilology, 81.4 (1986).

Glen W. Bowersock, “From Emperor to Bishop: The Self-Conscious Transformation of Political Power in the Fourth Century,” Classical Philology,81.4 (1986).

Timothy D. Barnes, “The ConstantinianReformation,” in From Eusebius to Augustine.

‡Recommended Primary Source Readings from Penguin Custom Editions:PWC1-261 Ammianus Marcellinus, An Emperor Visits Rome

PWC1-262 Ammianus Marcellinus, The Persians: A Roman View

PWC1-263 Ammianus Marcellinus, The People of Rome

PWC1-264 Ammianus Marcellinus, Roman Corruption

PWC1-265 Ammianus Marcellinus, Conspiracy and Punishment

PWC1-266 Ammianus Marcellinus, Greedy Lawyers

PWC1-267 Ammianus Marcellinus, The Huns

PWC1-268 Ammianus Marcellinus, The Battle of Adrianople

The Breakdown of the Roman Order in the WestThree historians give their explanations for why theRoman Empire ceased to function in the WesternMediterranean after the fifth century c.e.IW1-011 62 pp.

SELECTIONSN. H. Baynes, “The Decline of the Roman Power inWestern Europe. Some Modern Explanations,”Journal of Roman Studies,33 (1943).

Hans Delbruck, “Decline and Dissolution of theRoman Military System,” Chapter 10 in History of theArt of War, vol. 2: The Germans.

A. H. M. Jones, “Why Did the Western Empire Fall?” from The Decline of the Ancient World.

W. H. C. Frend, "The Monks and the Survival of theEast Roman Empire in the Fifth Century,” Past andPresent, 54 (1972).

‡Recommended Primary Source Readings from Penguin Custom Editions:PWC 1-267 Ammianus Marcellinus, The Huns

PWC 1-268 Ammianus Marcellinus, The Battle of Adrianople

PWC 2-001 St Augustine of Hippo, The Two Cities

PWC 4-062 Edward Gibbon, The Rise of Christianity

7MEDIEVAL

MEDIEVAL

The Rise of Monasticism A famous Benedictine scholar describes the sourcesand the ideals of monastic life in the Middle Ages;Peter Brown discusses how the world of lateAntiquity gave rise to the monastic movement.IW1-041 50 pp.

SELECTIONSJean Leclerq, O.S.B., “The Sources of MonasticCulture,” in The Love of Learning and the Desire forGod: A Study of Monastic Culture.

Peter Brown, “The New People: Monasticism andthe Expansion of Christianity, 300–400,” in TheWorld of Late Antiquity.

‡Recommended Primary Source Readings from Penguin Custom Editions:PWC2-100-A or -B Athanasius, Battling Demons in the Desert

PWC2-101-A or -B Gregory the Great, A Miracle Worker

PWC2-073 Adomnan of Iona, The Death of St. Columba

PWC2-054 Bede, Abbess Hilda and Caedmon the Poet

PWC2-115 Peter Damian, The Monastic Ideal

PWC2-155-A or -B Bernard of Clairvaux, Monastic Decadence

PWC2-158-A or -B Bernard of Clairvaux, A Selection of Letters

PWC2-156-A or -B Bernard of Clairvaux, The Motivation of Love

PWC2-021 Heloise, Woman is More Bitter than Death

PWC3-104 Giovanni Boccaccio, Nuns in Heat

The Pirenne Thesis, Slavery and the Origins ofthe European EconomyThree historians discuss the “Pirenne Thesis,” afamous explanation for the rise of Europeancivilization advanced by the Belgian historian HenriPirenne (1862–1935). Pirenne argued that the de-Romanization of Western Europe and the rise of theCarolingians was the result of new economicconditions brought about by the rise of Islam. IW1-042 54 pp.

SELECTIONSRichard Hodges and David Whitehouse,“Mohammed, Charlemagne, and Pirenne” inMohammad, Charlemagne and the Origins ofEurope: Archeology and the Pirenne Thesis.

Michael McCormick, “New Light on the ‘Dark Ages’:How the Slave Trade Fueled the CarolingianEconomy,” Past and Present, 177 (2002).

‡Recommended Primary Source Readings from Penguin Custom Editions:PWC2-004 St. Augustine of Hippo, Augustine on Slavery

PWC2-057 Gregory of Tours, Merovingian Anarchy

PWC2-056-A, -B, or -C Gregory of Tours, The Life of Clovis

PWC2-050-A, -B, or -C Anonymous, The Voyage of St. Brendan

PWC2-052 Bede, The Life of Gregory the Great

From Slavery to FeudalismTwo historians discuss the reasons why chattelslavery died out in the early Middle Ages and wasreplaced by serfdom and sharecropping systems. IW1-043 70 pp.

SELECTIONSMarc Bloch, “How and Why Ancient Slavery Came toan End,” in Slavery and Serfdom in the Middle Ages.

Chris Wickham, “The Other Transition: From theAncient World to Feudalism,” Past and Present,103 (1984).

‡Recommended Primary Source Readings from Penguin Custom Editions:PWC1-007 Appian, Growth of the Slave System

PWC2-120-A or -B Galbert of Bruges, The Murder of a Feudal Lord

PWC1-229 Anonymous, Imperial Extravagance from Lives of the

Later Caesars

PWC1-264 Ammianus Marcellinus, Roman Corruption

PWC1-263 Ammianus Marcellinus, The People of Rome

The Feudal RevolutionTwo historians present differing approaches tounderstanding the controverted concept of the“Feudal Revolution,” the breakdown of order inWestern Europe around the year 1000. According tosome historians this period was the Ground Zero ofviolence and disorder upon which feudalism andthe new social, religious, and political order ofEuropean civilization was built. IW1-012 55 pp.

SELECTIONSGeorges Duby, “The Feudal Revolution,” from TheThree Orders.

Thomas N. Bisson, “The ‘Feudal Revolution,’” Pastand Present, 142 (1994).

‡Recommended Primary Source Readings from Penguin Custom Editions:PWC2-107 Anonymous, Viking Warfare

PWC2-105 Anonymous, Tenth Century Savagery

PWC2-120-A Galbert of Bruges, The Murder of a Feudal Lord

PWC2-115 Peter Damian, The Monastic Ideal

PWC2-122 William Langland, The Peasant’s Life

INTERPRETATIONS OF THE WESTERN WORLD


The Debate about Feudalism The concept of feudalism, once consideredindispensable to explain the society and culture ofmedieval Europe, has lately come under attack byhistorians as a “tyrannous construct,” and somehistorians advocate doing away with the termentirely. The essays and excerpts given in this unitintroduce students to traditional definitions offeudalism and to the main criticisms that haveundermined the usefulness of the term.IW1-044 26 pp.

SELECTIONSF. L. Ganshof, Feudalism.

Paul R. Hyams, “The End of Feudalism?,” Journal ofInterdisciplinary History, 27.4 (1997).

‡Recommended Primary Source Readings from Penguin Custom Editions:PWC2-120-A or -B Galbert of Bruges, The Murder of a Feudal Lord

PWC2-164-A or -B Gerald of Wales, The Character and Customs of the

Welsh: Good Points

PWC2-165-A or -B Gerald of Wales, The Character and Customs of the

Welsh: Bad Points

The Growth of Government in MedievalEurope: Instrument of Reform or ofPersecution?Two sharply different views of the transition from “feudal disorder” to government in WesternEurope during the twelfth century are presented.One historian sees the imposition of legal andadministrative order by kings and popes asessentially a good thing, while a second historiansees this same development as the “formation of apersecuting society.”IW1-013 59 pp.

SELECTIONSR. W. Southern, “The Social and Political Roots ofScholastic Thought,” from Scholastic Humanismand the Unification of Europe.

R. I. Moore, from The Formation of a PersecutingSociety: Power and Deviance in Western Europe,950–1250.

‡Recommended Primary Source Readings from Penguin Custom Editions:PWC2-017 Abelard, Abelard Takes Paris by Storm

PWC2-157 Bernard of Clairvaux, Power, Business, and the Spiritual Life

PWC2-151 Hugh of St. Victor, On Study and Teaching

PWC2-127 Bernard Gui, The Waldensian Heretics

PWC2-116 Robert de Sorbonne, Statutes for a College

Defining the CrusadesThree distinguished experts give competingdefinitions of what the Crusades were, what theirgoal was, and what persons could be counted as Crusaders.IW1-016 58 pp.

SELECTIONSCarl Erdmann, from the Introduction to The Originsof the Idea of the Crusade.

Hans Eberhard Mayer, from “The Origins of theCrusades,” The Crusades.

Jonathan Riley-Smith, from What Were theCrusades? 3rd ed.

‡Recommended Primary Source Readings from Penguin Custom Editions:PWC2-139 Anonymous, The First Contact of Crusaders and Turks

PWC2-200 thru PWC2-204 Anna Comnena, excerpts from The Alexiad

PWC2-141 Odo of Deuil, A Crusader’s Criticism of the Greeks

PWC2-118 Pierre Dubois, The Recovery of the Holy Land

PWC2-069 thru PWC2-071 Joinville, excerpts from The Life of

Saint Louis

PWC2-117 Roger of Wendover, The Fourth Lateran Council and Crusade

PWC2-067, PWC2-068 Villehardouin, excerpts from The Conquest of

Constantinople

Motives of the CrusadesTwo scholars address the controverted issue ofwhat motivated the crusaders to leave their homesand go to fight Muslims in the Middle East. Weretheir main motives religious or economic, or didthey have more to do with acquiring glory andstatus? IW1-017 40 pp.

8

9MEDIEVAL

MEDIEVAL

SELECTIONSJonathan Riley-Smith, “The State of Mind ofCrusaders to the East, 1095–1300,” in The OxfordHistory of the Crusades.

H. E. J. Cowdrey, “Christianity and the Morality ofWarfare during the First Century of Crusading,” inThe Experience of Crusading.

‡Recommended Primary Source Readings from Penguin Custom Editions:PWC2-003 St. Augustine of Hippo, Peace and Justice on Heaven

and Earth

PWC2-139 Anonymous, The First Contact of Crusaders and Turks

PWC2-141 Odo of Deuil, A Crusader’s Criticism of the Greeks

PWC2-118 Pierre Dubois, The Recovery of the Holy Land

PWC2-069 thru PWC2-071 Joinville, excerpts from The Life of Saint Louis

PWC2-117 Roger of Wendover, The Fourth Lateran Council and Crusade

PWC2-067, PWC2-068, PWC2-072 Villehardouin, excerpts from The

Conquest of Constantinople

PWC2-142 William of Tyre, Why the Crusaders Failed

PWC2-200 thru PWC2-204 Anna Comnena, excerpts from The Alexiad

PWC2-140 Usama ibn Munqidh, An Arab Opinion of the Crusaders

Love, Courtly and OtherwiseTwo historians discuss the contrast between thehistorical record of love and marriage in the twelfthcentury and the literary tradition of courtly love,coming to different conclusions. In so doing, theycast light on the early evolution of sexual mores inEuropean civilization.IW1-015 43 pp.

SELECTIONSJohn F. Benton, “Clio and Venus: A Historical View ofMedieval Love,” in Culture, Power and Personality inMedieval France.

Georges Duby, “What Do We Know about Love inTwelfth Century France,” and “On Courtly Love,”from Love and Marriage in the Middle Ages.

‡Recommended Primary Source Readings from Penguin Custom Editions:PWC2-018 Abelard, Forbidden Love and Its Punishment

PWC2-024 Dante Alighieri, Paolo and Francesca

PWC2-342 Anonymous, A Tale of Courtly Love

PWC2-306, PWC2-319 thru PWC2-320 Geoffrey Chaucer, from Troilus

and Criseyde

PWC2-020, PWC2-021 Heloise, excerpts from The Letters of Abelard

and Heloise

PWC2-167 Marie de France, Guigemar

PWC2-168 Marie de France, Eliduc

PWC2-169 Marie de France, Lanval and Les Deus Amanz

PWC3-340 Various Authors, Love Poetry of the English Renaissance

Conversion in the Middle Ages Three historians discuss aspects of Christianmissions in the medieval period, including theinstitutional process of founding new bishopricsand parishes in conquered pagan territories, the forced baptism of Jews, and the goals ofChristian missionaries in Central Asia during thefourteenth century.IW1-045 59 pp.

SELECTIONSRichard Fletcher, “Mission into Church,” in TheConversion of Europe: From Paganism toChristianity, 371–1386.

Benjamin Ravid, “The Forced Baptism of Jews inChristian Europe: An Introductory Overview,” inChristianizing Peoples and Converting Individuals.

James D. Ryan, “To Baptize Khans or to ConvertPeoples? Missionary Aims in Central Asia in theFourteenth Century,” in Christianizing Peoples andConverting Individuals.

‡Recommended Primary Source Readings from Penguin Custom Editions:PWC2-009-A, -B, or -C St. Augustine of Hippo, Augustine Describes

his Conversion

PWC2-051-A, -B, or -C Bede, Augustine of Canterbury

PWC2-053 Bede, The Synod of Whitby

PWC2-050-A, -B, or -C Anonymous, The Voyage of St. Brendan

PWC2-102-A, -B, or -C Anonymous, At War with the Cid

PWC2-152 Roger Bacon, A Plea for the Study of Languages

PWC2-127-A or -B Bernard Gui, The Waldensian Heretics

PWC2-064 Geoffrey of Monmouth, Leir and His Daughters

PWC2-063-A, -B, or -C Geoffrey of Monmouth, King Arthur

PWC3-102 Giovanni Boccaccio, Religious Relativism in the

Fourteenth Century

PWC3-101 Giovanni Boccaccio, A Jew Converts to Christianity



The End of Paganism in EuropeThe British historian Robert Bartlett discusses keyaspects of the move from paganism to Christianity,and Belgian medievalist Alain Dierkens discussesthe archeological evidence for pagan cult sites, inthe process giving a vivid picture of pagan religionin pre-Christian Europe.IW1-050 42 pp.

SELECTIONSRobert Bartlett, “Reflections on Paganism andChristianity in Medieval Europe,” Proceedings of theBritish Academy, 101 (1999).

Alain Dierkens, “The Evidence of Archeology,” in ThePagan Middle Ages.

‡Recommended Primary Source Readings from Penguin Custom Editions:PWC2-064 Geoffrey of Monmouth, Leir and His Daughters

PWC2-166-A or -B Gerald of Wales, The History, Character, and Customs

of the Irish

PWC2-108-A or -B Anonymous, The Norse Discovery of America

PWC2-103 Anonymous, Medieval German Heroes

PWC2-107 Anonymous, Viking Warfare

PWC2-113-A or -B Sir Thomas Malory, Merlin the Wizard

Academic Freedom in the Middle Ages (New!)Courtenay gives an overview of some fifty cases ofteachers disciplined for heresy in the Middle Agesand explores the boundaries of free debate in themedieval university. Thijssen questions whether theconcept of “academic freedom” is an appropriateone for the medieval university and suggests analternate approach to the history of academic powerat the University of Paris: the study of whatuniversity masters had to say about the relativeteaching authority of bishops and theologians.IW1-046 51 pp.

SELECTIONSWilliam Courtenay, “Inquiry and Inquisition:Academic Freedom in the Medieval Universities,” inChurch History, 58 (1989).

J. M. M. H. Thijssen, “Academic Freedom andTeaching Authority,” in Censure and Heresy at theUniversity of Paris, 1200–1400.

‡Recommended Primary Source Readings from Penguin Custom Editions:PWC2-019 Abelard, Condemned as a Heretic

PWC2-135 John of Salisbury, Arnold of Brescia

PWC2-151-A or -B Hugh of St. Victor, On Study and Teaching

Constitutionalism and RepresentativeInstitutions in the Middle AgesTwo modern approaches to the study ofrepresentative institutions are illustrated. Bothhistorians attempt in different ways to take thestory of medieval representative institutions beyondnationalist and liberal historiographical paradigmsand introduce a broader, comparative perspective.IW1-018 35 pp.

SELECTIONSAntonio Marongiu, from Medieval Parliaments: A Comparative Study.

Brian Tierney, “Medieval Canon Law and WesternConstitutionalism,” Catholic Historical Review,52 1966.

‡Recommended Primary Source Readings from Penguin Custom Editions:PWC2-134 Nicholas of Cusa, On the Supremacy of General Councils in

Church and Empire

PWC2-130 Adam Usk, The Election and Coronation of a Pope

Did the Middle Ages Invent the Concept ofHuman Rights? The concept of rights inhering in individuals quahuman beings, a basic principle of modern politicaltheory and constitutionalism, is usually traced backto philosophers of the seventeenth century, such asGrotius and Locke, or to late-medieval nominalism.The distinguished medievalist Brian Tierney makesa case for tracing the concept back to medievalcanon lawyers of the twelfth century instead; hisargument is criticized by the political philosopherErnest Fortin.IW1-047 64 pp.

SELECTIONSBrian Tierney, “Origins of Natural Rights Language:Texts and Contexts, 1150-1250” in The Idea ofNatural Rights: Studies on Natural Rights, NaturalLaw, and Church Law, 1150–1625.

Ernest L. Fortin, “On the Presumed Medieval Originof Individual Rights” in Classical Christianity andthe Political Order: Reflections on the Theological-Political Problem.

‡Recommended Primary Source Readings from Penguin Custom Editions:PWC2-007-A, -B, or -C Thomas Aquinas, Aquinas on Natural Law

PWC2-134 Nicholas of Cusa, On the Supremacy of General Councils in

Church and Empire

11RENAISSANCE

RENAISSANCE

Trade and Commerce in the Middle Ages The Berkeley historian Carlo Cipolla discusses theevolution of business organization, investment, andthe monetary system of the twelfth through thefifteenth centuries.IW1-048 22 pp.

SELECTIONSCarlo M. Cipolla, from Before the IndustrialRevolution.

‡Recommended Primary Source Readings from Penguin Custom Editions:PWC2-124 Anonymous, Advice to a Norwegian Merchant

PWC2-123 Reginald of Durham, The Making of a Merchant: St. Godric

of Finchale

The Medieval Italian City-Republics Two British historians describe the city-republics of thirteenth-and fourteenth-century Italy, oftenseen as precursors of modern republics. IW1-049 58 pp.

SELECTIONSDavid Waley, “Government,” in The Italian City-Republics.

J. K. Hyde, “The Flowering of the Vita Civile,” inSociety and Politics in Medieval Italy.

RENAISSANCEResponses to and Effects of the Black DeathTwo historians discuss the impact of the BlackDeath on European society, economy, and culture. IW1-019 49 pp.

SELECTIONSJohn Hatcher, “England in the Aftermath of theBlack Death,” Past and Present, 144 (1994).

David Herlihy, “Modes of Thought and Feeling,”from The Black Death and the Transformation of the West.

‡Recommended Primary Source Readings from Penguin Custom Editions:PWC2-128 Henry Knighton, The Impact of The Black Death

PWC2-126 Anonymous, The English Peasant’s Revolt

PWC3-100 Giovanni Boccaccio, The Black Death

Did Women Have a Renaissance?Joan Kelly-Gadol asks in a famous essay “DidWomen Have a Renaissance?” and answers with aresounding “No.” David Herlihy was among themany who responded to Kelly’s article, pointing outthat the decline in women’s power and statusbegan long before the Renaissance.IW1-020 53 pp.

SELECTIONSJoan Kelly-Gadol, “Did Women Have aRenaissance?” in Becoming Visible: Women inEuropean History.

David Herlihy, “Did Women Have a Renaissance? A Reconsideration,” Medievalia et Humanistica,1985, reprinted in Herlihy, Women, Family andSociety in Medieval Europe.

‡Recommended Primary Source Readings from Penguin Custom Editions:PWC3-074-A or B Leon Battista Alberti, excerpts from Book of the Family

PWC3-107 Giovanni Boccaccio, An Ideal Wife: The Patient Griselda

PWC3-008 thru PWC3-010 Baldesar Castiglione, excerpts from The

Book of the Courtier

PWC2-021 Heloise, Woman Is More Bitter than Death

PWC3-089 Niccolò Machiavelli, Fortune Is a Woman

PWC3-073-A Francesco Petrarch, The Scholar-Poet and His Love

PWC2-190, PWC2-191 Christine de Pizan, excerpts from The Book of the

City of Ladies

PWC2-192 Christine de Pizan, The Good Prince

PWC2-193 Christine de Pizan, Just and Unjust War

PWC3-110 thru PWC3-112 Laura Cereta, excerpts from Collected Letters of

a Renaissance Feminist

PWC3-113 Cassandra Fedele, Orations on Virtue and Literature

PWC3-114 Juan Luis Vives, On the Education of Women

PWC3-115 Marguerite de Navarre, Powerful Women

PWC3-116 John Knox, Why Women Should Not Rule.

PWC3-117 Aemilia Lanyer, To Anne of Denmark on the Qualities

of Women

PWC3-118 Aemilia Lanyer, A Feminist Reads the Bible

The Pre-Modern Family: Two ApproachesTwo approaches to the history of the family areillustrated. In the first essay, David Herlihy usesmethods from anthropology, sociology, andstatistics (as well as traditional literary sources) to define the household system of the later MiddleAges. In the second, Steven Ozment mines familyarchives and papers to disclose the intimate life ofpre-modern families. In this essay he describes thekinds of advice parents gave to their children insixteenth-century Germany.IW1-027 45 pp.

SELECTIONSDavid Herlihy, “The Household System in the LateMiddle Ages,” from Medieval Households.

Steven Ozment, “Parental Advice,” from Ancestors:The Loving Family in Old Europe.

‡Recommended Primary Source Readings from Penguin Custom Editions:PWC2-125 Anonymous, The Good Wife

PWC3-107 Giovanni Boccaccio, An Ideal Wife: The Patient Griselda

PWC2-325 Geoffrey Chaucer, The Miller’s Tale

PWC2-064 Geoffrey of Monmouth, Lear and His Daughters

PWC2-300, PWC2-301 Margery Kempe, excerpts from The Book of

Margery Kempe

PWC3-061 François Rabelais, To Marry or Not to Marry

The "Baron Thesis" and the RenaissanceOrigins of Modern Political CultureHans Baron’s famous “thesis,” the most influentialinterpretation of Renaissance history in the secondhalf of the twentieth century, held that the humanistmovement—the Renaissance movement to revive the culture of classical antiquity—becamepoliticized in the early fifteenth century. An articleby James Hankins summarizes criticisms that havebeen made of Baron’s thesis and suggests anotherunderstanding of humanist political thought.IW1-021 51 pp.

SELECTIONSWallace K. Ferguson, “The Interpretation of ItalianHumanism: The Contribution of Hans Baron,”Journal of the History of Ideas, 19 (1958).

Hans Baron, “Moot Problems of RenaissanceInterpretation: An Answer to Wallace K. Ferguson,”Journal of the History of Ideas, 19 (1958).

James Hankins, “The Baron Thesis after FortyYears,” Journal of the History of Ideas, 56 (1995).

‡Recommended Primary Source Readings from Penguin Custom Editions:PWC5-261 thru PWC5-262 Jacob Burckhardt, excerpts from The Civilization of

the Renaissance in Italy

PWC3-003-B Baldesar Castiglione, Arms versus Letters

PWC3-051-A Erasmus, The Empire of Folly

PWC3-545 Erasmus, The Unity of Classical and Christian Learning

PWC3-547-A Erasmus, How Can Peace Be Achieved?

PWC3-548-A Erasmus, Humanizing Religious Discipline

PWC3-020, PWC3-095-A Niccolò Machiavelli, excerpts from

The Discourses

PWC3-080-A thru PWC3-082 Niccolò Machiavelli, excerpts from The Art

of War

PWC3-023 and PWC3-024 Thomas More, excerpts from Utopia

PWC3-053 François Rabelais, A Giant’s Education

PWC2-153 Coluccio Salutati, In Defense of Liberal Studies

Education in Renaissance Italy: Tradition or Innovation? Two historians of Renaissance education debatewhether the humanist movement brought about a major change in school curricula and teachingmethods. At stake is the modernity of Renaissancehumanism and the modernity of the Renaissance itself.IW1-051 68 pp.

SELECTIONSPaul F. Grendler, The Coming of the “StuidaHumanitatis” in Schooling in Renaissance Italy:Literacy and Learning, 1300–1600.

Robert Black, “Italian Renaissance Education:Changing Perspectives and ContinuingControversies,” Journal of the History of Ideas,52.2 (1991).

Paul F. Grendler, “Reply to Robert Black,” Journal ofthe History of Ideas, 52.2 (1991).

Robert Black, “Reply to Paul Grendler,” Journal ofthe History of Ideas, 52.2 (1991).

‡Recommended Primary Source Readings from Penguin Custom Editions:PWC2-151-A or -B Hugh of St. Victor, On Study and Teaching

PWC2-153 Coluccio Salutati, In Defense of Liberal Studies

PWC3-545-A or -B Desiderius Erasmus, The Unity of Classical and

Christian Learning

PWC3-003-B Baldesar Castiglione, Arms versus Letters

PWC3-053 François Rabelais, A Giant’s Education



Artists and Patrons in the RenaissanceA social historian and an art historian discuss thevarious contexts in which art was produced duringthe Renaissance and how these contexts can helptoday’s understanding of Renaissance art.IW1-053 49 pp.

SELECTIONSPeter Burke, “Patrons and Clients” in ItalianRenaissance: Culture and Society in Italy.

Michael Baxandall, from Painting and Experience inFifteenth Century Italy.

‡Recommended Primary Source Readings from Penguin Custom Editions:PWC2-138 Lorenzo Ghiberti, Giotto

PWC3-076 Leonardo da Vinci, Portrait of a Renaissance Artist

PWC3-004 Baldesar Castiglione, Painting and Sculpture Compared

PWC3-041 Giorgio Vasari, Brunelleschi Builds the Dome of the

Florentine Cathedral

PWC3-040 Giorgio Vasari, Michelangelo Paints the Sistine Ceiling

Marginalized Social Groups in Renaissance FlorenceTwo samples from the rich historical literature onthe society of Renaissance Florence, the most fullydocumented of all pre-modern societies, arepresented. IW1-022 80 pp.

SELECTIONSRichard C. Trexler, “Celibacy in the Renaissance: The Nuns of Florence,” from Power and Dependencein Renaissance Florence, vol. 2: The Women of Florence.

Michael Rocke, from Forbidden Friendships:Homosexuality and Male Culture in Renaissance Florence.

‡Recommended Primary Source Readings from Penguin Custom Editions:PWC3-104 and PWC3-105 Giovanni Boccaccio, excerpts

from Decameron

PWC3-078 Michelangelo Buonarroti, Lyrical Meditations of an Artist


Machiavelli and Modern Political Thought Two historians of political science debate themodernity of Machiavelli. Quentin Skinneremphasizes his continuity with medieval andRenaissance republican thought, while Paul Raheargues for his essential modernity.IW1-052 62 pp.

SELECTIONSQuentin Skinner, “Machiavelli’s Discorsi and thePre-Humanist Origins of Republican Ideas,” inMachiavelli and Republicanism.

Paul A. Rahe, “Situating Machiavelli,” inRenaissance Civic Humanism: Reappraisals and Reflections.

‡Recommended Primary Source Readings from Penguin Custom Editions:PWC3-091 Niccolò Machiavelli, A New Way, Untrodden by Anyone Else

PWC3-092 Niccolò Machiavelli, A Theory of Political Constitutions

PWC3-093-A, -B, or -C Niccolò Machiavelli, The Benefits of Discord

PWC3-094-A or -B Niccolò Machiavelli, The Political Uses of Religion

PWC3-095-A or -B Niccolò Machiavelli, Virtue and Corruption

PWC3-096 Niccolò Machiavelli, Learning How to be Bad

PWC3-097-A or -B Niccolò Machiavelli, Why it is Hard to Remain Free

PWC3-098 Niccolò Machiavelli, Equality and the Advantages of

Popular Government

PWC3-099 Niccolò Machiavelli, How Rome Became Great

PWC3-014 Niccolò Machiavelli, Republican Empires

PWC3-015 Niccolò Machiavelli, Eternal Recurrence and New Religions

PWC3-016-A or -B Niccolò Machiavelli, The Causes of War

PWC3-017 Niccolò Machiavelli, The Need for Reformation

PWC3-018 Niccolò Machiavelli, Why it is Necessary to Kill the Sons

of Brutus

PWC3-019-A, -B, or -C Niccolò Machiavelli, A Primer on the Art

of Conspiracy

PWC3-020 Niccolò Machiavelli, Republican Dignity

PWC3-021 Niccolò Machiavelli, Preserving the Republic through

Bloodshed

PWC3-080-A or -B Niccolò Machiavelli, The Republican Citizen-Soldier

PWC3-081 Niccolò Machiavelli, Virtù and Fortuna

PWC3-082 Niccolò Machiavelli, A Call for a Renaissance of

Military Virtue

PWC3-083 Niccolò Machiavelli, The Constitutional Theory of a Realist

PWC3-084 Niccolò Machiavelli, The Political Practice of the Borgias

PWC3-085 Niccolò Machiavelli, The Prince, the Nobility, and the People

PWC3-086-A or -B Niccolò Machiavelli, Mercenaries and Citizen

Militia Compared

PWC3-087 Niccolò Machiavelli, True and False Virtue

PWC3-088-A or -B Niccolò Machiavelli, Whether it is Better to Be

Loved than Feared

PWC3-089 Niccolò Machiavelli, Fortune Is a Woman

PWC3-090 Niccolò Machiavelli, Exhortation to Free Italy from

the Barbarians

PWC3-079 Niccolò Machiavelli, How I Wrote The Prince

13RENAISSANCE

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What was the Reformation?Two American historians describe the Reformationfrom different perspectives. Kingdon concludes thatthe Reformation was a social, political andeconomic revolution as well as a religious one,while Ozment, by contrast, focuses on lay religiousattitudes and their transformation by the Protestantmessage.IW1-023 51 pp.

SELECTIONSRobert M. Kingdon, “Was the ProtestantReformation a Revolution? The Example ofGeneva,” in Transition and Revolution: Problemsand Issues of European Renaissance and Reformation History.

Steven Ozment, “The Revolution of Pamphleteers,” from Protestants: The Birth of a Revolution.

Unidentified Artist, Vienna, ca. 1530, Woodcut: ThePope Fleeces His Sheep in Max Geisberg: TheSingle-Leaf Woodcut, 1500–1550, vol. 4.

J. Breu the Elder, Woodcut: Why German MintersMust Strike New Coins Daily in The Single-LeafWoodcut, 1500-1550, vol. 1, Max Geisberg.

‡Recommended Primary Source Readings from Penguin Custom Editions:PWC1-191 The Bible, Pauline Theology

PWC3-034 Martin Luther, Christian Freedom

PWC3-035 Martin Luther, Christian Marriage

PWC3-036 Martin Luther, Against the Authority of the Roman Church

PWC3-037 Martin Luther, Against the Sale of Indulgences

PWC3-138 thru PWC3-141 Martin Luther, excerpts from The

Protestant Reformation

PWC3-139 Martin Luther, Luther Rebukes the Rebelling Peasants

(May, 1525)

PWC3-142 Martin Luther, Obedience to Secular Authorities

PWC3-137 Anonymous, Peasant Rebels State their Demands (1525)

PWC3-143 John Calvin, Free Will and Predestination

PWC3-144, PWC3-145 John Calvin, excerpts from The


PWC4-006 John Bunyan, The Religious Conversion of John Bunyan

PWC6-126 Max Weber, Calvinism

Printing and the ReformationTwo historians discuss the role of printing in thesuccess of the Protestant Reformation. ElizabethEisenstein argues that it was the invention ofprinting and the development of a mass market for the printed word that saved the ProtestantReformation from the fate of other hereticalmovements in the Middle Ages. Robert W. Scribner’s essay, by contrast, focuses on the waysprinted materials, both texts and images, wereadapted to appeal to “simple folk,” and exploitedpopular superstitions in order to spread the Reformation message.IW1-024 101 pp.

SELECTIONSElizabeth L. Eisenstein, “The Advent of Printing andthe Protestant Revolt: A New Approach to theDisruption of Western Christendom,” Annales:Economies, Societies, Civilisations, 26.6 (1971).

Robert W. Scribner, Print and Propaganda in theGerman Reformation from For the Sake of SimpleFolk: Popular Propaganda for the GermanReformation, 2nd ed.

‡Recommended Primary Source Readings from Penguin Custom Editions:PWC1-191 The Bible, Pauline Theology

PWC3-137 Anonymous, Peasant Rebels State their Demands (1525)


PWC3-035 Martin Luther, Christian Marriage

PWC3-036 Martin Luther, Against the Authority of the Roman Church

PWC3-037 Martin Luther, Against the Sale of Indulgences

PWC3-138 thru PWC3-141 Martin Luther, excerpts from The


PWC3-139 Martin Luther, Luther Rebukes the Rebelling Peasants

(May, 1525)

PWC3-142 Martin Luther, Obedience to Secular Authorities


The Reformation in England Two social historians debate the hotly contestedissue whether ordinary Englishmen welcomed theReformation or whether the ecclesiologicalrevolution begun under Henry VIII was forced by thestate on an unwilling populace.IW1-054 63 pp.



SELECTIONSEamon Duffy, “The Impact of Reform: Parishes,”Stripping of the Altars: Traditional Religion inEngland, c. 1400–1580.

Ethan H. Shagan, “Anti-Clericalism, Popular Politics,and the Henrician Reform,” in Popular Politics andthe English Reformation.

‡Recommended Primary Source Readings from Penguin Custom Editions:PWC3-334 William Tyndale, Kings and Clergy

PWC3-333 William Tyndale, On the Christian Household

PWC3-335 William Tyndale, On Scripture Reading

PWC3-339 Various Authors, English Renaissance Poets on the

Christian Faith

The Reformation and Social RadicalismTwo social historians discuss how the ProtestantReformation unleashed radical egalitarianism,anticlerical violence, and communitarianism inGerman reformed towns and in the short-livedAnabaptist regime in Müenster.IW1-055 51 pp.

SELECTIONSNorman Cohn, “The Egalitarian Millennium,” in The Pursuit of the Millennium: RevolutionaryMillenarians and Mystical Anarchists of the Middle Ages.

Peter Blickle, The Reformation in the City andTerritory of Erfurt: A Paradigmatic Case.

‡Recommended Primary Source Readings from Penguin Custom Editions:PWC3-036 Martin Luther, Against the Authority of the Roman Church


Protestantism and the Rise of CapitalismThe “Weber thesis,” first advanced by the Germansociologist Max Weber in the early twentiethcentury, held that the “spirit of modern capitalism,”the ascetic, accumulative spirit that allowedWestern traders, industrialists, and financiers toamass huge stores of capital for investment, was akind of psychological by-product of Calvinism. In thetwo essays reprinted here, Kemper Fullerton gives aconvenient overview of Weber’s longer and more detailed argument, while the economichistorian Kurt Samuelsson subjects Weber’s thesis to searching criticism. IW1-025 54 pp.

SELECTIONSKemper Fullerton, “Calvinism and Capitalism: AnExplanation of the Weber Thesis,” The HarvardTheological Review, 21 (1928).

Kurt Samuelsson, Religion and Economic Action,from Religion and Economic Action.

‡Recommended Primary Source Readings from Penguin Custom Editions:PWC3-143 John Calvin, Free Will and Predestination

PWC3-144, PWC3-145 John Calvin, excerpts from The Protestant

Reformation


PWC6-126 Max Weber, Calvinism

Martyrdom and Religious Violence in theFrench Wars of ReligionNatalie Zemon Davis studies religious violence insixteenth-century France as a species ofpreindustrial crowd violence. She explains howconditions were generated that permitted crowds toengage in “guilt-free violence” against fellowChristians, and argues that religious violence wasrational, goal-oriented behavior not to be explainedby appeals to class struggle, status loss, or theirrationalism of the crowd. Robert M. Kingdon tellsthe story of one victim of official religious violenceduring the St. Bartholomew’s Day Massacres, andexplains how the tale of his martyrdom was shapedinto a conspiracy theory by Calvinistcontroversialists bent on challenging the authorityof the French monarchy and the papacy.IW1-056 60 pp.

SELECTIONSNatalie Zemon Davis, “The Rites of Violence,” inSociety and Culture in Early Modern France.

Robert M. Kingdon, from Myths about the St.Bartholomew’s Day Massacres.

‡Recommended Primary Source Readings from Penguin Custom Editions:PWC3-549-A, -B, or -C Desiderius Erasmus, How to Restore Unity to

the Church

PWC3-547-A, -B, or -C Desiderius Erasmus, How Can Peace

Be Achieved?

PWC3-063 Ignatius of Loyola, Early Modern Religious Ardor

PWC3-064-A or -B Ignatius of Loyola, How to Become a Spiritual Soldier

PWC3-070 Ignatius of Loyola, Thinking with the Church

PWC3-175-A Michel de Montaigne, Cannibals

PWC3-179 Michel de Montaigne, Comparing the Old World and the New

15RENAISSANCE

RENAISSANCE

The Military RevolutionThe military revolution took place in the periodroughly from 1500 to 1650 when the scale andcharacter of warfare changed dramatically. GeoffreyParker discusses these changes in a critical reviewof Michael Robert’s original “Military Revolution”thesis, and suggests the importance of therevolution for state-formation in the early modernperiod. Brian M. Downing takes Parker’s discussion much further. He argues that thedifferential impact of the military revolution indifferent parts of Europe explains whyconstitutionalism survived in some countries and in others was driven out by absolutism.IW1-026 56 pp.

SELECTIONSGeoffrey Parker, “The ‘Military Revolution,’1560–1660 – A Myth?” Journal of Modern History, 48 (1976).

Brian M. Downing, from The Military Revolution andPolitical Change: Origins of Democracy andAutocracy in Early Modern Europe.

‡Recommended Primary Source Readings from Penguin Custom Editions:PWC3-323 Miguel de Cervantes, Memories of a Soldier

PWC2-060 Froissart, The Siege of Calais

PWC3-086 Niccolò Machiavelli, Mercenaries and Citizen

Militia Compared

PWC1-077 Polybius, The Roman Military System

PWC1-218 Polybius, The Greek Phalanx versus the Roman Legion

Witchhunting: Patriarchal Persecution?Two historians debate the issue of why, in theperiod of the great witchhunts (roughly 1450–1750),most witchcraft accusations were made againstwomen. IW1-028 50 pp.

SELECTIONS Marianne Hester, “Patriarchal Reconstruction andWitch Hunting,” in Witchcraft in Early ModernEurope: Studies in Culture and Belief.

Robin Briggs, “Men against Women: The Genderingof Witchcraft,” in Witches & Neighbors: The Socialand Cultural Context of European Witchcraft.

‡Recommended Primary Source Readings from Penguin Custom Editions:PWC3-168 Benvenuto Cellini, Cellini Consults a Necromancer

PWC2-113 Sir Thomas Malory, Merlin the Wizard

PWC3-312 Christopher Marlowe, Faustus’s Bargain

Merchants and States in Comparative Perspective Michael N. Pearson discusses the role of the early modern state in promoting or inhibitingeconomic development, particularly trade,addressing the influence of such issues as the size of states, competition between states, class structure, revenue resources, and ideological factors. IW1-057 54 pp.

SELECTIONMichael N. Pearson, “Merchants and States,” in ThePolitical Economy of Merchant Empires: State Powerand World Trade, 1350–1750.

European Empires and Indigenous Cultures, 1550-1750Kenneth Andrien addresses the literary productionthat emerged with the overlapping of Spanish andInca cultures in the Andes, 1530–1615. RichardWhite writes on French-Algonquian relations,including diplomacy and marriage, in the GreatLakes region. Both describe how Europeans andIndians constructed a world that was a mixture ofwhite and indigenous traditions.IW2-032 52 pp.

SELECTIONSKenneth J. Andrien, “Andean Culture and SocietyUnder Colonial Rule,” from Andean Worlds:Indigenous History, Culture, and ConsciousnessUnder Spanish Rule, 1532–1825.

Guaman Poma, Illustrations: “A dinner,” “Acorregidor,” and Lust and Licentiousness,” from Elprimer neueva coronica.

Richard White, “The Middle Ground,” from TheMiddle Ground: Indians, Empires, and Republics inthe Great Lakes Region, 1650–1815.



Intellectual Impact of the New World Encounter The critic and historian of literature StephenGreenblatt explores how Europeans understood—orfailed to understand—native American cultures inthe absence of a common language among them,and how the lack of a linguistic and cultural bridgebetween peoples paradoxically increased the powerof the conqueror over the conquered. AnthonyGrafton describes how what the Europeans found inthe New World created a crisis in European modesof understanding and representing the world.IW1-058 78 pp.

SELECTIONSStephen Greenblatt, “Kidnapping Language,” inMarvelous Possessions: The Wonder of the New World.

Anthony Grafton, from New Worlds, Ancient Texts:The Power of Tradition and the Shock of Discovery.

‡Recommended Primary Source Readings from Penguin Custom Editions:PWC3-178 Christopher Columbus, Journal of the First Voyage

PWC3-177 Christopher Columbus, Letter on the Discovery of the

New World

PWC3-026 Thomas More, Imagining the Ideal Community

PWC3-027 Thomas More, True Wealth

PWC3-028 Thomas More, In Praise of Pleasure

PWC3-029 Thomas More, Utopian Warfare

PWC3-030 Thomas More, Utopian Natural Religion


PWC3-175-B Michel de Montaigne, A Brief Description of the Custom

of Cannibals

PWC3-179 Michel de Montaigne, Comparing the Old World and the New

New World Cultural Encounters, 1550-1650Presented here is J. H. Elliott’s essay on theassimilation of the New World into the intellectualframework of Christian Europe during the secondhalf of the sixteenth century. The chapter alsoincludes an extract from James Axtell’s criticalIndian views of English and French explorer from1550 onward.IW2-031 40 pp.

SELECTIONSJ. H. Elliott, “The Process of Assimilation,” from TheOld World and The New 1492–1650.

James Axtell, “Through Another Glass Darkly: Early Indian Views of Europeans,” from AfterColumbus: Essays in the Ethnohistory of ColonialNorth America.

‡Recommended Primary Source Readings from Penguin Custom Editions:PWC3-177 Christopher Columbus, Letter on the Discovery of the

New World

PWC3-178 Christopher Columbus, Journal of the First Voyage

PWC3-176 Bartolomé de Las Casas, The Destruction of the Amerindians


Science and Religion from the Middle Ages to the RenaissanceTwo moments in the historical encounter betweenthe Christian faith and science are described.Edward Grant concludes that science and theologyhad relatively conflict-free relations in the MiddleAges, and William Ashworth gives a picture of therelations between science and Catholicism fourcenturies later. In the seventeenth century, Catholicscientists were concerned to make a sharpdistinction between the methods of science and the modes of religious belief.IW1-029 60 pp.

SELECTIONSEdward Grant, “Science and Theology in the MiddleAges,” in God and Nature: Historical Essays on theEncounter between Christianity and Science.

William B. Ashworth, “Catholicism and EarlyModern Science,” in God and Nature: HistoricalEssays on the Encounter between Christianity and Science.

‡Recommended Primary Source Readings from Penguin Custom Editions:PWC2-005 Thomas Aquinas, Faith and Reason

PWC2-006 Thomas Aquinas, Proofs of God’s Existence

PWC3-033 Galileo Galilei, Principles of Scientific Method

PWC3-181 Galileo Galilei, Science and Scripture

PWC3-032 Galileo Galilei, An Exciting Scientific Discovery

PWC3-070 Ignatius Loyola, Thinking with the Church

PWC4-136 thru PWC4-138 Blaise Pascal, excerpts from Pensées

17RENAISSANCE

RENAISSANCE

The Yates Thesis, Occultism, and the Origins of Modern Science In the 1960s, the British historian Frances Yates laidout an argument that “the rise of modern science”could be traced back to philosophical magicians ofthe Italian Renaissance, founders of a “Hermetictradition.” This unit reprints an essay by Yatessummarizing her thesis and an article by Brian P.Copenhaver discussing various criticisms that havebeen made of it, and offering various clarificationsof terms and sources.IW1-059 61 pp.

SELECTIONSFrances Yates, “The Hermetic Tradition inRenaissance Science,” in Art, Science, and Historyin the Renaissance.

Brian P. Copenhaver, “Natural Magic, Hermetism,and Occultism in Early Modern Science,” inReappraisals of the Scientific Revolution.

‡Recommended Primary Source Readings from Penguin Custom Editions:PWC3-075 Giovanni Pico della Mirandola, The Dignity of Man


The Galileo Trial Two experts on Galileo discuss the evidence for histrial, which is often seen as a defining episode inthe rivalry between science and religion. StillmanDrake sees professors of philosophy as the culpritin Galileo’s condemnation, while Robert Blackwellblames a certain conception of Biblical authorityadvanced by Cardinal Robert Bellarmine.IW1-060 42 pp.

SELECTIONSStillman Drake, “On the Conflicting Documents ofthe Galileo Trial,” and “Galileo and the Church,” inEssays on Galileo and the History and Philosophy of Science.

Robert Blackwell, “Reflections on Truth in Scienceand Religion,” in Galileo, Bellarmine, and the Bible.

‡Recommended Primary Source Readings from Penguin Custom Editions:PWC3-033 Galileo Galilei, Principles of Scientific Method



Framing the Scientific RevolutionThese readings illustrate different ways ofcharacterizing scientific activity in early modernEurope. Margaret J. Osler examines the overall shiftfrom “essentialism” to “non-essentialism” inscientific discourse. Lesley B. Cormack focuses onone discipline, geography, in one place, England,and she examines its relationship to cultural self-definition and global expansion. Lewis S. Feuersuggests that the history of scientific ideas must belinked to the history of the emotions.IW2-005 51 pp.

SELECTIONS Margaret J. Osler, “Galileo, Motion, and Essences,”from The Scientific Enterprise in Early ModernEurope: Readings from Isis.

Lesley B. Cormack, “‘Good Fences Make GoodNeighbors’: Geography as Self-Definition in EarlyModern England,” from The Scientific Enterprise inEarly Modern Europe: Readings from Isis.

Lewis S. Feuer, from The Scientific Intellectual: ThePsychological and Sociological Origins of Modern Science.

‡Recommended Primary Source Readings from Penguin Custom Editions:PWC3-033 Galileo Galilei, Principles of Scientific Method



Women and the Scientific RevolutionLonda Schiebinger writes on how female artisansbecame scientists in early modern Germany. EricaHarth addresses the place of women in the Parisiansalon and the uneasy relationship between thisinstitution and the male-dominated academies.IW2-034 39 pp.

SELECTIONS Londa Schiebinger, “Scientific Women in the CraftTradition,” in The Mind Has No Sex?: Women in theOrigins of Modern Science.

Erica Harth, “Gender and Discursive Space(s) in theSeventeenth Century,” in Cartesian Women:Versions and Subversions of Rational Discourse inthe Old Regime.



The Thirty Years’ War With one eye on Europe’s impending new conflict, C. V. Wedgwood, writing in 1939, describes the Thirty Years’ War as an unmitigateddisaster. S. H. Steinberg questions the “cataclysmic interpretation.”IW2-010 35 pp.

SELECTIONS C. V. Wedgwood, from The Thirty Years’ War.

S. H. Steinberg, The Thirty Years’ War and theConflict for European Hegemony, 1600–1660.

ANCIEN RÉGIMEDescartes and ModernityA brief extract from Martial Gueroult’s discussion ofCartesian rationality is followed by two longerextracts from Richard Watson and Stephen Toulminon the modernity of Descartes. Watson exuberantlycredits Descartes with the development of scienceand technology. Toulmin casts doubt on Descartesfor devaluing “the oral, the particular, the local, thetimely, and the concrete.”IW2-014 43 pp.

SELECTIONS Martial Geroult, from “Cartesian Metaphysics andthe Order of Reasons,” in Descartes’ PhilosophyInterpreted According to the Order of Reasons,Volume I: The Soul and God.

Richard Watson, “The Curse of Cartesianism,” fromCogito, Ergo Sum: The Life of Rene Descartes.

Stephen Toulmin, from Cosmopolis: The HiddenAgenda of Modernity.

‡Recommended Primary Source Readings from Penguin Custom Editions:PWC3-540 thru PWC3-542 René Descartes, excerpts from Discourse

of Method

Private Life in the Seventeenth CenturyLawrence Stone writes about the rise ofindividualism and selfhood in seventeenth-centuryEnglish culture: new genres of autobiography,private religious opinions, and the growingemphasis on the sensual. Jonathan Dewaldaddresses the significance of writing and letterexchange in seventeenth-century French aristocratic culture.IW2-033 40 pp.

SELECTIONS Lawrence Stone, “The Growth of AffectiveIndividualism,” from The Family, Sex and MarriageIn England 1500–1800.

Jonathan Dewald, “The Meanings of Writing,” fromAristocratic Experience and the Origins of ModernCulture: France, 1570–1715.

‡Recommended Primary Source Readings from Penguin Custom Editions:PWC3-182 William Shakespeare, Sonnets

PWC3-184 John Donne, Songs and Sonnets

PWC4-095 Andrew Marvell, To His Coy Mistress

PWC4-099 Andrew Marvell, The Garden

Religious Origins of the English RevolutionLawrence Stone outlines four modes of thought thatcontributed to the English Revolution of the mid-seventeenth century: Puritanism, the theory of thecommon law, “Country” ideology, and skepticism.Christopher Hill examines how religious radicalismstarted by overturning the established order andended by breeding secular political thought, whichoverturned the Revolution’s radical beginnings.IW2-025 36 pp.

SELECTIONS Lawrence Stone, from “The Causes of the EnglishRevolution 1529–1642” in The Causes of the EnglishRevolution 1529–1642.

Christopher Hill, “God and the English Revolution”from The Collected Essays of Christopher Hill,Volume Two: Religion and Politics in 17th Century England.

‡Recommended Primary Source Readings from Penguin Custom Editions:PWC3-180 James I, The Divine Right of Kings

PWC3-185 Sir William Clarke, The Putney Debates

PWC4-002 Thomas Hobbes, On Sovereignty

19ANCIEN RÉGIME

ANCIEN RÉGIME

Social Origins of the English RevolutionChristopher Hill defends Marx and Engels’s thesisthat the English Revolution was a bourgeoisrevolution. Lawrence Stone reviews the ferociousdebates over the English Revolution and calls uponhistorians to rethink the relationship betweensociety and politics.IW2-026 49 pp.

SELECTIONS Christopher Hill, “A Bourgeois Revolution?” fromThe Collected Essays of Christopher Hill, VolumeThree: People and Ideas in 17th Century England.

Lawrence Stone, “The Social Origins of the EnglishRevolution,” from The Causes of the EnglishRevolution 1529–1642.

Republican Theory in the Struggle against AbsolutismQuentin Skinner outlines the place of classicalnotions of liberty in the ideological origins of theEnglish civil war of 1642–49.IW1-030 23 pp.

SELECTION Quentin Skinner, “Classical Liberty and the Comingof the English Civil War,” in Republicanism: AShared European Heritage, vol. II: The Values ofRepublicanism in Early Modern Europe.

‡Recommended Primary Source Readings from Penguin Custom Editions:PWC1-507, PWC1-508 Aristotle, excerpts from The Politics

PWC3-185 Sir William Clarke, The Putney Debates

PWC3-180 James I, The Divine Right of Kings

PWC1-269, PWC1-270 Cicero, excerpts from On The Good Life

PWC1-273 Cicero, An Enemy of Freedom

PWC1-276, PWC1-278, PWC1-279 Cicero, excerpts from On Government

The Reign of Louis XIVPierre Goubert uses Louis XIV’s memoirs to portraythe grandeur of his first years as monarch. RolandMousnier describes the institutional “revolution”under the government under Louis XIV. Peter Burkediscusses the contradiction of Louis XIV, a sacredruler living in an increasingly secular age.IW2-022 34 pp.

SELECTIONS Pierre Goubert, “1661: The Young King in Quest ofGlory,” from Louis XIV and Twenty MillionFrenchmen.

Roland Mousnier, “Louis XIV, Revolutionary,” fromThe Greatness of Louis XIV: Myth or Reality?

Peter Burke, “The Crisis of Representations,” fromThe Fabrication of Louis XIV.

‡Recommended Primary Source Reading from Penguin Custom Editions:PWC4-091 Madame de Sévigné, An Inside View of Louis XIV’s Court

Peasant Revolts in 17th-Century FranceWilliam Beik writes on the cultural factorsunderlying popular urban protest in seventeenth-century France. Yves-Marie Bercé describes one ofthe most sustained popular rebellions in Frenchhistory, the peasant uprisings in the Périgord,1637–1641. Both readings emphasize honor and thesense of communal justice as reasons for revolt.IW2-030 24 pp.

SELECTIONS William Beik, from Urban Protest in Seventeenth-Century France: The Culture of Retribution.

Yves-Marie Bercé, “The Rising of the Communes ofPérigord, 1637–1641,” from History of PeasantRevolts: The Social Origins of Rebellion in EarlyModern France.



The Glorious Revolution: National andInternational InterpretationsG. M. Trevelyan gives a classic Whig account of therise of national sentiment against James II and theformation of a uniquely liberal English polity.Jonathan Israel emphasizes the role of Dutch intervention and broadly challenges the premisethat every important happening in England must bedue to English causes.IW2-004 31 pp.

SELECTIONS G. M. Trevelyan, from The English Revolution1688–1689.

Jonathan I. Israel, “‘General Introduction’ to TheAnglo-Dutch Moment,” from The Anglo-DutchMoment: Essays on the Glorious Revolution and itsWorld Impact.

‡Recommended Primary Source Readings from Penguin Custom Editions:PWC4-022 John Locke, On Resistance

Everyday Life in Early Modern Europe: Annales HistoryPierre Goubert on the French peasantry in the seventeenth century: marriage, fertility, birth,and the challenges of surviving childhood. Fernand Braudel on the consumption of water,coffee, and alcohol in the period 1500–1800.Goubert sketches the harsh limits of everyday life;Braudel emphasizes the unfolding pleasures ofcommercial change.IW2-013 48 pp.

SELECTIONS Pierre Goubert, “Birth and Survival,” from TheFrench Peasantry in the Seventeenth Century.

Fernand Braudel, from “Food and Drink,” inCapitalism and Material Life 1400–1800.

Enlightened Absolutism G. Parry outlines the European-wide debatebetween “rationalist” and “traditionalist” views ofgovernment. Keith Michael Baker analyzes in depthTurgot’s plan to transform the French absolutemonarchy into an enlightened administration.IW2-023 30 pp.

SELECTIONS G. Parry, “Enlightened Government and its Critics inGermany,” in Enlightened Despotism.

Keith Michael Baker, from Condorcet: From NaturalPhilosophy to Social Mathematics.

Absolute Monarchy as Ideology and Practice Marc Raeff writes on the “well-ordered policestate,” and Michel Foucault on “the greatconfinement.” Emphasis is on the dynamism,utilitarianism, and moral energy underlying the centralizing state in early-modern Europe. Theseparation of state from society is Raeff’s maintheme; the social segregation of the unproductive is Foucault’s.IW2-007 44 pp.

SELECTIONS Marc Raeff, The Well-Ordered Police State: Socialand Institutional Change through Law in theGermanies and Russia, 1600–1800.

Michel Foucault, “The Great Confinement,” inMadness and Civilization: A History of Insanity in theAge of Reason.

‡Recommended Primary Source Reading from Penguin Custom Editions:PWC4-002 Thomas Hobbes, On Sovereignty

21ANCIEN RÉGIME

ANCIEN RÉGIME

The Enlightenment: Medieval or Modern?Carl Becker argues that the ideals of theEnlightenment were based on faith, not reason.Peter Gay responds with a defense of the modernityand secular integrity of the Enlightenment.IW2-001 24 pp.

SELECTIONS Carl Becker, from The Heavenly City of the Eighteenth-Century Philosophers.

Peter Gay, “Carl Becker’s Heavenly City,” from TheParty of Humanity: Essays in the FrenchEnlightenment.

‡Recommended Primary Source Readings from Penguin Custom Editions:PWC4-178 Montesquieu, Political Faith and Faithful Nature

PWC4-005 Voltaire, The Adventures of Candide

PWC4-117 David Hume, On the Existence of God

John Locke: Liberty and PropertyAccording to Maurice Cranston, Locke sethumankind on the road to liberty. Cranston gives ashort biography of Locke and explains the basicelements of Locke’s theory of natural rights. C. B.Macpherson argues that Locke was not a defenderof liberty in general; he was concerned instead tojustify class difference and to provide a moraljustification for capitalist society.IW2-047 32 pp.

SELECTIONS Maurice Cranston, Locke.

C. B. Macpherson, from Locke: Political Theory of Appropriation.

‡Recommended Primary Source Readings from Penguin Custom Editions:PWC4-021 John Locke, The Forms of Government

PWC4-022 John Locke, On Resistance

PWC4-020 John Locke, The Origins of Property

PWC4-019 John Locke, The State of Nature

Rousseau: Politics and VirtueRobert Wokler provides a close reading of TheSocial Contract. Carol Blum, in a psychologicalportrait, shows how Rousseau fostered a cult ofhimself as the paragon of “virtue.” Both Wokler andBlum speak of Rousseau’s fascination with nature,innocence, and equality.IW2-018 42 pp.

SELECTIONS Robert Wokler, “Liberty, Virtue, and Citizenship”from Rousseau.

Carol Blum, from Rousseau and the Republic ofVirtue: The Language of Politics in the FrenchRevolution.

‡Recommended Primary Source Readings from Penguin Custom Editions:PWC4-143 Jean-Jacques Rousseau, Morals of Nature

PWC4-145 Jean-Jacques Rousseau, The Fall from Nature

PWC4-174, PWC4-175 Jean-Jacques Rousseau, excerpts from The

Social Contract

The Adam Smith Problem Readings presented here focus on the many sides of Adam Smith, by Rober L. Heilbroner and Jerry Z.Muller. Focusing on Smith’s criticism of how thedivision of labor destroys patriotism and noblesentiments, Heilbroner brings out the contradictionbetween Smith’s economic theory and socialphilosophy. Muller takes a broad historicalperspective on attitudes toward money-making, and he suggests that Smith’s vision of humandecency mediated between selfishness and old-fashioned virtue.IW2-045 39 pp.

SELECTIONSRobert L. Heilbroner, “The Paradox of Progress:Decline and Decay in The Wealth of Nations,” inEssays on Adam Smith.

Jerry Z. Muller, “Self-Love and Self-Command: TheIntellectual Origins of Smith’s Civilizing Project,” inAdam Smith in His Time and Ours: Designing theDecent Society.

‡Recommended Primary Source Readings from Penguin Custom Editions:PWC4-055-A or -B Adam Smith, The Case for Free Trade

PWC4-053-A or -B Adam Smith, The Fruits of the Division of Labor

PWC4-054-A or -B Adam Smith, The Invisible Hand of the Free Market



The Concepts of Slavery and RacismOrlando Patterson defines slavery as an extremeform of domination and an imposition of “socialdeath.” He also emphasizes the role of honor anddishonor in the master-slave relationship. GeorgeM. Fredrickson provides general and comparativereflections on racist ideology. Together thesereadings offer a clear and high-level introductionto the sociology of Western slavery.IW2-057 35 pp.

SELECTIONSOrlando Patterson, “The Constituent Elements ofSlavery,” in Slavery and Social Death: AComparative Study.

George M. Fredrickson, “Social Origins of AmericanRacism,” in The Arrogance of Race: HistoricalPerspectives on Slavery, Racism, and SocialInequality.

‡Recommended Primary Source Readings from Penguin Custom Editions:PWC4-077-A Olaudah Equiano, Enslaved

PWC4-077-B Olaudah Equiano, Horrors of a Slave Ship

Women in the EnlightenmentKaren Offen describes the “woman question” inEnlightenment thought—the critique of marriage,women’s education, and the general subordinationof women in society. Dena Goodman portrayseighteenth-century French salons and how womenconstructed the Republic of Letters.IW2-035 55 pp.

SELECTIONSKaren Offen, “Reclaiming the Enlightenment forFeminism,” from European Feminisms, 1700–1950:A Political History.

Dena Goodman, “Enlightenment Salons: TheConvergence of Female and Philosophic Ambitions,”from Eighteenth-Century Studies.

‡Recommended Primary Source Readings from Penguin Custom Editions:PWC4-124 Jonathan Swift, The Furniture of a Woman’s Mind

PWC4-126 Denis Diderot, An Unwilling Nun

PWC4-129 Denis Diderot, Eighteenth-Century Sexual Emancipation

Criminals, Deviants, and Outcasts in theEighteenth CenturyKathryn Norberg on the vagrant and criminalpopulation of eighteenth-century Grenoble and thenew institutional efforts to curb crime. Douglas Hayon poaching and the game laws in rural eighteenth-century England.IW2-038 41 pp.

SELECTIONSKathryn Norberg, “Vagrants and Criminals in the Eighteenth-Century,” from Rich and Poor inGrenoble, 1600–1814.

Douglas Hay, “Poaching and the Game Laws onCannock Chase,” from Albion’s Fatal Tree: Crimeand Society in Eighteenth-Century England.

‡Recommended Primary Source Readings from Penguin Custom Editions:PWC4-064-A Thomas Malthus, The Iron Law of Population Growth

PWC4-073 Mary Wollstonecraft, A Working Woman’s Story

PWC4-142 Jean-Jacques Rousseau, Morals of Nature

Peasants and Townspeople in the Eighteenth CenturyRobert Darnton uses peasant folk tales to analyzesocial mentalities in eighteenth-century France.Peter Borsay discusses the process of culturaldifferentiation between elite and popular culture inthe eighteenth-century English town.IW2-039 41 pp.

SELECTIONSRobert Darnton, from “Peasants Tell Tales,” in TheGreat Cat Massacre and Other Episodes in FrenchCultural History.

Peter Borsay, from “Cultural Differentiation,” in TheEnglish Urban Renaissance: Culture and Society inThe Provincial Town 1660–1770.

‡Recommended Primary Source Readings from Penguin Custom Editions:PWC4-154 Richard Steele and Joseph Addison, Essays on London

PWC4-143 Jean-Jacques Rousseau, The Fall from Nature

PWC4-183 Tobias Smollett, London Corrupted

PWC4-111-A Frances Burney, A Young Woman Discovers London

23ANCIEN RÉGIME

ANCIEN RÉGIME



Collective Violence in the Eighteenth CenturyE. P. Thompson on “the moral economy” of theEnglish crowd—the traditional notions of justiceand order that inspired food riots against the freemarket. George Rudé on peasant uprisings againstthe absolutist state in Europe and Russia. Bothreadings portray popular insurrections not asspasmodic acts of violence but as reasonable andself-limiting patterns of behavior.IW2-015 48 pp.

SELECTIONSE. P. Thompson, “The Moral Economy of the EnglishCrowd,” from The Essential E. P. Thompson.

George Rudé, “Under Absolute Monarchy,” fromIdeology and Popular Protest.

Homosexuality in Eighteenth-Century EuropeRandolph Trumbach introduces the subject of gayhistory with a discussion of the four-genderparadigm in northwestern Europe during theeighteenth century, Bryant T. Ragan discusses howeighteenth-century French thinkers representedsame-sex relations, and Randolph Trumbach writeson sexual assaults on young boys and adolescentsin eighteenth-century London.IW2-042 56 pp.

SELECTIONSRandolph Trumbach, “Extramarital Relations andGender History,” from Sex and the GenderRevolution, vol. 1: Heterosexuality and the ThirdGender in Enlightenment London.

Bryant T. Ragan, Jr., “The Enlightenment ConfrontsHomosexuality,” from Homosexuality in Modern France.

Randolph Trumbach, “Sodomitical Assaults, Gender Role, and Sexual Development inEighteenth-Century London,” from The Pursuit ofSodomy: Male Homosexuality in Renaissance andEnlightenment Europe.

The American Revolution in International Perspective Bradford Perkins uses the career of John QuincyAdams to illustrate the international character ofthe American founding. H. T. Dickinson looks at theAmerican Revolution from the British side, showinghow British decisions were made and how theRevolution changed British politics.IW2-049 35 pp.

SELECTIONSBradford Perkins, from The Cambridge History ofAmerican Foreign Relations.

H. T. Dickinson, Introduction to Britain and the American Revolution.

‡Recommended Primary Source Readings from Penguin Custom Editions:PWC6-171 Hannah Arendt, The American and French Revolutions

PWC4-196 John Adams, A Government Close to Perfection

The French Revolution: Origins, Meaning, and ResultsWilliam Doyle writes on the rise of an educatedreading public and the origins of the Revolution,Lynn Hunt describes “the mythic present” and theradicalism of the Revolutionary mentality, andEmmet Kennedy writes on the short-term and long-term consequences of the Revolution. .IW2-011 56 pp.

SELECTIONSWilliam Doyle, from Origins of The FrenchRevolution.

Lynn Hunt, from Politics, Culture, and Class in the French Revolution.

Emmet Kennedy, from A Cultural History of TheFrench Revolution.

Women and the French RevolutionThis unit includes readings on the status of womenin the French Revolution and the feminist responseto the exclusion of women from the public sphere.Karen Offen gives a broad overview of controversiesover women’s claims to be citizens. Joan WallachScott discusses the intellectual difficulties womenfaced in formulating alternatives to the binary(male-female) categories of Revolutionary ideology.IW2-016 45 pp.

SELECTIONSKaren Offen, “Challenging Masculine Aristocracy:Feminism and the French Revolution,” in EuropeanFeminisms, 1700–1950: A Political History.

Joan Wallach Scott, “‘A Woman Who Has OnlyParadoxes to Offer’: Olympe de Gouges ClaimsRights for Women,” in Rebel Daughters: Women andthe French Revolution.

‡Recommended Primary Source Reading from Penguin Custom Editions:PWC4-074-A or -B Mary Wollstonecraft, A False System of Education

NINETEENTH CENTURYContesting the Industrial Revolution in EnglandThese readings illustrate conflicts over theindustrial revolution in England during the earlynineteenth century. Thompson’s account of theLuddites evokes the world of frustrated craftworkers whose dignity was threatened bytechnological change. Readings by Ashton andHobsbawm represent opposite positions in the“standard of living debate.”IW2-002 54 pp.

SELECTIONSE. P. Thompson, “An Army of Redressers,” from TheMaking of the English Working Class.

T. S. Ashton, “The Treatment of Capitalism byHistorians,” from Capitalism and the Historians.

E. J. Hobsbawm, “History and ‘The Dark SatanicMills,’” from Labouring Men: Studies in the Historyof Labour.

‡Recommended Primary Source Readings from Penguin Custom Editions:PWC5-053-A Thomas Carlyle, The Making of Money

PWC5-246 Charles Dickens, Coketown

PWC5-010-A Karl Marx, Dripping from Head to Toe with Blood and Dirt

PWC5-001-A Friedrich Engels, How English Industrial Workers Lived

Nationalism in the Early Nineteenth CenturyAfter a wide-ranging discussion of the definition ofnationalism, Peter Alter discusses Ypsilianti and theGreek independence movement. James J. Sheehandescribes the growth of nationalist ideology inRomantic Germany. Hans Kohn explores Mazzini’squasi-religious quest for Italian unity.IW2-009 56 pp.

SELECTIONSPeter Alter, from Nationalism.

James J. Sheehan, from German History: 1770–1866.

Hans Kohn, from Prophets and Peoples: Studies in Nineteenth-Century Nationalism.

Tocqueville’s America Raymond Aron and François Furet discussTocqueville’s sociological method and vision ofAmerican democracy. Both authors contrastTocqueville’s preoccupation with democracy toMarx’s preoccupation with capitalism. They alsohighlight Tocqueville’s reservations aboutdemocracy and his analysis of racial inequality inthe United States.IW2-060 58 pp.

SELECTIONSRaymond Aron, “Alexis de Tocqueville,” in MainCurrents in Sociological Thought.

François Furet, “The Conceptual System ofDemocracy in America,” in In the Workshop of History.

The Revolutions of 1848This unit explores the causes, achievements, andfailures of the 1848 revolutions. Agulhon portraysthe social, political, and moral aspirations that ledto revolutio