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Table Of ContentsTable Of ContentsTable Of ContentsTable Of Contents

20”X37KM KOLO CREEK-RUMUEKPE TRUNKLINE REPLACEMENT PROJECT

i

Shell Petroleum Development Company of Nigeria Limited

Environmental Impact Assessment of the

20” x 37 km Kolo Creek – Rumuekpe Trunkline Replacement

Project

FINAL REPORT

October 2004

OKORDIA ADIBAWA

EGBEMA WEST

ASSA

EGBEMA OGUTA

OBELE

AHIA UBIE

APARA

OPOBO UTAPATE

YORLA

IBIBIO AFAM ISIMIRI

IMO RIVER I IMO RIVER II

IMO RIVER III

OTAMINI UMUCHEM

NKALI

BRASS BRASS

BOMU

OWERRI

KOROKORO

AGBADA II

EBUBU ELELENWA

BODO WEST ALAKIRI

AGBADA I

PORT HARCOURT KOLO CREEK

RUMUEKPE

OLOIBIRI

MININTA

SOKU

ENWHE ETELEBOU

NUN RIVER

OBIGBO NORTH

BUGUMA CREEK ORUBIRI

ODEAMA CREEK BELEMA KALAKULE

NEMBE III NEMBE IV

SANTA BARBARA SANTA BARBARA SAN BARTHOLOMEW SAN BARTHOLOMEW SANBRERO SANBRERO NEW CALABAR NEW CALABAR

EKULAMA BONNY BONNY

NEMBE I NEMBE II BONNY DIEBU CREEK KRAKAMA AWOBA

CAWTHORNE I CAWTHORNE II

CAWTHORNE III TORA M/F

NICHOLAS NICHOLAS

Pipeline to be replaced



ii

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Page

Chapters and their Titles … … … … … … … i

Reference … … … … … … … … … iv

List of Appendices … … … … … … … … v

List of Figures … … … … … … … … vi

List of Tables … … … … … … … … … vii

List of Abbreviations and Acronyms … … … … … xi

Project/Study Team … … … … … … … xiv

Acknowledgement … … … … … … … xv

Executive Summary … … … … … … … xvi

Chapter One

1.0 INTRODUCTION … … … … … … 1-1

1.1 Project Background … … … … … 1-1 1.2 Description of Project Location … … … … 1-2

1.3 Administrative and Legal Framework… … … … 1-2 1.3.1 Applicable Legislations … … … … … 1-4 1.3.2 Federal Legislations … … … … … 1-4 1.3.2.1 The Federal Ministry of Environment (FMENV) … 1-4 1.3.2.2 The Department of Petroleum Resources (DPR) … 1-6 1.3.2.3 Criminal Code … … … … … … 1-6 1.3.2.4 National Inland Waterways Authority … … … 1-6 1.3.2.5 Land Use Act (1978) … … … … … 1-7 1.3.2.6 Abandonment Guideline … … … … … 1-7 1.3.3 State Legislations … … … … … … 1-7 1.3.3.1 Rivers State Ministry of Environment and Natural

Resources … … … … … … … 1-7 1.3.3.2 Bayelsa State Environmental and Development Planning Authority … … … 1-8 1.3.4 International Agreements/Conventions … … … 1-8 1.3.5 SPDC Policies and Guidelines … … … … 1-9 1.4 Terms of Reference 1-10

Chapter Two

2.0 PROJECT DESCRIPTION … … … … 2-1

2.1 Project Justification … … … … … 2-1 2.2 Project Location … … … … … … 2-1 2.3 Project Alternatives Considered … … … … 2-3 2.3.1 Route Selection … … … … … … 2-3

2.3.2 Pipe Material Selection … … … … … 2-3



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2.3.3 Overall Project Selection … … … … … 2-4 2.3.3.1 Option 1: Do Nothing Option … … … … 2-4 2.3.3.2 Option 2: Pull Steel Strip Laminated GRE pipe into existing pipe … … … … … … 2-4 2.3.3.3 Option 3: Divert Production from Kolo Creek to Gbaran Flow Station … … … … … 2-5 2.3.3.4 Option 4: Replace Existing Line with Carbon Steel Pipes 2-5 2.4 Value/Cost of Project … … … … … 2-7 2.5 Envisaged Sustainability … … … … … 2-7 2.5 Project Description … … … … … … 2-8

2.6 Access Requirements … … … … … 2-8 2.7 Physical Environment and Project Layout .. .. 2-8 2.8 Project Scope … … … … … … 2-9

2.8.1 Pipeline Design … … … … … … 2-10 2.8.1.1 Hydraulic Design … … … … … 2-10

2.8.1.2 Operating Philosophy … … … 2-13 2.8.1.3 Surveys and Land Acquisition … … … … 2-13

2.8.2 Statutory Approvals and Licenses … … … … 2-14 2.8.3 Materials Procurement and Coating … … … … 2-14

2.8.4 Construction … … … … … … 2-14

2.8.4.1 Pre-Shutdown Activities … … … … … 2-15

2.8.4.1a Yard Fabrication … … … … … … 2-15

2.8.4.1b Community Engagement and Sustainable Development

Strategy … … … … … … … 2-16

2.8.4.1c Mobilisation of Contractor to Site … … … … 2-17

2.8.4.1d ROW Survey Works … … … … … 2-17

2.8.4.1e ROW Clearing and Grading … … … … 2-17

2.8.1.4f Flushing, De-oiling and Excavation … … … 2-17

2.8.4.1g Removal of Disused line and Trench Preparation … 2-18

2.8.1.4h Stringing and Bending … … … … … 2-18

2.8.4.1i Bevelling, Welding and Non-destructive Weld Inspection 2-19

2.8.4.1j Pipeline Coating … … … … … … 2-19

2.8.4.1k Lowering and Backfilling … … … … … 2-20

2.8.4.1l Cathodic Protection … … … … … … 2-21

2.8.4.1m Manifold Extension … … … … … … 2-21

2.8.4.1n Cleaning, Gauging, Pressure Testing and De-watering … 2-21

2.8.4.2 Shutdown activities … … … … … … 2-22

2.8.4.2a Tie-in at End Facilities … … … … … 2-22

2.8.4.2b Standardisation … … … … … … 2-22

2.8.4.3 Post Shutdown Activities … … … … … 2-23

2.8.4.3a Concrete Works … … … … … … 2-22

2.8.5 Commissioning and Handover … … … … 2-22

2.8.5.1 Site Clean-up and Demobilization from Site … … 2-22

2.8.6 Decommissioning and Mothballing … … … 2-23

2.9 Project Schedule and Personnel Requirement … … 2-23



iv

Chapter Three

3.0 BASELINE CONDITIONS … … 3-1 3.1 Data Acquisition Methods … … … … … 3-1

3.1.1 Soil Studies … … … … … … 3-1

3.1.2 Vegetation … … … … … … … 3-4 3.1.3 Wildlife … … … … … … … 3-5 3.1.4 Aquatic Studies … … … … … … 3-5 3.1.4.1 Surface Water … … … … … … 3-5 3.1.4.2 Plankton Sampling … … … … … … 3-6

3.1.4.3 Sediments/Benthos … … … … … 3-7

3.1.4.4 Fisheries … … … … … … … 3-7 3.1.5 Geology / Hydrogeology … … … … … 3-7 3.1.6 Air Quality/Noise Measurement … … … … 3-8 3.1.7 Socio-Economics And Human Health Studies … … 3-8 3.1.8 Quality Assurance And Quality Control … … … 3-8 3.2 Results and Discussion … … … … … 3-12

3.2.1 Land use/Land cover… … … … … … 3-12

3.2.2 Soils … … … … … … … … 3-13

3.2.3 Vegetation … … … … … … … 3-18

3.2.3.1 Vegetation Types /Distribution … … … … 3-19 3.2.3.2 Phytopathological Studies … … … … 3-24 3.2.3.3 Plant Tissues Analysis … … … … … 3-25 3.2.4 Wildlife … … … … … … … 3-26 3.2.5 Aquatic Studies … … … … … … 3-33

3.2.5.1 Physico-Chemistry Of Water Bodies … … … 3-33 3.2.5.2 Sediments … … … … … … … 3-38 3.2.5.3 Hydrobiology … … … … … … 3-39

3.2.5.4 Fisheries … … … … … … … 3-41 3.2.5.5 Aquatic Microbiology … … … … … 3-43 3.2.6 Climatic Conditions/Meteorology … … … … 3-44

3.2.7 Air Quality … … … … … … … 3-48 3.2.8 Hydrogeology … … … … … … 3-51 3.2.9 Socio-Economics … … … … … … 3-61 3.2.9.1 Historical Background … … … … … 3-62

3.2.9.2 Political Organisations/Community Governance and

Administration of the Study Area Communities … … 3-64

3.2.9.3 Demographic Characteristics … … ... … 3-67 3.2.9.4 Cultural Environment … … … … ... 3-68

3.2.9.5 The Social Environment … … … … … 3-72

3.2.9.6 The Economic Environment … … … 3-75

3.2.10 Community Health Studies … … … … 3-75

3.2.11 Consultations… … … … … … … 3-77

3.2.11.1 Overall Objectives … … … … … … 3-77



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3.2.11.2 Identified Stakeholders… … … … … … 3-78

3.2.11.3 Public Forum … … … … … 3-79

3.2.11.4 Community Expectations … … … … … 3-79

Chapter Four 4.0 IMPACT ASSESSMENT AND MITIGATION … … 4-1 4.1 Definition of Terminology used for Assessment … … 4-1 4.1.1 Nature … … … … … … … 4-1 4.1.2 Magnitude … … … … … … 4-3 4.1.3 Extent/Location … … … … … … 4-3 4.1.4 Duration … … … … … … … 4-3 4.1.5 Degree of Reversibility … … … … … 4-3

4.1.6 Likelihood (Risk) … … … … … … 4-3

4.1.7 Timing … … … … … … … 4-4

4.1.8 Significance … … … … … … 4-4 4.1.9 Receptors … … … … … … 4-5

Chapter Five

5.0 ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT PLAN… … … 5-1

5.1 Introduction … … … … … … … 5-1

5.2 HSE Policies Commitment … … … … … 5-3

5.2.1 Leadership and Commitment … … … … 5-3

5.2.2 Policy and Strategic Objectives … … … … 5-3

5.2.3 Organization and Responsibilities … … … … 5-4

5.2.4 Hazard and Effects Management … … … … 5-4

5.2.5 HEMP Approach … … … … … … 5-5

5.2.6 Job Hazard Analysis … … … … 5-6

5.2.7 Planning & Procedures … … … … … 5-9

5.2.8 Community Development Plan … … … … 5-10

5.2.9 CASHES Management … … … … … 5-10

5.2.10 Quality Management … … … … … 5-11

5.2.11 Waste Management Plan … … … … … 5-11

5.2.12 Contingency Plan … … … … … … 5-14

5.2.13 Audit Plan … … … … … … … 5-14

5.2.14 Decommissioning Plan … … … … … 5-15

5.3 Environmental Mitigation Measures … … … 5-15

5.4 Environmental Monitoring Plan … … … … 5-21

Chapter Six

6.0 CONCLUSION … … … … … … 6-1

References … … … … … … … … … R-1



vi

List of Appendices

Appendix 2.1 Project Schedule

Appendix 2.2 Schedule of Costs

Appendix 3.0 Socio-economic Questionnaire

Appendix 3.1 Minutes of Public Fora

Appendix 3.2 Attendance Sheets for the Public Fora

Appendix 3.3 Submissions made at the Public Fora

Appendix 3.4 Pictures showing Community Engagement

Appendix 5.1 Job Hazard Analysis (JHA)

Appendix 5.2 Hazard Operability (HAZOP)

Appendix 5.3 Hazard Identification (HAZID)

Appendix 5.4 CA/CD Management Plan



vii

LIST OF FIGURES

Figure 1.1 Map of Niger Delta Showing the Project location 1-3

Figure 2.1 Location Map of Project Area 2-2

Figure 2.2 Scope of Field Monitoring Campaign 2-6

Figure 2.3 Configuration of 20” Kolo Creek-Rumuekpe

Trunk line 2-9

Figure 2.4 20’ Kolo Creek-Rumuekpe Trunk Line Hydraulic

Analysis 2-12

Figure 3.1 Environmental sampling locations from Kolo

Creek to Rumuekpe Pipeline Trajectory 3-2

Figure 3.2 Community interface map for Kolo creek –

Rumuekpe Pipeline route 3-9

Figure 3.3 Land use/ Land cover of Project Area 3-15

Figure 3.4 Land use/Land cover of Kolo Creek-Rumuekpe

T/L Corridor 3-16

Figure 3.5 Stratigraphic/Lithologic Logs of Boreholes

Drilled in Kolo Creek 3-56

Figure 3.6 Lithologic Logs of Boreholes along the

Pipeline Route from Kolo Creek to Rumuekpe 3-57

Figure 5.1 HSE-MS, QMS &HEMP Integration Model 5-1

Figure 5.2 HSE-MS Structure 5-2

Figure 5.3 Project Organigram 5-4

Figure 5.4 The HEMP Approach 5-5

Figure 5.5 Outline of JHA process 5-6

Figure 5.6 Risk Profile 5-8

Figure 5.7 Waste Management Approach 5-12

Figure 5.8 Color Codes for Waste Streams 5-13



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LIST TABLES

Table 3.1: Land cover area summary for Kolo creek-

Rumuekpe project 3-12

Table 3.2: Land cover area summary: Kolo creek-

Rumuekpe Pipeline Replacement Project

(1 km wide corridor) 3-13

Table 3.3: Physical Characteristics of Surface and

Subsurface Soils around the Study Area. 3-13

Table 3.4: Diseases of Crops and Plants Within

the Pipeline Row, and Causative Agents 3-25

Table 3.5: Heavy Metals Content of Plant Species from

The Study Area 3-26

Table 3.6: Checklist of Terrestrial Wildlife Observed in

the Study Area 3-28

Table 3.7: Physicochemical Characteristics of Creeklets,

Creeks and Rivers Traversed by the 20” Trunk line

Kolo Creek – Rumuekpe Pipeline. 3-35

Table 3.8: Heavy Metal Contents of Rivers, Creeks and

Creeklets Traversed by the 20” Trunk Line

Kolo Creek- Rumuekpe Pipeline 3-36

Table 3.9: Checklist of Fin-Fishes Observed in the Study

Area 3-41

Table 3.10: Total Heterotrophic Bacteria and

Hydrocarbon Utilizing Bacterial Counts Of

Water Bodies in the Study Area. 3-43

Table 3.11: Total Heterotrophic and Hydrocarbon

Utilizing Fungal Counts of the Water Bodies in the Study Area 3-43

Table 3.12: Total Coliform Count of Water Samples

from the Study Area 3-44



ix

Table 3.13: Faecal Coliform Counts of Water Samples

From the Study Area 3-44

Table 3.14: Mean Monthly Rainfall Distribution (mm)

for Ahoada Area from Existing Agro/Rainfall- Station (1980 – 1989). 3-45

Table 3.15: Typical Diurnal Weather Variation For Dry

(January) And Rainy (August) Seasons At The Kolo Creek – Rumuekpe 20” Trunk Line Area 3-47

Table 3.16: Typical Diurnal Wind Variations 3-47 Table 3.17: Concentration of Air Pollutants as Measured

along the Kolo Creek – Rumuekpe 20” Trunk Line (Rainy Season) 3-48

Table 3.18: Concentration of Air Pollutants as Measured

along the Kolo Creek – Rumuekpe 20” Trunk Line (Dry Season) 3-49

Table 3.19: Comparison of Dry and Rainy Season

Means Air Pollutants With Known Standards 3-50

Table 3.20: Sieve Properties of Borehole Core Samples

in Kolo Creek-Rumuekpe Study Area 3-52

Table 3.21: Parameters of Boreholes Drilled in the Study

Area 3-54

Table 3.22: Hydraulic Conductivity Values of Borehole

Materials in the Study Area 3-54

Table 3.23: Physico-Chemical Characteristics Of

Borehole Water Samples 3-60

Table 3.24: Heavy Metal Content of Borehole Water

Samples Situated in the Study Area 3-61

Table 3.25: Administrative Jurisdiction of the Communities

Within the Study Area 3-62

Table 3.26: Community History of Otuasega, Ibelebiri

and Oruma Communities. 3-62



x

Table 3.27: Community History of Aminigboko,

Owerewere and Odau Communities 3-63

Table 3.28: Community History of Okporowo, Okoma1,

Ihuama, Ozochi and Odigwe Communities 3-64

Table 3.29: Community Governance and Political

Administration of Otuasega, Ibelebiri

And Oruma Communities 3-65

Table 3.30: Community Governance And Political

Administration of Aminigboko, Owerewere,

Odau, Okporowo, Okoma 1, Ihuama, Ozochi

And Odigwe Communities 3-66

Table 3.31: Settlement Pattern of the Communities 3-67

Table 3.32: Population Estimates 3-68

Table 3.33: The Festivals/Burial Grounds, Sacred

Animals, Forest and Deities of the

Communities 3-69

Table 3.34: Land Acquisition and Tenure Systems in the

Study Areas. 3-72

Table 3.35: Morbidity Pattern in the Study Area 3-76 Table 3.36: Common Ailments Observed During Physical/

Clinical Examination 3-77 Table 4.1: Components of the Project Environment and

the Potential indicators 4-2 Table 4.2: Potential Impacts for the Kolo Creek– Rumuekpe Trunkline Replacement Project 4-6 Table 4.3: Mitigation for the Kolo Creek-Rumuekpe Trunkline Replacement Project 4-10 Table 5.1: HSE elements and commitment statement 5-3 Table 5.2: Waste Categories and Characteristics 5-12 Table 5.3: Waste and Minimization Alternatives 5-13



xi

Table 5.4: Existing Waste Handling Practice 5-14 Table 5.5: Summary of construction phase mitigation 5-16 Table 5.6 Monitoring Criteria and Frequency (SPDC’s

responsibility) 5-21



xii

LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS/ACRONYMS

µS/cm - Microsiemen per centimeter

13 Cr - 13-Chrome

20” - Twenty inches

g/m3 Gramme per cubic metre

µS/cm, Micro mhos per centimeter

oC Degrees Celsius

APHA - American Public Health Association

a.m.s.l - Apparent Mean Sea Level

BDL - Below Detection Limit

BOD - Biochemical Oxygen Demand

BSMENV - Bayelsa State Ministry of Environment

C/S - Cladded Steel

CASHES - Community Affairs, Safety, Health, Environment and

Security

CDC - Community Development Committee

Cfu/ml - Colony forming unit per millilitre

CLO - Community Liaison Officer

CO - Carbon monoxide

CO2 - Carbon dioxide

CPE - Shell Contracting and Procurement, East

CR - Community Relations

DO - Dissolved Oxygen

DPR - Department of Petroleum Resources

DSAW - Double Submerged Arc Welded

DSV - Dry Season Value

E&P - Exploration and Production

EIA - Environmental Impact Assessment

ERW - Electric Resistance Welded

FBE - Fusion Bonded Epoxy



xiii

FEPA - Federal Environmental Protection Agency

FMENV - Federal Ministry of Environment

GRE - Glass Reinforced Epoxy

HAZID - Hazard Identification

HAZOP - Hazard Operability

HDPE - High Density Polyethylene

HSE - Health, Safety and Environment

HUB - Hydrocarbon Utilizing Bacteria

HUF - Hydrocarbon Utilizing Fungi

ISO - International Standard Organization

JHA - Job Hazard Analysis

K.I. - Kidney Island

LGA - Local Government Area

LTO - License to operate

M/F - Manifold

mg/l - Milligramme per litre

m/s - meter per second

MEDEVAC - Medical Evacuation

N2O - Dinitrogen Oxide

NEGAS - National Environmental Guidelines

NITEL - Nigeria Telecommunications

NO2 - Nitrogen dioxide

NPC - National Population Commission

OPL - Oil Pipeline License

PE - Polyethylene

PPE - Personnel protective equipment

PRO - Public Relations Officer

PTS - Permit To Survey

PTW - permit to work

PVC - Polyvinyl casing

QA - Quality Assurance



xiv

RH - Relative Humidity

ROW - Right of Way

RSMENR - Rivers State Ministry of Environment and Natural Resources

RSV - Rainy Season Value

RTP - Reinforced Thermoplastic

SGSI - Shell Global Solutions International

SPDC - Shell Petroleum Development Company

SPDC(E) - Shell Petroleum Development Company (East)

SPM - Suspended Particle Matter

Spp. Species

SSL - Steel Strip Laminate

TDS - Total Dissolved Solids

THB - Total Heterotrophic Bacteria

THC - Total Hydrocarbon

THF - Total Heterotrophic Fungi

T/L - Trunkline

TNP - Trans Niger Pipeline

TOC - Total Organic Carbon

TSS - Total Suspended Solids UV - Ultra-violet

CHAPTER 2CHAPTER 2CHAPTER 2CHAPTER 2 Project/Process DescriptionProject/Process DescriptionProject/Process DescriptionProject/Process Description

20”X37KM KOLO CREEK-RUMUEKPE TRUNKLINE REPLACEMENT PROJECT 2-15

PROJECT / STUDY TEAM

Consultants

Dr. S. I. Mensah - Project Manager/Vegetation/Wildlife Dr. G. Obuoforibo - Socio-Economics Dr. E. B. Nyong - Health Risk Assessment Mr. M. I. Ofili - Microbiology Mr. S. I. Roberts - Soil Mr. I. Agbagwa - Vegetation Mr. Femi Salako - Air Quality Mr. Udom - Geology/Hydrogeology Miss I. Asatubo - Desktop Assistant MISS T. Chieduko - Desktop Compilation and Review

Dr. E. R. Daka ‘Bisi A. Adeosun - Incorporation of FMENV Comments SPDC

Miebi Odubo - Project Engineer Oti Dada - EIA Supervisor P. Aberenika - Field Inspector



2-16

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

The consultants, Tial Trade and Satamaks hereby express their gratitude to the

management of Shell Petroleum Development Company for the opportunity to

conduct on her behalf the Environmental Impact Assessment for the 20’ x 37 km

Kolo Creek – Rumuekpe Trunkline Replacement Project.

An impact assessment study of this nature could only have been satisfactorily executed with the active support, assistance, co-operation, understanding and patience of the SPDC staff intimately linked with the project. In this respect, we sincerely thank Mrs. Oti Dada, Messers. Miebi Odubo and Promise Aberenika.

We thank the chiefs of the communities, and community elders, of the various communities visited for the peaceful and enabling environment to undertake the study. We are equally grateful to the youth leaders for the mobilizing roles they played to effect a hitch-free study within the communities concerned.



2-17

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

Introduction/Background SPDC proposes to replace the 20’’ Kolo Creek – Rumuekpe Trunk Line (T/L) with carbon steel pipeline due to corrosion. The current operational 20" x 38km Kolo Creek - Rumuekpe T/L, a carbon steel pipeline, was commissioned in December 1994 to replace an existing corroded 20” line commissioned in 1974. The 1974 line was flushed and mothballed after decommissioning. The current line evacuates approximately 102,000 bopd from Diebu Creek, Nun River, Kolo Creek, Etelebou, Gbaran and Enwhe fields to the Rumuekpe pipeline manifold. The first intelligent pigging inspection of the replacement line (February 1996) indicated extensive and severe wall loss (up to 55%). The corrosion patterns were similar to those seen in the corroded and mothballed line with an indicated corrosion rate of >4mm/yr. The wall loss was confirmed by manual ultrasonic inspection. Thereafter the pigging frequency was increased to twice monthly. A second inspection (November 1996) indicated more extent of corrosion with wall loss of over 80% in some sections but the corrosion rate reduced to 0.6mm/yr. Semi-automated ultrasonic inspections carried out in 1997/98 confirmed the rate.

Need for the Project The corrosion was deemed “unmanageable” by a recent engineering study carried out on the line in 1999. The study however recommended pulling in a 14” Steel strip laminated GRE pipe into the existing pipeline. The use of this material in the nearest future cannot be guaranteed due to size constraints 14” is the minimum size that could be pulled into a 20” steel pipe. Failure of the GRE material during pre-qualification test for the intended service and the fact that recent inspection of the existing line indicates that the corrosion rate continues unabated and that the line is likely to leak before the year 2003/2004 informed the decision to replace the line with carbon steel pipes with adequate provision for frequent pigging and biocide injection.

Project Description

The new 20” pipeline will replace the existing 20” x 38km Kolo Creek – Rumuekpe

Trunkline that currently evacuates production from Diebu Ck, Nun River, Kolo Ck,

Etelebou and Enwhe fields to the Rumuekpe M/F. The new line is expected to

evacuate ~ 184MBD with a water cut of ~ 9%. The line is to be laid on the existing

Right-of-Way on the trace of the disused 20” line, which will be exhumed. The line

will be equipped with pigging facilities at both the Kolo Creek and Rumuekpe

manifolds. The tie-in of 8” Enwhe delivery line at approximately 18.5km from Kolo

Creek Manifold will be the only branch on the Trunk Line.

The activities of the replacement process will involve the following:



2-18

Mobilization of Contractor to site; ROW Survey Works and Land Acquisition; ROW

Clearing and Grading; Excavation; Stringing and Bending; Beveling, Welding and

Non-destructive weld inspection; Field joint coating; Lowering and Backfilling;

Cathodic Protection; Manifold Extension (Fence and Concrete hard standing);

Cleaning, Gauging and pressure test/de-watering; Shutdown activities; Tie-in at end

facilities; Standardization; Post Shutdown Activities; Concrete Works;

Commissioning and Handover; Decommissioning and Mothballing of Existing

pipeline; Site Clean up; Demobilization of contractor from site.

Decommissioning and Abandonment of Existing pipeline

The lifespan of a new pipe is thirty (30) years. Prior to excavation for construction of

the new pipeline, the old disused line shall be cleaned and flushed using foam pigs

and water to ensure that no oil/grease effluents are present in the line during

excavation and cutting. After cleaning and flushing, the old disused line is to be

excavated and recovered. The recovered pipes shall be cut into manageable lengths

(~3m) and transported back to SPDC scrap pipe yard at Kidney Island where they will

be stored pending when they would be needed for other non-critical requirements.

The new line shall be laid in the trench from which the old line was recovered.

On commissioning of the new line, the existing operational trunkline will be

positively isolated, de-oiled and flushed clean using foam pigs driven by water. The

line will be mothballed (filled with inhibited water), isolated and capped at both ends

(Kolo Creek and Rumuekpe manifolds).

In line with the company’s policy on sustainable environmental development, and to fulfill regulatory requirements by Federal and State Agencies, an Environmental Impact Assessment Study for the proposed project was commissioned. Laws, Regulations, Policies and Protocols All the applicable legislation and guidelines relating to the proposed 20" x 37km Kolo Creek - Rumuekpe Trunkline Replacement Project have been reviewed. The legislation and guidelines covered are derived from Federal Government laws and regulations, State Government Edicts, International conventions or agreements, as well as SPDC’s HSE policy. It was also stressed that the EIA is being carried out not only to comply with statutory requirements, but also to demonstrate SPDCs standards, policies, good practices and commitment to preserving the environment in her operations.

Baseline Conditions of the Area

Baseline ecological study was carried out from May 2 – 14 and November 19 – 26 1999 (Rain falls all year round in the Niger Delta most of the time hence dry season does not really set in early in this region until later in December). Data was collected on the various aspects of the environment in line with standards for such data collection. This forms the basis for the preparation of an Environmental Impact Assessment Report for the project



2-19

The proposed project shall follow the existing Right of Way (ROW) of the 20” Kolo

Creek – Rumuekpe Trunk Line. It runs from Kolo Creek Manifold at Kolo Creek

field (Easting 430000mE, Northing 100000mN) in Bayelsa State, to Rumuekpe

Manifold at Rumuekpe field (Easting 470000mE, Northing 110000mN) in Rivers

State.

Climate Wind direction was generally westerly (W), southerly (S), southwesterly (SW),

northeasterly (NE) and southeasterly (SE); however westerly wind flows

predominated.

Air The concentration of air pollutants especially suspended particulate matter were found

to be higher in dry season, however the levels (13.8-69.1µg/m3) observed in both

seasons’ samples were lower than FEPA limits (269µg/m3). Noise levels of (34.5 –

59.3dBA) recorded along the proposed project area were low.

Geology/Hydrogeology Soil stratigraphic sequence as determined from borehole log sheet with

lithostratigraphic correlations indicates the shallow woody, clay, upper layer is 0 –

10m. The aquifer is confined below an overburden consisting of relatively thin sand

layer and a thicker clayey layer. The ground water flow was from the Northeast to the

southwest direction, which is in conformity with the regional ground water flow in the

Niger Delta.

Soil The soils of the area are largely defined by their acidity (pH 3.9 – 6.13). The acidity is

normal and characteristic of the soils of Sombriero – Warri Deltaic plain. The low

nutritional status (organic matter content) of the soils with mean value of 0.91% - 1%,

is an important constraint on the capacity of the soils for agricultural use. The total

hydrocarbon concentrations, oil and grease, and heavy metal contents were found to

be generally low except for the Sombriero river sediments that showed relatively high

THC, and oil and grease attributed to an oil spillage in the early 1990s.

Vegetation The floristic composition structure and density of the present vegetation types of the study areas have resulted from enormous and other habitat disturbance/interference of the original rainforest vegetation. There exists especially along the ROW frequent patches that superficially look like broken or secondary forests. Higher plant species like the composite are however found in the forest and farmland/fallow land vegetation. Vegetation survey of the entire area enabled the identification of the five distinct vegetation types. Fresh water swamp vegetation, Lowland rainforest (mixed tropical rainforest), Bush fallow vegetation pipeline line vegetation, and farmland/plantation vegetations. There were also macrophytes of the aquatic systems.



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Surface and Ground water The physico-chemistry of surface and ground waters in the study areas have the

following characteristics: pH (4.80 – 6.48), alkalinity (4.0 – 50.3mg/l); dissolved

oxygen (8.2 – 14.3mg/l) BOD (3.01 – 5.5mg/l) COD (2.4 – 15.1mg/l) Phosphate

(0.001 – 0.16mg/l); Nitrate (0.02 – 4.69mg/l); chloride (5.3 – 8.116mg/l); Turbidity

(0.16 – 3.31NTU); Conductivity (17.6 – 75.0µS/cm); Hardness (2.1 – 34.0 16mg/l);

TSS (4.7 – 22.6316mg/l); TDS (11.2 – 52.016mg/l); oil and grease (0.1 –

0.26916mg/l); THC (0.01 – 0.11216mg/l). Heavy metal concentrations were generally

low and within background levels.

Fishing activities were at subsistence levels in the existing surface water bodies and

seasonal fishing is usually carried out with implements such as: hook and line, drag

nets, cast nets, crabs were generally low. The benthic fauna covered only three

taxonomic groups and showed reduced animal diversity as well as abundance.

Wildlife The wild life found in the area includes: Rodents (rats, giant rats, cane rats, grass-

cutters, and squirrel) carnivores (African civet, mongoose, forest genet, bush pig);

Herbivores (Royal antelope and bush buck); Birds (fowls, doves, kites, vultures and

others); reptiles (lizard, snakes, skinks); Amphibians (toads, frogs). There has been a

remarkable replacement of wild life species of the tall trees and canopies of the

tropical rainforests of swamps with life of the farmland, fallow lands, swamps and

sparsely distributed forests. Only the royal antelope, Veotrages pygmaeus is on the

endangered list while the others are vulnerable or satisfactory in the abundance rating.

Socio-economics The communities sampled for socio-economic studies were Otuesega, Oruma, and

Ibelebiri in Ogbia Local Government area of Bayelsa State; Odau, Aminigboko and

Owerewere (Odual and Abua) in Abua/Odual local government area; Ozochi,

Okporowo, Okoma and Ihuama in Ahoada east Local government area, and Odigwe

in Ahoada west Local government area of Rivers State. The traditional authority and

social stratification in the communities are based on age as well as clan. A first (1st)

class chief oversees the council of chiefs and there may exist also a community

development committee (CDC) as well as age groups in the communities. Most

farmers combine their occupation with hunting and women combine farming with

petty trading. Land ownership is invested in individual families under the auspices of

the community as a whole. Compensation for acquired landed property is in both

cash and kind.

Health Health studies of the areas indicate a predominance of fevers followed by respiratory

discomforts, weakness and skin problems in equal levels of occurrence. The

dominance of fever is due to the endemic nature of malaria in West Africa.



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Potential Environmental Impacts

Potential environmental impacts of the project have been identified. The proposed

project potentially has both adverse and beneficial environmental impacts; these

potential impacts expected from the major activities of the project are summarized

hereunder.

Significant Positive Impacts

Socio-economic impacts Economic empowerment The proposed project would provide opportunities for the gainful engagement of skilled and unskilled labour. In line with SPDC policy on employment, employment will be given to members of the host communities in the course of the execution of the project. The recruitment of labour from the host communities during the construction activities could, in addition to developing the skills of some youth, stimulate the local economy and promote economic activity in the area. Community Assistance/Community Development The host communities would be consulted by SPDC on affordable community assistance / community development projects. These shall include the provision of infrastructures/amenities (services, educational, health, etc) and youth training, which are expected to contribute to the well being of the host communities. Elimination of potential risk of oil spill Considering the rate of corrosion observed in the old pipelines proposed for replacement, if the replacement is not carried out, then there would be a very high risk of leakage which will result in oil spill and consequent contamination of the environmental resources. Significant Negative Impacts

Biophysical impacts Impacts of Construction and pre-commissioning activities The proposed pipeline will follow an existing pipeline ROW, which is cleared for maintenance from time to time. Site preparation/clearing impacts would therefore reflect the degree of disturbance that already exists in the area. However, some significant impacts are expected in the course of the construction and pre-commissioning phases of the project. Air Quality/Noise Impacts Machinery movement will produce some level of gaseous emissions from exhaust of

operating machines and vessels. Impact will be slight increase in levels of CO, CO2,

NOx, etc. in the immediate environment. This impact is localized and short term,

lasting only for the duration of the equipment’s operation.



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Noise impacts are expected from diesel engines that would drive construction equipment. The highest noise levels are expected around the pipeline ROW where the noise generating equipment shall be operational. The noise shall attenuate sharply at distances away from the work area. Impact on Vegetation/Wildlife

The ROW clearance and trenching activities will result in loss of vegetation. However, the vegetation in the

pipeline ROW is cleared for routine maintenance. The greatest potential for

additional impacts on vegetation exists where clearance exceeds the usual area. There

has been some encroachment of farmland at certain sections of the pipeline ROW,

which shall result in loss of economic plants. However, farming on the ROW is an

unsafe act and those involved must be discouraged. Wildlife may be potentially

disturbed/displaced during construction and their movement may be temporarily

obstructed. However, this impact is expected to be short term and any wildlife

displaced during construction at any particular point is likely to return immediately

the construction is over.

Flooding/Erosion Impacts Construction of land pipelines involves the digging of trenches, where the pipelines are laid and then backfilled thereafter. If the pipeline trenches are not properly backfilled and the area reinstated, there is a potential that hollows/heaps may be created along the ROW. This may lead to an alteration of the rain run-off water flow and possible flooding/erosion of some areas, which may lead to sedimentation in the near by creek.

Impacts of Water/Road Crossing Works The dredging operations for pipeline installation at water crossings could lead to the

stirring up of fine sediments that may remain in suspension for a long time, which

could affect aquatic flora and fauna. In addition to sediment re-suspension, there is

also the potential impact of obstruction of traffic and fishing activities while

construction work lasts at water crossings. Similarly, pipeline construction at road

crossings would constitute a nuisance to road users, cause traffic delays and

diversions.

Impacts Due to Spillage There is the potential impact due to accidental spill/discharge of oils/chemicals such as lubricants into the environment from vehicles and machinery. Impact of hydro-test Water Prior to the commissioning of the pipeline, the new pipeline shall be hydro-tested. The discharge of the test-water may impact the environment if not properly managed before disposal. The nature and magnitude of the impact shall depend on the composition of the test-water.



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Impacts of operational and maintenance activities

The greatest operational impact is the potential for oil spills from pipeline rupture. This could arise as a result of pipeline failure or even sabotage. Maintenance activities would involve mainly ROW clearance and pigging operations. Pigging operations could potentially result in contamination of the environment by oily sludge and other wastes if not properly managed. Socio-economic impacts

There exists a potential impact due to social conflicts between SPDC and host communities arising from

perceived neglect or disaffection of the communities. In addition, during the

construction phase, potential impacts may arise due to nuisance, and demands for

compensation. Compensation payments may also generate some inter – or intra-

communal strife if not properly handled.

Pipeline construction at road crossing would cause traffic delays, diversions and nuisance. Traffic delays and diversions may translate into economic losses man-hour losses and higher fuel consumption by motorists. Mitigation Measures During mobilization mitigation measures proposed are that SPDC shall:

• Review pre-mob procedures & all plans and award relevant certificates

• Ensure materials are properly loaded and transported with adequate security and communication provided

During the construction phase SPDC shall:

• Ensure toolbox meetings are held

• Provision and use of proper PPEs

• First aid kits and first aiders are available

• Vegetation clearing and excavation is limited to ROW

• Ensure there is proper waste segregation

• Re-use excavated soil in backfilling of trenches

• Exercise special care in crossing of existing pipelines

• Identify and clearly mark exposed pipeline

• Send all flushing water and pigging waste to Bonny Terminal for treatment

• Ensure qualified welders are used with their identity numbers clearly indicated on welded pipes

• Send old pipes and metal scraps to Kidney Island for storage

• Ensure pipe coating is not damaged during lowering

• Use a holiday detector to ensure there is no pipe damage

• Ensure that compaction material is free of stones, vegetable matter and debris

• Ensure all permits and licences are obtained from relevant authorities

• Ensure that excavations across medium and minor creeks are done during low tide



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During operations, SPDC shall:

• Ensure pigging wastes are sent to Bonny Terminal for treatment in the thermal desorption unit

• Oil spill response equipment is stored at flowstations

• Ensure that immediate repairs are done for corroded/sabotaged sections and there is clean-up of contaminated sites

During decommissioning and abandonment, SPDC shall:

• Ensure all waste streams are handled according to SPDC’s waste management policy

Environmental Management Plan Effective management of the environment is achieved by following a systematic approach from planning, development, implementations, monitoring, and feedback. This proffers a long-term management approach to environmental aspects f our activities. For this project the EMP involves the provision of

• A waste management plan

• A community development plan

• Emergency response plans

• An audit plan and;

• A decommissioning plan Environmental components shall also be monitored via analysis to ensure compliance with regulatory limits. Monitoring criteria include

• Biannual aquatic, sediment, and soil monitoring,

• Weekly surface water monitoring during dredging, and;

• Annual wildlife and vegetation monitoring Conclusion This EIA has been carried out in accordance with regulatory requirements and the

potential impacts have been identified. SPDC has however, put in place adequate

mitigation measures, environmental management plan as well as a monitoring plan to

eradicate and or minimize the potential adverse impacts.



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CHAPTER ONE 1.0 Introduction The Shell Petroleum Development Company of Nigeria Limited (SPDC) is proposing the replacement of the 20” Kolo Creek-Rumuekpe Trunk Line (T/L) due to corrosion. The trunkline was commissioned 1994 to replace the existing corroded 20” line commissioned in 1974 and evacuates approximately 102,000 bopd from Diebu Creek, Nun River, Kolo Creek, Etelebou and Enwhe fields to the Rumuekpe pipeline manifold. The design lifespan for the pipeline was 20 years. The first intelligent pigging inspection of the line in February 1996 indicated extensive and severe wall loss (up to 55%). 1.1 Project Background The current operational 20" x 38km Kolo Creek - Rumuekpe T/L, a carbon steel pipeline, was commissioned in December 1994 to replace an existing corroded 20” line commissioned in 1974. The 1974 line was flushed and mothballed after decommissioning. The current line evacuates approximately 102,000 bopd from Diebu Creek, Nun River, Kolo Creek, Etelebou, Gbaran and Enwhe fields to the Rumuekpe pipeline manifold. The first intelligent pigging inspection of the replacement line (February 1996) indicated extensive and severe wall loss (up to 55%). The corrosion patterns were similar to those seen in the corroded and mothballed line with an indicated corrosion rate of >4mm/yr. The wall loss was confirmed by manual ultrasonic inspection. Thereafter the pigging frequency was increased to twice monthly. A second inspection (November 1996) indicated further corrosion with wall loss of over 80% in some sections but the corrosion rate reduced to 0.6mm/yr. Semi-automated ultrasonic inspections carried out in 1997/98 confirmed the rate. The corrosion was deemed “unmanageable” by an engineering study carried out on the line in 1999. The study however recommended pulling in a 14” Steel strip laminated GRE pipe into the existing pipeline. The use of this material in the nearest future cannot be guaranteed due to size constraints (14” is the minimum size that could be pulled into a 20” steel pipe), failure of material during pre-qualification test for the intended service, and the fact that recent inspection of the existing line indicates that the corrosion rate continues unabated and that the line is likely to leak before the year 2003/2004. Hence the decision to replace the line with carbon steel pipes with adequate provision for frequent pigging and biocide injection. The new 20” pipeline will replace the existing 20” x 38km Kolo Creek – Rumuekpe Trunkline that currently evacuates production from Diebu Ck, Nun River, Kolo Ck, Etelebou and Enwhe fields to the Rumuekpe M/F. The new line is expected to evacuate ~ 184MBD with a water cut of ~ 9%. The line is to be laid on the existing Right-of-Way on the trace of the disused 20” line, which will be exhumed. The line will be equipped with pigging facilities at both the



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Kolo Creek and Rumuekpe manifolds. The tie-in of 8” Enwhe delivery line at approximately 18.5km from Kolo Creek Manifold will be the only branch on the Trunk Line. 1.2 Description of the Project Location Kolo Creek and Rumuekpe fields are located in the seasonal swamp and land area of the Niger Delta about 68km and 42km respectively north east of Port Harcourt (See – Figure 1.1). The proposed project location cut across OML 28 and OML 22 of SPDC concession. The proposed trunkline shall follow the existing Right of Way (ROW) of the 20” Kolo Creek – Rumuekpe Trunk Line which runs from Kolo Creek Manifold at Kolo Creek field (Easting 430000mE, Northing 100000mN) in Bayelsa State, to Rumuekpe Manifold at Rumuekpe field (Easting 470000mE, Northing 110000mN) in Rivers State. The project traverses five Local Government Areas, Ogbia in Bayelsa State; Abua/Odual, Ahoada West, Ahoada East and Emohua in Rivers State Kolo Creek, Orashi and Sombreiro Rivers, that empty into the Atlantic Ocean, drain the area. The area lies within the fresh water alluvial zone of the Niger Delta dominated by two types of ecosystem namely, terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems. The vegetation is wetland type of ecosystem. The weather pattern of the area is under the influence of the Inter-Tropical discontinuity. 1.3 Administrative and Legal Framework The objective of this section is to review applicable legislation and guidelines relating to the proposed 20" x 37km Kolo Creek - Rumuekpe Trunkline Replacement Project. The legislation and guidelines outlined in this chapter are derived from Federal Government laws and regulations, State Government Edicts, International conventions or agreements, as well as SPDC’s HSE policy. The EIA is being carried out not only to comply with statutory requirements, but also to demonstrate SPDCs standards, policies, good practices and commitment to preserving the environment in her operations.



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Figure 1.1: Map of Niger Delta showing the Project Location.



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1.3.1 Applicable Regulations A list of Nigerian Environmental Legislation relevant to this project is outlined below:

• Ordinance of 31 December 1914: Mineral Oils Ordinance

• Regulations of 1 June 1958: Minerals Oils (safety) Regulations

• Regulations of 11 April 1963: Minerals Oils (safety) Regulations

• Act No 6 of 29 March 1978: Land use Act

• Act No 42 of 25 November 1988: Harmful Wastes (Special Criminal Provisions etc) Act

• Act No 50 of 29 December 1989: Natural Resources Conservation Council Act

• Act No 58 of 30 December 1988: Federal Environmental Protection Agency Act

• Regulations of 15 August 1991: National Environmental Protection (Effluent Limitation) Regulations

• Regulations of 15 August 1991: National Environmental Protection (Pollution Abatement in Industries and Facilities Producing Waste) Regulations

• Regulations of 15 August 1991: National Environmental Protection (Management of Solid Hazardous Waste) Regulations

• Guidelines of 1991: National Guidelines and Standards for Environmental Pollution

• Act No 59 of 2 August 1992: Federal Environmental Protection Agency (Amendment) Act

• Act No 86 of 10 December 1992: Environmental Impact Assessment Act

• FEPA Procedural and Sectoral Guidelines for Oil and Gas Industries of 1995

In the following sections is contained the review of regulations relevant to proposed 20" x 37km Kolo Creek – Rumuekpe Trunkline Replacement Project. 1.3.2 Federal Legislation 1.3.2.1 The Federal Ministry of Environment (FMENV) All affairs relating to environment of Nigeria are under the jurisdiction of the Federal Ministry of Environment (FMENV). The ministry was created in 1999, by the democratic government that came into power on 29th May 1999. Hitherto, matters of environmental protection and conservation were the responsibilities of the Federal Environmental Protection Agency (FEPA). FMENV therefore took over the role of FEPA.



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Amongst the roles of FMENV is the enforcement of the EIA Act No. 86 of 1992, which also gives specific powers to FMENV (then FEPA) to facilitate the environmental assessment of projects that require EIAs. Consequently, the then FEPA had set out EIA guidelines for the Oil and Gas industries in Nigeria. The EIA process follows the requirements outlined in the EIA Sectoral Guidelines for “Infrastructures” and “Oil and Gas Industry Projects” (FEPA, 1995). The FEPA Guidelines and Standards for Environmental Pollution Control in Nigeria (Part II) contains the guidelines for the management of solid and hazardous waste and provides interim permissible limits as protective measures against indiscriminate discharge of particulate matter and untreated industrial effluents into lakes, rivers, estuaries, lagoons and coastal waters. Chapter one of the guideline is a description of the characteristics and criteria of various types of dangerous wastes and the toxicity limits for various waste types. Chapter two sets out the requirement for any person responsible for a spill or discharge into the environment except when such release is otherwise permitted under the provision of “FEPA”. Also provided in the FEPA Guidelines and Standards for Environmental Pollution Control in Nigeria (Part I, Chapter four) are the noise exposure limits for Nigeria and the elements of the regulations. These elements embody noise standards (including acoustic guarantees), guidelines for the control of neighborhood noises (especially with respect to construction sites; market and meeting places) and permissible noise levels in noise-prone industries and construction sites. The National Environmental Protection (Effluent Limitation Regulations (S.I.8, 1991); and Pollution Abatement in Industries and Facilities Generating Wastes (S.I.9 1991) requires the installation of anti-pollution equipment for the detoxification of effluent and chemical discharges emanating from the industry, and stipulates the level to which effluents shall be treated. Also contained in the document is the restriction on the release of toxic substances, the requirements for a pollution-monitoring unit and on-site pollution control or assigning the responsibility for pollution control to a person or corporate body accredited by the Agency. Regulations for unusual or accidental discharges, list of chemicals, contingency and emergency plans, generator’s liability, permissible limits of discharge into public drains, solid wastes to be disposed of in environmentally safe manner, release of gaseous matters, workers safety and penalties are also contained in this document.



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1.3.2.2 The Department of Petroleum Resources The Department of Petroleum Resources (DPR) is under the Nigerian Ministry of Petroleum Resources. DPR is charged with the specific responsibilities of regulating activities in the Oil and Gas industry in order to ensure strict compliance with relevant regulations. The DPR performs its regulatory functions under the mandate of the Petroleum Minister as provided for in the provisions of the Petroleum Act 1969, which empowers the Minister to make regulations for all petroleum operations including environmental matters. Under the Petroleum (Drilling and Production-Amendment) Regulations 1988, DPR is responsible for monitoring compliance with the Minister’s regulations and approved control methods and practices. These requirements are detailed in DPR’s “Environmental Guidelines and Standards for the Petroleum Industry in Nigeria” (EGASPIN Revised Edition 2002). The guidelines also provide for the establishment of an E & P sector-specific environment permitting system covering solid waste disposal, liquid effluent discharge and atmospheric emissions.

• Oil Pipelines Act of 1956 Concerns construction, maintenance and operation of oil and gas pipelines. Section 11(2) of the Act provides for the definition of an oil pipeline as follows: "For the purposes of this Act an oil pipeline means a pipeline for the conveyance of mineral oils, natural gas and any of their derivatives or components, and also any substance (including steam and water) used or intended to be used in the production of refining or conveying of minerals oils, natural gas and any of their derivatives or components". The Federal Republic of Nigeria Official Gazette of 2nd October, 1995 Vol. 82, No. 26 on Oil Pipelines Acts provides in detail all the regulations on pipelines, proposed routes, construction activities and the associated protection measures. Consideration for public safety shall be in accordance with the provision of API/RP 1102 or any other recognized equivalent standards

• Petroleum Act 1969 Section 9-(1) (b) (iii) of the Petroleum Act 1969 (Decree 51) states that the Minister of Petroleum Resources may make regulations on "the prevention of pollution of water courses and the atmosphere".

• Criminal Code Section 247 of the Nigerian Criminal Code makes it an offence, punishable with up to 6 months imprisonment for "Any person who: a) violates the atmosphere in any place, so as to make it noxious to the health of persons in general dwelling, or conducting business in the neighbourhood, or passing along a public way or; b) does any act which is, and which he knows or has reason to believe to be, likely to spread the infection of any disease dangerous to life, whether human or animal."



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• National Inland Waterways Authority Established by the National Inland Waterways Authority Act No. 13 of 1977, it is the function of the Authority to

• grant permit and licences for sand dredging, pipeline construction, dredging of slots and crossing of waterways, and;

• subject to the provisions of the Environmental Impact Assessment Act No. 86 of 1992, carry out environmental impact assessment of navigation and other dredging activities within the inland water and its right-of-ways.

Contained in Part VI of the Act are offences and penalties. It states that subject to the provisions of the Lands Act, 1993 and the Nigerian port Act 1993, any person who willfully or negligently and without the consent of the Authority obstructs the waterways with rafts, nets, logs, cask of oil, dredgers, barges, pipelines, pylons, or bridges shall be liable upon conviction to a fine.

• Land Use Act 1978 The Land-use Act of 1978 states that "...it is also in the public interest that the rights of all Nigerians to use and enjoy land in Nigeria and the natural fruits thereof in sufficient quality to enable them to provide for the sustenance of themselves and their families should be assured, protected and preserved". This implies that acts which could result in the pollution of the land, air and waters of Nigeria negates this decree, and are therefore, unacceptable.

• Abandonment Guideline As far as abandonment of facilities is concerned, the applicable guidelines shall be as required by FMENV for oil and gas/infrastructural facilities and the DPR EGASPIN of 2002. The DPR EGASPIN stipulates that an operator, whose activity has been known to cause significant adverse environmental effect, should restore it as much as possible to its original state. This also deals mainly with oil spill sites. It is envisaged that more comprehensive guidelines and standards for abandonment of facilities will soon be enacted. 1.3.3 State Legislations 1.3.3.1 Rivers State Ministry of Environment and Natural Resources Since the inauguration of the present democratic administration, Rivers State Government has established a full-fledged Ministry of Environment and Natural Resources (RSMENR) headed by a commissioner. The ministry was created from the Rivers State Environmental Protection Agency (RSEPA). RSEPA was empowered by the decree setting up FEPA (Decree 58 of 1988, as amended by Decree 59 of 1992), which encourages State governments to set up their own Environmental Protection Agencies. Consequently, the then Rivers State Environmental Protection Agency (RSEPA) was charged with the protection of the environment of Rivers State, and operated with Edict No. 2 of 1994.



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In 2002, RSMENR published the Interim Guidelines and Standards on Environmental Pollution Control and Management in Rivers State. The guidelines seek to: � Regulate the generation, handling, storage, disposal and management of

all wastes of whatever origin in Rivers State � Regulate physical development in compliance with the principle of

sustainable development � Enhance and where possible, restore the quality of the environment and, � Protect the biodiversity of the flora and fauna of Rivers State. 1.3.3.2 Bayelsa State Environment and Development Planning

Authority The Bayelsa State Environment and Development Planning Authority Edict of 1998 charges the Authority with the responsibility for the protection and development of the environment and biodiversity conservation and sustainable development of the State’s natural resources. The Authority shall also work with project developers who are required to conduct EIA for their new projects. Part VII of the edict is on offences and penalties and states in section 33 that “No person shall discharge any form of oil, grease or spent oil produced in the course of any manufacturing operation or business into any public drain watercourse, stream, canal, pond highway or other land 1.3.4 International Agreements and Conventions Nigeria is signatory to several international agreements affecting the environment as follows Vienna Convention (including the Montreal Protocol and the London amendment, 1994). The objectives of this convention are to protect human health and the environment against adverse effects resulting or likely to result from human activities which modify or are likely to modify the ozone layer and to adopt agreed measures; to control human activities found to have adverse effects on the ozone layer (Bergensen and Parmann, 1994 as cited by Environment and Resource Technology Ltd., 1995). The Bonn Convention (1979) The Bonn Convention’s area of focus is the conservation and management of migratory species (including waterfowl and other wetland species) and promotion of measures for their conservation, including habitat conservation. Conservation of these habitats is one of the principal actions taken for endangered species or groups of species, which are subject of Agreements under the Bonn Convention. This was adopted in 1979.



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The Convention on Biological Diversity (1992) The objectives of this Convention, which was opened for signature at the 1992 Rio Earth Summit, are the conservation of biological diversity, the sustainable use of its components and the fair and equitable sharing of benefits arising out of the utilization of genetic resources. This includes by appropriate access to genetic resources, appropriate transfer of relevant technologies, taking into account all rights over those resources and to technologies, and appropriate funding. World Heritage Convention (1978) This Convention sets aside areas of cultural and natural heritage, the latter defined as areas with outstanding universal value from the aesthetic, scientific and conservation points of view. Basel Convention on the Control of Trans-boundary Movements of Hazardous Wastes and their Disposal (1987) The Basel Convention addresses the worldwide concern over the risks posed by the generation and disposal of hazardous and other wastes. This Convention defines the wastes to be regulated and controls the Trans-boundary movement of hazardous wastes and other wastes to protect human health and the environment against their adverse effects. At present, there are no approved disposal sites for hazardous wastes in Nigeria. 1.3.5 SPDC Policies and Guidelines

SPDC has as components of its HSE-MS, policies and commitments that guide its operations. These policies and commitments are of international standard and conform to the Shell Group policies worldwide. Some of the relevant policies and guidelines that would be followed while executing the proposed 20" x 37km Kolo Creek – Rumuekpe Trunkline Replacement Project are presented as follows:

• Community Affairs, Safety, Health, Environment and Security

• Community Development

• Waste Management

• Hydrocarbon spills contingency (prevention and timely response),

• Environmental Management,

• Environmental Impact Assessment,

• Land Acquisition and Compensation

• Abandonment

• Rehabilitation and Restoration of Polluted Sites Elements of these policies and operational philosophies have taken into consideration relevant Nigerian regulations, international laws, guidelines, conventions and treaties.



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SPDC shall in the course of executing this proposed project ensure that all relevant standards and conditions are complied with, and where double standards exist, SPDC would as much as possible comply with the more stringent one. 1.4 Terms of Reference SPDC commissioned an EIA of the proposed Kolo Creek – Rumuekpe T/L replacement project in order to comply with statutory requirements and the company policy. The EIA would establish the environmental issues associated with the project, consider and evaluate project alternatives with regard to cost effectiveness and environmental friendliness, predict their impacts and magnitudes, and recommend mitigation measures. The terms of reference for this EIA captured the scope of study for this project. The summary of the scope is as follows: EIA scope

• Literature review • Baseline data acquisition (field work & laboratory analyses) • Assessment and prediction of potential impacts • Determination of appropriate mitigation measures • Preparation of an environmental management plan (EMP)

The detailed scope of the baseline data acquisition is stated below Biophysical

• Climate and meteorology • Air quality and noise • Vegetation • Land use/cover • Wildlife • Geology and hydrogeology • Soil/sediment quality • Aquatic studies/ Hydrobiology & fisheries • Ground & surface water qualities

Social

• Demography • Socio-economic and cultural conditions of the communities • Socio-political structure/organization • Social structure/social groups • Social amenities • Social needs of the communities • Community perceptions/opinions/benefits of the projects



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Health • Available health facilities • Social lifestyle in communities (circumcision, alcohol use & smoking) • Health determinants

Environmental Impact Assessment As required by DPR and FMENV, a detailed Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) has been conducted for the project. Key EIA findings and results will be translated into specific actions. The EIA objectives were:

• To establish the existing baseline ecological and socio-economic conditions of the area.

• To identify, evaluate and predict the environmental impacts of the project on the affected area.

• To develop control strategies with a view to mitigating /ameliorating significant impacts.

• To identify any environmental issues and concerns, which may, in the future affect the development.

• To provide bases for support and control documentation and consultation with regulators, interest groups and the public at large.



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CHAPTER TWO 2.0 PROJECT DESCRIPTION The proposed project is the replacement of the 20” Kolo Creek-Rumuekpe Trunk Line commissioned 1994 that evacuates approximately 102,000 bopd from Diebu Creek, Nun River, Kolo Creek, Etelebou and Enwhe fields to the Rumuekpe pipeline manifold. Though the design lifespan for the pipeline is 20 years, intelligent pigging has indicated extensive and severe wall loss (up to 55%) making replacement inevitable. 2.1 Project Justification Need for the project

The structural integrity of the existing Kolo creek – Rumuekpe trunkline is reducing at a rate that could make it prone to rupture in the near future. A rupture of the pipeline would have both environmental and economic repercussions. Environmental consequences would arise from the potential effects of spilled oil on the ecosystem and human environment. Economic imperatives inherent in the rupture of the pipeline would arise from the cessation of production in the affected fields and the inherent loss of revenue to the local and national economies. The immediate replacement of the line would ensure:

• The protection of the environment from crude oil pollution

• Revenue to Government is not lost

• Evacuation of the crude is uninterrupted

• Pipeline integrity is maintained and crude oil loss due to corrosion leaks is reduced to as low as practicable, and

• Reduction in compensation payments to third parties for contamination and expenses on spill clean-up

Based on the current status of the line, corrosion rate and ineffective short-term remedial action, it is likely that the line would leak and thus requires urgent replacement. 2.2 Project Location Kolo Creek and Rumuekpe fields are located in the seasonal swamp and land area of the Niger Delta about 68km and 42km respectively north east of Port Harcourt (Figure 2.1). The 20” Kolo Creek – Rumuekpe Trunkline is part of the Trans Niger Pipeline (TNP) and was commissioned in December 1994 to replace an earlier 20” trunkline commissioned in 1973 and later decommissioned and mothballed. The proposed trunkline shall follow the existing Right of Way (ROW) of the 20” Kolo Creek – Rumuekpe Trunk Line which runs from Kolo Creek Manifold at Kolo Creek field (Easting 430000mE, Northing 100000mN) in Bayelsa State, to Rumuekpe Manifold at Rumuekpe field (Easting



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470000mE, Northing 110000mN) in Rivers State, and passes through five local governments.



OKORDIA ADIBAWA

EGBEMA WEST

ASSA

EGBEMA OGUTA

OBELE

AHIA UBIE

APARA

OPOBO UTAPATE

YORLA

IBIBIO AFAM

ISIMIRI IMO RIVER I

IMO RIVER II IMO RIVER III

OTAMINI UMUCHEM

NKALI

BRASS BRASS

BOMU

OWERRI

KOROKORO

AGBADA II

EBUBU ELELENWA

BODO WEST ALAKIRI

AGBADA I

PORT HARCOURT KOLO CREEK

RUMUEKPE

OLOIBIRI

MININTA

SOKU

ENWHE ETELEBOU

NUN RIVER

OBIGBO NORTH

BUGUMA CREEK ORUBIRI

ODEAMA CREEK BELEMA KALAKULE

NEMBE III NEMBE IV

SANTA BARBARA SANTA BARBARA SAN BARTHOLOMEW SAN BARTHOLOMEW SANBRERO SANBRERO NEW CALABAR NEW CALABAR

EKULAMA BONNY BONNY

NEMBE I NEMBE II BONNY DIEBU CREEK KRAKAMA AWOBA

CAWTHORNE I CAWTHORNE II

CAWTHORNE III TORA M/F

NICHOLAS NICHOLAS

Pipeline to be replaced



2-39

Figure 2.1: Location Map of Project Area



2.3 Project Alternatives Considered

Project alternative were considered with respect to the route, pipeline material and overall project. These alternatives are discussed in detail in the following sections. 2.3.1 Route Selection

There is an existing route within SPDCs right of way (ROW). Considering the fact that this is a replacement project, selecting a new route other than the existing one would have amounted to additional costs for fresh acquisition, more land take (in addition to the existing ROW), delays in project resulting from route selection studies, acquisition processes, etc. 2.3.2 Pipe Material Selection

This is the only pipeline that evacuates production from Kolo creek, Etelebou, Gbaran, Nun River, Diebu Creek and Enwhe flow stations. Hence, there is no other alternative for evacuating the production. However, in terms of material selection, a detailed study carried out by Shell Global Solutions International (SGSI) made the following recommendation: Pipe Material Conclusion 1. CARBON STEEL (+Corrosion Allowance) Possible Option

2. CARBON STEEL (+Thermoplastic Internal Lining) Possible Option

(limitation: vent points)

3. CARBON STEEL (+ Internal Coating with e.g. FBE) Option Dropped (method

not reliable)

4. GRE (Glass Reinforced Epoxy) Option Dropped (limited to 50 bar pressure)

5. RTP (Reinforced Thermoplastic) Option Dropped

(maximum size: 10’’ dia.)

6. 13 Cr. (13 - Chrome) Possible Option

(limitation: high cost)

7. DUPLEX STEEL Option Dropped (too

expensive)

8. CLADDED STEEL Option Dropped (Internal Cladding of C/S with 316 S/Steel) (complicated technology)

9. GRE-SSL (Steel Strip Laminate) – Possible option

The use of GRE-SSL material could however not be guaranteed due to size constraints (14” was the minimum size that could be pulled into a 20” steel pipe) and failure of the material during pre-qualification test for the intended



2-41

service which prompted the manufacturer (Ameron) to withdraw its offer to sell the product for the project.

The selection of the pipeline material type was decided after extensive studies carried out by SGSI at the conceptual design stage of the project and confirmed during the detailed design. Carbon Steel of grade API 5L X-60 has been chosen as the pipe material. Coating inspections of the current operational pipeline has shown no coating defects. The corrosion in the pipeline has been mostly internal. The prevailing environment is well tolerated by factory applied polyethylene coating, besides polyethylene is devoid of certain health risks as compared with some epoxy type coating.

2.3.3 Overall Project Selection 2.3.3.1 Option 1: Do Nothing Option

A no-project scenario where the pipeline is used under its current status without the replacement of the line would result in the following

• Extensive and severe corrosion at a rate of approx 0.6 mm/yr

• Increased rate of crude leakage into the environment

• Contamination of the environment with crude leading to degradation

• Loss of revenue to the federal government from further de-rating of the line and crude spillage into the environment

• Increase community unrest due to crude contamination of their environment

• Increase in compensation payments and clean-up due to crude spillage

• Continuous repairs to the line which in the long run would not be cost effective

The list is not exhaustive as constant spillage could spiral into areas not mentioned. For these reasons listed a no-project option is Not Recommended

2.3.3.2 Option 2: Pull 14” steel strip laminated GRE pipe into existing pipeline

Following results of the studies carried out by Shell Global Solutions International (SGSI), it was recommended to pull in a 14” Steel strip laminated GRE pipe into the existing pipeline. The use of this material in the nearest future could however not be guaranteed due to size constraints (14” is the minimum size that could be pulled into a 20” steel pipe) also, the material failed during pre-qualification test for the intended service. The study also recommended the use of stainless steel material for the replacement line. This was however shelved due to cost considerations. Not Recommended



2-42

2.3.3.3 Option 3: Divert production from Kolo Creek – Gbaran flow station

The 20” x 38km Kolo Creek – Rumuekpe trunkline is the sole pipeline that evacuates production from the Diebu Creek, Nun River, Kolo Creek, Etelebou and Enwhe flow stations hence the requirement to replace the existing corroded line. The alternative would be to divert flow from the flow stations to the Gbaran flow station. This would however involve the following:

• Construction of new delivery lines from each of the flow stations to Gbaran

• Decommissioning and Abandonment of each of the old delivery lines

• Production deferment from the 5 flow stations until Gbaran flow station comes on stream in 2004

• New land take

• Huge costs and time Due to this reasons, this option was Not Recommended 2.3.3.4 Option 4: Replace existing line with carbon steel pipes

This option involves the replacement of the existing 20” x 38km Kolo Creek – Rumuekpe Trunkline that currently evacuates production from Diebu Ck, Nun River, Kolo Ck, Etelebou and Enwhe fields to the Rumuekpe M/F with a new 20” x 38 km carbon steel pipeline Planning for the outright replacement using carbon steel commenced in 2000 after field monitoring campaign/studies (Figure 2.2) conducted by SRTCA showed the possible corrosion mechanism was as a result of activities of sulphate reducing bacteria (SRB) including Carbon dioxide (CO2) and Oxygen (O2) and that no bacterial activity nor Hydrogen Sulphide (H2S) was detected in the flow station saver pits (Table 2.1)

Table 2.1: Main Findings of Field Monitoring

On-line H2O analysis Ultrasonic wall thickness mapping

Gas analysis

Kolo Creek water injection plant operates as intended

Results of Linalog confirmed possible 5% underestimate of wall loss

40 ppm H2S detected at Rumuekpe

Saver pit injection systems unlikely to be cause of oxygen ingress

Pits in bottom of line

No bacterial activity nor H2S detected in saver pits

Corrosion pit morphology best explained by CO2 or SRB corrosion

Water chemistry “normal” Indication that there is no “active” corrosion in Nun River – Kolo Creek line

SRB detected at both Kolo Creek and Rumuekpe

No excess oxygen detected



On-line water/gas sampling and analysis (BAKER) Kolo Creek water injection plant Saver pit at Flow Station Inlet outlet of Trunk Lines Side Stream – KPR to determine corrosion rate

Nun River

Nkpoku

Nun River

Gbaran

Obele

Rumuekpe

water injection

Rumuekpe

Kolo Creek

Nkpoku

Diebu Creek

Enwhe

Etelebou

Agbada

emulsifier injection

Crude Sampling analysis (SRTCA) Samples from each F/S Detailed analysis in Amsterdam

Semi-automated US inspection (RTD) Verification Linalog Determine corrosion rates

Figure 2.2: Scope of Field Monitoring Campaign

Kolo Creek

CHAPTER 3CHAPTER 3CHAPTER 3CHAPTER 3 Baseline ConditionsBaseline ConditionsBaseline ConditionsBaseline Conditions


The new line is to be laid on the existing Right-of-Way on the trace of the disused 20” line, which will be exhumed. The line will be equipped with adequate provision for corrosion management (frequent pigging and chemical injection). There shall be pigging facilities at both the Kolo Creek and Rumuekpe manifolds. The tie-in of 8” Enwhe delivery line at approximately 18.5km from Kolo Creek Manifold will be the only branch on the Trunk Line. Selected Option. 2.4 Value/Cost of the project The level 2 capital cost estimates was compiled in-house for the construction works using the CES. Check estimates were also prepared in house using DEE Cost Premises for Surface Facilities (2004 Programme Preparation) and previous/current pipeline contracts. These supported the CES estimate. A high level cost breakdown is given in Appendix 2.2. The costs are in 2003 US Dollars.

2.5 Envisaged sustainability The Key objectives of the project are to:

• Ensure evacuation capacity for current and future production targets for next 30 years

• Reduce production deferment and environmental pollution The envisaged sustainability of the project is categorized as follows: Economic Crude oil generates approx 80% of Nigeria GDP. The current line evacuates approximately 102,000 bopd from Diebu Creek, Nun River, Kolo Creek, Etelebou and Enwhe fields to the Rumuekpe manifold and exported from Bonny Terminal. This project therefore, would contribute to the revenue accruing to Nigeria and SPDC. Technical As E & P operators with over 30 years experience in the Niger Delta, SPDC has the proven ability to replace and maintain the trunk line. Strict adherence to internationally and nationally acceptable engineering design and construction standards, innovative technologies that are economically viable and environmentally friendly shall be utilized in the execution of the proposed project. Environmental Pipeline construction techniques vary according to the environment and are guided by engineering design standards. This would ensure that the integrity of the line is maintained and incidents that could negatively impact the environment are reduced to as low as possible. The incorporation of findings and



recommendations of this EIA at the various stages of the project development, and adherence to the EMP would ensure environmental sustainability. 2.6 Access Requirements

Access to the manifolds during construction, pigging and maintenance operations will be via the existing SPDC location and government roads. However, along the trunk line, access will be via the ROW. 2.7 Physical Environment and Project Layout

The new pipeline is to be installed in the trench line of an existing disused pipeline and in the vicinity of an existing operational line (which shall subsequently be decommissioned, repaired and mothballed). The pipeline route traverses bush fallow and farmland areas, marshy/seasonally flooded freshwater / rainforest swamp forests, creeklets, creeks and rivers. The ROW crosses the following features: Tarred roads at Otuasega, Okporowo and Ihuama axes Freshwater / Rainforest Swamp Forest Water bodies Kolo Creek at Ibelebiri/Oruma axis Orashi River at Odigwe axis Sombriero River at Ihuama, and Other smaller creeklets and streams The basic configuration of the Kolo Creek – Rumuekpe pipeline is depicted in Figure 2.3.



FF Figure 2.3: Configuration of 20” Kolo Creek-Rumuekpe Trunkline The communities closest to the pipeline route include Otuasega, Oruma, and Ibelebiri in Bayelsa State; Odau, Ozochi, Odigwe, Aminigboko, Owerewere, Okporowo, Okoma, Ihuowo and Ihuama communities in Rivers State. 2.8 Project Scope The project involves the following key activities:

• Detailed design

• Statutory approvals and licenses

• Materials Procurement/Collection and Coating of Materials

• Construction (Including recovery of old disused line)

• Commissioning and Handover

• Decommissioning and Mothballing

Rumuekpe M/F

Kolo Creek M/F

Nkpoku

Enwhe tie-in m/f

Rumuekpe

Kolo Creek ¬ 30m

Orashi River ¬ 220m

Sombreiro River ¬ 112m

8” Kolo Creek D/L

8” Etelebou D/L

16” Nun River (8” Nun River + 8” Diebu Creek)

4” Gbaran



2.8.1 Pipeline design

The detailed design of the line completed in December 2002, was carried out by MacDonald International Engineering Limited and was preceded by a conceptual design phase carried out in-house. The conceptual design studies set the broad parameters for the project. The pipeline was designed in accordance with the relevant sections of ANSI/ASME B31.4 supplemented by chapter (3) of SHELL Design and Engineering Practice (DEP) 31.40.00.10-Gen. (PIPELINE ENGINEERING). The pipeline was designed taking into consideration the operating conditions and requirements over its entire projected life cycle including final abandonment, i.e. the maximum planned throughput and turn-down, the characteristics of the fluids to be transported, the pressure and temperature requirements, the mode of operations, the geographic location, and the environmental conditions. The result of the detailed design and engineering are contained in Table 2.2. 2.8.1.1 Hydraulic Design

In order to determine the size and possible range of operational parameters of the pipeline, a hydraulic analysis was performed using PIPE PHASE and PIPESIM software. The analysis involved simulation studies using various pipe diameters vis-à-vis the fluid properties, inlet conditions, and flow rates. The hydraulic analysis provided the pressure and temperature profiles along the pipeline for steady state and transient conditions and a 20” pipeline diameter provided the optimum pipe size to meet the desired operating conditions. The hydraulic analysis took into consideration full account of possible changes in flow rates and operational modes, over the complete operational life of the pipeline. The hydraulic analysis was carried out using moderate growth production forecasts figures (see Figure 2.4) that incorporates future production prospects and the water cuts for individual flow stations. Hence the maximum production rate of 184MBD takes into account transportation of produced water and provision for peak productions and future expansion. The hydraulic analysis also provided data to address surge pressure during shutdown. The hydraulic simulation studies carried out during the design stage included sensitivity analysis using various pipe diameters. The study was however not limited to determining the size of the Kolo Creek – Rumuekpe T/L as a stand alone pipeline but took into consideration the effect on the sizing of the entire SPDC Trans Niger Pipeline (TNP) Network of which the Kolo Creek line is an integral part. The sensitivity analysis indicated very high pressures of between 66-82 barg for ~ 7 years of the line operation and velocities higher than the acceptable 2m/s for same period if an 18” diameter pipe was used. The selected 20” diameter line size provides the acceptable pressure and velocity regimes for the intended service taking into consideration the TNP network.



Table 2.2: Results of the Detailed Design and Engineering

S/N Parameter Description Data Unit

1 PROCESS

1.1 Trans Niger Pipeline MAOP 65 bar

1.2 Operating pressure @ Kolo Creek manifold 62.5 bar

1.3 Operating pressure @ Rumuekpe manifold 57.2 bar

1.4 Design Pressure 76 bar

1.5 Design Life 25 Yrs

1.6 Peak Maximum throughput 184 mbd

1.7 Pipe outside diameter 508 mm

1.8 Pipe inside diameter 489 mm

1.9 Pipe wall thickness (mainline seasonal swamp/land) sections 9.5 Mm

1.10 Pipe wall thickness (mainline river/road crossing) sections 10.3 Mm

1.11 Pipe wall thickness (Major barrels) 12.7 m

1.12 Pipe Grade API 5L X60

na

1.13 Minimum Bend Radius 7.62 bar 1.14 Flow Velocity Range 0.8 - 2.17 m/s 2 TOPOGRAHICAL

2.1 Pipeline Length ~38 km

2.2 River Crossings 2 No.

2.3 River Crossing Block Valves (Upstream/Down stream of River Crossings)

3 No.

2.4 Creek Crossings ≥ 20m 4 No.

2.5 Creek Crossings < 20m 5 No.

2.6 Road Crossings ≥ 15m 3 No.

2.7 Road Crossings < 15m 7 No.

2.8 Burial Depth (Underwater Cover @ creeks) – below mud line. 1.52 m

2.9 Burial Depth (Underwater Cover @ river crossings) – below mud line.

3.0 m

2.10 Burial Depth (Minimum Cover) – Rural Road Crossing by Open Cut

1.5 m

2.11 Burial Depth (Minimum Cover Below undisturbed ground surface) – Major Road Crossing by Thrust Bore

1.5 m

3 Corrosion Control

3.1 Corrosion Allowance 0.1 mm/yr

3.2 External Concrete Coating (Swamp/River Sections) 80 mm

3.3 External Anti-Corrosion Coating (3-Layer Polyethylene) 3.2 mm

3.4 Internal Coating None - NA -

3.5 Cathodic Protection (By Impressed Current) Yes - NA -

3.6 Corrosion Monitoring (By Intelligent Pig) Yes - NA -

3.7 Electrical Insulation (By Insulating Joints @ above/below ground transitions)

Yes - NA -

3.8 Corrosion Inhibition Yes 4 ANCILLIARY EQUIPMENT

4.1 Pig Launcher / Receiver Yes No. 5 ENVIRONMENTAL

5.3 Maximum Wind Speed 20.5 m/s

5.4 Average Daily Relative Humidity (Maximum) 97 %

5.5 Average Daily Relative Humidity (Minimum) 83 %



5.6 Average Daily Relative Humidity (Mean) 72 %

5.7 Ambient Temperature (Maximum) 35 oC

5.8 Ambient Temperature (Minimum) 18 oC

5.9 Mean Maximum hourly Rainfall 100 mm

5.10 Mean Maximum Monthly Rainfall (occurs in September) 355 mm

5.11 Average Annual Rainfall 2800 mm

Multidisciplinary Design reviews and HAZOP studies of the detailed design were carried out (See Appendix 5.2).

20" Kolo Creek - Rumuekpe T/L Moderate Growth Production Profile

-

50.00

100.00

150.00

200.00

250.00

2001

2002

2003

2004

2005

2006

2007

2008

2009

2010

2011

2012

2013

2014

2015

2016

2017

2018

2019

2020

Year

Mb

op

d/M

bp

d

Oil (Mbopd)

Gross (Mbpd)



Average Water Cut

0%

5%

10%

15%

20%

25%

30%

35%

40%

2001

2002

2003

2004

2005

2006

2007

2008

2009

2010

2011

2012

2013

2014

2015

2016

2017

2018

2019

2020

Year

% W

ate

r C

ut

Ave. Water Cut %

Fig 2.4 20” Kolo Creek – Rumuekpe Trunkline Hydraulic Analysis (using Moderate Growth Production Forecast Figures)

2.8.1.2 Operating philosophy

For the predicted life cycle (30 years) conditions, the design took due account of operations, inspection and maintenance requirements, as well as established operating philosophy and practices which had been agreed in advance (at the conceptual design stage) with the personnel responsible for the operation of the pipeline. These include manning levels for the operation, integrity monitoring and maintenance of the pipeline system, etc. The pipeline will be equipped with double block and bleed valves at both the Kolo Creek and Rumuekpe manifolds. In addition to other functions, these valves also act as isolation points for the pipeline. The philosophy of installing isolation valves (block valves) at the river crossings is primarily to isolate the river crossing section should there be a loss of containment in that section. The aim is to reduce to the barest minimum the volume of inventory discharged to the water. Valve Interlocks will be installed on the main manifold valves at Kolo Creek and Rumuekpe Manifolds. Interlocks make the valves tamper proof.



SPDC’s ROW surveillance contract will be used for manifolds and pipeline ROW monitoring. Also monthly helicopter over fly of pipeline ROWs will be carried out by SPDC and in addition to the above a remote monitoring system is being tested for application on SPDC pipelines. 2.8.1.3 Surveys and Land Acquisition

The detailed design also included Preliminary ROW survey/Investigation; this established the existing ROW was free from any encroachment that could interfere with the new pipeline construction. However, to confirm this and for Full Preparation Survey of working strip, SPDC Survey Department has commenced detailed survey works on the ROW. The scope covered by survey is as follows: � Carry out a standard PI/FP survey of the pipeline routes � Detail in features within and 100 metres off the ROW (F/L, P/L, power lines,

roads, buildings, etc.). � Stake out the ROW boundaries with tall yellow painted wooden pegs at 25m

intervals. � Carry out sounding of Orashi and Sombreiro rivers along the route at interval

of 11-25m. � Establish depth of pipes and distance between them at the river crossings. � All roads, creeks, pipeline crossings should be detailed and produced as insets

on a scale of 1:500. � Use pillar Nos. from KRM 01 � Determine the highest expected water level using marks on the trees or any

other structure The Survey is to fully establish the route for the new pipeline. 2.8.2 Statutory Approvals and Licenses

In accordance to the Oil Pipelines Act, Cap 338 Permit To Survey and Oil Pipeline Licence was applied for in 2001 and 2002 respectively. The relevant regulatory bodies have approved the following permit and license.

• Permit To Survey (PTS) Number 1418 granted in May 2002 by the Ministry of Petroleum Resources.

• Oil Pipeline License (OPL) Number 696 granted in June 2003 by the Ministry of Petroleum Resources.

An Environmental Impact Assessment of the project is also ongoing. The EIA among other things considers the interaction between the project activities and the environment during each stage of the pipeline life cycle. 2.8.3 Materials Procurement and Coating



All project materials (line pipes, valves and bulk materials) have been ordered. Over 80% of valves and bulk materials have been received while the outstanding 20% mostly supplementary materials and line pipes are yet to be received. Line pipes and the outstanding order are expected to arrive in Q1 2004. All materials for the project were ordered via SPDC Contracting and Procurement Department East (CPE). CPE is also responsible for logistics and other support required to ensure materials are stored safely and delivered on schedule. All procured materials will be delivered to the successful bidder at location(s) to be specified by SPDC prior to mobilisation. Procured line pipes and fittings that require coating (Polyethylene and Concrete) shall be delivered to Warri Port from where they will be received by the Coating Contractor. 2.8.4 Construction

The Pipeline construction shall be performed in accordance with the relevant sections of the current versions of Shell Standard Construction Specifications supplemented by DEP 31.40.00.10-Gen. (PIPELINE ENGINEERING) and relevant sections of the ANSI/ASME Codes. Construction shall also comply with any additional criteria resulting from the design. Construction activities close to existing facilities shall be planned in coordination with the operations function, as shutdown of these facilities would be required. The construction contractor shall provide all necessary calculations and procedures to ensure that the pipeline is installed in a safe and timely manner and with minimum impact on the environment. There shall be the determination of the approximate routes of both lines, and any other lines and facilities, using available drawings and line detectors, and confirm the exact positions, by manual excavation at appropriate intervals. Pipelines and facilities exposed will be inspected at each location to check the identity of the lines. All exposed lines and facilities shall be permanently marked to indicate which are to be removed and which are to be left in place. Detailed record of the location of each exposed line section, with relevant details (depth, soil conditions etc) shall be kept. The “as found” route of the line to be removed shall represent the exact route of the new line to be installed except at significant crossings such as waterways or exceptional locations. Details of any new route requirements will be considered and approved prior to trenching.



The project construction consists of a number of interlinked hardware items, namely,

• Abandonment (recovery) of disused 20” pipeline

• Pipeline traversing land, seasonal swamp, road, creek and river crossings

• Onshore scraper trap (Pig launching and receiving) manifolds

• Tie-ins

• Block valve manifolds

• Pipeline repairs (metal sleeving and sectional replacements) The work to be performed consists of collection of materials, survey, bush clearing and ditching (including thrust boring and dredging), stringing, welding of new sections and radiography, lowering into ditch, flushing, pressure testing and de-watering, tie-in to existing facilities, commissioning and handover, site reinstatement and clean up and preparation of as-built documentation. The works has been phased into pre-shutdown, shutdown and post shutdown activities. 2.8.4.1 Pre-Shutdown Activities This shall involve the following: 2.8.4.1a Yard fabrication

In order to reduce site works, light pre-fabrication works shall be carried out at the contractor’s workshop/fabrication yard prior to mobilisation to site. The fabrication works shall comprise welding of fittings (elbows, tees and flanges) to line pipes for hook up at the end facilities, scraper traps and block valve riser sections including pipeline string/strings for creek/river crossings and structural works (gantry hoist, pipe supports, valve access platforms etc). Yard operations shall be established as required to meet the construction schedule. 2.8.4.1b Community Engagement and Sustainable Development Strategy

The Project Advisory Committee (PAC) concept, which is being successfully used in other major projects in SPDC-E to obtain uninterrupted LTO, will be adopted in the management of the interface points in this project. The PAC involves an integrated body that gives room for the following:

• Community Participation

• Partnership with Construction Contractors

• Partnership with Government

• Harmony Outreach



The formation of the PAC shall be prior to mobilisation to site and commencement of site works. The PAC shall form the main plank of community participation, which will give community and indeed all-major stakeholders in the project a sense of belonging and partnership. The PAC shall comprise authorized representatives of all major stakeholders as follows:

• 2 Community members from Landlord communities and 1 from non-landlord community (such members shall be dropped as soon as work is completed in that sector of the community),

• Pipeline project community affairs team members

• Contractors’ representatives.

• two representatives each from the two State Governments/Community Relation Bureau.

• Two Nigerian Police Officers (one of whom shall be a State Security Service personnel) from each State,

• one representative of NAPIMS. The strategy adopted for the execution of the PAC is described in the report “SD/CA Management Plan for MTR Project”. Sustainable Community Development procedures shall be adopted for Community Development in this project. Area community development officers (CDOs) and community liaison officers (CLOs) in conjunction with the project and sustainable development team currently conducting Participatory Rural Appraisal in each of the landlord communities with a view of identifying community development projects to be executed alongside the pipeline construction works. Appendix 2.4. Sustainable community development (SCD) and interface management shall be a core line responsibility, but with strong central guidance, control and monitoring by the SCD team. The land Area Team will be accountable for managing all sustainable community development and interfaces against an agreed long-term plan (which shall be part of a wider framework for development in the Niger Delta).



2.8.4.1c Mobilisation of Contractor to site

The contractor shall mobilise all necessary contractor personnel, materials and equipment to site after setting up of the PAC and resolving community issues and obtaining SPDC’s approval of their site works programme. Prior to mobilisation, SPDC shall carry out pre-mobilisation inspection of all items/personnel to be mobilised to site. All equipment and personnel mobilised to site shall be certified fit for purpose and approved by SPDC before deployment to site. 2.8.4.1d ROW Survey Works

Prior to commencement of any construction works, the Contractor shall perform a detailed pipeline corridor survey to establish all crossings (road, creeks and rivers) including locations of existing facilities. The contractor shall, with the assistance of SPDC surveyors, re-open the pipeline wayleave from Kolo Creek manifold to Rumuekpe manifold. The contractor shall confirm all set out boundaries along the ROW and at all manifolds. The Contractor will be responsible for ensuring that the existing survey pillars are maintained and are not destroyed by construction activities. 2.8.4.1e ROW Clearing and Grading

Contractor shall clear grade, and strip the ROW and prepare the areas where the new line shall be laid. Grading operations shall be carried out only on dry land. The ROW shall be cleared for its complete width. At road crossings, removal of topsoil shall be kept to a minimum, and surface materials shall be removed (where necessary) only at the time of crossing installation. Contractor shall provide adequate room for handling of materials and equipment on site. All worksites shall be prepared in accordance to Shell Standard Construction Specifications sections 2, 3 and 4. 2.8.4.1f Flushing, De-oiling and Excavation

The new line is to be laid on the existing ROW on the trace of the disused 20” line, which will be exhumed. Prior to excavation, the disused line shall be cleaned with water and foam pigs, and it shall be ensured that the line is completely free from oil and grease. Cleaning will be deemed satisfactory once a level below 10ppm of oil in water is consistently achieved. It is note worthy that this line had been flushed and properly mothballed after it was decommissioned in 1994. The line will however be cleaned and flushed again to ensure that no oil/grease effluents are present in the line during excavation and cutting Since the new pipeline shall be located with the existing operational line in the same ROW, the existing pipe shall be located by means of a pipe detector and then manually exposed at specified intervals. The locations of the exposed pipeline shall be shown to the SPDC Site Representative for approval. Once



pipeline route is confirmed and flushing of the disused line is completed, excavation to recover the disused line shall commence using mechanical excavators. The ditch, after recovery of the disused line, shall then be prepared in readiness for the laying of the new pipeline. The contractor shall carry out dredging of creek/river crossings and confirm satisfactory dredging from sounding profiles prior to installation of this trunk line section. All dredging works shall be carried out according to SPDC Standard Construction Specification Section 36. All road crossings shall be by thrust boring or manual excavation as agreed by all stakeholders and approved by SPDC. Contractor shall ensure collection of relevant permits from third party authorities for these activities and that traffic is well controlled.

2.8.4.1g Removal of Disused line and Trench Preparation

After cleaning and flushing, the old disused line is to be excavated and recovered. The recovered pipes shall be cut into manageable lengths (~3m) and transported back to SPDC scrap pipe yard at Kidney Island where they will be stored pending when they would be needed for other non-critical requirements. The new line shall be laid in the trench from which the old line was recovered. Trench dimensions shall be at least 30cm more than the outside diameter of the coated pipe. Trench depth and width shall be increased as necessary where the pipeline approaches crossings or other specialized route sections. In swamp sections, if the push-pull method is adopted by the contractor, trench depth and width shall be sufficient to allow pipe floatation without causing any damage to the pipe or its coating. Where required the excavated trench shall be secured against collapse by suitable means e.g. timber planks, sheet piles, etc. All existing structures shall be located by manual excavation. After completion of pipeline installation activities, timber planks, sheet piles, etc shall be completely removed. 2.8.4.1h Stringing and Bending

The contractor shall string the line pipes along the ROW beside the open ditch with suitable equipment and handling tools. Stringing of pipes shall be interrupted where necessary to allow passage of vehicles, livestock, etc. Coated pipes shall rest on padded supports or timbers to avoid damage to coating. This shall apply also during transportation of pipes. Strung pipes shall be provided with caps at both joint ends to keep the joint free from dirt and extraneous materials. Joint and weld numbers shall be permanently marked on the external surface of the pipe at suitable locations to allow proper recording of welds.



Factory made hot bends having a minimum bend radius of 15D shall be used in the project. Horizontal and vertical deviations shall be obtained as much as possible by stress free elastic bends. Stringing and Bending shall be carried out in accordance with Section 25 of the Shell Standard Construction Specification. 2.8.4.1i Bevelling, Welding and Non-destructive weld inspection

An approved pipe cutter or thermal cutting and bevelling machine shall be used to perform joint bevelling. Manual cutting shall not be permitted. Bevels shall conform to the requirements of the welding specification. Pups required for tie-ins shall be cut from undamaged pipes. The minimum length of pup to be inserted in the line shall be 1.0m. The line pipes will be laid and welded by separate crews. They will be laid on padded supports or timber skids for welding along the ditch. The contractor shall make all field bends, cut pipe lengths as required and make welds in accordance with section 21 and 25 of Shell Standard Construction Specifications. All pipeline strings for creek and river crossings shall be made up on land and shall be pulled into place with due consideration to navigation, seasonal fishing etc. Visual inspection of welding will be made as the welding is being performed. Non-destructive testing of welds using radiographic procedures, which expose the full circumference of the joint, will be carried out following the completion of the weld. One hundred percent radiography of all weld joints shall be employed. All radiography films will be processed and interpreted on site to facilitate quick repairs of defective welds. Fillet weld joints shall be subjected to dye penetration tests. SPDC QA/QC representative on site prior to acceptance, must certify the entire weld joints okay. 2.8.4.1j Pipeline coating

The coating system for the proposed Trunkline will be as follows:

• Anti Corrosion Coating PE (polyethylene) Coated line pipes with shrink sleeve used for field joints.

• Weight Coating The section of the delivery line that falls in seasonal swamp area and river crossings will be coated with concrete to protect the anti-corrosion coating and to overcome negative buoyancy during installation.



The thickness of concrete coating was determined after detailed buoyancy calculations are carried out as part of the detailed design. The thickness calculated is 80mm (Table 2.2). Heat shrinkable sleeves or repair patches shall be used for repairs of defective field joint coatings taking into account the extent of the portion to be repaired. Holiday test shall be conducted on all field joint coatings. Shell QA/QC representative on site must certify this okay before lowering can commence. Defective coatings shall be clearly marked. All repairs shall be inspected visually and with a holiday detector to confirm that they are acceptable. All riser sections shall be protected using Riser clad. 2.8.4.1k Lowering and Backfilling

Lowering The welded pipe shall be lowered gently into the ditch without subjecting the line to any stress. The pipes will conform to the ditch and substantially supported by the ditch bottom. The bed underneath the pipe shall be prepared by installation of soft material (medium sand bed) to obtain a soft surround for the installed pipe. The material shall be free of stones, rocks, timber, roots, debris and any other material, which may damage the pipe coating. The sand bed shall have a minimum depth of 150mm. During lowering in dry land special care shall be taken to ensure the pipe coatings sustain no damage. Coated pipes shall be handled with rubber-covered broadband slings adequate for the pipe diameter. Strings shall be constructed so that they can be removed from under the pipe without dragging any metal parts against the pipe coating. For swamp and marshy areas lowering or sinking the pipe into the trench shall be carried out carefully to avoid damage to the pipe coating and/or pipe. Backfilling Initial backfilling shall be carried out by installation of soft material (medium sand bed) to obtain a dampened surround for the installed pipe. Initial backfill material shall be free of stones, rocks, timber, roots, debris and any other material, which may damage the pipe coating. The sand bed shall have a minimum depth of 150mm. Pipeline trench excavated in swampy areas shall be backfilled with excavated material up to the ground level. The backfill material shall be free of stones, rocks, timber, roots, debris and any other material, which may damage the pipe coating. Backfilling operations shall be carried out with due attention to avoid pipeline uplifting. Trench backfilling shall be completed in uniformly compacted layers not exceeding 150 mm: stockpiled spoil and shall crown it (heap up) along the top of the trench line.



Floatation channels either temporary or permanent shall be fully backfilled to re-establish original ground level. Backfilling of creek/river crossings shall be carried out after satisfactory installation of the pipeline section is confirmed by sounding profiles. When the pipe has been lowered into place the line shall be surveyed using satellite based GPS and the identity and exact location (co-ordinates and elevation) for the pipe, weld and feature shall be recorded. The site engineer shall ensure that mechanical equipment does not subsequently traverse along or across the installed pipeline unless protection has been provided in accordance with the approved procedures. 2.8.4.1l Cathodic Protection

There is existing, impressed cathodic protection CP system at Kolo Creek situated between the campsite and the flow station and at the Rumuekpe manifold. The existing (disused and operational) 2 x 20" Kolo Creek – Rumuekpe trunkline are protected by this system. Presently these lines are adequately protected and the CP system is operating at about 10% output. Additional load can be added conveniently to protect the new line in addition to the existing line, which will be decommissioned. The cathodic protection test stations will be done in two phases. The below ground installation (cable connections) will be carried out soon after lowering-in prior to backfilling. The above ground installation will be carried out on completion of the back-filling exercise. 2.8.4.1m Manifold Extension (fence and concrete hard standing)

The manifolds fence and concrete hard standings shall be modified/extended as necessary to accommodate the new end facilities. 2.8.4.1n Cleaning, Gauging, Pressure testing and De-watering

The new line shall be cleaned using brush-cleaning pigs. The pipeline shall also be gauged using aluminium gauging plate(s). The new line shall be flushed clean and pressure tested to 1.25 times the design pressure (1375psi or 95bar) with a maximum supplementary pressure allowance of 5bar for 24 hours continuously using potable or inhibited water in accordance to SPDC Standard Construction Specification Section 29. For the pipeline sections with greater wall thickness (e.g. river/road crossing sections), the test pressure shall be 1550psi or 106.5bar based on hoop stress requirements. The SPDC site representative shall witness the pressure test. Calibrated pressure and temperature charts shall be used to record pressure and temperature respectively during the pressure test. The pressure and temperature



charts shall be submitted to, and accepted by, SPDC prior to commissioning of the new lines. The new line shall be de-watered after pressure testing using compressed air and foam pig. 2.8.4.2 Shutdown activities 2.8.4.2a Tie-in at end facilities

The contractor shall fabricate and tie-in the new line to the 16” header at Kolo Creek M/F via a 20” x 16” reducer and a flanged connection to an existing “provision for future connection”. Similarly, the line shall be tied to the existing 40” light and medium headers at Rumuekpe M/F via existing 20” flanged ball valves. 2.8.4.2b Standardisation

All class 400# rated sections/valves and fittings at each of the end facilities shall be identified and changed out as much as possible with 600# rated components. All aboveground pipeline sections shall be blast cleaned, primed and painted in accordance with Section 22 of the Standard Construction Specification. A 1-day shutdown of Kolo Creek, Diebu Creek, Etelebou and Nun River flow stations shall be required to carry out the tie-in works. 2.8.4.3 Post Shutdown Activities 2.8.4.3a Concrete Works

All civil works involved in the hook-up of the new line shall be carried out in accordance with the SPDC Standard Construction Specification Section 12. All existing concrete works damaged by the construction exercise shall be re-instated to its original grade. 2.8.5 Commissioning and Handover

A pre-commissioning audit of the new lines to verify their conformity with the construction drawings shall be carried out. All spades and temporary connections shall be removed and a physical check will also be carried out on all facilities to confirm their operability prior to commissioning the lines. The contractor shall participate in the pre-commissioning audit, and shall effect any remedial works identified. SPDC personnel shall return all manifold valves to normal operating positions, open up the flow stations and commission the new line. The contractor shall provide crew support as necessary during the start-up and the introduction of



hydrocarbon into the line. Baseline Cathodic Protection (CP) Survey and intelligent pigging shall be carried out prior to handover. 2.8.5.1 Site Clean up and Demobilization from site At the end of site works, contractor shall ensure that the ROW and work site are properly cleaned and reinstated. After handover and restoration of work site to SPDC’s satisfaction, contractor shall demobilise entire resources from site. Comprehensive project materials reconciliation between SPDC and the contractor shall be carried out on completion and acceptance of construction works. All identified scrap/surplus materials shall be documented. The contractor shall return all scrap materials to SPDC scrap yard at Kidney Island. All unused (surplus) materials provided by SPDC shall be returned to SPDC project surplus stores at Kidney Island. The contractor shall submit a set of “as-built” drawings for the new construction to SPDC. The scope shall include the update on the approved construction drawings (including plan and profile) to reflect the “as-built” situation of the new line. 2.8.6 Decommissioning and Mothballing

On commissioning of the new line, the existing operational trunkline will be positively isolated, de-oiled and flushed clean using foam pigs driven by water. The line will be mothballed (filled with inhibited water), isolated and capped at both ends (Kolo Creek and Rumuekpe manifolds). 2.9 Project Schedule and personnel requirement The actual activity from commencement of site preparation to demobilizations expected to last approximately eighteen months. During this period about sixty-five (65) personnel are expected to work on this project (peak period) and would be accommodated in house boats. A breakdown of the number of personnel per activity phase is shown in table 2.3 below.

Table 2.3: Project Activities and Personnel Requirement

Project Activity No of Personnel

Site preparation 35

Excavation/Trenching 36



Removal of pipeline and trench preparation 44

Cleaning, stringing, welding and bending 65

Inspection, testing, lowering and backfilling 45

Pre-commissioning 20

Commissioning and Abandonment 10

The project is planned for completion by 2007. The project schedule is shown in Appendix 2.5



CHAPTER THREE

3.0 BASELINE ENVIRONMENTAL CONDITIONS

3.1 Data Acquisition Methods

Baseline data on the biophysical and socio-economics environments were collected. Sources of information include field survey, government/non-Government agencies, libraries, etc. Locations of sampling points for biophysical data are presented in Figure 3.1. A two-season fieldwork was undertaken (May 1999 for rainy season and November 1999 for dry season).

3.1.1 Soil Studies

Line transects were cut across the pipeline ROW at 2 km intervals throughout the length of the ROW from Kolo Creek Manifold to Rumuekpe Manifold. A total of 18 transects were cut across the pipeline ROW. Also random samples were collected from other areas in order to have a comprehensive coverage of the project area.

Two sets of soil samples were collected. One set was collected along the ROW and the other set collected from distances 100 m away from the pipeline route on either side of the ROW. Each soil sample within a sampling location was a composite of 5 auger borings. The auger used was made up of a semi-cylindrical bore of uniform cross-section, and marked at 15 cm intervals. Sampling was carried out by augering to a depth of 30 cm. The surface sample (0 –15 cm) was separated from the subsurface (15 – 30 cm) samples and placed in labeled polythene bags.

The use of the auger ensured that reproducible units of soil samples were collected, which guaranteed high quality data collection. Surface litter of non-decomposed plant materials was removed before sampling to ensure that only soil samples were collected.

Soil samples were collected in appropriately labeled and sealed polythene bags in accordance with the quality assurance criteria as contained in the Environmental Guidelines and Standards (DPR, 1991) for the Petroleum Industries. Laboratory Analysis Prior to the analyses, soil samples collected from the study area were air-dried and made to pass through a 2 mm sieve. The fine earth was then used for the analyses. The following is a description of the methods used for the different analyses carried out on soil samples.



Figure 3.1: Field/Sampling Map



pH The pH values of the soils were determined in the laboratory using a pH meter. The pH was determined by dipping the electrode into a 1:25 soil:water suspension that had been stirred and allowed to equilibrate for about 1 hour.

Hydrocarbon Content

The hydrocarbon contents of the soils were determined with a UV-visible spectrophotometer. After shaking 5 g of a representative soil or sediment sample with 10ml of toluene, the oil content was extrapolated by measuring the absorbency of the extract at 325 nm on a UNICAM HELIOS UV-VISIBLE v2.03 spectrophotometer. A standard curve of the absorbency of different known concentrations of hydrocarbons in extractant was first drawn after taking readings from the spectrophotometer. The hydrocarbon concentrations in the samples were then calculated after reading the concentration of the hydrocarbons in the extract from the spectrophotometer. With reference to a standard curve and multiplication by the appropriate dilution factor, the total hydrocarbon concentration was calculated.

Exchangeable Cations

Ten grammes of a finely ground representative sample were shaken in a conical flask with 100 ml of 1N ammonium acetate for about 1 hour and filtered into plastic cups. The filtrate was used for the determination of Ca by titrimetry, while Na and K were determined by flame photometry. The concentrations of the cations were calculated after taking due notes of the dilution factors and expressed in milligram equivalent per 100 g.

NO3-

Nitrate nitrogen was determined by the phenoldisulphonic acid method after 5 g of soil

sample was shaken in 50 ml of 1N K2SO4.

Organic Carbon/Matter Carbon was determined by wet combustion method of Walkey and Black (1934). One

gramme of finely ground representative sample was weighed in duplicates into beakers.

Ten milliliters of potassium dichromate solution was accurately pipetted into each beaker

and rotated gently to wet the soil sample completely. This was followed by the addition of

20 ml of conc. H2SO4 using a graduated cylinder, taking a few seconds only in the

operation. The beaker was rotated again to effect more complete oxidation and allowed to

stand for 10 minutes before dilution with distilled water to about 200 – 250 ml. Twenty-

five ml of 0.5N ferrous ammonium sulphate was then added and titrated with 0.4N

potassium permanganate.



Particle Size Analysis

This was carried out using the Bouyoucos hydrometer method. It involves separation of soil particles into sand, silt and clay fractions and determining the percentage of each size class. The texture of the soil was obtained with the aid of the “Textural Triangular diagram. Determination of Heavy Metal Contents in Soil The heavy metal contents of soils were determined after dry ashing the soils and extracting with dilute nitric acid. The ashed samples were then treated with 10 ml of 2N HNO3, filtered into a 50 ml volumetric flask and diluted to the 50 ml mark with distilled water. This solution was used for determination of the various heavy metals by atomic absorption spectrophotometry.

Estimation of soil microorganisms (bacteria and fungi) The composite soil samples for microbiology were introduced into sterile plastic bottles,

properly labeled and kept in the refrigerator (4o – 8

oC) until ready for analysis. Total

viable counts of culturable, aerobic heterotrophic microbes were obtained by preparing

serial 10-fold (or decimal) dilutions of the samples in sterile physiological saline (0.85%

w/v NaCl in deionized water) and surface plating onto sterile nutrient agar medium in

triplicate. Inoculated plates were incubated at room temperature (30o + 2

o C) for 48 hours

before colony enumeration. Hydrocarbon utilizing microorganisms were assayed for

using the vapour phase transfer method (Okpokwasili and Amanchukwu, 1988). Bacteria

and moulds were enumerated.

For the fungal counts, 1ml of soil dilutions of the 10-3

dilution was transferred with sterile

pipettes into McCartney bottles containing 9 ml molten potato dextrose agar (PDA)

maintained at a temperature of 42 – 45oC in a water bath. The ultimate dilution used was

thus 10-4

. With another sterile pipette, 0.1 ml of streptomycin solution of an appropriate

strength was added to each bottle of agar and soil suspension to suppress bacterial growth.

The contents in each bottle were mixed by gently rocking the bottle, poured into sterile

Petri dishes, and then incubated in duplicate at 25 – 30oC for 3 days. Fungal colonies that

developed were enumerated after this period.

3.1.2 Vegetation The vegetation study was accomplished by taking an inventory and samples of plant species within and outside of the ROW. Characterization/identification of plant species and the structure of plant communities were worked out in the field. However, plant species that could not be immediately identified in the field were taken to the herbarium in the University of Port Harcourt for proper identification using “Flora of Tropical West Africa”, by Hutchinson and Dalziel (1963). Analysis of vegetation communities within a quadrat of 20 cm

2 was carried out using the

Raunkaier life-form classification scheme.



The pathological status of some plants was observed and samples were taken to the laboratory for pathological analysis. Also, plant materials were dried and 2 g of dry tissue was acid-digested for heavy metal analyses. 3.1.3 Wildlife An inventory of the terrestrial wildlife fauna of the study area was drawn up from various sources. These include direct sighting of individuals, examination of indirect evidence such as faecal droppings, feathers, footmarks and vocal cues, and by questioning local hunters and residents. 3.1.4 Aquatic Studies 3.1.4.1 Surface Water The water samples were collected at the pipeline crossing location, as well as upstream and downstream locations of the pipeline crossings at the Sambreiro and Orashi rivers. Samples were also collected from Kolo Creek, other creeks and streams. Composites of five water samples were collected at each location.

All sample containers were rinsed with the water being sampled before putting in the sample into the containers. Samples for hydrocarbon analysis were collected in glass bottles, while those for heavy metal analysis were acidified to pH 2.0, using nitric acid in a separate set of sampling bottles.

Samples for microbiological analysis were collected in sterile plastic bottles and stored in ice-packed containers and later transferred to the refrigerator within four hours of collection. Laboratory Analysis

Phosphate

Phosphate content of the surface water was determined by the stannous chloride method (APHA 1992). Phosphate in water reacted with ammonium molybdate in acidic medium to form molybdophosphuric acid, which was reduced to molybdenum blue complex by stannous chloride. The intensity of colour was measured at 690nm using Spectronic-20 spectrophotometer.

Sulphate

Sulphate was determined by the turbidimetric method (APHA 1992). The sulphate was reacted with barium ion in the presence of sodium chloride-hydrochloric acid solution containing glycerol and ethyl alcohol. This results in the formation of colloidal barium sulphate, which was measured at 420nm.



Suspended Solids This parameter was measured by gravimetric method (APHA, 1992). 200ml of water

samples were filtered through pre-weighed 0.5µ membrane filter. The filters were then

dried to constant weight in an oven at 103 – 105oC.

Chloride Chloride was measured titrimetrically by the Argentometric method in slightly alkaline

solution with silver nitrate (AgNO3), solution in the presence of potassium chromate as

indicator (APHA, 1992).

Oil and Grease Oil and grease was measured after pre-extracting 100ml sample with 10.0ml carbon

tetrachloride, using a Horiba Oil Content Analyzer (OCMA-200, range 0 – 100 ppm).

Biochemical Oxygen Demand The Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD) is conventionally reported as the five-day value

and is defined as the amount of oxygen required by living organisms engaged in the

utilisation and stabilisation of the organic matter present in water or wastewater. The unit

of expression is milligram oxygen per litre (mg O2 L-). The standard test involves seeding

with sewage, river water, or effluent, and incubating at 20oC.

The BOD of the water samples collected was determined using modified oxygen depletion/Winkler’s method (APHA, 1992). It is a titrimetric procedure based on the oxidising property of dissolved oxygen DO.

Two sets of samples were collected; one set for immediate dissolved oxygen (DO)

determination and the other for incubation for 5 days at 20oC. Prior to titration, each of the

samples (250 ml) was fixed with 2 ml of Winkler 1 reagent and 2 ml of Winkler II

reagents, 2 ml of concentrated H2SO4 was also added to aid liberation of iodine equivalent

to the original DO content in the sample. The samples were then titrated with a standard

solution of thiosulphate. The difference between initial and 5-day DO gives the BOD mg/l.

3.1.4.2 Plankton Sampling

Phytoplankton and zooplankton samples were collected using the screen method. For phytoplankton, 1 litre of water samples was collected in a plastic container and preserved in a solution of Lugol’s iodine. Quantitative zooplankton samples

were obtained by filtering a known volume of water through a 55µ-mesh size plankton net. The net and contents of the retention container were rinsed into a collection jar and fixed in 10% formalin solution.



3.1.4.3 Sediments/Benthos

Samples of benthos were obtained using a stainless steel Ekman type grab. Sub-samples were taken for microbiological studies and heavy metals analysis and the remainder sieved through a 1.0 mm-mesh sieve, using the water where the sediment was collected, and preserved in 10% formalin solution.

3.1.4.4 Fisheries Fishing activity was assessed by counting the number of fishermen at work at the time of sampling. The types of gear used by fishermen were observed and their catch examined for types of fish. Fishermen were also interviewed to obtain further information on the attributes of the fisheries of the areas under study. Samples were obtained for laboratory examination.

3.1.5 Geology / Hydrogeology The stratigraphy of the subsurface soil was investigated using Percussion Drilling technique to drill to the aquifer depth. The drilling was carried out without the introduction of extraneous substances. Six boreholes were drilled in the study area.

Sample cuttings were taken at intervals from each borehole (especially at points where it changes in lithology) for laboratory soil testing of textural characteristics.

The wells were screened and cased with PVC pipes, gravel packed, cemented and capped. The use of PVC pipes for casing and screening was to prevent infiltration and contamination of the groundwater. The wells were developed by flushing for a period of about two hours and allowed to equilibrate before water samples were collected.

Groundwater flow direction in the study area was determined using the three boreholes drilled in the Kolo Creek Field. The boreholes were located in a triangular manner. The depth to water (static water level) in each borehole was measured with a Fisher Model WLT electric water level indicator. The depth to water (SWL) of each borehole was subtracted from the elevation of the borehole to obtain the total water head at that point. A triangle was drawn on the map with the boreholes and their respective total head values at the apices of the triangle. Lines joining points of equal water elevation (equipotential lines) were drawn, and perpendicular lines drawn to these lines gave the groundwater flow direction in the area.

The stratigraphy of the boreholes was studied in the field. The hydrogeologic conditions in the project area were assessed using the boreholes drilled. Groundwater samples were collected for potability analysis. The water samples



were collected into appropriately labeled containers as recommended by DPR (1991).

3.1.6 Air Quality/Noise Measurement

The ambient suspended particulate matter level in the study area was sampled with Hi-Vol. sampler, an impinger train, a vacuum pump and a power generating set. The equipment was stationed in an open suitable space in areas away from and within settlements. A total of 3 locations were sampled for suspended particulate matter.

Other air quality parameters namely, noise, ambient temperature, NOx, SO2, and H2S,

were determined in-situ using hand-held detectors, at 5 different locations along the entire

length of the pipeline route. Noise levels were determined using a noise meter (DAWE

1422). For other parameters, NOx, was determined using meter model GC 901, fitted with

a NOx sensor 01 (G-cell 44-900); SO2, using meter model GC 801, fitted with SO2 sensor,

(G-cell 44-800) and H2S, using GC-700 meter (fitted with G-cell 44-700 H2S sensor).

3.1.7 Socio-Economics and Human Health Studies The Community/Socio-Economic Assessment involved the gathering of social (demographic housing, settlement pattern, education facilities), cultural (origin/ historical information, shrines and sacred forest), economic (occupation, commerce, income) and land-use pattern data, etc of the pipeline communities (Fig. 3.2).

The socio-economic and health risk assessment surveys were carried out using detailed and, well-structured questionnaires, personal interviews, meetings/ consultations and taking inventory through observations. The questionnaires were distributed through focal points and covered all strata of the community members. The wide spectrum of the community members interviewed ensured that every view was considered and noted.

Health Risk Assessment involved the assessment of the health status of the people (sanitation, water supply, waste disposal, food types, diseases/common illness, habitations etc.), community health survey and physical/clinical observations among others.

3.1.8 Quality Assurance and Quality Control

This was an integral part of the studies and it covered all aspects of the study. The quality assurance programme conformed to FEPA, DPR and other international standards. The programme covered sample collection during fieldwork, transportation to the laboratory and handling of laboratory analyses, data verification / communication. Documentation of actual sample storage, treatment and laboratory analyses was handled by the use of chain of custody procedures.



Figure 3.2:



The sampling procedure/strategy considered are:

• Obtaining a representative portion of the material concerned

• Obtaining a sufficient volume of the samples for analyses

• Sampling of the ecological components

• Establishment of numbering system and proper labeling of containers

• Use of appropriate field recording forms, and

• Regular meting during fieldwork to assess progress and performance.

The sampling rationale took into consideration the possible principal sources of bias, e.g., inaccuracy and imprecision and establishment of sampling points and sampling collection were carefully selected by proven methods to remove systematic error. Representative sampling (composite samples) ensured high quality data collection.

Sample Collection and Handling

Sample collection and handling methods used are those specified in the DPR, guidelines and standards (Part VIII D: Standard procedures for sampling and analyses) and FEPA Guidelines. Samples collected were properly sealed and labeled. The following information was provided on each of the samples:

• Identification code or sample number,

• Date and time of sampling,

• Description of sample, and

• Methods of sampling

A duplicate copy of this information was sent along with the sample collected when the samples were being sent to the laboratory for examination.

Movement of the samples, sample identification and other information were recorded on sample chain of custody form.

Soil Samples The horizontal extent (area coverage) of surface soil was investigated by obtaining representative samples (at least five to ten different random boring collected at random make up a composite sample of a location) with a 9cm-diameter hand auger. Surface litters of undecomposed plant materials were removed to ensure that uncontaminated soil samples was collected.

To obtain representative sample of the whole soil mass, steps taken include:

• the taking and mixing of a series of cores from the area to be sampled and;

• Sub-sampling of the original sample.



Water Samples Surface Water Collection All sample containers were pre-washed with detergent and rinsed several times with

distilled water. Containers for the collection of samples for heavy metals analysis were

acid-washed. Before the collection of samples, the containers were rinsed with the water to

be sampled. Water samples were collected below the surface and containers were always

filled to brim.

For metal analysis, samples were treated with HNO3 to pH 2 to prevent precipitation.

Samples for organic matter content analysis were preserved in HCl to prevent

biodegradation. Glass containers were used for the collection of samples for hydrocarbon

analysis. The samples were immediately preserved in ice-cooled boxes and transported to

the laboratory for analysis, samples were stored in a refrigerator at approximately 4oC to

minimise storage changes prior to analyses

In situ measurements were carried out in the field for pH, temperature, and turbidity to

ensure quality of data. The equipment for in situ measurements were always properly

checked and calibrated before and after sampling.

Vegetation Samples Most of the plants were identified in the field, thus ensuring correct identification. Unidentified plants were pressed immediately after each day’s collection to ensure that vegetative characteristics were intact and plants look as natural as possible.

Microbiological Analyses Surface water and soil samples were collected in sterile glass bottles. The samples were

stored in an ice-cooler in the field and refrigerated at 4oC after the day’s field activities

thus ensuring that the organisms did not change in their population characteristics before

laboratory analysis.

Laboratory Analyses A combination of standard in situ measurements, the DPR Guidelines and Standards

procedures Part VIII (D) 2.0 (sampling procedures for sampling and analyses) and US

Environmental Protection Agency EPA/625/6-80/016 1987 (Groundwater Handbook)

were adopted in this study. Surface water samples were subjected to physico-chemical

analysis using various methods published by the American Public Health Association

(APHA, 1992).

In general, during the analyses, the sensitivity, stability, accuracy, and precision of results and capability for calibration of the equipment were some of the prime considerations for the choice of analytical procedures. Field blanks, standards, spiked and blind control samples were used to provide independent checks, to assess changes in sample composition that may arise due to handling, storage and transportation as well as performance of the specific analytical procedure(s) in the laboratory.



3.2 Results and Discussion

3.2.1 Land use/Land cover

The Project Area covers a total of 53.76km x 37.58km (2020.30sq. km) approximately; defined by the following Co-ordinates: (Top Left: 424746.00E, 478506.00E); and (Bottom Right: 109900.00N, 72320.00N)

The area is dominated by Forests and Farmland, west to east of the area of interest, with more than 66% (66.63%) and 16.73% respectively, Mangrove and Sparse Vegetation in the SSE and NNE of the area under consideration. Urban/Industrial and Water (basically in the NE, and East, of entire area) form relatively lower percentage of the total project area, with 1.05% and 1.87%. The main urban areas include: Omagwa, Rundele, Rumuekpe, and Soku. The land use/Land cover area summary of the project area is presented below in Table3.1 and Figure 3.3.

Table 3.1: Land cover area summary for Kolo Creek-Rumuekpe project

Land cover Water Mangrove Forest Forest II

Farmland Sparse

Vegetation

Urban/

Indust.

Total

No. of Pixels 94431 548146 2319088 1046158 845013 144723 53193 5050752

Area Km2 37.77 219.26 927.64 418.46 338.00 57.89 21.28 2020.30

% Area 1.87 10.85 45.92 20.71 16.73 2.87 1.05 100

3.2.1.2 Kolo Creek-Rumuekpe Trunk line Corridor

The proposed Kolo Creek - Rumuekpe trunk line corridor passes through an existing pipeline right-of-way (ROW) and crosses forests (6.85km) from Kolo Creek, and farmland, SW and East of Ibelebiri; and sparse vegetation (18.67km) near Enwhe flow station; crossing river channel (water) (22.67km) and minor settlement at Odigwe; through sparse vegetation and urban/industrial areas at Owerewere (26.88km), and then traversing through a major farmland area (approximately 8km in length) and small settlements, minor stream channel (36.60km) through to Rumuekpe (37.50km), and manifold/flow station on its joint, tying at 37.70km length. The third–party pipeline (Agip-pipeline) crosses the Kolo Creek – Rumuekpe pipeline at approximately 16.60km from Kolo Creek. There are three minor and one major river-crossings of between 0.066km (approx.66m) to 0.19km (approx. 186m) widths at crossing points, respectively. Most of the minor river crossings are channel distributaries of the major rivers making a total of 0.2km² or 1% (approximately) of the total project area, across water. The land use/land cover for the trunk line corridor is presented in Table 3.2 and Figure 3.4.



Table 3.2: Land cover area summary: Kolo Creek-Rumuekpe Pipeline Replacement Project (1 km wide corridor)

Land Cover Water Mangrove Forest Forest II Farmland Sparse

Veg.

Urban/

Indust.

Total

No. of Pixels 452 0.00 27516 13632 20507 8883 2614 73604

Area (km2) 0.18 0.00 11.01 5.45 8.20 3.55 1.05 29.44

% Area 0.61 0.00 37.40 18.51 27.85 12.06 3.57 100

3.2.2 Soils

The physical characteristics of the surface (0 – 15 cm) and subsurface (15 – 30 cm) soils around the study area are presented in Table 3.3. The chemistry of soil determines, to an extent its properties and peculiarities. The presence or absence of mineral elements influences the physical characteristics and agricultural quality of a soil. The result of the analysis of soils from Kolo Creek-Rumuekpe 20” Trunk line pipeline and its environs indicate a textural variation from loams through silty clay and clay. However there is dominance of clay and loam on the surface soils of around Otuasega/Owerewere axis, and Owerewere/Ihuama/Rumuekpe axis respectively.

Table 3.3: Physical Characteristics of Surface and Subsurface Soils around

the Study Area.

Surface soils (0 – 15cm depth)

Colour - Consists predominantly of shades of brown (brownish,

dark brown and greyish brown).

Nature of soil -

-

Predominantly clayey and few silty clayey areas along Otuasega/Owerewere axis.

Predominantly loamy and few clayey areas along

Owerewere/Ihuama/Rumuekpe axis.

Consistency -

-

Wet and plastic along Otuasega/Owerewere axis.

Generally loose along Owerewere/Ihuama/ Rumuekpe

axis.

Porosity -

-

Poor drainage along Otuasega/Owerewere axis

Fair and good drainage along Owerewere/Ihuama/ Rumuekpe axis.



Subsurface soil (15 – 30cm depth) Colour - Consists predominantly of shades of brown

(brownish, dark brown and greyish brown) Nature of soil -

-

Generally clayey, but silty clayey in few areas along Otuasega / Owerewere axis. Predominantly loamy and few clayey areas along

Owerewere/Ihuama/Rumuekpe axis.

Consistency -

-

Sticky wet and plastic along Otuasega/Owerewere axis. Generally loose but plastic in few areas along Owerewere/Ihuama/Rumuekpe axis.

Porosity -

-

Poor drainage along Otuasega/Owerewere axis. Fair and good drainage along Owerewere/Ihuama/ Rumuekpe axis of the pipeline route.

pH

The pH values obtained from soils along the 20” Trunk line Kolo creek – Rumuekpe pipeline route indicate high acidity of the soil samples. The observed pH values ranged from 3.90 – 6.13. Topsoil pH ranged from 4.01 – 5.62 and 4.89 – 6.13 for rainy and dry seasons, respectively, while bottom soil samples had pH values that ranged from 3.9 – 5.91 and 4.98 – 5.8, respectively, for rainy and dry seasons.

Conductivity

The mean conductivity recorded for the soil in the wet and dry season was 36.03 µScm-

and 35.48 µScm-respectively. The conductivity of the soils was low with ranges between

10-79.9 mg/gm during the rainy and dry seasons. This is an indication of the minimal

presence of saline materials and the inland nature of this area.

Total Organic Carbon (TOC) A mean TOC level of 0.91% and 1.9% were recorded in the soils during the wet and dry seasons respectively. The organic matter of most tropical soils falls in the range of 0.5-5.0% and decrease with depth (Udo, 1986). Many important soil properties like soil water absorption and retention, capacity to supply nitrogen, phosphorous and other elements to growing plants, adequacy of aeration, etc are dependent to some extent on the quality of organic matter present. Total Hydrocarbon (THC) The THC obtained in this study ranged from 2.7 – 68.2mg/kg for soil samples. The values of these potential contaminants were found to be generally low. The values did not show much seasonal variation. These low levels of hydrocarbon can be traced to the biogenic sources resulting most likely from plant material decay.



Figure 3.3: Land use/Land cover of Project Area



Figure 3.4: Land use/Land cover of Kolo Creek-Rumuekpe T/L Corridor



NO2- - Nitrogen

Nitrite nitrogen levels were low in both rainy and dry seasons. Concentrations ranged from 0.4 – 3.2 ppm in surface and subsurface samples. Nitrate – Nitrogen (NO3

-) Nitrate nitrogen (NO3

-) levels were moderate. Mean values were 97.85 mg/kg and 82.45 mg/kg for rainy and dry season respectively. This value is indicative of effective mineralization and contribution to the fertility of the soils. There was generally a low nitrogen level when compared with carbon, which was high. The carbon nitrogen ratio was about 30:1 accounting for the low to moderate fertility observed. However, very high ratios are known to reduce soil fertility.

Phosphate – Phosphorous (PO4

3-) Phosphate – phosphorus plays a vital role in plant metabolism. Also organisms involved in biological activities in the soil require phosphorus for the production and synthesis of new cell tissues. This anion is also known to stimulate root growth in plants. The phosphate levels observed in the soil were low and ranged between 0.11 and 0.89 mg/kg for both wet and dry season. There was evidence of increasing concentration of phosphate ion during the dry season. The phosphorous (P) levels mean values 0.18 mg/kg during the rains and 0.52 mg/kg during dry season were recorded. The low nutrient levels may be due to high leaching action arising from the rainfall recorded in the Niger Delta area. Sulphate – Sulphur (SO4

2-) The sulphate – sulphur levels were generally low. All the surface and subsurface samples in the wet season recorded sulphate content levels <1.0 mg/kg while 81.1% and 92.0% of surface and subsurface samples had SO4

2- levels in the range 0.01 – 0.09 mg/kg during the dry season.

Exchangeable Cations In assessing soil fertility, the available nutrient contents include ions in solution and those

held by the clay and organic colloids. But it is those in solution that the plant roots will

take up. The nutrient levels are always related to the exchangeable cations. The cations are

mainly calcium ions, (Ca2+

), Magnesium ions, (Mg2+

), Sodium (Na+) and Potassium (K+)

ions. The levels of these two cations were observed to be moderate to high. Sodium (Na+)

levels ranged from 46.8 – 201 mg/kg. The soils recorded a high cation exchange capacity.

Mean values of 93.6mg/kg - 104.4 mg/kg, 40.14 mg/kg - 49.04 mg/kg, 113.11 mg/kg –

133.3 mg/kg and 16.73 mg/kg –19.23 mg/kg were recorded for Na+, k+, Ca2+

and Mg2+

respectively during the two season sampling periods.

Heavy Metals

Iron (Fe), copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), cadmium (Cd), chromium (Cr), mercury (Hg), manganese (Mn), nickel (Ni), lead (Pb) and vanadium (V) are some of the heavy metals found associated with crude oil. The baseline determination of their levels in the ecosystem is very vital. In case of ecological perturbation arising from



incidents such as oil spillages, their new levels in the post impact assessment will indicate the extent of environmental pollution.

The iron level was observed to be high in all the soil samples studied around the 20” Trunk line Kolo creek –Rumuekpe pipeline. Iron content levels ranged from 601.28 – 1084.3 mg/kg. Zinc level was observed to be high ranging from 2.13 – 32.6 mg/kg. The chromium contents of the soils were low. About 60% of the soil samples had Cr content levels below the detection limit of the test equipment during wet and dry season. However during the rainy season Cr content in the range 0.01 – 0.05 mg/l was observed in 57.7% and 19.2% surface and subsurface soils respectively. Pb content levels were also low in the soil samples. About 42% of the soils had Pb content levels below detection limit during the wet season while about 90% during the dry season had a below detection limit Pb content. During the wet period, 43% of the surface and 42% of the subsurface soil had Pb content in the range around 0.01 – 0.05 mg/kg. Copper occurred in low amounts in the soils ranged from 0.87 – 8.21 mg/kg in the soils.

Cadmium content of the soils was very low. 100% of the soils during the wet season had Cd content below detection limits. In the dry season however, 55.8% of the soils still had Cd content below detection limits while 42.3% of the surface and 46.2% of subsurface soils had Cd content levels in the range 0.0009 – 0.001 mg/kg. Vanadium was also low in the soils. V was not detected in 36.5% and 42.3% of wet and dry season soil samples respectively, however, in soils where V occurred, the concentration ranged from 0.001 – 0.019 mg/kg. Nickel content level was low in the soils. About 32% of soil in the wet season and 29% in the dry season had Ni content levels below detection limit, while in other samples the Ni concentration ranged from 0.01 – 0.1 during the wet season. Manganese as it occurred in the soils was moderate to high. The range was from 2.5 – 300 mg/kg. Mercury was not detected in the soils in the study area.

3.2.3 Vegetation

Untouched vegetation was observed on both sides of this 38-km Kolo Creek – Rumuekpe Trunk line route, although there are several human interferences from cultivation, logging, oil activities and exploitation for a variety of products. The vegetation of the area is generally a secondary type at few places probably are more than 40 years old and assume a primary pristine nature: and girth sizes of some of the forest trees identified.

The floristic composition of the study area is diverse. A considerable variation in physiognomy, structure and girth sizes occur. Where forests exist, the distribution of trees show the scattering of the highest canopy trees all over the forest. In such areas, several species of shrubs, herbs, climbers/tangles and epiphytes also occur. These apart from completing the forest also provide soil and forest stabilization against agents of denudation. Their importance to the general



ecology of the forest is less than those of trees. The vegetation distribution of this area indicates the following vegetation types:

• Fresh water / Swamp Forest

• Lowland Rainforest (Secondary Type)

• Bush fallow vegetation

• Farm Lands / Plantations

• Pipeline vegetation

• Vegetation around settlements.

3.2.3.1 Vegetation Types /Distribution

Freshwater Swamp Forest This forest ecotype occurs around Kolo-Creek and Ihuama / Rumuekpe areas of the

Pipeline where the influence of fresh water river system is noticeable. At Kolo–Creek and

Ihuama /Rumuekpe, the forest floor of this ecotype is seen at some places to be dissected

into irregular mounds/ ridges by numerous intricate narrow water channels. These

channels are flooded at the peak of rainy season. The mounds/ridges or soil fragments are

held together by roots of the woody plant species especially Raphia hookeri. These roots

ensure soil stabilization and control of erosion within the forest.

Floristic Composition There is an overlap and noticeable similarity profile revealed by the vertical arrangement

spatial distribution and floristic arrangement of this forest and those of the lowland

rainforest ecotype. However, typical species of fresh water swamp dominate the area. The

vegetation is rich in species diversity and the floristic composition is characterized by the

following: Raphia hookeri, Uapaca hendelotic, Elaeis guineensis, Pterocarpus

santalinoides, Cleiostopholis patens, Anthocteista vogelii, Symphonia globulifera

Mitragyna ciliata, Dalbergia ecastaphythm, Alchornea cordifolia, Ficus spp., Treculia

africana. Rauwolfia macrophylla, Funtumia africana, Alstonia cinerria, Musanga

necropolises, Albania spp., Klainedoxa gabonensis, and Irvingia gabonensis occur in this

ecotype mostly around the Kolo–Creek area. The undergrowth, tangles and aquatic weeds

encountered include Psychortria vogeliana, Costus afer, Maranthodea Selaginella spp.,

Nephroleptis bisserata, Ipomoea sp., Diplarium sammantic, Ludivigia decurreas, and

Centhotheca spp. Ancistrophythim secondifolia, Pandanus fascicularis and Cyrtosperma

senegalensis were common around Ihuama / Rumuekpe. While Pandanus spp. formed a

difficult hedge along both banks of Sambreiro River, Ancisstrophyllum secondifolia

formed impenetrable tangles in the forest. The density distribution of plant species within

this forest type showed that Raphia spp. had the highest relative density.

Structure The forest is fully mature and differentiated into three distinct strata, namely the upper,

middle and the lower strata. The upper strata species are scattered all over the forest. They

do not have a continuous canopy and their crowns are flat or spreading and very large.



Their heights in most places range from 25 – 35 m. They include Alstonia booneii,

Piptaderiastrum africanum, Klainedoxa gabonensis etc.

The second canopy layer is completely closed with marked canopy contact. The close

contact of the sclerophyllous leaves of species in this layer make penetration of light into

the ground floor of the forest difficult. Species in this layer are between 15 – 22 m tall and

include Cleiostopholis patens, Raphia spp., Anthocleista vogelii, Uapaca hendelotii,

Musanga cecropoides.

The lowest strata is poor in species composition and occupied by herbs, ferns, grasses,

sedges and some lianus shrubs, These include Maranthocloa congensis, Cyrtosperma

senegalensis, Afromomum spp., Costus afer and Diplazium sammantic.

It is noteworthy that this forest type is somehow undifferentiated in some areas in Ihuama/Rumuekpe axis. In this area, a canopy of distantly separated and easily identifiable tree species is noticed. In the gaps, dense tangles of shrubs and lianas practically form impenetrable vegetation closely held together. These completely cover and overhang the entire forest.

In terms of Raunkaerian life forms, most of the plant species belong to the Phenerophytes. The therophytes and epiphytes were the least. This shows the woody nature of the forest. There is a serious and indiscriminate exploitation of the fresh forest water species. Restriction and strict laws on felling and logging is necessary in such areas. Lowland Rainforest (Mixed tropical Rainforest)

The lowland rainforest formation is somehow the most dominant forest formation of the study area as it extends from Kolo-Creek to Rumuekpe. However, this forest is very discontinuous and in most areas are seen remnants of its own self or rainforest of several years. The stages of re-growth and maturity of this forest differ at different places along both sides of the pipeline. In fact human activities have greatly transformed the structure and probably species richness of this vegetation type. This is reminiscent in the number of plantations, farmlands, oil palm bush that dot both sides of the pipeline and the serious logging activities that go on where the forest is mature. The forest is very mature around Kolo-Creek area and between Odau - Owerewere through Odigwe (between 8.65 km to 24.700 km) along both sides of the pipeline.

Floristic Composition Where the forest is fully matured as in Kolo-Creek and between Odau to Odigwe, there is

a distinct profile as revealed by the vertical arrangement and spatial distribution of

individual plants. The floristic composition consists of species of transitional and wet

series. The emergent trees of the uppermost layer are Klainedoxa gabonensis, Symphonia

globulifera, Alstonia booneii, Terminalia superba, Irvingia gabonensis, Chlorophora



excelsa, Ceiba pentandra, Piptadeniasrtum africanum, Cynometra megalophylla, Cola

spp, Lophira alata and Sterculia tragacantha. These trees are very tall and spatially

distributed with heights ranging from 28 m and above.

The second layer is made up of several trees species and these include Pycnanthus angolensis, Cleistopholis patens, Funtumia africana, Musanga necropolises, Anthologist vogelii, Elaeis guineensis, Mitragyna ciliata, Albizia sp, Fagara sp., Dichrostachys cinerea, Pterocarpus soyauxii, Alstonia booneii, Pentaclethra macrophylla, Xylopia ethiopica, Alchornea cordifolia, Tetraptera tetraplura, Harungana madagascariensis, Fiscus vogeliana, Baphia spp, Acio barteri and Chrysobalamus orbicularies. Trees in this canopy layer have a highest range of 10 m to 27 m. Their crown merges form a continuous canopy. Associated with trees of this canopy layer are various shrubby lianas, lianas climbers and epiphytic species. These include Chromolaena odorata, Clappertonia ficifolia, Psychortria vogeliana, Anthonatha macrophylla, Combretum racemosum, Nephroleptis bisererata, Landolphia sp., Ficus exasperata, and Lessampelos spp., Urena spp, Griffonia calyeine and Mussaeda spp.

The lowest and ground floor is poor in species diversity. The vegetation on this layer

(ground floor) is sparse and the floor is covered with leaves. The forest is reasonably

penetrable and the canopies formed by the crowns of the tree species make the forest floor

gloomy with isolated sun fleck penetrating through gaps in the canopy. Characteristic

species include Diplazium sammanti, Acanthus monotamus, Maranthocloa congensis,

Maranthochloa sessilis, Costus afer, Selaginella spp, Centhoteca spp, and saplings of

woody trees like Cleiostopholis patens and Elaeis guineensis.

The density distribution of trees in this forest type shows that Elaeis guineensis was the

most dominant. Symphonia globulifera, C.patens and A. vogelii followed this.

Structure The forest is fully mature with the vegetation properly differentiated into three distinct

strata, namely the upper, middle, and the lowest strata or storey as described above.

However, where the forest is not fully matured (secondary forest) like on both sides of the

pipeline around Oruma and before Odau, the forest profile does not show three distinct

strata. Instead, two strata are clearly visible with an emergent stratum of trees, which are

scattered all over the forest, and a second stratum, which merges with the ground floor.

The emergent in these areas are mostly Picnanthus angolensis, Elaeis guineensis,

Chlorophora excelsa and Musanga cecropiodes. This forest is remarkably regular and

uniform in structure, though the abundance of small climbers and young saplings gives it a

dense and tangled appearance. In terms of the Raunkiaerian life forms, the life spectrum

indicated that the mesophanerophytes, megaphanerophytes and microphanerophytes

constitute the dominant life forms (about 65%) and represented by herbaceous, shrubs and

saplings of tree species constitute about 25%, while the ferns, epiphytes and palms

constitute about 10%.



Results of the dry and rainy season sampling of this forest did not show any changes in vegetation structure and profile. However, constant exploitation of this forest for timber definitely will change its species richness and composition. This will in the long run affect the structure of the forest.

Bush Fallow Vegetation

Bush fallow vegetation of 1 to 15 years old fringe the pipeline ROW on both sides at several intervals. These bush fallow lands represent areas where farming and other severe exploitation have taken place years ago. Interjected by patches of farmlands is a fringe of bush fallow vegetation on both sides of the ROW from Owerewere to Okoma.

Floristic Composition Grasses, herbs and few stands of timber and tree crops characterize this Bush fallow

vegetation type. The floristic composition consists dominantly of Alchornea cordifolia,

Clappertonia ficifolia, Milletia spp. Newbouldia laevis, Costus afer, Aspilia africana,

Chromolaena odorata, Baphia nitida, Synedrella nodiflora, Sida acuta, Ipomoea

involucrata, Calopogonium nucroides, Dissotis rotundifolia, Anthologist vogelii, Others

are Pueraria phaseoloides, Afromomum spp., Phyllantus spp., Acio barteri, Funtumia

africana, Harungana madagascariensis, Psychortria vogeliana, Mussaenda spp., Mallotu

oppositifolius, Smilax kraussiansa, Pentaclethra macrophylla, Griffonia spp., Anthonatha

macrophylla, Hibiscus suratensis, Albizia regia. Common tree species in this fallow

vegetation, which emerged well over the other species, are Chlorophora excelsa, Elaeis

guineensis, Picnanthus angolensis, Alstonia booneii, Pentaclethra macrophylla,

Anthologist vogelii and Ceiba pentandra. The tree crops include Psidium guajava,

Mangifera indica, Artocarpus communis, Hevea brasiliensis, Spondias mombin, Eugenia

spp., Citrus sinensis, Cola acumuminata and Dacroides edulis. Common ferns and

grasses are Selaginella spp., Diplazium spp., nephroleptis biserrata, Cyanodon dactylum,

Axonopus compresus, Sporobtus pyramidalis and Pennisetum spp.

Alchornea cordifolia, Harungana madagascariensis and Chromolaena odorata dominated

the bush fallow vegetation.

Structure The vegetation of the Bush fallow areas is very open with the ground floor covered with

herbaceous species. The overall height generally range from 1 m to 7 m high except for

the emergent tree species like Chlorophora excelsa and Elaeis guineensis which range

from 15 m to 20 m high. The Bush fallow vegetation is open and unstratified.

The life form spectrum shows high incidence of nanophanerophytes, chanerophytes, hemicryptophytes and cryptophytes, indicating that the plant communities are unstratified and generally lack woody trees except for few and scattered (phanerophytes) stands of trees. These areas are thus degraded areas. The Bush fallow vegetation did not show much change during the two-season sampling.



Pipeline Vegetation The vegetation along the Pipeline ROW is basically grasses, sedges, herbaceous annuals

and perennials, few shrubs and ferns. These are constantly cut in a bid to keep the ROW

clean. While the species with high capacity to cope regenerate easily, opportunities for

emergence of new weedy species are created due to constant slashing. The dominant

species encountered along the ROW for the two seasons include – Grasses: Eragrotis

ciliaris, Panicum maximum, Axonopus compresus, Acroceras zizanoides, Pennisetum spp.,

Sporobolus pyramidalis, Cyonodon dactylon, Centhotheca sp., Paspalum orbiculare,

Chrysopogon aciculatus and Eleusine indica; Sedges: Kyllinga nemoralis, Kyllinga

erecta, mariscus alternifolious, Cyperus digitatus, Cyperus dilatatus, Bublbostylis spp.,

and Fimbristylis spp.; Ferns: Diplazium sammantii, Pteridium aquilinum, Selaginella spp.,

and Pityrogramma calomelanus.

Others include Mimosa pudica, Mimosa pigra, Ipomoea aquitica, Ipomoea involucrata,

Senna alata, Pureria phaseoloides, Calopogonium mucnoides, Centrosema pubescens,

Aspilia africana, Commelina spp., Richardia spp., Phyllantes spp., Clappertonia ficifolia,

Stachytapheta cayensis, Helioptricum indicum, and Chromolaena odorata. Also

identified on the ROW are Diodia scandenus, Ludwigia spp., Dissotis rotundifolia, Costus

afer, Solenostemon sp., Cassia obtusifolia, Asystacia gangetica, Sida spp., Emilia spp.,

Synedrella nodifora, Hibiscus suratensis, Euphorbia sp., and Yathula prostrata.

The overall height of vegetation on the ROW range > 0.1 m as in Richardia sp., to 1.5 m

in Mimosa pigra and Clappertonia ficifolia. The height of 1.5 m is attained where the

ROW has not been cut for some time: For instance between km 23.70 and km 27.00

during dry season sampling and along km 36.51 during rainy season sampling were all

were above 1.5 m. At certain points along the ROW, Mimosa pudica, Mimosa pigra, and

Panicm maximum dominated and completely covered the ROW.

Farmland / Plantations Farmland and plantations ranging from 10 m

2 patches to more than 150 m

2-area fringe

both the sides of the pipeline ROW from Kolo–Creek to Rumuekpe. However, these

farmlands and plantations are concentrated from Odau to Rumuekpe. The types of farms

and plantations observed during the dry season were also observed during the rainy

season. These include Cocoyam farms, Cassava farms, Groundnut farms, palm plantations,

Banana and Plantain plantations, Rubber plantations and pineapple plantations. Though

most of these farms are smallholdings and may mainly serve for subsistence, some cassava

farms and Palm plantations along km 24.70 to km 30.6 (Odigwe to Owerewere) and

elsewhere cover enough hectares of land indicating their commercial status. A farm of

about 70 m2 area was identified on the ROW close to km 36.5 at Ihuama during dry

season. Farming on the pipeline ROW is dangerous and should be discontinued.



Other crop plants identified in some of these farms are Chrydophyllum albidium, Artocarpus communis, Dacroides edulis, psidium guajava and Cola acuminata.

Vegetation around the settlements Several communities exist from Otuaesega of Kolo-Creek area to Rumuekpe. Economic

tree crops dominate these communities. The different economic tree crops identified in

these communities include Cocos nucifera (coconut), Annona muricata (sour sop), Cola

acuminata (native cola), Citrus sinensis (orange), Musa sapientum (Banana), Musa

paradisiaca (Plantain), Dacroides edulis, Carica papaya (paw-paw), Spondias monbin

(Plum), Psididium guajava, Chrysophyllum albidium, Persia americana, Eugenia spp.,

Azadirachta indica and Hura crepitans. Also such vegetation as Telfaria occidentalis,

Pterocarpus soyanxii and Cucurbita moschata were identified.

3.2.3.2 Phytopathological Studies

The disease symptoms and microorganisms isolated from diseased plants along the ROW for the two sampling seasons are presented in Table 3.4. Visual and on-sight pathological assessment of the area showed that leaf spots were the most dominant disease symptoms affecting several plants. Laboratory pathological analysis showed that several organisms are associated with these symptoms. Generally, fungal diseases were most prevalent. The diseases observed on the crops and plants species are comparable for the two seasons; both in nature and severity through more fungal genera were recorded during the rainy season studies. This may be due to the constantly humid nature of the season, which favours fungal growth.

The state of health of the overall vegetation and the commonest species appeared quite normal. None of the diseases isolated were unusual to the plant species. There is no evidence of endemic vegetation problems along the ROW. However, it is noteworthy that the cassava mosaic virus and such fungal pathogens as Phomopsis sp., Fusarium sp., Cercospora sp., Mycosphaerella sp. and Colletotrichum sp., isolated from species along the ROW are all capable of causing epidemic disease under favourable environmental conditions.



Table 3.4 Diseases of Crops and Plants within the Pipeline ROW, and Causative Agents.

Plant Sampled (leaves) Disease Symptoms Organism(s) Isolated

Elaeis guineensis

Leaf spot Cercospora elacidis Aspergillus spp.

Musa paradisiaca Leaf spots.

Marginal leaf scratching and

chlorosis

Mycosphaerella musicola, Fusarium spp. Probable mineral deficiency

Musa sapientum Sigatoka leaf spots Mycosphaerella musicola

Manihot esculenta Necrotic patches and chlorosis

Mosaic leaf blight

Cocliobolus lunatus, Collectotrichum spp. African cassava mosaic virus.

Cola acuminata Powdery mildews Podosphearia spp.

Colocasia esculenta Leaf spot Curularia spp., Aspergillus spp.

Raphia hookeri Black leaf spots Fusarium spp., Aspergillus spp., Penicillium spp.

Pterocarpus santalinoides

Leaf spots, leaf curls, chlorosis Alternaria spp., Eurotium spp., Penicillium spp.

Costus afer Necrotic patches with raised

borders

Pestalotia spp., Colletotrichum dematium, Phomopsis spp.,

Alchornea cordifolia Dark, sunken necrotic patches

and leaf spots.

Colletotrichum spp., Aspergillus flavus, Penicillium canadatum.

Cleostopholis patens Leaf spot. Pestalotia spp., Cercospora spp., Fusarium solani

Funtumia africana Black leaf spot Cercospora spp., Fusarium solani, Pestalotia spp.

Nephrolepis biserata Leaf spot and chlorosis Pestalotia spp.

3.2.3.3 Plant tissues Analysis Results of the heavy metal contents of the plant species from the study area are presented in Table 3.5. The concentrations of the non-essential trace metals (e.g. Hg, Cd, Pb, Cr), which are also the most toxic ranged from below detectable limits to generally low levels. The relatively high concentrations of essential metals such as Zn, Fe and Mn do not represent contamination.



Table 3.5: Heavy Metals Content of Plant Species from the Study Area

Species V Ni Pb Cr Zn Cd Fe Mn Cu Hg

Alchornea cordifolia

(Christmas bush)

0.04 0.37 0.03 BDL 29.65 BDL 2.7 34.45 6.82 BDL

Alchornea cordifolia

(Christmas bush

0.01 0.14 BDL BDL 5 BDL 1.35 0.25 4.81 BDL

Raphia hookeri

(Raffia palm)

0.02 0.16 0.03 0.008. 25.7 BDL 7.1 5 1 5.8 BDL

Pterocarpus santalinoides BDL 0.06 0.05 BDL 8.55 BDL 6.05 6.45 5.81 BDL

Antocleista vogeli (cabbage tree)

0.03 0.32 BDL 0.029 19.6 BDL 4.4 5.5 7.34 BDL

Diplazium sammanti 0.05 0.46 0.02 0.015 8.55 BDL 4.9 2.15 4.91 BDL

Costus afer (Ginger lily) BDL 0.24 BDL 0.002 2.1 BDL 5.15 3.7 5.61 BDL

Panicum maximum 0.03 0.43 0.015 BDL 9.25 BDL 6.1 6.9 5.57 BDL

Panicum maximum 0.07 0.1 BDL 0.021 11.8 BDL 4.6 7.4 6.03 BDL

Accruceras spp 0.04 0.3 BDL BDL 18.05 BDL 2.7 0.5 5.61 BDL

Manihot spp. 0.03 0.27 BDL 0.003 26.2 BDL 5.8 8.15 6.84 BDL

Manihot spp. 0.02 0.11 BDL BDL 3.2 BDL 5.1 19.2 4.62 BDL

Harugana madagascariensis

(Gum tree) 0.03 0.2 BDL BDL 34.35 BDL 1.9 8.6 5.59 BDL

Clappertonia ficifolia 0.04 0.16 BDL BDL 21.05 BDL 3.3 5.8 4.7 BDL

Cleistopholoisis patens

(canoe wood)

0.03 0.25 0.01 BDL 20.55 BDL 5.85 14.2 5.65 BDL

3.2.4 Wildlife

The wildlife result as presented in Table 3.6 shows that the environment around the study areas to be typical rainforest habitats that have been greatly disturbed over time. Due to activities like farming, industrialization and new settlement/community development, the vegetation has therefore been reduced to weeds, grasses, farmlands and a few scattered trees with patches of secondary forests. This has in turn greatly affected the distribution of wildlife in this area. Wildlife commonly sighted or shown to be present in the area includes: Rodents (rats, giant rats, cane rats, grass cutters and squirrels); Carnivores (bats, pangolin, African civet, Dwarf mongoose, forest genet, bush pig); Herbivores (Royal antelope, African Bushrel, Bushbuck); Birds (fowls, Kites, Doves, Hornbills, Parrots, Vulture and other birds); Reptiles (Lizards, Kinks and a few Snakes); Amphibians (Toads and Frogs) etc.

These abundant species find pasturage from the weeds, grasses and Farm crops. The presence in large numbers of rodents in particular, and the near absence of



the big mammals like Leopards, Chimpanzees, Gorillas, Monkeys, Deers etc) which make up the typical rainforest wildlife are major indicators that the environment along the pipeline stretch has suffered massive deforestation over the years. Among the avian species, the most abundant were those commonly associated with farmlands and villages while those typical of the rainforest environments were lacking. Amongst the reptilia, the Pythons, Crocodiles and Monitor lizards typical of the dense rainforests were rare and/or absent in the area.

Generally, new and emergent colonizers of farmlands, swamps and the sparsely distributed secondary forests have replaced the wildlife associated with the tall trees and canopies of the dense tropical rainforests.

The freshwater swamp forest occurring around Kolo Creek and Ihuama\Rumuekpe areas provided habitat for the numerous amphibians, fishes, snakes and piscivorous birds. The big games visit the swamps at night according to hunters’ reports during which time they may be trapped or shot. The River and gallery from Owerewere through Odigwe (between 8.65km point-24.7km) along both sides of the pipeline provide habitats for predacious birds, monkeys, squirrels, snakes, pangolin etc. While the undergrowth and the cushion of the dry leaf litter provided cover for some ground and burrow dwellers. The bush fallow vegetation which were often cut and burnt during planting commonly found along the ROWS are seen Lizards, Mice, Rats, Rabbits, and birds. The cultivated farmlands as well as the bush fallow provide cover and feeding ground for Rabbits, Cane Rats, Shrews, Hedgehog, Porcupine, Birds and snakes. Some wildlife-byproducts such as hooves, horns, beaks, feathers, skin and teeth are used as ornaments as well as for traditional medicine production. Special talking drums are produced from hides and skin derived from antelopes and bushbucks. Traditional warriors, wrestlers, traditional rulers and other distinguished men also wear some of these ornaments during certain occasions as mark of their bravery or status in society. However, some wildlife constitutes a problem to cultivated farmlands. The cane rats, rabbits ground squirrel, hedgehog, rats and porcupine cause severe damage to economic crops while seed eating birds can reduce maize yields in a farm.

Generally the adult size of the animals and the overall abundance number is low. The hunters interviewed attributed this to excessive exploitation of the animals through hunting and trapping for food or money. Excessive hunting has greatly depleted the wildlife in many tropical habitats and the continuous exploitation of such wildlife makes them very vulnerable and increases the probability of their becoming endangered (Happolds, 1987).

Another phenomenon threatening wildlife in these areas is deforestation through

uncontrolled logging and clearing for agricultural purposes. Of all the animal species

reported in this study, only the Royal antelope Neotragus pygmaeus is under the

endangered list, the others are either vulnerable or common.

CHAPTER 3CHAPTER 3CHAPTER 3CHAPTER 3 BASELINE CONDITIONSBASELINE CONDITIONSBASELINE CONDITIONSBASELINE CONDITIONS


Table 3.6: Checklist Of Terrestrial Wildlife in the Study Area

S/No Class Family/

Order

Common

Names

Zoological Names Habitat Remarks

1 A

MAMMALI

A

(i) MURIDAE Common rat

Rattus rattus Forests ground and farmlands Very

common

2 Spotted grass

mouse

Lemniscomys striatus Forests ground and farmlands Common

3 Giant rat Cricetonys gambranus Forests ground, soil burrows Common

4 Jumping mouse Rattus morid Forests ground and farmlands Common

5 (ii)

Sciuromorpha

West African

ground Squirrel

Xerus crythropus Forests, farmlands and arboreal Very

common

6 Giant forest

Squirrel

Protexerus strangeri Forests, farmlands and arboreal Common

7 Pets flying

Squirrel

Anomalurus peli Forests, farmlands and arboreal Common

8 Niger Flying

Squirrel

Anomalurus freseli Forests, farmlands and arboreal Common

9 Sun Squirrel Heliasciurus

gambianus

Forests, farmlands and arboreal Uncommon

10 Cutting grass Thryonomys

sunderianus

Forests ground and farmlands Very

common

11 (iii)

Thryonomidae

Bush tailed

Porcupine

Anthemrus africanus Forests ground and farmlands Common

12 West African

hedgehog

Erinaceus albiventris Forests ground and farmlands Very

common

Crested Porcupine

Hystrix cristata Forests ground Common

13 (iv)

Chiroptera

Hammer

heeded bat

Hypsignatus monstrous

Forest arboreal

Less

common



S/No Class Family/

Order

Common

Names


14 Pets pouched

bat

Taphozous peli Forest arboreal Less

common

15 Common African least nosed bat

Hipposideros caffer Forest arboreal Less

common

16 Free tailed bat Macrochiroptera spp. Forest arboreal Less

common

17 (v) Manidae The black bellied pangolin

Manis tetradachyta Forest ground Less

common

18 Long tailed pangolin

Manis longicondata Forest ground Less

common

19 (vi) Carnivora

viverridae

African civet Viverra civet Forest ground and arboreal Common

20 Common genet Genetta genetta Forest ground and arboreal Common

21 Forest genet Genetta maculata Forest ground and arboreal Common

22 Long mongoose Herpestes naso Forest ground and arboreal Common

23 Dwarf

mongoose

Herpestes sangerineus Forest ground and arboreal Common

24 Two spotted

palm civet

Nandina binotata Forest ground and arboreal Common

25 (vii) Soricidae Mann’s dusk

shrew

Crocidure manni Forest soil and ground Common

26 Dusky musk

shrew

Crocidure

Occidontalis nigeriae

Forest soil and ground Rare

27 UNGULATES (viii) Bovidae Bush buck Tragelaphus scriptus Forest ground Common



S/No Class Family/

Order

Common

Names


28 Royal antelope Neotragus pygmarreus Forest ground Common

29 Bushrel Syricapra grimmia Forest ground Common

30 (ix) Suridae Bush pia Polamocherous porcus Forest ground Common

31 AVES (i) Black

shouldered Kite

Elanus caerulus Forest, farmlands Common

32 Shitera Accipiter bacluis Forest, farmlands Common

33 African black kite

Milvus migrans Forest, farmlands Common

34 Sparrow Hawk Accipiter erythropus Forest, farmlands Common

35 (ii) Aegyptidae Hooded vulture Necrosyrtes monochus Forest, farmlands Common

36 (iii) Corridae Pied crow Corvus albus Forest, farmlands Common

37 (iv) Bucerotidae Allied hornbill Lophoverus

semifasciatus Forest, farmlands Common

38 Piping hornbill Bycanisters fistulator Forest, farmlands Common

39 Miropopidae Palm swift Cypsiurus parvus Forest, farmlands Rare

40 Little African

swift

Apus affinis Forest, farmlands Rare

41 (vi) Pycnonotidae Common

Bulbul

Pycononotus barbatus Forest, farmlands Very

common

42 (vii) Ploceidae Orange crested waxbill

Estridsa melopoda Forest, forests Common

43 Red headed weaver

Malinibus rubricollis Forest, forests Common

44 Spectacled weaver

Hyphanturgus prachypterus

Forest Common

45 (viii) Ardeidae Cattle egret Bubicus ibis Forests, grounds and farmlands “

46 Green-backed heron

Butroides striatus Forests and farmlands “



S/No Class Family/

Order

Common

Names


47 Little African bittero

Ixobrychus minutes Forests and farmlands “

48 (ix) Alcedinmidae Blue crested king fisher

Halycon malimbicicus Farmlands, swamps “

49 Senegal kingfisher

Halycon senegalensis Swamps, river banks “

50 (xi) Columbidae Laughing dove Stigmatopelia senegalensis

Forests and farmlands “

51 (xii) Anatidae African pigmy goose

Nettapus auritus Swamps and River banks “

52 Water duck Anser spp. Swamps “

53 (xiii) Phasianidae Bush fowl Francohanus bicedcaratus

Forests, farmlands “

54 Crested Guinea fowl

Gultera pucherani Forests, farmlands “

55 Jungle fowl Gallus gallus Forests, farmlands “

56 (xiv) Nectarinidae Olive bellied sunbird

Cinnyris Chloropyguis Forests, farmlands Common

57 Copper Sunbird Cinnyris cupreus Forests, farmlands Very common

58 (xv) Muscippidae Spotted flycatcher

Muscicapa strata Forests, farmlands Common

59 Fagans paradise flycatcher

Tehitrea spp. Forests, farmlands Common

60 (xvi) Picidae Cardinal woodpecker

Dendpicus fuscescens Forests, farmlands Common

61C REPTILIA (i) Aganidae Rainbow lizard Agama agama Forests, farmlands Very common



S/No Class Family/

Order

Common

Names


62 (ii) Geckonidae Forest gecko Hemidactylus gasciatus

‘’ Common

63 (iii) Sincidae Blandings kink Mabura blandingii ‘’ Very common

64 (iv) Columbridae The Boomsland Disphodus typus ‘’ Common

65 (v) Elapidae Green mamba Dendroapsis viridis ‘’ ‘’

66 Yellow cobra Naja nivae ‘’ ‘’

67 Forest cobra Naja melanolenca ‘’ Rare

68 Black spitting cobra

Naja nigricollis ‘’ ‘’

67D AMPHIBIA (i) Bufonidae Bufo regularis Forest ground Common

70 (ii) Rhacophonidae

Tree frogs Hyperlolius spp. Forest and Swamps ‘’

71 Chiromantus spp. Forest and Swamps ‘’

72 (iii) Ranidae Forest frog Rama spp. Forest ground ‘’

73 Goliath frog Gigantorrim goliath Forest ground, swamp ‘’

74 Dicroglossus occipentalis

Swamp ‘’

75 (iv) Pipidae Water frog Xenopus tropicalis Rivers and swamps ‘’



3-95

Wild Life Abundance The abundance status indicate that amongst the mammals, the ‘grass cutter’ Thryonomys swinderianus was the most abundant and very common especially along the R.O.W. other abundant species with a generally satisfactory status include, Cricetomys gambienus, Erinacieus albiventus, Syricapra grimnota and Tragelaphus scriptus. The ganet, Gennetta and the Pangolin, Mamarius tetradactyla are dwindling in number and becoming more vulnerable. The royal antelope Neotragus pigmaeus, bush-tailed porcupine (Arthenerus africanus), long tailed Pangolin (Manis longicondata), and all the birds of the falconidae family including the african black kite (Milvanus migrans), Shitera (Accipiter baclius), Sparrow Hawk (Accipetre erythropeus), and the black shouldered kite (Elanus caerubus), as indicated in the decree 11 of 1985 appear endangered, while other specie such as Vivera civetta, Herpestes sanguineus and Nandida binotata are rare. Among the aves, the black kite, Milvus migraus was the most abundant in the dry season. Other birds with a satisfactory status of abundance include the allied hornbill, Lophorerus semifasitus the pied crow, Corvus albus, the cattle egret Bulbulcus ibis, the fowl, Francohanus bicedacaratus, and the guinea fowl Guttera pucherari. . 3.2.5 Aquatic Studies

3.2.5.1 Physico-chemistry of water bodies The data on the physico chemical characteristics of water samples collected from the rivers, and creeks traversed by the pipeline in wet and dry season are given in the Tables 3.7.and 3.8.

Depth The depth of this creek varies with the season having a range of 1.2–2.1m in the settled

dry season to 2.5 – 5m in the rainy season. The transparency was low with values around

0.0 – 0.6m in the dry season and 0.25 – 0.5m in the rainy season. The low transparency

may be attributed to shade from dense vegetation at the banks, and in the rainy season

leachates and allochthonous organic matter input from the drainage basin.

The depth of Orashi river ranges between 3.5 – 8.2m during the dry and rainy seasons. However the depth approaches the upper-limit value at the peak of the rains. Its transparency is moderate ranging from 0.2 – 1.2m in the rainy season to 1.0 – 1.7m in the dry season. The water is light brown in colour and turbid.

The depth of Sambreiro river ranges around 4 – 7metres left and right of pipe line crossing. It has a high transparency with values as high as 3 –4metres. The water is very clear with no visible turbidity.

pH

The pH values of the rivers and creeks showed little or no seasonal variation. The values were within the range of 4.89 – 6.48(all were acidic) in the rainy season



3-96

while in the dry season the values ranged from 5.1 – 6.2. their acidity increased from Sambreiro -Orashi -Kolo Creek-Kolo Creeklet.

Conductivity The conductivity of the rivers did not vary much seasonally. The lands were very low lying, indicating that water systems are fresh. Conductivity ranged from 19.5 –

75.0µS/cm during the rainy season while the values ranged from 17.6 –

52.7µS/cm in the dry season. The wet season slight increase may be as a result of intrusion of some dissolved materials that increase the conductivity of the of the water bodies. Dissolved Oxygen The dissolved oxygen concentrations were quite adequate, maximum concentrations were attained in dry season (9.3 – 14.3mg/L). In the rainy season, the oxygen concentration decreased slightly to a range 8.2 – 8.7mg/l. this relative decrease in the concentration is due to flood water that brings with it decomposable organic matter which exerts a high oxygen demand to depress the oxygen concentration.

Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD)

The BOD of water was lower in the dry season (3.01 – 4.02 mg/L) than in the wet/rainy season. In the later periods the values lay in the range 4.0 – 5.5 mg/L. this values corroborated evidence of increased allochthonous oxygen demand shown by the dissolved oxygen concentration data. Turbidity Turbidity levels in the waters and rivers of the creeks showed a visible seasonal variation. In dry season, the turbidity of these systems ranged from (0.16 – 0.28NTU) and in the wet season, the range lay from 0.28 – 3.126NTU. The creeklet of Kolo Creek was the most turbid. The other had <0.5 NTU.

Hardness There was a slight change in the hardness characteristics of the river and creeklet with increases in the rainy season and a reduction in the dry season. Rainy season values ranged from 2.5 – 27.4 mg/L for both seasons. Orashi River had higher hardness levels compared to other water bodies in the study area.


SPDC - 20”X37KM KOLO CREEK-RUMUEKPE TRUNKLINE REPLACEMENT PROJECT 3-97

Table 3.7: Physicochemical Characteristics of Creeklets, Creeks and Rivers traversed by the 20” Kolo Creek – Rumuekpe Pipeline.

Sample

Station

pH BODs/

mg/l

DO mg/l Turbidity

(NTU)

Conductivity

(µS/cm)

Hardness

(mg/l)

Alkalinity

(mg/l)

TSS

(mg/l)

DSV RSV DSV RSV DSV RSV DSV RSV DSV RSV DSV RSV DSV RSV DSV RSV

Kolo creek (main)

5.38 5.29 3.01 4.50 12.4 8.60 0.21 0.36 21.3 29.7 5.3 7.0 8.0 20 5.2 6.10

Orashi 5.21 4.99 3.2 4.00 14.3 8.50 0.28 0.375 20.4 21.0 3.8 5.0 4.0 15 5.9 7.69

Sombriero 5.1 4.89 4.02 5.00 10.2 8.70 0.16 0.260 17.6 19.5 2.1 2.5 4.2 12.5 4.7 5.20

Sample Station

TDS(mg/l) COD(mg/l) Oil/Grease

(mg/l)

THC(mg/l) Cl- (mg/l) NO3

- (mg/l) PO4

3- (mg/l)

DSV RSV DSV RSV DSV RSV DSV RSV DSV RSV DSV RSV DSV RSV

Kolo creek

(main)

200 15.11 4.0 15.10 0.102 0.179 0.063 0.112 8.0 6.0 0.02 3.25 0.001 0.09

Orashi 520 12.25 2.4 11.30 0.113 0.225 0.024 0.097 8.1 7.0 0.04 4.56 0.001 0.08

Sombreiro 136 11.20 3.3 12.50 0.114 0.179 0.041 0.101 5.3 5.0 0.042 4.12 0.06 0.11

LENGEND: DSV = Dry Season Value

RSV = Rainy Season Value ND = Not determined



Table 3.8: Heavy Metal Contents of Rivers, Creeks and Creeklets Traversed by the 20” Kolo Creek- Rumuekpe Trunk Line

Sample

Station

V Ni Cr Pb Zn Mn

DSV RSV DSV RSV DSV RSV DSV RSV DSV RSV DSV RSV Kolo creek

(main)

BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL 0.014 BDL BDL

Kolo creeklet BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL 0.021 BDL BDL

Orashi BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL 0.01 BDL BDL

Sombreiro BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL 0.006 BDL BDL

Blind duplicate

(Orashi)

BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL 0.008 BDL BDL

Sample

Station

Cu Fe Cd Hg DSV RSV DSV RSV DSV RSV DSV RSV

Kolo Creek

(main)

BDL BDL 0.12 0.273 BDL BDL BDL BDL

Kolo creeklet BDL BDL 0.25 6.636 BDL BDL BDL BDL

Orashi BDL BDL BDL 0.02 BDL BDL BDL BDL

Sombreiro BDL BDL BDL 0.01 BDL BDL BDL BDL

Blind duplicate

(Orashi)

BDL BDL BDL 0.02 BDL BDL BDL BDL

DSV = dry season value; RSV = rainy season value

CHAPTER CHAPTER CHAPTER CHAPTER 3333 BASELINE CONDITIONSBASELINE CONDITIONSBASELINE CONDITIONSBASELINE CONDITIONS


Total Alkalinity

This feature is an indication of inorganic carbon level available for photosynthetic activity. Values in the rainy season ranged from 12.5 – 50.3 mg/l. The Kolo Creeklet recorded the highest level of Alkalinity in both Rainy and dry seasons.

Total Suspended solids (TSS)

The TSS values of the water bodies varied directly with the turbidity. Rainy season TSS values were higher (5.2 –22.67 mg/l) than the dry season that had the TSS range of 4.7 – 16.3 mg/l, the Kolo Creeklet also recorded the highest level of TSS in the seasons.

Total Dissolved Solids

The TDS content of the river and creek traversed by the pipeline was low and it is a reflection of salt intrusion. Dry season values were higher the rainy season values by at least 10X. Rainy season values ranged from 11.20 – 39.85 mg/l while dry season values were in the range of 136 – 520 mg/l.

Chemical oxygen Demand (COD)

The COD is used as a measure of oxygen equivalent of organic matter content of a sample that is susceptible to oxidation by a strong chemical oxidant. The COD of the water systems around the study area was low in seasonal concentration with rainy season values ranging from 11.30 – 15.10 mg/l higher than dry season values, which ranged from 2.4 – 4.0 mg/l.

Total Hydrocarbon (THC) The THC of the aquatic systems was also low like the oil and grease in both seasons’ samples. The wet season sample like in the oil and grease evaluation recorded higher THC levels (0.025 – 0.112 mg/l) compared to the dry season values of 0.010 – 0.063 mg/l. the observed increase may be due to the run-off inclusions and biogenic.

Chlorine (Cl-)

The Cl- ion content of the rivers and creeks were low in both the wet and dry seasons. This is not unexpected because the rivers and creeks in the study area are inland which is further corroborated by the TDS results.

The wet season’s values with range (5.0 – 7.0 mg/l) were slightly lower than the dry season (5.3 – 8.1 mg/l) samples in the value.

Nitrates (NO3-)

The presence of this anion in aquatic systems in ranges in excess of the regulation limit may lead to ecologically unacceptable consequences due to tendency to support algae bloom, a state called eutrophication. However this anion is very vital in the primary production in this aquatic habitats. The Nitrate levels showed classical seasonality with rainy season values (3.25 – 4.6 mg/l) being higher than dry season values, which ranged from (0.02 – 0.042 mg/l). The



wet season ranges were almost 10 times greater than that of the dry season values.

Phosphate (PO43-

)

Phosphate – phosphorus in the water bodies was also low with the rainy season values (0.07 – 0.16 mg/l) ranging higher than dry season levels (0.0001 – 0.06 mg/l).

Heavy metals content All the heavy metals tested were below detection limits except for iron and zinc. The result of the heavy metal content is shown in table 3.8. The zinc (Zn) content of the rivers and creeks were low. The wet season values ranged from 0.006 – 0.02 mg/l. This trace level of zinc must have come from the land run off since the zinc level of the soil were relatively high. The iron (Fe) contents of these aquatic systems were also low. Rainy season values ranged from 0.01 – 6.636, while dry season values recorded only in the Kolo creek and the creeklet ranged from 0.12 – 0.25 mg/l.

3.2.5.2 Sediments Apart from the wet season sediment samples from Orashi river which had a pH of 4.88, all the other sediment samples irrespective of season had pH values in the range of 5.00 – 5.99.

Sediment samples from Kolo creek had the least conductivity values in both wet and dry season followed by Orashi river sediment samples. Sombriero river sediment samples recorded the highest conductivity values in both the wet and

dry season. Conductivity values ranged from 42.00 – 73.50µScm-1 and 33.4 –

70.12µScm-1 for both wet and dry seasons respectively in the sediments of these water bodies. The conductivity values were relatively low for both the soil and sediment samples.

Sediments had TOC levels in the range 0.32 – 5.63% in the wet season with Sombriero River recording the highest level of 5.63%. In the dry season the range was 2.7 5.01%.

Sediment samples from Sombriero River had the highest THC value of 214.76 mg/kg during the wet season, followed by sediments from Orashi River with 38.93 mg/kg then Kolo creek sediments with 10.47 mg/kg. Their values for dry season were 226.14mg/kg, 10.7mg/kg and 8.13mg/kg in the same order. The seemingly high THC recorded in sediment samples from Sombriero River was not surprising as there was an oil spill incident around this area in the early 90’s. This information was obtained from locals.

The sediments recorded NH4

+ levels within regulatory limits with a range of 0.013 – 0.232 ppm. However, the Sombriero River had a higher ammonia content level



than the other aquatic systems studied. It recorded ammonia levels of 0.232 and 0.230 ppm for the rainy and dry seasons respectively.

Sediments from Kolo creek recorded the highest levels of nitrate, having a nitrate content of 437.32 mg/Kg in the wet season and 394.5 mg/Kg in the dry season. Orashi River and Sombriero River sediments recorded nitrate content levels of 153.68 ppm and 33.95ppm respectively during the rainy and 151.3 mg/kg and 30.46 mg/Kg for the dry period.

Sombriero river sediments like in most other parameters, recorded the highest level of phosphate. It recorded 0.398 mg/kg for the wet season and 0.312 mg/kg during the dry period. Orashi and Kolo creek sediments had phosphate levels of about 0.096 mg/kg and 0.18 mg/kg receptively for the wet season and dry season.

Sediment samples also had high Fe contents with Sombriero river sediments having the highest values in both seasons. The occurrence of Zn in the sediments was similar to iron with Sombriero river sediment recording the highest level of zinc. Cr content of the sediments was higher than that of the soil. However, there was no significant difference in the Cr content levels in the sediment during the rainy and dry season respectively. Pb was not detected in the sediments except for that recorded in Sombriero river sediments during the wet season. However, the value was small 0.013 mg/kg. Cu levels ranged from 2.70 – 10.8 mg/kg in the sediments. Orashi river sediment had the highest Cu content level 9.07 mg/kg and 10.01 mg/kg for wet and dry season respectively. Kolo creek sediments with Cu content of 6.34 mg/kg and 7.49 g/kg follow it for the two seasons. Sombriero river sediments recorded the least Cu content levels. Cadmium in sediment was below detectable limit in both wet and dry seasons. Sombriero river sediments had the highest V content level with a value of 0.031 mg/kg during the wet season and 0.02 mg/kg during the dry season. It was followed by Orashi river sediment 0.019 mg/kg and 0.012 mg/kg for wet and dry seasons respectively than Kolo creek sediment with V content of 0.01 mg/kg and 0.009 mg/kg for the two seasons. Sombriero and Orashi river sediments had the highest Ni content level during the dry season however the Ni level in the sediments of Sombriero river during the wet season was higher than Orashi and Kolo creek sediments which were not significantly different in value. The Ni level in Sombriero sediment was 0.036 mg/kg and 0.024 mg/kg for the wet and dry season respectively. Mercury was not detected in sediments.

3.2.5.3 Hydrobiology Phytoplankton

The Taxa constituting the algal community observed in the rivers and creeks traversed by the 20” Trunk line Kolo Creek – Rumuekpe pipeline were the bacillarophyceae, chlorophyceae, Euglenophyceae and Cynophyceae.

The Bacillarophytes included: Ulnotia pectinalis, Nitczchia spp, Penularia undalata,

Diatoria sp., Cymbella gracillis, Naviculla bacillium and Gomphonemena accuminatum.



Chlorophyceae included: Pleurotenium trumata, Cosmarium obsolatum, Pediopera

rugurosum, Microsteria spp., Xantidium spp., Volvox aureus, Microstria rotata and

Cladophoria spp.

Cyanophyceae included: Eucapis sp. Microcoleus spp, Anabena flos – aqua, Mycrocystis

incerta, Oscilatoria simplisima, O. nigra, O. brevita, Phormidium papyraetum, Lyngbya

conctreta, Euglena caudata, E. acus and Phacus austreatus.

Zooplankton

The faunal composition of the aquatic systems traversed by the pipeline include the following taxonomic classes; Copepoda, Rotifera, Insecta, and Cladocera. The copepoda comprised the following: Nuaplii, Cyclopoids and Calanoids. The genera

identified within the class Rotifera included Branchionus spp., Collurella spp., and

Trichocera. Larval coleoptera and larval euphemoptera were identified among class

insecta. The Cladocera was made up of Macrothrix spp., and Moina spp.

Rotifera were absent in the dry season water samples of Orashi and Sombriero rivers as well as Kolo Creek. Copepods dominated the zooplankton population in the water bodies, accounting for between 27 and 100%. About 75% of the dry season samples had copepoda accounting for more than 65% of the zooplankton population. Cladocera were identified in both the wet and the dry seasons of the Kolo Creek and Kolo Creeklet and they accounted for between 14.3 and 22.5% of the zooplankton population in the rainy season and 19.2 – 20.6% in the dry season. Copepods accounted for almost 100% of the zooplankton population in the Sombriero River during the dry season. The Kolo Creeklet and the Kolo Creek had the highest Zooplankton population. Values ranged from 520 – 680/L and 420 – 800/L for the dry and wet season respectively. For the Orashi and Sombriero Rivers, the values were in the range 140 – 200/L and 120 – 220/L respectively for dry and wet seasons.

Benthos

The benthic fauna identified in the water bodies were: Insecta, Oligocheata, Bivalvia, and

Pisces. Among the benthic insecta were identified the following species; Gybister

marginicolis, Chlorosypha sp., Macronia sp. Rhotanticus congetus, Amphiop

senegalensis, Odonnata larva, and Enochrus sp. The Oligocheates includes Alma

africanus, Dero sp, and Naidid sp. and Lumbricus sp.

Among the Bivalvia were Mutela Larva, Psiloteria sp. The benthic Pisces include; Synodontis budgetti, Clarias sp. and Malapterurus electricus. The insecta and Oligocheata dominated the benthic population in both dry and wet season in all the water bodies. Dry season values ranged from 16.7 – 44.4% for Oligocheata and 26.7 – 83.3% for insecta while rainy season samples recorded 8.33 – 57.14% for Oligocheata and 42.86 – 79.2% for insecta. The population ranged around 220



– 480/L in rainy season. The wet season recorded a higher population of benthic species than the dry season.

Aquatic Macrophytes Macrophytes observed in the Kolo creeklet include Pistia spp. and Nymphia spp. and

Vorsia spp. In the Orashi River; Eichonia spp. Azeolla sp. and Vorsia were observed,

while the Sombriero River contained Vorsia cuspidata, Utricularia sp. Nymphia sp.

Epomia aquatica, Pistia spp. and Azeola spp.

3.2.5.4 Fisheries

Fishing activities were quite low. Fishing gears used in the area include hooks, trap snare, harpoons and cast nets. The following are the fishes observed in the rivers and the catches of the fisherman sampled. A checklist of fishes observed in the area is presented in Table 3.9.

Table 3.9: Checklist of fin-fishes observed in the study area

(i) Kolo Creek: Synodontis budgetti Xenomystus nigri Tilapia mariea Hepsetus odoe

Tilapia niloticus Clarias spp.

Citharinus spp. Parachana africana

Alestes sp. Parachana obscura

Eleotris spp.

Chrysicthys nigodigitatus Gymnachus niloticus

Mormyrops spp.

(ii) Orashi River

Common Names Scientific Names

African pike Hepsetus odoe

Blood fish Phractolemus asorgii

Gymnarchus niloticus

Elephant Snout fish Petocephalus sp.

Mormurops angnilloids Mormyrops sp.

Butterfly fish Pantadon buchhoizi

Bony tongues Heterotis nicloticus

Polypterus senegalus

African lung fish Protopterus anectens

Grass eater Distichodus sp.

Fin nippers Neolebias powellii

Neolebias ansorgii

Silver catfish Auchenoglanis bisculatus

Fresh water moon fish Citharinus sp.

Glass catfish Eutropius mystus



Mud fish Clarias sp.

Snake fish Parachana obscura

Eectric fish Malapterurus electricus

Climbing perch Ctenopoma kisleye

Synodontis budgetii

Nile perch Lates niloticus Top minnows Aphyosemion sp.

Epiplatys sp.

Tilapia Tilapia mariea

Dwarf cichlid Hemicromis bimaculatus

Hemicromis fasciatus

Leaf fish Polycentropius abreviata

(iii) Sombreiro River

Some fish species identified in the fresh water section of Sombreiro River

Common Names Scientific Names Silver Catfish Auchenognalis bisculata

Silver Catfish Auchenognalis

Silver Catfish Chrysichthys aureatus

Silver fish C. Nigrotigitatus

Silverside fish Brycinus nurse

Silverside fish B. brevis

Silverside fish B. Longinipis

Tilapias Tilapia zillii

Tilapias Tilapia guineensis

Dwarf cichlids Hermichromis bimaculatus

Dwarf cichlids H. Fasciatus

Dwarf cichlids Pelvicachronus laineatus

Mud fish Heterobranchus logifilis

Topminnows Aphiosemon gardneri

Topminnows Aploricheilichthy spilauchem

Topminnows Epiplatys grahami

Topminnows E. biafranus

Topminnows Fundulo pachax

Topminnows Gymnarchus niloticus

African Pike Hepsetus odoe

Electric cat Malaptarurus electricus

Electric cat Malaptarurus minjirya

Spinny Eels Aethiomastacambelus nigromaginatus

Three spined cat fish Synodontis nigrita

Three spined cat fish S. ocelifer

Elephant – Snout fish Petrocephalus bovei

Elephant – Snout fish Petrocephalus ansorgii

Elephant – Snout fish Mormyrus spp.



3.2.5.5 Aquatic Microbiology Microbial Counts The bacterial and fungal counts of the water samples from the study area are given in

Tables 3.10 and 3.11 The total heterotrophic bacterial count range between 3.9 x 105

and

6.2 x 105 cfu/ml in the wet season and 3.1 x 10

5 - 12.3 x 10

5 cfu/ml during the dry season.

The total heterotrophic bacteria were greater than hydrocarbon utilizers by an order of

magnitude, which was as expected. During the raining season, percentage hydrocarbon

utilizing bacteria within the heterotrophic population ranged from 7.2 - 9.5%. The

percentage during the dry season ranged from 0.28 - 0.81%.

Table 3.10: Total heterotrophic and hydrocarbon utilizing bacterial counts of

water bodies in the study area.

Sample Station THB (X105

cfu/ml) HUB (x103cfu/ml) HUB/THB%

RSV DSV RSV DSV RSV DSV

Kolo creeklet 3.9 3.1 2.6 2.5 7.2 0.81

Kolo creek (main) 5.7 5.2 4.8 1.5 8.4 0.28

Orashi river 6.2 7.7 5.9 3.1 9.5 0.41

Sombriero river 5.3 12.3 4.6 3.6 8.7 0.29


Table 3.11: Total Heterotrophic And Hydrocarbon Utilizing Fungal Counts Of The Water Bodies In The Study Area

Sample Station

THF (x104 cfu/ml) HUF (x10

3 cfu/ml) HUF/THF%

RSV DSV RSV DSV RSV DSV

Kolo creeklet 3.8 2.6 3.0 2.3 7.9 8.8

Kolo creek (main) 3.1 2.1 2.6 1.0 8.3 4.7

Orashi river 2.9 2.5 1.5 1.9 5.2 7.6

Sombriero river 2.4 1.9 2.0 0.5 8.3 4.7


The Total Heterotrophic fungal counts ranged from 2.4 - 3.8x104 cfu/ml and 1.9 - 2.6x10

4

cfu/ml for rainy and dry season samples, respectively. The percentage hydrocarbon

utilizing fungi within the total heterotrophic fungal population ranged from 5.2 to 8.3%

during the rainy season and 4.7 to 8.8% during the dry season.

The decrease in the percentage of hydrocarbon utilizing bacteria within the total heterotrophic bacterial population in the water column during the dry season is not unexpected since hydrocarbon utilization is plasmid-controlled. Therefore, during the rains and THC value increases due to runoff inclusions, hydrocarbon utilizing bacteria possessing inert degradation abilities colonize the habitat and increase in number in the dry season may switch over to other carbonaceous substances as energy source. The absence of enough hydrocarbon in the environment may cause these organisms to be replaced by new colonizers.



Bacteria of Public Health Concern The results of the total and faecal coliform counts are shown in Tables 3.12 and 3.13.

Their presence in water bodies were seasonal with the rainy season values ranging from 17

– 35 organisms/100 ml for total coliform and 2 - 11 MPN/100 ml for fecal coliform. Dry

season samples of the creeks and rivers had total coliform values in the range 2-8

MPN/100 ml and fecal coliform count of <2 MPN/100 ml.

The increased rainy season values were not unexpected as the adjoining soils which habour these organisms arising from man and animals are immediate input sources.

Table 3.12: Total Coliform Count Of Water Samples From The Study Area

Sample Station

10ml of 5 tube 1ml of 5 tube 0.1ml of 5ml tube MPN/100ML RSV DSV RSV DSV RSV DSV RSV DSV

Kolo Creeklet 5 3 1 0 0 0 35 8 Kolo Creek 3 1 2 0 1 0 20 2 Orashi 4 2 2 0 0 0 20 5 Sombriero 4 0 2 0 1 0 25 2


Table 3.13: Fecal coliform counts of water samples from the study area

Sample Station

10ml of 5 tube

1ml of 5 tube 0.1ml of 5ml tube MPN/100ml

RSV DSV RSV DSV RSV DSV RSV DSV Kolo Creeklet 1 0 0 0 0 0 2 2

Kolo Creek 2 1 0 0 0 0 5 2

Orashi 2 1 1 0 0 0 7 2

Sombriero 3 1 1 0 0 0 11 2


3.2.6 Climatic Conditions/Meteorology

Rainfall Pattern

The result of the mean monthly rainfall distribution as obtained from existing 10 years data are as shown in Table 3.14. Lowest rainfall values were obtained in January (25.12mm) and December (25.33mm). Whilst the highest rainfall values vary from September (415.79mm) August (334.26mm) to July (314.82mm). The mean rainfall for Ahoada (an area also traversed by the Kolo creek Rumuekpe 20” Trunk line) area averaged over 10 years is 2, 297.74 mm.

Table 3.14: Mean monthly rainfall distribution (mm) for Ahoada area from existing agro/rainfall-station (1980 – 1989).

JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUN JUL AUG SEP OCT NOV DEC MEAN

ANNUAL

25.1 32.9 141.64 159.47 228.07 329.1 314.8 334.3 415.8 233.7 57.6 25.33 2,297.7



Temperature variations

Table 3.2.6.2 shows the average diurnal variation of temperature for a typical sunny day. The temperature (dry bulb) was lowest during the early morning hours up to about 8 am (24oC). This rises to a peak at about 1500 hours (36oC) and falls later during the night to the early morning when much of the heat retained during the day is radiated back to space. The lowest temperature values recorded in the dry

season were from 24.0° C – 24.50° C which occurred between 0300-0900 hours while the

highest temperature of 33.0°C- 36.00°C occurred between 1400-1600 hours. In the rainy

season the lowest temperature of 24.0° C occurred between 0100-0600 hours while the

highest temperatures of 27.0°C- 29.0°C were recorded between 1300-1400 hours.

Relative Humidity This is an indication of the water vapour content in the atmosphere. High relative humidity

is indicative of moist conditions while low relative humidity suggests drier conditions.

Relative humidity values ranged from 56% - 95% during the dry season and 77% - 100% during rainy season. There is a marked diurnal variation in the relative humidity pattern of this area. It has an indirect relationship with temperature changes. Highest values are generally recorded about the dawn of the day (early mornings 92 – 100%) Table 3.15. The lowest relative humidity of 56.0 - 64.0% occurred between 1400-1800 hours whilst the highest values 91.5 - 95.0% occurred in the morning periods of 0100 - 0800 hours in the dry season. The lowest values in the rainy season ranged from 77.00 - 83.00 and occurred from 1200 - 1400 hours in the afternoon while the highest value in the range of 96.0 - 100% occurred from 2000 - 0700 hours late night and early in the morning.

Wind Distribution Pattern The wind patterns and calm conditions are divided into 8 major directions of the cardinal

points (0 – 360o). Tables 3.15 and 3.16 show the general wind patterns for the 20” Trunk

line Kolo creek – Rumuekpe pipeline environment. The percentage of calm wind

conditions is about 50% during the rainy season and 58.3% during the dry season. Calm

conditions occur mostly in the early morning and late evenings.

The wind speeds are more of light breeze (1.6 – 3.3 m/s) followed by light air (0.3 – 1.5m/sec), gentle breeze (3.4 – 5.4m/s) then moderate and fresh breeze (5.5 – 7.9 m/sec) and 8.0 – 10.7 m/sec) respectively. The result of the wind speed indicate a high daily percentage calm period up to 58% and 50% in the early morning hours and late night in the dry and rainy seasons respectively. The wind speed of 5.5-7.9 m/s obtained in dry season and 8.0-10.7 m/s occurring just before heavy downpour during the rainy season. The wind directions were generally Westerly (W), Southerly (S), Southwesterly (SW), Northeasterly (NE), and Northerly in the dry season. These results indicate that dispersion of atmospheric pollutants will be impeded in the early morning and late evenings due



to low temperatures, and very high relative humidity conditions. These conditions will therefore favour the accumulation of atmospheric pollutants within the immediate environment. On the other hand, dispersion and transportation of pollutants will be favoured in the afternoons and evening periods when the temperature value is fairly high and there is prevalence of winds of some magnitude.

Winds with speeds in the range 8.0 – 10.7 m/sec or Beaufort scale (5) considered as fresh breeze occur mostly just before a heavy down pour. It should be noted however that wind speeds up to 18 m/s could occur which are mostly Westerlies especially during rainstorm episodes in the rainy season. The wind directions during the sampling period were SW, S, SE, and W during the rainy season and NE, N, S, SW and W during dry season.



Table 3.15: Typical Diurnal Weather Variation For Dry (January) And Rainy (August) Seasons At The Kolo Creek – Rumuekpe 20” Trunk Line Area

Time

(Hour)

Dry Season Rainy Season

Temperature (

oC)

Rel.

Hum.

(%)

Wind Beaufort

Scale

Temperature

(oC)

Rel.

Hum.

(%)

Wind Beaufort Scale

Wet

Bulb

Dry

Bulb

Speed

M/s

Direction Wet

Bulb

Dry

Bulb

Speed

M/s

Direction

0100 25.0 26.0 92 0 Calm 24.0 24.0 100 0 Calm

0200 24.5 25.4 95 0 “ 24.0 24.0 100 0 “

0300 24.0 24.5 95 0 “ 24.0 24.0 100 0 “

0400 23.5 24.0 95 0 “ 24.0 24.0 100 0 “

0500 23.5 24.5 91.5 0 “ 24.0 24.0 100 0 “

0600 23.5 24.5 91.5 0 “ 24.0 24.0 100 0 “

0700 23.5 24.0 91.5 0 “ 24.0 25.0 100 0 “

0800 24.5 24.0 95 0 “ 24.5 25.5 96 1 SE

0900 26.0 24.5 92 1 W 25.0 26.5 92 2 S

1000 26.5 29.0 85 1 “ 25.0 27.0 90 2 SW

1100 26.5 30.0 75 2 S 26.0 29.0 88 3 “

1200 26.5 32.0 64 1 N 26.5 29.5 83 2 S

1300 26.5 32.0 64 2 S 26.5 20.0 81 2 “

1400 26.0 33.0 56.5 3 “ 26.5 20.0 77 5 SE

1500 27.0 34.0 58.5 2 NE 27.0 27.5 92 0 Calm

1600 27.0 36.0 56 3 W 26.5 27.5 92 2 SW

1700 26.5 34.0 58.5 0 Calm 26.0 26.5 92 3 W

1800 26.5 32.0 64 0 “ 25.5 25.5 95 2 “

1900 26.5 31.0 69 0 “ 25.0 25.5 95 2 SW

2000 26.0 29.0 81 0 “ 25.0 25.5 96 0 Calm

2100 26.0 28.0 81 4 W 25.0 25.5 96 2 S

2200 26.0 27.5 88 3 SW 24.5 25.0 96 0 Calm

2300 25.5 27.5 84 0 Calm 24.5 25.0 96 0 “

2400 25.5 27.0 84 0 “ 24.5 25.5 96 0 “

Table 3.16: Typical Diurnal wind variations

Beaufort

scale

Speed

(ms)

Direction Daily %

occurrence Calm NE N

W

N W S SE SW E

0

(Calm)

0 -0.2 14

(12)

-

(-)

-

(-)

-

(-)

-

(-)

-

(-)

-

(-)

-

(-)

-

(-)

58.3

(50.0)

1 0.3 -

1.5

-

(-)

-

(-)

-

(-)

1

(-)

2

(-)

-

(-)

-

(1)

-

(-)

-

(-)

12.5

(4.17)

2 1.6 -

3.3

-

(-)

-

(-)

-

(-)

-

(-)

-

(1)

2

(4)

-

(-)

-

(3)

-

(-)

12.7

(33.3)

3 3.4 -

5.4

-

(-)

-

(-)

-

(-)

-

(-)

1

(1)

1

(-)

-

(-)

1

(1)

-

(-)

12.5

(8.3)

4 5.5 -

7.9

-

(-)

-

(-)

-

(-)

-

(-)

1

(-)

-

(-)

-

(-)

-

(-)

-

(-)

4.17

(-)

5 8.0 -

10.7

-

(-)

-

(-)

-

(-)

-

(-)

-

(-)

-

(-)

-

(1)

-

(-)

-

(-)

4.17

(-)

Daily %

occurrence

58.3

(50.0)

4.17

(-)

-

(-)

4.17

(-)

16.67

(8.33)

12.5

(16.67)

-

(8.3)

4.7

(16.67)

-

(-)



3.2.7 Air Quality

The ambient air quality data for the 20” Kolo creek – Rumuekpe Trunk line ROW and

adjoining environments are presented in Tables 3.17 and 3.18. The result shows that

suspended particulate matter (SPM) concentration ranged from 13.8 - 69.1µg/m3

and 18 –

48µg/m3

for rainy and dry season respectively. The ranges for other pollutants were 8.3 –

27.5µg/m3 and 10 – 34µg/m

3 for NO2

-; 3.2 – 10.2µg/m

3 and 2.3 – 8.5µg/m

3 for SO2

-; 1 –

17µg/m3 and 0 – 10µg/m

3 for CO; 328 – 440µg/m

3 and 326 – 428µg/m

3 for CO2. THC

values ranged from 236 – 294µg/m3 and 238 – 296µg/m

3for the two seasons respectively.

Table 3.17: Concentration Of Air Pollutants As Measured Along The Kolo Creek – Rumuekpe 20” Trunk Line (Rainy Season)

Sampling Station

Sample

No.

Pollutants SPM

(µg/m3)

NO2

(µg/m3)

SO2

(µg/m3)

THC

(µg/m3)

NH3

(µg/m3)

CO

(µg/m3)

CO2

(µg/m3)

1 34 24 8 275 ND 10 390

1: Kolo-creek 2 48 24 4 236 “ 9 422

3 29 1.8 3.6 - “ 3 440

1 18 2.2 6.2 - “ 1 328

2: Otuasega Area 2 5 1.0 5.1 - “ 0 333

3 10 23 3.1 - “ 1 389

1 23 34 8.5 - “ 0 423

3: Okporowo Area

2 12 30 2.9 - “ 1 387

3 3 21 2.4 - “ 1 336

4: Ihuama/ 1 38 24 5 280 “ 1 390

Rumuekpe 2 13 23 3.1 294 “ 1 410

3 5 16 2.3 - “ 1 356



Table 3.18: Concentration Of Air Pollutants As Measured Along The Kolo Creek – Rumuekpe 20” Trunk Line (Dry Season)

Sampling Station Sample

No. Pollutants

SPM

(µg/m3)

NO2

(µg/m3)

SO2

(µg/m3)

THC

(µg/m3)

NH3

(µg/m3)

CO

(µg/m3)

CO2

(µg/m3)

1 60.4 19.2 9.2 284 ND 17 380

1: Kolo Creek Area

2 69.1 21.6 5.9 238 “ 12 405

3 52.3 12.4 4.4 - “ 5 416

1 28.6 16.1 7.1 - “ 2 326

2: Otuasega Area 2 19.5 8.3 6.3 - “ 1 334

3 26.1 21.6 4.8 - “ 2 367

1 46.7 26.8 10.2 - “ 3 422

3: Okporowo Area

2 27.6 27.5 3.7 - “ 1 373

3 13.8 16.4 3.8 - “ 1 328

1 79.1 19.2 6.8 286 “ 2 392

4: Ihuama/ Rumuekpe

2 31.2 21.6 3.7 296 “ 1 401

3 14.3 14.3 3.2 - “ 1 348

Variation in micrometeorological conditions and differences in daily activities and sampling periods could have accounted for the observed variation in air polluted concentration.

The concentration of SPM did not show any regular pattern in the dry season. The SPM

concentration was higher in the morning than in the afternoons, values ranged from 34 -

10.00 mg/m3

during the same sampling day from the Kolo Creek manifold to Otuasega.

This could be attributed to reduced wind speed, vehicular activities and other SPM

generating activities. Nitrogen dioxide, SO2, and CO followed the same trend as the SPM.

The observed gaseous and particulate pollutant levels, were at background levels or slightly above set standards primarily because of the activities on the roads near the sampling stations.

The rainy season results show the SPM concentration in the range 3-48 mg/m3. The NO2

levels varied from1.0-34mg/m3 while hydrocarbon levels from 236-294mg/m

3. Carbon

monoxide levels ranged from 0-10.0mg/m3 while sulphur ranged between 2.4-8.5mg/m

3.

The results indicate that the levels of ammonia was below detection limit due likely to the absence of activities and/or processes that could emit appreciable amounts of these pollutants into the atmospheric environment.

The concentrations of the air pollutants especially the SPM were quite low in the rainy and dry seasons, however, rainy season values were lower with mean levels of 19.8mg/m3. This is unexpected because the heavy rainfalls during and



preceding the sampling periods have scavenging and scrubbing effects on the atmosphere. The removal of atmospheric gases by precipitation is a major mechanism whereby emission from natural and anthropogenic sources are deposited on the earth’s surface.

The comparison of the dry and rainy season values with FEPA and International standards are presented in Table 3.19.

Table 3.19: Comparison of dry and rainy season means air pollutants with

known standards

S/No Air Pollutant Dry Season Rainy Season FEPA International

1 SPM(mg/m3) 31.6 19.8 250 260

2 NO2 (mg/m3) 18.8 18.7 75-113 100

3 SO2 (mg/m3) 5.8 4.5 260 1300

4 HN3 (mg/m3) ND ND 200 -

5 THC (mg/m3) 276 271.3 2000 2000

6 CO (mg/m3) 4.0 2.42 20.0 13.0

7 CO2 (mg/m3) 374 383.7 325.0 325.0

8 Noise (dBA) 42 41.72 90

It was observed that the levels of gaseous pollutants in the rainy seasons were unchanged or slightly higher than dry season values. This observation though contrary to usual expectations during rainy seasons could be attributed to the increased human and vehicular activities on the sites during the sampling period. The levels of the air pollutants were generally below local and international guidelines for both seasons. The implication of this is that the levels observed do not pose any health hazards.

Noise Levels

Noise levels were generally low around the study area with ranges around 38-48 dBA and 34.5-58.5 dBA respectively for the rainy and dry season. These values were within acceptable safety limits of 5 dBA and 45-50 dBA for day and night respectively in residential areas (Taylor and Lipscouls, 1978). Increased noise level around 90 dBA is the critical level given by the US Department of Labour Industrial noise regulations. This also agrees with the standard noise exposure limits for Nigeria (FEPA, 1991). However, noise levels above this limit (90 dBA) have been shown to decrease efficiency and increase chances of error.

3.2.8 Hydrogeology Geology The pipeline area (entire pipeline route) is located within the Niger Delta Basin of Nigeria. The local geology of this area consists of alluvial deposits of late pleistocene to halocene age. The sediments recovered from the boreholes can be categorised into three (3) major groups as follows:

• clay, woody, greyish brown



• clay, grey

• sand, grey, poorly sorted

The woody clay generally constitutes the topsoil and has a greyish brown colour (Fig. 3.5a). The clay content of this layer lies between 94 - 98%, with only about 2 - 5% sand (Table 3.20). The next layer that is generally clayey (7 – 10m) without woody materials, has clay contents between 87 - 97% and is grey in colour. The third layer (8m and beyond), the sands, is greyish in colour and poorly sorted. They are very sandy, with sand between 68 and 95% (Table 3.20).

The land surface in the area is characterised by low-lying plains typical of the Modern Niger Delta. These plains have swamps that are commonly flooded during the peak of rainy season. The area slopes imperceptibly in the southern direction towards the Atlantic Ocean and is drained by a network of rivers and their adjoining creeks. Aquifers The aquifers in the area are confined by about 10 meters of clay. They (the aquifers) are

mainly poorly sorted sands with hydraulic conductivity values from 5.5 x 10-4

cm/s in

borehole 3 (Table 3.21 and 3.22; Figures 3.5 and 3.6)



Table 3.20: Sieve Properties Of Borehole Core Samples In Kolo Creek-Rumuekpe Study Area

Sample depth

(m)

Mass of dry sample (g) Sieve Diameter (mm) % Sand % Clay 2 1 0.425 0.150 0.075

BH1

0 – 0.5

58

Mass retained 0 0 0 0 2

3

97 Mass passing 58 58 58 58 56

% Passing 100 100 100 100 97

7 – 8

55.3

Mass retained 0 0 0 0 6.2

11.2

88.8 Mass passing 55.3 55.3 55.3 55.3 49.1

% Passing 100 100 100 100 88.8

8 - 10

60

Mass retained 0 5.8 31.3 45.6 47.7

79.5

20.5 Mass passing 60 54.2 22.9 14.4 12.3

% Passing 100 90 38 24 20

BH2

0 – 1

63.2


2

98 Mass passing 63.2 63.2 63.2 63.2 61.9

% Passing 100 100 100 100 98

9 - 10

53


5

95 Mass passing 53 53 53 53 50.1

% Passing 100 100 100 100 95

10 - 14

87.5

Mass retained 0.3 2.5 27.3 56.7 59.2

68

32 Mass passing 87.2 84.7 58.2 31.8 28.3

% Passing 97 96 66 36 32

BH3 0 – 1

72.3


2

98 Mass passing 72.3 72.3 72.3 72.3 70.8

% Passing 100 100 100 100 98

7 – 8

61


5

95 Mass passing 61 61 61 61 57.8

% Passing 100 100 100 100 95

10 - 11

73.3

Mass retained 1.1 3.8 30.1 60.3 62.8

86

14 Mass passing 72.2 68.4 43.2 48.3 10.5

% Passing 98 93 52 18 14



Table 3.20 Cont’d.

Sample depth

(m)

Mass of dry sample (g) Sieve Diameter (mm) % Sand % Clay

BH4

0 – 1

63.5


4

96 Mass passing 63.5 63.5 63.5 63.5 60.7

% Passing 100 100 100 100 96

8 – 9

70


3

97 Mass passing 70 70 70 70 68.2

% Passing 100 100 100 100 97

11 - 12

83.5

Mass retained 2.1 6.2 31.2 28.1 2.8

84

16 Mass passing 81.4 754.2 44 15.9 13.3

% Passing 97 90 53 19 16

BH5

0 – 1

62.5


6

94 Mass passing 62.5 62.5 62.5 62.5 59

% Passing 100 100 100 100 94

7 – 8

70


4

96 Mass passing 70 70 70 70 67.5

% Passing 100 100 100 100 96

11 - 12

65.8

Mass retained 2.0 8.2 40.5 60.5 62.5

95

5 Mass passing 63.8 55.6 15.1 5.1 3.3

% Passing 97 84 23 8 5 BH6 0 – 1

63.2


5

95 Mass passing 63.2 63.2 63.2 63.2 60

% Passing 100 100 100 100 95

8 – 9

71.5


3

97 Mass passing 71.5 71.5 71.5 71.5 69.5

% Passing 100 100 100 100 97

11 - 12

78.2

Mass retained 3.1 10 30.8 20.1 1.5

84

16 Mass passing 75.1 65.1 34.8 14.2 12.7

% Passing 96 83 45 18 16



Table 3.21: Parameters of Boreholes Drilled in the Study Area

Borehole

Code

Borehole Location

Depth

(m)

Casing

(m)

Screen

(m)

Gravel Packing

(m)

Groutin

g

(m)

Elevation

a.m.s.l (m)

S.W.L (m)

Dry

season

Water

head

(m) Easting Northing

BH1 434090 98438 10 0 – 8 8 – 10 7 – 10 0 – 7 10.6 4.8 5.8

BH2 434062 95468 14 0 – 10 10 – 14 9 – 14 0 – 9 9.8 4.5 5.3

BH3 431875 95312 11 0 - 10 10 - 11 9 - 11 0 - 9 9.6 4.5 5.1

BH4 439000 102500 12 0 – 9 9 – 12 8 – 12 0 – 8 11.0 4.8 6.2

BH5 454500 105000 12 0 – 8 8 – 12 8 – 12 0 – 8 11.5 4.9 6.6

BH6 469150 107500 12 0 – 8 8 - 12 8 - 12 0 - 8 13.0 5.0 7.0

Table 3.22: Hydraulic Conductivity Values of Borehole Materials in the Study Area

Borehole Code Depth of

material (m)

Type of material Hydraulic conductivity

(cm/s)

BH1

0 – 0.5 Clay, woody

1 x 10-5

– 1 x 10-9

7 – 8 Clay

8 – 10 Sand 5.3 x 10-4**

BH2

0 – 1 Clay, woody

1 x 10-5

– 1 x 10-9

9 – 10 Clay

10 – 14 Sand 9.0 x 10-4**

BH3

0 – 1 Clay, woody

1 x 10-5

– 1 x 10-9

7 – 8 Clay

10 - 11 Sand 2.0 x 10-3**

0 – 1 Silty sand, woody



BH4 8 – 9 Clay 1 x 10-5

– 1 x 10-9

11 – 12 Sand 5.3 x 10-4**

BH5


1 x 10-5

– 1 x 10-9

7 – 8 Clay

11 – 12 Sand 4.0 x 10-2**

BH6


1 x 10-5

– 1 x 10-9

8 – 9 Clay

11 - 12 Sand 1.2 x 10-3



LEGEND

Depth (m) BH1 BH2 BH3

1

7

14

Clay, greyish brown, woody

Clay, greyish

Sand, poorly sorted, gray

Fig. 3.5: Stratigraphic/Lithologic Logs of

Boreholes Drilled in Kolo Creek area



Topsoil, silty sand, woody

Clay, greyish

Sand, poorly sorted, gray

Depth (m) BH4 BH5 BH6

1

7

12

Fig. 3.6: Lithologic logs of boreholes along the pipeline route

from Kolo Creek to Rumuekpe



These values show that the sands have low hydraulic conductivity, but the overlying

clays have the lowest values between 10-5

to10-9

cm/s (Bowels, 1984). Since these

materials have low hydraulic conductivity values, wastes dumped on the surface will

percolate at very slow rates, and may eventually not reach the aquifer. The aquifers are

therefore relatively protected.

Water Levels

The water levels measured in the boreholes range from 5.1 m in borehole 3 to 7.0m in borehole 6. It should however, be noted that the water in the boreholes only rises to these levels when drilling or excavation reaches the sands (aquifers) which are about 10m deep. If the aquifers are not reached, the top 10m remains dry. Figures 3.5 and 3.6 show the stratigraphic/Lithologic Logs of the boreholes.

Groundwater Flow Direction

Groundwater flow direction in the area was determined using the data from the three

boreholes (Table 3.21). From the data, groundwater flow direction in the area is from

the northeast to the southwest. This is in conformity with the regional groundwater flow

direction in the Niger Delta, which is from the northern highlands towards the coast in

the south. Thus if there is any pollution of groundwater in the area, those south of the

point of pollution are most likely to be affected.

Physicochemical Characteristics of Borehole

The physicochemical characteristics the borehole water samples are given tables (3.23 and 3.24)

The pH of the borehole water samples was acidic with values ranging from 4.76 - 5.37. This is quite expected as the rains wash humic acid leachates from decaying forest vegetation into the ground water.

The TDS values for the boreholes were low with ranges around 22.4 - 35.01mg/l. These values are indications of the inland nature of the aquifers and their remoteness from the influence of any saline intrusion.

The TSS values were also low with values ranging between 9.3 - 14.26mg/l in all the

study boreholes.

The turbidity of the borehole water samples was quite low with ranges around 0.39 - 1.88 NTU. This is a reflection of the low TSS in the boreholes.

The hardness of the borehole water samples was moderate. They were higher than most of the surface water sources except for the Kolo Creeklet. Ranges were from 10 - 16mg/l. The levels observed were further caused probably by the leaching of hardness enhancing species like magnesium and calcium, which abound in soil system around the study area.



The alkalinity of the samples was generally low and ranged from 15 - 21mg/l.

The conductivity of the water samples ranged from 53.6 - 69.3µS/cm.

The DO level of the borehole samples were moderate to support any biological oxidation of organic matter. The values ranged from 6.5 – 8.0mg/l. The BOD result for all the borehole water samples were less than 1.0mg/l indicating the low organic matter content of the water.

The COD level of the borehole were low with ranges within 1.5-3.5mg/l. This confirms

the result obtained for the BOD and is also indicative of the near absence of dissolved

oxygen depleting substances.

The oil and grease content of the borehole samples were low having ranges from 0.031-0.09 mg/l.

The THC level of the borehole water samples were low also with values in all the samples ranging between 0.03 - 0.117mg/l.

The anionic species were low in the borehole samples, with ranges around 0.18 -

0.31mg/l for NO3-, 0.02 - 0.07mg/l for PO4

3- and 5.0-8. -.2mg/l for chloride.

The heavy metals content results of the borehole are presented in table (3.10). All the

heavy metals analysed (except Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu) were below detection limits of the

test equipment. The value of these metals were low and quite within regulatory limits.

Zn values ranged from 0.018 - 0.121mg/l, Fe was in the range 8.36 - 14.26mg/l,Mn

ranged from 0.07 - 0.15mg/l while Cu was in the range 0.01 - 0.05mg/l in the borehole

water samples.

In general, from the results of the water quality analysis, the ground water resources

when compared with the surface water in the study area exhibited similar

characteristics. The values obtained for most of the parameters were around the same

ranges.

It should be noted that as at the time of this study, the values of the various parameters

for the ground water were within recommended limits for drinking water



Table 3.23: Physico-Chemical Characteristics of Borehole Water Samples

Sam

ple

Co

de

pH

TD

S

(mg/l

)

TS

S

(mg/l

)

Turb

idit

y

(NT

V)

Har

d-n

ess

(mg/l

)

Alk

ali-

nit

y

(mg/l

)

DO

(mg/l

)

BO

D

(mg/l

)

CO

D

(mg/l

)

O/G

(mg/l

)

TH

C

(mg/l

)

Co

nd.

(µS

/cm

)

NO

3-

(mg/l

)

PO

43-

(mg/l

)

Cl-

(mg/l

)

BH1 4.76 35.01 14.26 1.81 16 20 7.9 <1.0 3.5 0.089 0.117 67.5 0.24 0.05 8.0

BH2 4.8 31.4 12.1 1.88 13 17 6.5 <1.0 3.0 0.068 0.04 63.2 0.31 0.05 8

BH3 4.78 28.3 12.8 1.73 15 21 7.1 <1.0 2.8 0.073 0.058 69.3 0.21 0.07 8.2

BH4 4.98 26.2 10.2 0.42 11 18 7.3 <1.0 2.9 0.031 0.018 58.2 0.18 0.04 6.0

BH5 5.1 22.4 9.3 0.39 10 15 8.0 <1.0 2.6 0.063 0.04 53.6 0.27 0.02 5

BH6 5.37 26.3 10.2 0.45 12 18 7.7 <1.0 1.5 0.042 0.03 58.3 0.25 0.04 6



Table 3.24 Heavy Metal Content Of Borehole Water Samples Situated In The

Study Area

Sample

Code

Heavy metals (mg/l)

V Ni Cr Pb Zn Mn Cu Fe Cd Hg

BH1 BDL BDL BDL BDL 0.121 0.145 0.051 12.55 BDL BDL






3.2.9 Socio-Economics The main communities located close (within 1.5km band on either side of the Kolo creek – Rumuekpe pipeline Right of Way) are Otuasega, Oruma, Ibelebiri, Odau, Ozochi, Odigwe, Aminigboko, Owerewere, Okporowo, Okoma, Ihuama and Rumuekpe communities (Fig. 3.2 on page 3-9). These communities fall within the areas of two states, namely Rivers and Bayelsa and five Local Government Areas, namely Bayelsa State

• Ogbia in Bayelsa State

• Abua/Odual in Rivers State

Rivers State

• Ahoada West in Rivers State

• Ahoada East in Rivers State

• Emohua in Rivers State

The administrative jurisdictions of the communities are listed in Table 3.25 below.



Table 3.25: Administrative Jurisdiction Of The Communities Within The Study Areas

Settlement LGA State Nature of

Settlement

Dominant

Ethic Group

Approximate

Distance From

Pipeline Route

Otuasega Ogbia Bayelsa Permanent Ogbia 0.4km

Oruma Ogbia Bayelsa Permanent Ogbia 0.6km

Ibelebiri Ogbia Bayelsa Permanent Ogbia 1.0km

Odau Abua / Odual

Rivers Permanent Odual 0.8km

Ozochi Ahoada

East

Rivers Permanent Ekpeye 1.0km

Odigwe Ahoada

West


Aminigboko Abua /

Odual

Rivers Permanent Abua 1.5km

Owerewere Abua /

Odual

Rivers Permanent Abua 0.5km

Okporowo Ahoada

East


Okoma Ahoada

East


Ihuama Ahoada

East


Rumuekpe Emohua Rivers Permanent Ekpeye 0.01km

3.2.9.1 Historical Background

The historical ancestry and background of the communities within and around the study areas are presented in Tables 3.26 – 3.28.

Historical background of Otuasega, Ibelebiri and Oruma communities in Ogbia Local Government Area of Bayelsa State.

The above communities possess a common ancestry as shown in Table 3.26.

Table 3.26: Community History Of Otuasega, Ibelebiri And Oruma

Communities.

Community History

Otuasega Otua is the founder of Otuasega. They migrated from Nembe from an

ancestral father called Olei

Ibelebiri This community is founded by Ebele, a descendant of Oba Ese, who

migrated from Ogbolomabiri in Nembe

Oruma Founded by a descendant of Olei who migrated from Nembe.

The specifics for each community are given in Table 3.27.



Historical Background of Aminigboko, Owerewere, Odau in Abua/ Odual Local Government Area of Rivers State.

Aminigboko and Owerewere communities share a common ancestral origin from Abua while Odual has been at its present location from since existence. Table 3.27 shows the ancestral origin of the communities.

Table 3.27: Community History Of Aminigboko, Owerewere And Odau

Communities

Community History

Aminigboko They claimed to be part of ancestral history of the Abua people who were said

to have migrated from the Congo- basin through Benin to where they are

presently. Aminigboko’s father is called Emughan. Aminigboko who

happens to be the first son of Emughan founded the place that is now called

Aminigboko.

Owerewere They claimed to have migrated from Okpaden in Abua central. The founder

is called Ela. They also have links with the overall ancestral history of the

Abua people.

Odau The people of Odau claimed to have existed in their present place of abode

since existence. They settled in a place adjacent to their present location

called the overside. They are part of the Odual community in Abua / Odual

LGA of Rivers State.

The historical and ancestral background of Okporowo, Okoma 1, Ihuama, and Ozochi communities in Ahoada East Local Government Area and Odigwe community in Ahoada West Local Government Area of Rivers State.

These communities belong to Ekepeye ethnic nationality, who were said to have migrated from Benin Kingdom. The difference in history, which tend to give each of them their individual identity and history are summarised in Table 3.28.



Table 3.28: Community History Of Okporowo, Okoma 1, Ihuama, Ozochi And Odigwe Communities

Community History

Okporowo Elder Olukuo was the founder of this community. They migrated from Benin,

first settled at Obigwe in the present Ogba / Egbema / Ndoni Local

Government Area and later came to Olubie and finally settled in the present

place called Okporowo

Okoma 1 The people of Okoma 1 migrated from Benin kingdom during the 1502 mass

exodus, together with the Ogba people. They came all the way to Illa-

Ukpatta where they settled. Thereafter, they moved to Edoha and latter

settled in the present place called Okoma 1. Ogbubie is the founder of Okoma

I. Okoma I and Okoma II are different communities.

Ihuama The community migrated from a village called Ekpe in Benin. The founder is

called Ihuama

Ozochi The people of this community migrated from a town called Odeoke Ako and

was founded by a man called Ugbo centuries ago.

Odigwe A man called Obolobolo who migrated from Benin Kingdom centuries ago

founded the present Odigwe community.

3.2.9.2 Political Organisation/Community Governance and Administration off the Study Area Communities.

The existence of established political structures for community governance and administration are evident in the above communities as is shown in Table 3.29 and 3.30.

Otuasega, Ibelebiri I and Oruma communities

There exists a traditional administrative structure comprising the first class chief and his council of chiefs that has the responsibility to settle disputes and make important decisions on behalf of the people. There is also the existence of community development committees (CDC) as well as women associations. Table 3.29 shows the community governance and administrative structure of the communities.



Table 3.29: Community Governance And Political Administration Of

Otuasega, Ibelebiri And Oruma Communities

Community Traditional council Compounds

Otuasega Chief Ebehasi Itegba is the Chairman of the

Council of Chiefs. Mr. Nitabai Okilo heads the

CDC while Mr. Obi Egbegba heads the Youth

Movement.

Ebarama, Otuadodi,

Opuwari and Otuamuzo

Ibelebiri His Royal Highness is Chief Matthew Wari Ibu, Paramount ruler is the Obename of the community. The Obename deputy, representatives from the four compounds as well as the messengers constitute the governing council.

The CDC that is headed by a chairman and a

secretary perform administrative functions.

The Youth Association assists the CDC in

carrying out its functions.

Odugbiri, Oguligbiri,

Nyukabiri and Kuugbiri.

Oruma HRH Pere W.D. Aruakiri is the Obenama of

the community. There are three governing

bodies: The Council of King makers, the

Chiefs council and the CDC. The position of

traditional ruler is by election and is rotated

among the four compounds.

Okumani, Seindu,

Obarakiri and Ibifo. A

compound chief called

Beribou heads each of

these compounds.

Aminigboko, Owerewere, Odau, Ihuama, Ozochi and Odigwe communities These areas also have a governing pattern that is similar. Here family heads come together to constitute the council of chiefs along side the village head and the CDC chairman. Critical decisions made are then taken to the people through the CDC. Table 3.30 presents the community and political administrative framework of the communities.



Table 3.30: Community Governance And Political Administration Of

Aminigboko, Owerewere, Odau, Okporowo, Okoma 1, Ihuama,

Ozochi And Odigwe Communities

Community Governance Compounds / villages

Aminigboko His Royal Highness Ewemua Emughan chief Nelson

Wariboko Obogene III JP is the paramount ruler of the

community. The Owemua Emughan and his council of

chiefs, CDC, the youth movement and the Women

association constitute the governing council.

Owerewere His Royal Highness chief Eric Dede and the chiefs of

the eight families- the CDC and the youth movement

constitute the governing body.

Ijuri, Abbi, Umugho, Ekeukwue, Ukwu, Akpaze, Olopolo and Uloghom

Odau The chief and elders constitute the governing body of

the community.

Okporowo It is an autonomous community and also headquarters

of the “O” group. In the sixties that area was organised

as the O group. The “O” group comprises seven

villages namely Okporowo Odiabidi, Obele,

Obumueze, Osugboko, Okoma I & II

There is the paramount ruler the Eze Wula, the Council

of Chiefs, elders, CDC youth association and the

women organisation. The council of chiefs assists the

paramount ruler, while the elders give advice. The

CDC is for development assisted by the youth

movement and the women association takes care of the

women affairs.

Seven families-

Umuduche, Umuzhi,

Umudakpa, Umudowo,

Umudokele, Umudezhi

and Umudosino

Okoma I The Council-of-Chiefs of the community is made up of

the Chiefs of the respective families at the head of

which is the paramount ruler. The CDC, the youth

council and lastly the women council follow the

council of chiefs in importance. The youth council and

the CDC work hand-in-hand and the membership of

these two bodies is such that a member of the CDC

could as well as be member of the Youth Council.

They are expected to carry out their duties that are

assigned to them by the Okoma community council.

The women on the other hand, are responsible for

mobilizing the women in the community for social

works. Membership to the council of elders is by

inheritance. It is their responsibility to see that there is

peace and harmony in the community.

One family named

Edhiwuulu makes up

Okoma I community.

Other sub-families are

Umudhorulie,

Umudhoridala,

Imudhorlukwor,

Umudhoropodhi and

Umudohorilaka.



Table 3.30 Cont’d. Ihuama The paramount ruler and the council of elders are at the

helm of affairs in the community. The chief is also a

member of the elders’ council as well as the chairman

of the elders’ council.

There are also the family chiefs who are next to the

elders’ council.

There are three

compounds that make

up the community.

They are Imudo, Olhei,

Emalazu, and

Emudizobor. The

council of chiefs is

represented in the

council of elders.

Ozochi The elders assist the paramount ruler. The Ezewula is

in charge of the administration. The paramount ruler

and the elders take charge of the traditional matters.

The CDC on the other hand takes care of the

developmental issues, while the youth’s association

carries out work assigned to them by the CDC. The

women take care of women affairs.

Odigwe Council of Chiefs sees to traditional matters.

CDC for community development

Youth Movement assist CDC and carry out general

duties

Made up of three

families - Agwulo,

Uchi and Umuji.

3.2.9.3 Demographic Characteristics

Communities and Settlement Patterns

The settlement patterns of the communities within the study areas are summarised in Table 3.31.

Table 3.31: Settlement Pattern Of The Communities

Communities Settlement Pattern Remarks

Otuasega Linear Fringing both sides of the road

Oruma Linear By Kolo Creek

Ibelebiri Nuclear Close to Kolo creek (300m)

Aminigboko Linear Fringing both sides of the road

Owerewere Linear Fringing both sides of the road

Odau Nuclear In the hinterland Okporowo Linear Fringing both sides of the road

Okoma I Linear Fringing both sides of the road

Ihuama Linear By the Sombreiro river

Ozochi Nuclear By the bank of Orashi river

Odigwe Nuclear By the bank of Orashi river

These settlements are permanent, autonomous and can be described as rural when

compared to cities like Port Harcourt. They are situated in firm grounds.

Population Estimates



The population figures of the communities within the study area are given in Table 3.32.

Table 3.32: Population Estimates

Communities Figures given by The

Community

Field Data NPC (1999

Projection)

Otuasega 30,000 11,000 -

Oruma 8,000 5,500 5,626

Ibelebiri 4,000 2,000 692

Aminigboko 15,000 6,000 6,851

Owerewere 20,000 7,500 10,301

Odau 7,500 3,000 1,881

Okporowo 8,000 6,500 -

Okoma I 12,000 6,800 1,026

Ihuama 9,000 3,700 438

Ozochi 50,000 10,500 5,582

Odigwe 4,000 2,000 365 N/B: The field data was arrived at by counting the number of the houses in a community and multiplying it by the average household number (NPC- National Population Commission).

3.2.9.4 Cultural Environment

Religion and Belief System

The religious practices and belief systems of the people in the study areas varied from the most ancient traditional religion based on ancestral worship to the most recent Christian and Islamic beliefs. However Christianity is still the dominant religion with a few traditional worshippers and Moslems. The Festivals, Sacred Animals/Forest, Taboos and deities of each community is tabulated in Table 3.33.



Table 3.33: The Festivals/Burial Grounds, Sacred Animals, Forest And Deities Of The Communities

Community Shrine/Deity Festivals Sacred Animals / Practices

Otuasega Onumoto forest is forbidden. Osukolo deity is for protection.

Ibaragu is against external sickness such

as Apollo and other contagious sickness.

The function of Idaso is Wealth and

progress.

Kolo Creek Fishing festival (1st

April)

It is forbidden to kill Iguana.

Eating of sugar cane is forbidden in the

town.

Going to burial ground except for

burial is forbidden.

Ibelebiri Ezimezi shrine, it drives away evil forces

/ protection.

Atoleda shrine:- for protection.

Fishing festival (1st April).

Ekpo Masquerade festival

There is no law on killing of animals.

Oruma Burial grounds are restricted. - Amakiri is

forbidden. – Osika forest is forbidden

Olumogbogbo is also sacred.

No deity and no festival associated with

any.

Nworoko dance Obwiumader is a

yearly event.

Fishing festival observed.

Ogbu women dance group, Beautiful

ladies dance group.

Young girls dance group at the

playground.

-

Aminigboko Areiake, Emughan. The people meet in

this forest every February.

There is also the Igboge shrine where

appeasements are made.

There are certain laws binding the people

who are taking decisions at Emughan

There is a festival that comes up

every 25th of February called Iyaal

Emughan. All the decisions of the

year are taken there for instance the

decision to harvest the fishing ponds

No sacred animal / practice



Table 3.33 contd.

Owerewere Igbeikele shrine. This is where antiques

of the community are kept. Only

members of the shrine are allowed to go

there.

Ake-Ogbore is where festival days are

proclaimed

Festivals are similar to all Abua

festivals, such as fishing festival

No sacred animal / practice

Okporowo Obulebe shrines – Elders sit once in a

week on Ehwo days if there is any case of

murder, or if somebody impregnates a girl

and she dies that is where judgment is

given

Ogwu Ekpeye festival takes place in

September and October. It is called

the new yam festival. Within this

period the people go to the family

halls to gather and tell folks stories.

-

Okoma I Odu shrine is for protection and progress.

Udewolisah for protection and progress.

Ogwu Ekpeye festival takes place in

September. It is the period that the

yam festival usually takes place.

No sacred animal

Ihuama Okpeni shrine for protection and progress,

Umuordu owns the land. Keregbu for

protection and progress. Ordu for

protection and progress

Ekpeye festival No forbidden animal in this area.

Table 3.33 contd.



Ozochi Ude-Ele - this is where people meet and

discuss welfare issues. It is usually the

meeting place of the elders. – Keregbu is

responsible for the waterways and for

protection. Sacrifices are usually offered.

Ogbulu Noshi protects the people in the

forest. Ologba is in charge of the creeks

in the Orashi River. Ulgbo is where

criminal cases are decided.

Ogwu Ekpeye yam festival from

February – March – September.

Egbukele masquerade June - August

wrestling festival

No sacred animal

Odigwe Oweigwe shrines – for customs and

culture. If one dies in the river, the body

must not transported across the shrines,

otherwise sacrifices shall be performed

and ingredients for the sacrifice include

palm wine (tombo), local gin (kai-kai),

fowl and plantain.

Onuowu shrine – for protection

Ogwu Ekpeye festival (September –

October

No forbidden animal

CHAPTER 4CHAPTER 4CHAPTER 4CHAPTER 4 POTENTIAL IMPACTS AND MITIGATIONPOTENTIAL IMPACTS AND MITIGATIONPOTENTIAL IMPACTS AND MITIGATIONPOTENTIAL IMPACTS AND MITIGATION


The presence of a good number of churches observed in the communities indicates that the inhabitants practice Christianity. Some of the churches are:

• Seventh Day Adventist (SDA)

• Anglican Church – Niger Delta

• Assemblies of God

• Baptist Church

• Jehovah Witness

• Holy Sabbath Church

• Olumba Olumba Obu (O. O. O.)

• Cherubim and Seraphim

• Zion Church

Land Acquisition and Tenure System

The pattern of land acquisition and tenure differ from one community to the other. The different land acquisition and tenure systems for the communities are given in Table 3.34.

Table 3.34: Land Acquisition And Tenure Systems In The Study Areas.

Otuasega: In this community, land ownership is by inheritance. Land is

communally owned and no individual has exclusive control over land.

Oruma: Land is communally owned according to the various compounds.

Ibelebiri: Land is owned individually. The compounds involved would discuss

with the person who wants to acquire land.

Okporowo: Individual families own Land. For the acquisition of any land one has to

consult and negotiate with the concerned family that owns the land.

Okoma: Land ownership is on family level.

Odigwe: Land ownership is on individual family level.

Ihuama: In this community, a particular deity called Ihuolodu owns the land.

This means that land is communally owned.

Ozochi: In this community, land is also owned communally.

3.2.9.5 The Social Environment

Otuasega, Oruma and Ibelebiri communities

Housing pattern

The housing patterns are dependent on the size and status of a family. The housing types include concrete, mud and other make-shift buildings.



Utilities (Water and Electricity) Borehole water exists but no electricity.

Health Facilities Within this area it is only Otuasega that has a cottage hospital built by SPDC.

Road Transport There is an access road linking these communities up to the Yenagoa road.

Communication

There are no telephone facilities and no functional postal services except in Otuasega.

Law Enforcement

There is a police station in Otuasega, which serves the law enforcement function of the communities within this area

Recreational Facilities There are no modern recreational facilities in the area.

Educational Facilities

Otuasega has a sub-standard community primary school and also a sub-standard secondary school. There are primary schools in Oruma and Ibelebiri, they are also sub-standard in nature. The people of Oruma and Ibelebiri send their children to Otuasega to attend secondary school.

Odau, Aminigboko, Owerewere communities

Housing

The dominant housing type is the cement blocks with zinc / asbestos. However housing types such as mud, bamboo and make shift houses are also available but few in number.

Utilities (Water and Electricity) There are borehole facilities in Aminigboko. There is no electricity in the area.

Owerewere community has no potable water supply but relies on well water for their

potable water supply. There is also no electricity in this community.

Odau community does not have water and electricity. They depend on well water for

their sustenance.

Health Facilities Aminigboko has an equipped cottage hospital



Road Transport

Aminigboko and Owerewere are well linked with a good access road from Ahoada. Odau has no access road.

Communication

There are no modern means of communication in these communities.

Law Enforcement

Law enforcement as it relates to police stations is very remote to most of these communities.


The educational status of the communities differs from one community to another. There is a primary and a secondary school in Aminigboko

Okporowo, Okoma 1, Ozochi, Odigwe communities

Housing

Most of the houses in Okporowo, Okoma 1 and Ozochi are built with blocks with

either zinc or asbestos used for roofing. However, houses made of mud, bamboo and

makeshift housing also exist.

Utilities (Water and Electricity) There is a general absence of pipe borne water. Okporowo and Okoma have a

borehole water system.

Health Facilities There are no health facilities in these communities


There is a primary and secondary school in Okporowo. Ihuama has a primary school while Ozochi has a primary and secondary school.

Road Transportation Opkorowo, Okoma and Ihuama have access roads while Odigwe and Ozochi do not

have.

Communication Okporowo alone has a Postal Agency but it was not functioning at the time of the

study.

Law Enforcement There is only one police station located at Ihuama

Recreational Facilities There are no recreational facilities within any of these communities.

3.2.9.6 The Economic Environment

Occupation



Farming is the major occupation of all the communities in these areas. This is supplemented with fishing. Palm kernel processing is another major occupation followed by hunting.

Other artisan trades are also practiced in these areas.

The earnings of the people in their various occupations ranged from N41,000.00 to

N50,000.00 per annum with an average of N5,000.00 per month. Some are capable of

earning N60,000.00 to N70,000.00 per annum.

The educated and enlightened members of the communities are engaged in other activities such as petty trading, contract execution welding works, motor mechanics and carpentry. There are some people who are employed as civil servants in the LGA, State Government, companies was well as teachers in primary and secondary schools and also lecturers in tertiary institutions.

3.2.10 Community Health Studies

The baseline conditions of the health status of the communities are as follows:

Housing The houses located in these communities are characterised by overcrowding.

Water Supply Most of the communities derive their water from the nearby rivers streams and wells as observed in Oruma, Odau, Ihuama, Ibelebiri, Odigwe, and Owerewere etc.

About 15% of Otuasega and Aminigboko do enjoy potable water provided by the

SPDC water borehole scheme.

Sewage Disposal Most of these communities defecate into surrounding rivers and streams

consequently, faecal contamination of these streams is correlated with water borne

disorders e.g. enteric condition such as typhoid enteritis, diarrhoea, cholera are

common, also conjunctivitis and skin conditions are common.

Refuse Disposal The communities that are in close proximity to the rivers and creeks dump their refuse into the river as observed in Odigwe and Ibelebiri. Others located inward and further away from the water dump their refuse in the bush or pit disposal systems as in Otuasega and Aminigboko.

Household Energy Wood fires used in kitchens most often generate household energy.

Cultural Practice Female genital mutilation has been observed as a practice amongst 60% of the members of these communities



Alcohol Use and Smoking

Alcohol consumption makes up part of the social life style of the people. Smoking is

also a popular habit in these areas. The type of substance smoked range from tobacco

(Benson and Hedges, Saint Moritz, Rothmans) to marijuana. However only about 1%

of the population uses the latter.

Health Facilities

Health facilities are sparse in the study area. Some of the inhabitants resort to traditional therapy such as herbs, roots and leaves etc. Some also consult traditional healers resident in their communities

Communities like Aminigboko and Otuasega and their immediate neighbours attend cottage hospitals established by the SPDC.

It is important to note that these cottage hospitals are yet to be equipped. Lack of

drugs, and theatre equipment has been their main complaints.

Morbidity Patterns

No official records have been established. The cottage hospitals are virtually new and staffs were unable to provide information of the disease trend and pattern. However, in the riverine areas, enteric conditions e.g. Cholera have been reported as in Ibelebiri and Odau. From the respondents about 33 - 45% had fever and headache, 30% frequent stooling and vomiting, 15% bloody mucoid stools, 25% cough and catarrh and 25% with skin rashes and itching. The morbidity pattern is indicated in Table 3.35. Table 3.35: Morbidity Pattern in the Study Area

Complaints Incidence %

Stooling and vomiting 15%

Fever headache 35 – 45%

Bloody mucoid stools 15%

Cough and catarrh 25%

Weakness 25%

Congenital defects 3%

Blurred vision 5%

Skin rashes and itching 25%

Common Ailments Observed

During physical and clinical examination the common ailment observed may be summarized in Table 3.36.

Table 3.36: Common Ailments Observed During Physical/Clinical Examination

Body Part Examined Physical Findings Percentage



Incidence

Skin Pityriasis Vesicolor 20%

Tiriea 10%

Scabies 30%

Ear Otitis Externa 2%

Eye Visual Problems 6%

Cataract (Senile / pathological) 5%

Mouth Poor oral hygiene

Dental caries

3%

6%

Cardiovascular system Anaemia

Hypertension

Crepitations

Irregular heart beats

20%

12%

2%

10%

Respiratory system Wheezes/Rhonchi

Crepitations

Rubs

10%

2%

3%

Abdomen Umbilical defects

Hepato splenomegaly

20%

15%

3.2.11 Consultation

The thrust of the Consultation programme for the 20” Kolo Creek Rumuekpe Trunk line Replacement project is to promote mutual relationships with all the stakeholders through close contacts and regular consultations. 3.2.11.1 Overall Objectives The key objective of the consultation is to notify the stakeholders of the nature, scale and timing of the 20” Kolo Creek Rumuekpe Trunk line Replacement project thereby eliminating any fears or apprehensions. Secondly it facilitates information gathering between SPDC and other stakeholders. This two-way communication enables SPDC to learn from its stakeholders and neighbours and avoids misunderstandings about the project. The Consultation addressed the following issues:

• Meet statutory requirements for the successful completion of the on-going EIA of the 20 ” Kolo Creek Rumuekpe Trunk line Replacement project

• Participate with the community in accessing their various development needs/demands, so that agreed and approved Community Development (CD) projects could be implemented alongside the project works.

• Interact with the various communities to further strengthen existing cordial relationship.

3.2.11.2 Identified Stakeholders

Principal Stakeholders The Principle stakeholders identified for the 20” Kolo Creek-Rumuekpe Trunk line Replacement project are the host communities, local, state and Federal



Government, regulators (DPR, State and Federal Ministries) and some Non-Government Organisations. Host Communities The host communities identified are Rumuekpe, Ihuowo, Okporowo, Okoma, Otuasega, Oruma, Odau, Owerewere, Ozochi and Aminigboko. These communities were duly consulted and their expectations and concerns documented. Government and the Regulators The 20” Kolo Creek-Rumuekpe Trunk line trajectory is in Bayelsa and Rivers States. As such the two state governments and their environmental regulatory arms have been duly involved in this project. The Bayelsa State Ministry of Environment and the Rivers State Ministry of Environment representatives participated in the public forum organized as part of the consultation programme. Their concerns for the protection of the environment have been noted and shall be strictly obeyed. Department of Petroleum Resources (DPR) charged with the responsibility of environmental protection in the oil and gas industry was not left out in the consultation. They were also involved in the entire consultation programme as possible. The Federal Ministry of Environment (FMENV) who established the EIA Decree upon which the EIA was developed was among of the stakeholders consulted in this EIA project. All the regulatory bodies insist on the development of appropriate mitigation measures and the submission of an EIA report before companies commence project execution, this shall be implemented.



3.2.11.3 Public Forum In line with regulatory requirements several public for a has been held as an integral part of the EIA process to enlighten the identified stakeholders and public about the project. The forum also gave the host communities/ interest groups the opportunity to present their concerns about the project to SPDC. The Open forum engagement sessions with the 12 major communities commenced on 09/04/2002 and was concluded on 29/05/2002. The 12 communities integrated into six fora were further grouped into 3 sub fora each in the Egbema and Kolo Creek districts of the SPDC production centers. The minutes of the public fora are presented in Appendix 3.1, while the attendance sheets are presented as Appendix 3.2.

3.2.11.4 Community Expectations The various communities have outlined their expectations from SPDC with regard to this project. The submissions made are presented in Appendix 3.3.

Pictures showing the community engagement sessions are presented in Appendix 3.4.



CHAPTER FOUR 4.0 POTENTIAL IMPACTS AND MITIGATION The existing state of the study area, the proposed project and regulatory guidelines and standards have been interfaced in order to achieve a good evaluation of the impacts of project activities on the environmental components. The various field activities of the proposed project are complex interactions between engineering and the environment. This chapter relates the impacts of the various stages of the project on environmental components.

The objectives of this Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) are:

• To establish the significant potential impacts of the pipeline replacement on the existing ecological and socio-economic conditions of the area.

• To predict impact magnitude, suggest alternatives and identify the best possible option for least environmental impact.

• To incorporate the recommendations of EIA into the decision making of the project at all stages of the life cycle of the project.

The components of the Project Environment and the indicators of the Potential Impacts are shown in Table 4.1 4.1 Definition of Terminology used for Assessment Impacts vary in how, when and whether they will arise, where and by how much they may affect the environment. The effects of a project may also interact to cause other impacts that might be more significant than the original impacts. Impacts vary in:

• nature (positive, negative, direct, indirect, cumulative, and synergistic); • magnitude; • extent/location (area/volume covered, distribution); • timing (during construction, operation, decommissioning, immediate,

delayed, rate of change); • duration (short term, long term, intermittent, continuous); • reversibility/irreversibility; • likelihood (risk, uncertainty or confidence in the prediction); and • significance (minor, moderate, major, negligible).

4.1.1 Nature The most obvious impacts are those that are directly related to the project and usually occur at or around the same time as the action that caused them. Examples of such direct impacts are loss of habitat and very often an associated loss of biodiversity, increased noise levels, diversion of waterways, and relocation of households.



Table 4.1: Components of the Project Environment and The Potential Impact Indicators

S/No Components of the

environment Potential impact indicators

Climate Rainfall, Relative Humidity, Temperature, Wind Direction/Speed

2 Air Quality CO2, CO, VOC, Particulate, NOx, SOx, 3 Water Quality Solids (TDS,TSS), Turbidity, Physico-Chemical

and Microbiological Characteristics, Toxicity and Eutrophication

4 Relief / Hydrology Drainage/Discharge, Hydrologic Balance, Erosion Sedimentation and Topography

5 Geology/ Hydrogeology Stratigraphic Characteristics, Groundwater Level and Quality

6 Soil / Land Use Permeability, Texture, Physico-Chemical and Microbiological Characteristics, Erosion, Farming, Hunting, Industrial, Residential, Recreational

7 Vegetation / Wildlife Diversity and Abundance of the Flora and Fauna, Conservation Area; Sensitive Areas

8 Hydrobiology/ Fisheries Diversity, Abundance, Productivity Catch / Yield 9 Noise Hearing loss, Day and Night Disturbance 10 Socio-Economic Population, Income, Settlement Pattern, Health,

Safety and Security

Indirect impacts are changes that are usually less obvious and occur either after the original impacts or in another place. Examples of these indirect impacts are an increase in the number of cases of malaria as a result of an increase in surface water, contamination of fish as a result of heavy metals being released to water bodies, and increase in the number of communities in an area as a result of the opening of rights of way. It is increasingly being recognized that impacts can be cumulative. It is generally agreed that cumulative impacts are the result of the large and small changes to the environment caused by an activity in combination with other past, present, and reasonably foreseeable human activities. Examples of cumulative impacts are incremental noise from a number of separate developments and the combined effects of individual impacts, e.g., noise, dust and visual, from one development on a particular receptor. Impacts can also interact with impacts from other projects to create new impacts or greater impacts than those originally occurring. Examples of such additive impacts are two power plants producing two streams of emissions that are individually acceptable but which react together to produce significant levels of pollution and the impacts from two projects being constructed near each other and during overlapping time periods resulting in land use issues and higher than acceptable noise levels. It is important to note that many projects result in beneficial impacts, which like the negative ones discussed above can be direct, indirect or cumulative.



4.1.2 Magnitude Estimating the size or magnitude of an impact is a key part of the impact assessment process. However, it should be noted that sometimes small impacts can be much more important than large ones. For example, very small quantities of some toxic substances such as pesticides can result in large-scale health problems for humans and wildlife. A convenient way of assessing the magnitude of impact is to rate impacts as:

• Low: less that 1 percent of population or resource base affected; • Moderate: 1 – 10 percent of the population or resource base affected;

and • High: more than 10 percent of the population or resource base

affected. 4.1.3 Extent/Location Because impacts can vary on location, distribution and size of the area(s) to be affected every attempt is made to categorize impacts according to the extent or location of the effects. Although it is much easier for direct impacts but other types of impacts have to be examined in a similar way. A convenient and often used classification is to place the impacts in one of the following classes:

• Site-specific: • Local: • Regional: • National: • Global:

4.1.4 Duration: Some impacts will be short-term lasting for a limited period to time. An example of a short-term impact is noise resulting from blasting. Other impacts will be long-term in nature. An example of a long-term impact will be loss of agricultural land for the life of the project. The impact assessment process needs also to consider that some impacts such as blasting may be intermittent whereas others such as air emissions from thermal power plants will be continuous. 4.1.5 Degree of Reversibility: In some cases after the cause of an impact has been removed, it is possible that the situation may return (more or less) to its pre-project condition. If impacts are reversible either naturally or through the intervention of humans, then restoration is very much easier. However, some impacts are irreversible remaining long after the project has been decommissioned and abandoned. Such impacts are categorized as reversible or irreversible.

4.1.6 Likelihood (risk) Not all impacts share the same likelihood of occurrence. Some can be predicted to occur, more or less definitely, whereas others are less certain (but still capable of probabilistic estimation) such as the release of a toxic gas



from a chemical installation. It is very difficult to describe all impacts in probabilistic terms, e.g., from a technical point of view it is easier to determine the probability of the release of gas, and the resulting effects, than to predict the probability of decline in bird populations due to the drainage of a wetland during the construction of a project. Despite these difficulties, an attempt should be made to estimate the uncertainty involved in the prediction. It is also important that impact assessment recognize that some events have a low probability of occurring but when they do they have a major impact. Examples of these types of impacts include oil or chemical spills and failure of nuclear power plants. The following classification is used: Certain: 100 percent chance of occurrence Highly likely: 75 to 99 percent chance of occurrence Likely: 50 to 75 percent chance of occurrence Unlikely: 25 to 50 percent chance of occurrence Very unlikely: 1 to 25 percent chance of occurrence Never: 0 percent chance of occurrence 4.1.7 Timing: It is important that impacts occurring in all of the stages of the life of the project are considered, i.e., during construction, during operation and during decommissioning and abandonment. Some impacts will occur immediately such as clearing during construction while others may be delayed, sometimes by many years. An example of such a delayed impact is reversion of a cleared area through succession to its natural vegetated state. 4.1.8 Significance: The significance of impact is a combination of the above factors. Four levels of significance are recognized (Duinker and Beanlands, 1986): Major: A major impact affects an entire population or species at such a level as to cause a decline in abundance and/or change cause a change in distribution beyond which natural recruitment (reproduction, immigration from unaffected areas) would not return that population or species, or any species or population dependent upon it, to its former levels within several generations. A major impact may also affect a subsistence or commercial resource use to the degree that the well being of the user is affected over a long time. Moderate: A moderate impact affects a portion of the population and may bring about a change in abundance and/or distribution over one or more generations, but does not threaten the integrity of that population or any population dependent on it. A short-term effect upon the well being of resource users may also constitute a moderate impact.



Minor: A minor impact affects a specific group of localized individuals over a short time period (one generation or less), and does not affect other tropic levels or the population itself. Negligible: A negligible impact is any impact below the minor category. 4.1.9 Receptors: The components of the environmental population that is likely to be affected or impacted. Significant Positive Impacts The summary of results of the assessment on the project phases is shown in Table 4.2.

CHAPTER 5CHAPTER 5CHAPTER 5CHAPTER 5 ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT PLANENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT PLANENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT PLANENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT PLAN

20”X37KM KOLOCREEK-RUMUEKPE TRUNKLINE REPLACEMENT PROJECT 5-147

Table 4.2: Potential Impacts for the Kolo Creek-Rumuekpe Trunkline Replacement Project

Project Phase

Activities Potential Impact Receptors Nature of Impacts

Significance

Pre-mobilisation

Equipment inspection Review of procedures and construction methods Review of work plan

Integrity of equipment & methods assured

Human

Positive Direct Certain Short term Local

Negligible

Mobilisation Movement of equipment and materials Movement of personnel

Noise generation Equipment/material damage/loss Injury of personnel

Human Negative Direct & Indirect Very unlikely Short term Local Low

Moderate

Site Preparation

Survey, staking of pipeline route Temporary land acquisition ROW clearing and grading

Destruction of vegetation Loss of habitat supporting wildlife Noise generation Release of exhaust emissions Waste generation Injury of personnel

Human Flora Fauna

Negative Direct High Local Short term Reversible Certain

Moderate

Use of labour

Income generation Gainful employment

Human Positive Direct Certain Short term Reversible

Moderate

Project Phase


Significance

Pipeline preparation

Identification of existing pipelines and other facilities Trenching/dredging to expose pipeline

Generation of excavated soil /dredged spoil Re-suspension of sediments Increase in turbidity Obstruction of

Human & Aquatic ecosystem

Negative Direct & Indirect Certain Short term Reversible Low

Moderate



water traffic Smothering of benthos Damage of nearby pipeline facilities

Flushing, de-oiling and recovery of disused line

Flushing with water to clean line Collection of flushing water

Waste water generation

Aquatic ecosystem

Negative Short term Local Low Very likely Reversible

Minor

Pulling and cold cutting of line Collection and transfer of the pipe pieces to material yard at K.I.

Generation of scrap pipeline and electrode stubs

Terrestrial ecosystem

Negative Long term Certain Direct Irreversible

Major

Pipe stringing, bending & welding

Alignment of pipe pieces

Injury from moving pipes

Human Negative Long or short term (depending on injury) Unlikely Local

Minor

Welding using electrodes Cold bending

Injury of personnel due to welding & bending activities Improper welding

Human, terrestrial & aquatic

Negative Long or short term (depending on injury) Unlikely Local

Moderate

Project Phase


Significance

Weld inspection, testing and NDT of welds

Radiographic, ultrasonic and hydrotesting inspection of line Dye penetrant or magnetic particle inspection for filet welds

Exposure to radioactive material

Human

Negative Intermittent (depending on exposure) Very unlikely Local

Minor

Field joint coating

Preparation, coating and inspection of field joint using shrink sleeves

Injury of personnel/pipeline

Human

Negative Periodic Very unlikely Local

Negligible

Lowering and backfilling (land)

Lowering of pipe into trench Holiday detector coating inspection

Noise generation Pipeline coating damage Release of exhaust emissions Disturbance of

Human, Air, Flora and Fauna

Negative Periodic Very unlikely Local

Moderate



water craft movement Damage of pipe coating Injury of personnel

Waterway Crossing

Disruption of water traffic Increase in water turbidity Smothering of benthos

Human & aquatic

Negative Periodic Certain Local

Moderate

Repair of any damaged coating Soil compaction around pipe Backfilling of trench in uniformly compacted layers with excavated soil/dredged spoil

Pipeline integrity ensured Potential for leaks reduced Exposure of pipeline eliminated Re-use of excavated soil

Flora, fauna and water bodies

Positive Long term Local Certain

Major



Project Phase

Activities Impact Description

Receptors Nature of Impacts

Significance

Land reinstatement

Even spreading of topsoil over work area; Soil stabilization where required to encourage re-growth of vegetation Repair/ replacement of featured damaged or removed during pipeline replacement

Reduction of erosion potential Increase in vegetation density

Flora and fauna


Minor

Placing of warning signs

Installation of warning signs to alert the public of the presence of the high pressure pipeline

Protection of human beings

Human


Major

Installation of anti-corrosion facilities

Install permanent cathodic protection facilities for the new line at each location pup piece, where the line crosses or approached any existing pipe or structure and at both sides of road crossings

Reduction in corrosion potential Reduction in crude leakage

Surrounding environment


Major



Table 4.3: Mitigation for the Kolo Creek-Rumuekpe Trunkline Replacement Project

Mobilisation Phase Critical Control Point Mitigation Plan

• Injury of personnel

• Equipment/materials damage/loss

• Noise generation

mob inspection and point of mobilization to site

• SPDC shall review contractor pre-mobilisation procedures, equipment, materials, QA/QC plans, construction methods and HSE sustainable community development plans

• SPDC shall award pre-mob & HSE certificates after satisfactory pre-mob

• Special attention shall be paid to weight distribution to prevent flattening of pipes

• All necessary project administration/ control procedures including full HSE, security and waste management plans shall be provided

• There shall be the provision of fully operational communication facilities at SPDCs IA the project site.

Construction Phase Critical Control Point Mitigation Plan

• Injury of personnel At toolbox meetings before work commences

• Toolbox meetings shall be held before any site work commences

• A first aid kit & first aid personnel shall be available on-site

• Proper PPEs shall be worn by labour force



Critical Control Point Mitigation Plan

• Vegetation destruction

• Loss of wildlife habitat

• Generation of waste (vegetation, sewage & kitchen) having potential for nuisance and or contamination/pollution

• Release of exhaust emissions

At commencement of site activities • Limit vegetation clearing to ROW section containing disused pipe

• Cleared vegetation spoil for water logged sections shall be deposited by the edge of the ROW and left to decompose

• Wastes from camp & worksite shall be segregated at source and reduced, reused, or recycled as appropriate

ROW excavation/dredging to expose pipe

• Soil striping has potential to facilitate erosion and increase suspended solids in water bodies

• Obstruction of water traffic


• Smothering of benthos

• Damage of nearby pipeline/ facilities

• No mechanical excavation shall

be carried out until a work permit has been issued for that specific location

• Excavation shall be limited to areas clearly and firmly staked out

• Soil shall be stored to one side of ROW for re-use in backfilling

• Proper PPEs and ear muffs shall be used by site workers

• Special care shall be exercised in crossing existing pipelines with heavy construction equipment

• Staking of route shall be in sections short enough to avoid uncertainty arising from removal or replacement of stakes by 3rd parties




on of disused pipeline

• Manual excavation of soil at appropriate intervals can result in excavation of wrong pipeline, damage to pipelines, etc.

During identification of disused line • Exposed pipelines and facilities shall be inspected to check the identity of the lines

• All exposed lines/facilities shall be permanently marked to indicate the one to be removed and the ones to leave in place Detailed records of exposed line & facilities shall be prepared

• Protection shall be put in place to prevent damage to other facilities

oiling of pipeline

• Generation of oily flushing water can cause contamination of the environment if spilled or not properly disposed

• Generation of pigging waste

• Pipe shall be deemed clean when a level below 10 ppm of oil in water is consistently achieved

• All flushing water shall be collected for treatment and disposal at Bonny Terminal

• Pigging waste shall be collected and transported to Bonny Terminal for treatment in the Thermal Desorption Unit

ng (cold cutting)


• Generation of waste pipe pieces

• The use of proper PPE shall be enforced

• Only qualified welders shall be used

• Pipe identification number shall be clearly and legibly transferred to every section of that pipe

• Cut pipes shall be transported to the material yard at K.I.

• Injury of personnel during pipe movement


• Loss of pipes & materials

• Only approved lifting equipment, slings and facilities shall be used

• Use of proper PPEs shall be enforced

• Equipment shall be well maintained

• Pipe stringing shall be programmed to ensure security of the material



• Improper welding

meetings before activity • A duly signed PTW shall be obtained for the activity

• The use of proper PPE shall be enforced

• Pipes shall be checked, cleaned and fitted prior to welding

• Repairs to damaged pipes shall be done before welding

• Each welder shall be pre-



qualified specifically for the work and allocated a unique identification number. The number shall be marked on the pipe immediately adjacent to each weld he performs. Only qualified welders shall be used

• A pipe tally shall be kept showing records of pipe length, wall thickness and number of welds made

Weld inspection and interpretation of results

• Exposure of personnel to radioactive material

At toolbox meetings before activity commences

• Proper equipment, PPE and qualified personnel shall be used for weld testing

• Visible warning signs shall be displayed to ensure the public is aware of activity

Lowering and backfilling


• Damage to pipe and/or coating

• Noise generation


• Approved lowering procedures shall be strictly observed

• Use of proper PPEs and earmuffs by site workers shall be enforced

• Special care shall be taken to ensure the pipe coating is not damaged and pipe is not over stressed

• The pipe shall be continuously supported along its entire length in the bottom of the trench

• Holiday detector coating shall be done to ensure no damage to pipe coating

• The line shall be surveyed using GPS to record identity and exact location

• Compaction material shall be the excavated soil free of stones, vegetable matter and debris

• Previously stripped topsoil shall be evenly spread over the area after backfilling


• Disruption of fishing and water transport activities

• Increase in water turbidity

• Smothering of benthos

Before each waterway crossing • All required crossing permits and licences shall be obtained from govt. & other third parties before commencing waterway crossing

• Excavations across medium and minor creek crossings shall be carried out at low tide

• For each major waterway crossings the pipeline section shall be made in its entirety on land, fully inspected and pre-



hydro tested before pulling it into place

• A final ditch or dredging survey shall be done to confirm the installed pipe will be free of stress and have support for the entire length

Operation Phase Mitigation

• Generation of pigging waste

• Pigging waste shall be collected and transported to Bonny Terminal for treatment in the Thermal Desorption Unit

• Crude spillage/leakage

• Oil spill response equipment shall be stored at flowstations

• There shall be immediate repair of corroded/sabotaged sections and clean-up of contaminated site

Decommissioning & Abandonment Phase Potential Impact Critical Control Mitigation

• Waste generation During dismantling of facilities • All waste streams shall be handled according to SPDC waste management system



CHAPTER FIVE

5.0 ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT PLAN

5.1 Introduction

Effective management of the environment is achieved by following a systematic approach from planning, development, implementation, monitoring and feedback. This proffers a long term management approach to the environmental aspects of our activities. The overall objectives of the SPDC environmental management plan is to progressively reduce any possible potential impact resulting from the project activity. The elements of this system have been incorporated into the policies, planning, procedures and guidelines applicable to the execution of the 20” x 37km Kolo Creek-Rumuekpe Trunkline EIA. This has been done in manner that all operators and management personnel to be involved in this project are aware of these concerns and would maintain the systems and approaches developed for environmental sustainability as far as this project is concerned. Generally, the objectives of the Environmental Management Plan are to:

• minimize the negative impacts and enhance the positive project impacts on the environment

• ensure compliance with all relevant company and regulatory requirements

• enhance social acceptability of the proposed project by all stakeholders.

• enhance and demonstrate sound environmental performance built around principle of

continuous improvement;

• integrate effective environmental management into core business areas

• encourage and achieve the highest performance and response from individual

employees and contractors

• enable management to establish environmental priorities.



Fig. 5.1: HSE-MS, QMS & HEMP Integration Model



Figure 5.1 indicates that SPDC's HSE Management System provides for the main elements

found in any of her Quality Management System from the setting of objectives to

management review of the system. Application of the Hazards and Effects Management

Process ensures that the identified risks to Health, Safety and the Environment are adequately

addressed and that focus is maintained on those activities critical to HSE.

The Management Approach –Environmental Management System

The Environmental Management System EMS in same model with the Health Safety and

Environmental Management System HSE-MS shown in Fig 5.2 below presents the

systematic approach by which all environmental aspects are managed in the company.

Fig 5.2: HSE-MS Structure

The Elements of this system are outlined and the thrust of each element is shown indicating that effective management plan (Table 5.1).



Table 5.1: HSE elements and commitment statement

EMS Element Application

Leadership & Commitment All level of management will demonstrate commitment

to all aspects of effective environmental management

throughout the existence of this facility.

Policy & Strategic Objectives Relevant company policies e.g. HSE, Community policies, good corporate intentions and incentives with respect to health, safety and environment sustainability within the scope of this project shall be maintained.

Organization,

Responsibilities, Resources,

Records & Documentation

Necessary resources, qualified personnel and relevant

documentation for high HSE performance shall be made

available for this project from inception to closeout.

Hazards & Effects

Management All hazards and risks associated to this project shall be fully identified, assessed and controlled following the HEMP process.

Planning & Procedures Activities shall be planned and executed following

procedures and guidelines

Implementation &

Performance Monitoring

Activities shall be performed with correct tools and

techniques and its quality continuously monitored for

quality assurance.

Audit There shall be periodic assessments of system

performance, effectiveness and the suitability of all

aspects of the project.

Management Review There shall be periodic assessments by Top

Management as to ensure complete compliance and the

total integrity of the whole system.

5.2 HSE Policies And Commitment

5.2.1 Leadership & Commitment

Senior SPDC Management, Field Engineers and Quality Inspectors shall be dedicated for the execution of this project. Every aspect resources required for the safe operation of the work shall be provided.

5.2.2 Policy & Strategic Objectives

It is planned to replace the existing 20”x37km Kolo Creek-Rumuekpe Trunkline in a manner that Health, Safety and Environment concerns are incorporated into the design, construction, commissioning, operation, maintenance, demobilisation and restoration phases of the entire project.



5.2.3 Organization & Responsibilities Necessary resources, qualified personnel and relevant documentation for high HSE performance shall be made available for this project from inception to closeout. Figure 5.3 presents an organizational chart for the project execution team.

Fig. 5.3: Project Organigram

5.2.4 Hazard & Effects Management System Process (HEMP) In SPDC, The hazards and effects management system process (HEMP) is central to the effective implementation of Health Safety and Environment Management System (HSE-MS). The process ensures that hazards and their potential effects are fully identified, assessed, controlled and recovery measures put in place. In this systematic approach, various HEMP tools are used to achieve results. This chapter of the EIA document for the proposed 20" x 37km Kolo Creek - Rumuekpe Trunkline Replacement Project presents this systematic approach to develop a well-defined hazard and risk management system as part of the overall HSE-MS.

Project Engineer

SPDC

HSE and CA

Contractor

QA/QC Inspectors

SPDC/Contractor

Site Engineer

Contractor

Construction Crew

Contractor

PPE – PRJ

Team Leader

PMS Team



5.2.5 Hemp Approach

Hazards can be identified and assessed in a number of ways. The hazard identification and assessment process is based on the following: 1. Experience/judgment

2. Checklist

3. Codes and standards

4. Structured review technique

S t r u c tu r e dR e v ie wT e c h n iq u e s

C o d e s / S t a n d a r d s

C h e c k l is ts

E x p e r ie n c e /J u d g e m e n t

ID E N T IF Y

C O N T R O LR E C O V E R

A S S E S S

H E M P

In c r e a s in g le v e l o f d e ta i l

Figure 5.4: The HEMP Approach

The structured review technique is most comprehensive and is capable of addressing emissions, discharges, wastes generation and occupational exposure to hazardous substances when properly interpreted, and as such have been adopted in this assessment. Structured Review Techniques are suitable for identifying hazards, evaluating their probability of occurrence, predicting the associated consequence, and putting in place risk reduction and control measures for the identified activities.

Some of these structured techniques include:

• Hazard and Operability Studies (HAZOP)

• Hazard Identification (HAZID – Appendix 5.3)

• Job Hazard Analysis (JHA)

The Job Hazard Analysis (JHA) was adopted for assessing this project's risks and hazards at this stage. However, detailed HAZOP study shall be conducted if the FMENV approves project. The documents are presented in Appendices 5.1 (JHA) and 5.2 (HAZOP).



5.2.6 Job Hazard Analysis

This technique was used to:

• Identify hazards and potential effects

• Evaluate risks

• Record hazards and effects, and

• Establish risk reduction and control measures

Identify task scope

and JHA objectives

Break down task into

basic steps

For each step:

Identify hazards and

threats

Identify hazard

potential

Define controls and

recovery measures

Record results:

Summarise:

- the task steps

- hazards

- controls and recovery measures

Fig. 5.5 Outline of JHA process

Initiating the JHA The tasks are analysed, and the scope of work and the objectives established. Developing Task Levels The tasks are then broken into its basic steps. The work procedure helps to develop these levels. Identifying Hazards and Potential Incidents

In each of the basic steps, the hazards are identified, and the circumstances for which they are released are evaluated,

and then the potential incident likely to occur recorded. The resources used for the activity

include:

• Records and feedback from incidents, accidents and near misses

• Practical experience obtained from past similar activities

• Standards checklists in Shell Group Manuals e.g. EP 95-0300, EP 95-0312 and EP 95-

0313.



• Codes and Standards applicable to pipeline construction activities. E.g. DEP

Also, the knowledge of the project engineering team and the environmental supervisor contributed to the identification and assessment of the project risks and hazards.

The hazards identified are shown in the JHA sheets-Appendix 5.1

Risk Evaluation

The hazards identified were evaluated for cause, consequence and probability of occurrence using standard risk assessment methods. The evaluation is made with respect to people, environment and assets. Evaluation was conducted for health, safety and environmental risks and effects. Elements considered include:

• Fire and explosion

• Ergonomic factors

• Controlled and uncontrolled emissions of matter and energy to land and atmosphere

• Generation and disposal of solid and other wastes

• Noise, odour, dust, vibration

Risk evaluation was done using the matrix shown below. The combination (multiplication) effect of the likelihood and the severity of the hazard result in the quality of the risk.

Mathematically, is expressed as: RISK = PROBABILITY OF OCCURRENCE x SEVERITY OF CONSEQUENCES

Likelihood

Severity Low Medium High

Low L L M

Medium L M H

High M H H

Severity:

High Fatality, major injury, >1 lost time injury (LTI), significant equipment

damage, pollution or loss of production,

Medium LTI or minor injury, minor equipment damage, pollution or loss of

production,

Low No injury, superficial equipment damage or pollution.

Likelihood:

High Probable, likely to occur several times,

Medium Possible, could occur sometime,

Low Remote, unlikely though conceivable.

Figure 5.6 shows the pictorial view of the risk profile obtained from the combination effect of the hazard frequency and consequence.



Fig. 5.6 Risk Profile

Evaluation of risks involving the prediction of probability of occurrence and the severity of

occurrence was carried out for this project qualitatively and quantitatively.

Qualitative Risk Assessment The Risk Assessment was used to assess the probability and consequence of the risks and

hazards inherent in this project.

Hazard and Effects Record The standards and procedures to document hazards and effects are in place in the SPDC

HSE-MS manual. Also codes applicable to engineering aspects of the project are properly

documented. The project engineer and the environmental studies adviser are the custodians of

these records.

Risk Reduction Measures Risk reduction measures are aimed at

• Preventing acute and chronic incidents

• Reducing the exposure (concentration/duration) of people to harmful agent

that are routinely present in the work area

• Reducing emission/discharges to the environment.

To achieve these, SPDC shall put in place procedures and guidelines to:

• Identify prevention and mitigation measures for particular activities

• Re-appraise activities to ensure that the measures proposed do reduce risks

• Implement, document and communicate to key personnel interim and

permanent risk reduction measures, and monitor their effects.

• Identify hazards arising from risk prevention, mitigation and recovery

measures



• Evaluate the tolerability of consequent risks and effects.

These measures shall include hardware to control hazardous operations and to maintain asset integrity, such as

• Blow-out preventers

• Pressure release system at the manifolds

• Personnel protective equipment for all categories of the workforce

• Security systems for personnel and equipment.

Some other organisation systems to be implemented shall include:

• Permit -to-Work

• Hot Work Permit

• SHOC Cards

• Tool Box Meetings

• Safety Drills

• QA, Maintenance and Inspection Programme.

Risk Recovery Measures Recovery measures are developed to take into account the possibility of control failure. This is likely to occur though a comprehensive range of controls shall be put in place. As such the project team shall ensure that SPDC and contractor staff be fully briefed and drilled on the response measures put in place. Applicable to this proposed 20" x 37km Kolo Creek - Rumuekpe Trunkline Replacement Project is the installation of ESD, depressurisation and containment devices.

Other recovery measures considered include:

• Provision of adequate personal protective equipment

• Provision of secondary containment

• Provision of fire detection and alarm devices

• Provision of escape and rescue equipment Emergency procedures.

5.2.7 Planning & Procedures

Activities shall be planned and executed following procedures and guidelines applicable to the work aspects of this project.

The following documents have been developed for this project:

• Waste management plan

• Project Environmental Monitoring Plan

• Contingency plan

• Audit Plan

• Community Development Plan

• Decommissioning Plan

• Abandonment & Rehabilitation Plan



5.2.8 Community Development Plan

It is planned to drive the community development plan in compliance with SPDC’s community development (CD) Master Plan. This is aimed at promoting a mutually beneficial relationship with the host communities and contributes to sustainable development. The plan is contained Appendix 5.4. 5.2.9 CASHES Management

A community development officer (CDO) will be involved in the project early enough to forestall surprises from communities from outstanding issues. SPDC (CDO) and the Contractor's PRO/CLO shall be available to handle all ad-hoc community issues to prevent any disturbance that could delay the project. The construction contractor shall be required to employ all non-skilled labour from host community(ies).

The SPDC corporate HSE policies shall be strictly adhered to throughout the project

execution. The Contractor shall treat HSE with topmost priority with an inspector dedicated

to HSE. The Contractor shall be requested to adopt low impact construction techniques and

adhere strictly to the recommendations of the EIA.

Precautions shall be taken to prevent environmental pollution and fire outbreak. Special attention will be paid to the health of workers and third party during welding, radiographic inspection of welds and pressure testing. In particular, construction contractor(s) shall exercise due care, skill and diligence and take all necessary measures and precautions to ensure that in the radiographic and ancillary works and/or services, safe working practices are observed and that human life and the environment are not endangered or destroyed through exposure to any radioactive materials or substances employed in the work or services.

Safety and environmental protection shall be paramount in the selection of personnel, equipment, and work methods. Contractor will be required to prepare for SPDC approval prior to commencement of construction activities; detailed work procedures including Job Hazard Analysis, Security plans, Site Safety Plan, Hazard Management Strategies, Tool Box Meetings, Drills, Site Inspection and HSE audits. Also, dedicated safety officer(s) and first aider will be deployed on site through out the duration of the site works.

Contractor’s attitude and actions regarding safety will be continuously monitored during the

execution of the work by both scheduled and unscheduled safety inspections/audits. SPDC’s

established ‘Permit to Work’ procedures shall be adhered to, as well as the hazard, incident

and near-miss reporting systems.

Contractor shall ensure that all activities are carried out according to the SPDC HSE Policy

and that the safety requirements as contained in applicable Engineering and Safety standards

and codes are met.

Community affair is a critical area of the project and possibility of slip in the construction plan is highly likely if sufficient front-end work is not done in this area. The Contractor shall ensure that community is acquainted with the scope of work



and secure their support. Locals shall be employed to carry out unskilled aspects of site works.

5.2.10 Quality Management

In general all activities (Design, Materials procurement and coating, and Construction) will be executed in accordance with Shell and International Standards. All quality requirements during fabrication, installation and commissioning shall be in accordance with SPDC applicable standards, codes and specifications (e.g. Shell DEP’s, SPDC Standard Construction Specification - volumes 1 and 2, Shell Safety Manual EP95000). The project works will be executed under the control of the Project Manager and the Project Engineer. SPDC Quality inspectors will provide inspection and quality assurance (QA) coverage of the project. They shall ensure compliance of construction methods with applicable standards and issue daily inspection and non-conformance reports. Project Operations engineers will supervise UT inspection and construction of Cathodic Protection (CP) system.

The terms and conditions of the construction contract shall place the responsibility for Quality Assurance/Control on the Contractor.

5.2.11 Waste Management Plan

The Plan includes procedures for safe handling, control and disposal of projected generated waste in accordance with the company procedure.

This waste management plan (Figure 5.7) is developed for the waste streams likely to be generated from the 20”x37km Kolo Creek-Rumuekpe Trunkline Replacement activities. In developing this plan, a systematic approach was used which is in line with SPDC waste management system that involves:

• Inventorising and characterising the waste steams

• Applying the minimisation techniques

• Treating the waste stream

• Disposing the treated residue

Waste Identification and Categorisation The physical, chemical and toxicological properties of each waste are available in literature and these environmentally significant constituents have provided a direction of the minimization, treatment and disposal methods outlined.



Fig 5.7 Waste Management Approach

Table 5.2: Waste Categories and Characteristics

Waste Stream Potential Source Possible Environmentally

Significant Constituents

Emissions Engine exhausts Transportation, heavy

truck movements, power

generation, machinery

COx, SOx, NOx, carbon

monoxide, particulate

Domestic Domestic sewage, food and

kitchen waste

Catering centers, camp

sites

BOD, solids, detergent, Coliform

bacteria

Industrial Cleaning materials,

insulation, batteries, paints,

thinners, coatings, Scrap

metals, plastics

Construction, spill,

operation, maintenance,

abandonment

Hydrocarbons, plastic Acid, alkali,

heavy metals, PCBs, Heavy

metals, solvent, hydrocarbon

Heavy metals, NORM scales

Office Paper, toner cartridges,

packaging materials, pins

Office

Hazardous Contaminated soil

Contaminated drainage

water, pigging waste,

Hydrotest water

spill, operation,

maintenance,

abandonment,

commissioning

Hydrocarbons, heavy metals, salts,

treating chemicals Inorganic salts,

heavy metals, solids, production

chemicals, detergent, hydrocarbons

Inventory and Segregation

Inventorise

waste streams

Minimise

Treat

Dispose

Take catalogue of all waste

streams to be generated from

construction, operation,

commissioning, abandonment

phases of the project.

Adopt the minimisation techniques:

reduce, reuse, recycle, recover

to identify suitable management

options, reduce liabilities and

management cost.

Treat residue after

minimisation

biologically,chemically,

physically or thermally

Dispose hazard-free residue to

environment by surface discharge,

landfill or landfarming



The waste streams shall be collected in separate bins as indicated below to enable easy and proper management. These wastes shall be properly quantified using known measurement or the estimation guide provided in SPDC Waste Management Manual 1999. Waste data collected shall be compiled by the HSE site inspector and sent to the PPE-CAS for appropriate reporting. Figure 5.8 shows the colour-coded bins for the different waste items. Wastes streams such as fuel-contaminated soil, garden, drums are not put in bins but shall be kept in safe places for the prescribed handling method.

WASTE STREAM COLOUR CODES

Domestic GREEN

Industrial GREY

Office BLACK

Hazardous RED

Fig. 5.8 Colour codes for waste streams

Waste Minimisation Options The waste minimisation techniques to be adopted for the management of the wastes to be

generated from this project are Reduce, Reuse, Recycle and Recover (4Rs).

(Table 5.3)

Table 5.3 Wastes and Minimization Alternatives

Waste Name Minimization Options

Reduce Reuse Recycle Recover

Batteries √√√√ √√√√

Contaminated soil √√√√ √√√√

Food waste √√√√ √√√√

Garden waste √√√√ √√√√

Glass √√√√ √√√√

Maintenance waste (filters,

wires, lube oils, etc) √√√√ √√√√

Packaging materials √√√√ √√√√

Paints and thinners √√√√ √√√√

Office waste √√√√ √√√√

Plastics √√√√ √√√√

Scrap metal √√√√ √√√√

Wooden pallets √√√√ √√√√

Waste Treatment and Disposal Options



It is planned to manage waste to be generated from this 20”x37km Trunkline Replacement project in the following manner as shows in Table 5.4.

Table 5.4 Existing Waste Handling Practice

Waste Name Planned Practice Batteries (industrial) Transport to I.A Waste Recycling Depot for recycling at

approved battery-recycling vendor facility.

Food waste Allow natural biodegradation in dedicated waste pits.

Garden waste Allow natural biodegradation in dedicated surface plots.

Glass Transport to I.A Waste Recycling Depot for recycling at

approved glass-recycling vendor facility.

Maintenance waste (filters, wires,

tubulars, etc)

Transport to I.A Waste Recycling Depot for recycling at

approved recycling vendor facilities.

Paints and thinners If emulsion, dilute with water and discharge to dedicated

land, otherwise stockpile and dispose in landfill.

Office waste Transport to I.A Waste Recycling Depot for recycling at

approved recycling vendor facilities.

Plastics Transport to I.A Waste Recycling Depot for recycling at

approved plastic-recycling vendor facility.

Scrap metal Transport to I.A Waste Recycling Depot for recycling at

approved battery-recycling vendor facility.

Used oils (lube/engine) Transport to nearest flow station and re-inject into crude

stream

Wooden pallets Reuse for wooden constructions, sold to third parties.

5.2.12 Contingency Plan

A Contingency Plan will be prepared prior to commencement of construction and operation activities to include procedures for emergency response to an environmental incident, such as emergency response contacts, reporting requirements, pollution response procedures.

5.2.13 Audit Plan

An audit programme shall be in place to review and verify effectiveness of the EMP and EMS in general. It shall include audits by auditors independent of the process or facility audited. Reviews and audits will be carried out including reviews of design drawings, specifications and other documents to verify that environmental objectives and requirements will be satisfied. Audits of site operations at key stages and during the construction phase will be conducted to ensure procedures are carried out in the field. Particular emphasis will be placed on reviewing activities carried out in any environmentally sensitive area.



5.2.14 Decommissioning Plan

The life span of a new pipeline is thirty (30) years.

Facility Isolation

The facilities will be taken out of operating service with isolation of all process streams and

services and the removal of all hazardous materials. The completion of this activity results in

the certified safe for demolition.

The current status of the facilities and equipment will be identified including the demolition and restoration requirements and any hazards that may be involved in implementing demolition. A dedicated safety plan shall be prepared to ensure that demolition is carried out properly. The plan shall conform to SPDCs / Contractor’s CASHES policy.

Drawings/inspection reports review

The drawing and inspection records for all facilities and each items of equipment shall be

obtained to determine their status and integrity as well as personnel, spares and special tools

required to perform the demolition of the facilities - heavy lifting equipment, specialists etc

all authorization for the work to be carried out safely shall be obtained. These include:

(i) Permit to work procedure, PTW system

(ii) Permit to work in confined spaces and

(iii) Permit for excavation work

Demolition and safeguarding of facilities

Site preparation for the demolition facilities shall include third party notification e.g. access for cranes, operations near live facilities etc. Thereafter, there shall be phased/sequential demolition of the facilities and then removal from site. The torn down facility items and associated materials must be disposed of in an approved manner. Materials will be crated and secured for transport, left in-situ or reused appropriately dependent on available technology and outlet for reuse. Some of the items with reuse potentials may be used on other sites.

Restoration of Site

There shall be a survey of the degree of impact. All materials that could subsequently prove hazardous to the restoration of the site shall be treated. All contaminated material shall be disposed of in a safe and approved manner. Thereafter the site shall be restored to meet environmental requirements approved by regulatory bodies or for subsequent reuse if required.

5.3 Environmental Mitigation Measures

This process progresses throughout the life of this project. It is developed to comply with the FMENV’s guidelines and DPR EGASPIN for E&P projects.

The plan will form the thrust for periodic environmental audit of the project implementation,

operation and abandonment phases and will also indicate early environmental damage so that

emergency procedures can be activated to prevent or reduce deterioration of the situation.

Table 5.5 presents details of the monitoring criteria and plan at the various phases of the

project.


SPDC - 20”X37KM KOLOCREEK-RUMUEKPE TRUNKLINE REPLACEMENT PROJECT 5-172

Table 5.5: Summary of construction phase mitigation.

Construction Mitigation Environmental Benefit(s) Timing Responsible Party

Air Quality Mitigation

• During excavation, soil piles will be sprayed

with clean water.

• Grit blasting will be used for sanding and

paint removal purposes during construction

as opposed to sand blasting.

• This will reduce the potential for increased

particulate emissions in the vicinity of the

excavation activity.

• This will reduce the potential for

occupational health impacts from silica

• During excavation

• During

construction

SPDC Project Team

Community Interruption Mitigation

• All complaints from local residents shall be

addressed in a timely manner. A log of all

complaints and actions taken shall be

maintained.

• No nighttime construction activities will be

undertaken.

• This will serve to efficiently address

community concerns and achieve the SPDC

goal of establishing and maintaining better

relationships with the host communities

• This will decrease the potential for community complaints.

• Before project

execution and

throughout the

lifespan of the project

• During construction

SPDC Project Team

Community Health

• SPDC and Contractor staff shall be provided with full medical care using medical facilities owned by SPDC and on retainership.

• This will serve to reduce the potential for

escalation of occupational diseases.

• During construction SPDC Project Team



Table 5.5 contd. Summary of construction phase mitigation.


Resource Use

• No worker except those from the local communities would be allowed to partake in fishing or hunting activities.

• This will reduce the potential for strain on

the limited wildlife and fishery resources

within the locality.

• During construction SPDC Project Team

CASHES Officer

• During the construction phase of the project,

SPDC shall commission a Site CASHES

Officer.

• The Officer will be responsible for ensuring

that construction workers wear the proper

Personal Protection Equipment for the job

that they are performing, and that all risks

and hazards associated to any aspect of the

work are considered and managed to avoid

occurrence.

• Throughout project

execution phase

SPDC Project Team

Hazard & Risk

• All construction workers will be properly trained and informed with respect to potential hazards and risks associated with pipeline construction activities. All non-compliance issues shall be investigated and culprits dismissed.

• This will serve to reduce the potential for

impacts to public health and safety of the

workers, construction and otherwise, at the

site.

• Prior to

commencement of

the project

SPDC Project Team

Noise

• Construction will be carried out in the day

only.

• This will eliminate the potential for the

occurrence of construction noise nuisance

during nighttime hours, reduce the potential

• During construction

SPDC Project Team



of wildlife displacement due to noise. phase of project





Occupational Health

• All construction personnel must pass a medical examination prior to being engaged.

• This will be done to establish the original

health condition of the workers and would

be an impact prediction index for

assessment.

• Prior to mobilization

for the project

SPDC Project Team

• All SPDC and contractor staff shall be provided with appropriate Personal Protection Equipment.

• This will reduce the potential for

occupational health impacts to construction

workers.

• Prior to

commencement of

the project

SPDC Project Team

Socio-Economics

• On-going relations between SPDC and the Communities shall be sustained.

• This will create a fair atmosphere for safe

operation in the area.

• Throughout lifespan

of the project

SPDC Project Team

• Hiring of local residents will be prioritized over hiring of personnel from beyond the Local Study Area.

• This will serve to increase the economic

base of the community and to establish and

maintain better relationships with the host

communities.

• During the

construction

SPDC Project Team

• The site workers shall be educated on appropriate behaviour in the host communities as it pertains to local customs and etiquette.

• This will reduce the potential for impacts to

quality of life or existing lifestyles of the

residents within the Local Study Area.

• Prior to mobilization

for the project

SPDC Project Team

Chemical/Oil Spill Handling

• All workers will be properly • This will reduce the potential for impacts to • Prior to mobilization SPDC Project Team



instructed with respect to reporting, handling and clean-up of chemicals and crude spills.

soil, groundwater and surface water. and during site HSE

meetings





Waste Management

• All recyclable wastes shall be transported to the Waste Recycling Depot for proper handling

• This will reduce the amount of waste to

be treated and disposed using other more

expensive waste management techniques.

• During project execution SPDC Project Team

Community Concerns

All complaints from local residents will be addressed in a timely manner. A log of all complaints and actions taken will be maintained.

This will serve to efficiently address the

concerns of the community and establish and

maintaining better relationships with the host

communities.

Throughout the project’s

lifespan

SPDC Project Team

Meetings with the communities shall be organized periodically

This will foster continued harmony between

the communities and SPDC.

Throughout the project’s

lifespan and especially during

the construction

SPDC Project Team

Community Development Plan

Community Development Plan shall be developed for the communities to cover a long period.

This will serve to establish and maintain

cordial relationships with the host community.

Prior to mobilization SPDC Project Team

Environmental Monitoring

The Environmental Monitoring Plan presented in Section 5.2.7 shall be adhered to.

The environmental monitoring data will be

compared to the Baseline data to determine

the extent of future positive and negative

environmental impacts resulting from this

activity if executed.

During, and at the stipulated

times after the completion of the

replacement project

SPDC Project Team



Table 5.5 contd. Summary of Operation and Maintenance phase mitigation.

Operations Environmental Benefit(s) Timing Responsible Party

Maintenance

There shall be planned maintenance and wastes resulting shall be managed in line with the Waste Management Plan for this project.

This will reduce the potential for negative impacts to public health and safety, occupational health of the ecosystem in case of equipment failure or rupture due to corrosion.

During maintenance SPDC (Pipelines Team)

Oil Spill Handling

All workers shall be properly instructed with respect to reporting, handling and clean-up of oil spills.

This will reduce the potential for impacts to

soil, groundwater and surface water, as well as

the potential

Prior to mobilization and during site HSE meetings

SPDC Project Team

Waste Management

Pigging waste shall be contained and transported to temporary storage site at Elelenwo and then to Bonny for incineration

This will reduce the potential for impacts to

soil, groundwater and surface water.

During pigging SPDC Project Team

All field personnel will be instructed with respect to proper handling and disposal of wastes.

This will reduce the potential of impacts to

ecosystem as a result of ignorance of the

management system.

Prior to mobilization and

during site HSE meetings

SPDC Project Team



5.4 Environmental Monitoring Plan

This involves sampling of the environmental components and analyzing them to establish compliance status with relevant DPR standards. The boreholes drilled for ground water sampling shall be used for monitoring. Air quality, noise and surface water quality shall be measured during the construction period. The monitoring criteria and frequency presented in Table 5.6 shall be the minimum to be adopted during the operational period of the pipeline. Table 5.6: Monitoring Criteria and Frequency (SPDC’s responsibility)

Environmental

Components

Indicator Parameters Monitoring Frequency Monitoring Location

Aquatic Life Fisheries

• Diversity and abundance

• Catch and yield

• Species conservation status

Macrophytes and Benthos

• Diversity and abundance


Biannually

Biannually

Within water bodies

along routes of pipelines

Surface Water

Quality (Upstream

and Downstream of

water crossings)

• Turbidity

• pH

• DO

• BOD

• Nutrient status, etc

Weekly during

dredging and for water

crossings

At intervals in water

bodies along pipelines

route

Air Quality SOx, NOx, COx, HC During construction At intervals through land

and water bodies along

pipelines route

Sediment

Characteristics • Sediment particle size

distribution

Biannually At intervals in water

bodies along pipelines

route

Soil Characteristics • Microbiology

• Soil nutrient status, heavy

metal, THC & physico-

chemical parameters

Biannually At intervals along

pipelines onshore

Wildlife • Species diversity and

abundance


Annually

Annually

Pipelines onshore region

Health & Socio-

economics • Common/ prevalent diseases

• Public perception/opinion

Biannually Host communities

Vegetation • Species diversity and

abundance


Annually

Annually

Pipelines onshore region


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CHAPTER SIX

CONCLUSION The proposed project activities and the environmental status and sensitivities of various ecological components within the project area have been carefully assessed. The potential environmental impacts associated with the construction, operation and abandonment of the 20’’ x 37 km Kolo Creek – Rumuekpe Trunkline Replacement Project have been identified, and mitigation measures proposed for the identified impacts.

Both the adverse and beneficial environmental impacts expected from the major activities of the project are summarized hereunder.

Significant Positive Impacts

Socio-economic impacts Economic empowerment The proposed project would provide opportunities for the gainful engagement of skilled and unskilled labour. In line with SPDC policy on employment, employment will be given to members of the host communities in the course of the execution of the project. The recruitment of labour from the host communities during the construction activities could, in addition to developing the skills of some youth, stimulate the local economy and promote economic activity in the area. Community Assistance/Community Development The host communities would be consulted by SPDC on affordable community assistance / community development projects. These shall include the provision of infrastructures/amenities (services, educational, health, etc) and youth training, which are expected to contribute to the well being of the host communities. Elimination of potential risk of oil spill Considering the rate of corrosion observed in the old pipelines proposed for replacement, if the replacement is not carried out, then there would be a very high risk of leakage which will result in oil spill and consequent contamination of the environmental resources.


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Significant Negative Impacts Biophysical impacts

Impacts of Construction and pre-commissioning activities

The proposed pipeline will follow an existing pipeline ROW, which is cleared for maintenance from time to time. Site preparation/clearing impacts would therefore reflect the degree of disturbance that already exists in the area. However, some significant impacts are expected in the course of the construction and pre-commissioning phases of the project.

Air Quality/Noise impacts

Machinery movement will produce some level of gaseous emissions from exhaust of operating machines and vessels. Impact will be slight increase in levels of CO, CO2, NOx, etc. in the immediate environment. This impact is localized and short term, lasting only for the duration of the equipment’s operation.

Noise impacts are expected from diesel engines that would drive construction equipment. The highest noise levels are expected around the pipeline ROW where the noise generating equipment shall be operational. The noise shall attenuate sharply at distances away from the work area. Impact on Vegetation/Wildlife

The ROW clearance and trenching activities will result in loss of vegetation. However, the vegetation in the pipeline ROW is cleared for routine maintenance. The greatest potential for additional impacts on vegetation exists where clearance exceeds the usual area. There has been some encroachment of farmland at certain sections of the pipeline ROW, which shall result in loss of economic plants. However, farming on the ROW is an unsafe act and those involved must be discouraged. Wildlife may be potentially disturbed/displaced during construction and their movement may be temporarily obstructed. However, this impact is expected to be short term and any wildlife displaced during construction at any particular point is likely to return immediately the construction is over.

Flooding/Erosion Impacts

Construction of land pipelines involves the digging of trenches, where the pipelines are laid and then backfilled thereafter. If the pipeline trenches are not properly backfilled and the area reinstated, there is a potential that hollows/heaps may be created along the ROW. This may lead to an alteration of the rain run-off water flow and possible flooding/erosion of some areas, which may lead to sedimentation in the near by creek.


1-183

Impacts of Water/Road Crossing Works

The dredging operations for pipeline installation at water crossings could lead to the stirring up of fine sediments that may remain in suspension for a long time, which could affect aquatic flora and fauna. In addition to sediment re-suspension, there is also the potential impact of obstruction of traffic and fishing activities while construction work lasts at water crossings. Similarly, pipeline construction at road crossings would constitute a nuisance to road users, cause traffic delays and diversions. Impacts Due to Spillage

There is the potential impact due to accidental spill/discharge of oils/chemicals such as lubricants into the environment from vehicles and machinery. Impact of hydro-test Water

Prior to the commissioning of the pipeline, the new pipeline shall be hydro-tested. The discharge of the test-water may impact the environment if not properly managed before disposal. The nature and magnitude of the impact shall depend on the composition of the test-water.

Impacts of operational and maintenance activities

The greatest operational impact is the potential for oil spills from pipeline rupture. This could arise as a result of pipeline failure or even sabotage. Maintenance activities would involve mainly ROW clearance and pigging operations. Pigging operations could potentially result in contamination of the environment by oily sludge and other wastes if not properly managed. Socio-economic impacts

There exists a potential impact due to social conflicts between SPDC and host communities arising from perceived neglect or disaffection of the communities. In addition, during the construction phase, potential impacts may arise due to nuisance, and demands for compensation. Compensation payments may also generate some inter – or intra- communal strife if not properly handled.

Pipeline construction at road crossing would cause traffic delays, diversions and nuisance. Traffic delays and diversions may translate into economic losses man-hour losses and higher fuel consumption by motorists. Mitigation Measures

Mitigation measures to eradicate, minimize or ameliorate the major adverse impacts have been set out; these measures will also enhance the beneficial impacts. Details are presented in chapter four of the report.


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Environmental Management Plan

An Environmental management plan as well as a monitoring plan has also been incorporated into the report. In conclusion, since this EIA has been carried out in accordance with regulatory requirements, the potential impacts have been identified and SPDC has put in place adequate mitigation measures, environmental management plan as well as a monitoring plan to eradicate and or minimize the potential adverse impacts; the project is considered viable because the benefits outweigh the manageable adverse impacts.


1-185

REFERENCES

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Okpokwasili, G. C. and Anachukwu, S. C. 1988. Petroleum Hydrocarbon Degradation by Candida species. Environment International 14: 243-247.

Sanchez, P.A. 1976. Properties and Management of Soils in the Tropics. pp. 323-462. John Wiley and Sons, New York.

Udo. E. J. (ed.), 1986. Laboratory Manual for Agronomic Studies in Soil, Plant and Microbiology. Department of Agronomy, University of Ibadan, Ibadan Nigeria. 83pp.

Walkley, A and Black, I.A. 1934. Determination of Organic Carbon in Soil. Soil

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Journal of Acoustic Society of America, 29.


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APPENDIX 3.0

A QUESTIONNAIRE SURVEY OF THE SOCIO-ECONOMIC

CHARACTERISTICS OF THE COMMUNITY

This questionnaire is designed to collect information on the social, cultural and economic characteristics of the community. This will enable us to establish the living conditions of the people in the past and as today. The baseline information collected will enable us to monitor the growth or decline of the community in the years to come. Be assured that your responses will be taken in utmost confidence.

SECTION (1) – GENERAL

1. Date of interview …………………………………………………………………...

2. Name of settlement…………………………………………………………………

3. Number of quarters in the village…………………………………………………..

SECTION (2) – BIOSTATISTICS

4. Sex of respondent: (i) Male (ii) Female

5. Age of respondent (in years)……………………………………………………….

6. Marital status of respondent: ( ) Single ( ) Married ( ) Divorced ( ) Widowed

7. Number of wives (if male) …………………………………………………………

8. Number of Children………………………………………………………………..

9. Number of Children ever born by the female respondent or wife of a male

respondent……………………………………………………………………………….

SECTION (3) – SOCIO-CULTURAL/SOCIO-ECONOMIC

10. What is your tribe? …………………………………………………………

11. What is your religion? ……………………………………………………………..

12. Number of persons in your household…………………………………………

13. Number of females in your household…………………………………………


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14. Number of males in your household………………………………………..

15. Number of persons in your household between 1 – 15 years…………………

16. Number of persons in your household between 16 – 30 years………………

17. Number of persons in your household above 45 years………………………

18. What is your highest level of education?…………………………………….

19. Number of persons in your household who have received up to secondary or higher

education………………………………………………………………….

20. Numbers of persons in your household who have receive received post-secondary or

higher education………………………………………………………………..

21. How many persons in your household enjoyed any form of scholarship………..

Type of scholarship (if any)…………………………………………………

22. How many shrines or places of traditional worship are in this village?………..

23. In the last 15 years, have any of the shrines been moved to a new place?

(i) Yes (ii) No

If yes, give one reason for the movement………………………………………

24 What percentage of people in the settlement worship in shrines?………..

25 How many churches are in the settlement?…………………………………….

26 What percentage worship in the church?………………………………………

27 What traditional festivals do you have? Name……………………………………

…………………………………………………………………………….

28. How often do you have the festivals?………………………………………………

29. What is/are your major occupation(s)?…………………………………………….

30. What is your other minor occupation?…………………………………………….

31. Have you changed your major occupation in the last 15 years?


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(i) Yes (ii) No

If yes, give one reason……………………………………………………………...

32. How many of the members of your household are

working?………………………

33. How many members of your household are working in companies, business or

contracting firms that do business with oil companies?……………………………

34. How many members of your household have acquired some training or skills

for work in the petroleum industry?…………………………

35. (a) List three major types of crops grown in this area 15 years ago.

(i) ………………………..(ii)……………………(iii)…….…………………

(b) List three major crops grown presently in the area

(i)…………………………….(ii)……………………….(iii)…………………….

36. Who is your major supplier of the seedlings grown in the farms?

(i) Government (ii) Oil Company (iii) Friends/relations

(iv) Market purchase (v) Personal

37. In the last 15 years, will you say that farm sizes have

(i) Gradually increased (ii) Remained constant

(iii) Gradually declined (iv) Rapidly increased

Rapidly declined

Give a major reason for your answer.

…………….…………………………………………………………………….

38. How many members of your household are farmers?………………………….

39. How many farmlands belong to the village? List them.

(i)………………………………………(ii)……………………………….


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(iii)…………………………………….(iv)………………………………

(v)……………………………………..

40. List the two most important farming problems in this area.

(i)………………………………………………………………………….

(ii)…………………………………………………………………………

41. In the last 15 years, will you say that farm yield in this village has:

(i) Gradually increased (ii) Remained constant

(iii) Gradually declined (iv) Rapidly increased

Rapidly declined

42. How many persons in your household are fishermen or engage in fishing?………

…………………………………………….

44. List three major fishing grounds in the area

(i)…………………………………….(ii)………………..(iii)…………………..

45. Are the fishing grounds 15 years ago different

(i) Yes (ii) No

If yes, list the three major fishing grounds.

(i)…………………………………..(ii)………………………(iii)……………

If yes, give one major reason……………………………………………………

46. In the last 15 years, will you consider the quantity of fish caught to have:

(i) Gradually increased (ii) Remained constant (iii) Gradually decline

(iv) Rapidly increased (v) Rapidly declined

In the last 15 years, will you consider the sizes of the fish caught to have:

(i) Gradually increased (ii) Remained constant (iii) Gradually declined

(iv) Rapidly increased (v) Rapidly declined

47. Give one major reason for your answer.


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……………………………………………………………………………………

48. List three major types of fish caught in this area

(i)…………………………..(ii)………………………….(iii)……………………..

49. Are the three major types of fish caught 15 years ago different?

(i) Yes (ii) No

If yes, list the three major types of fish caught then

(i)…………………………….(ii)……………………..(iii)………………………

If yes, give one major reason……………………………………………………..

…………………………………………………………………………………….

50. List the most important problem of fishing in this area

……………………………………………………………………………………

51. What is your major means of transportation in the area?

……………………………………………………………………………………

52. What is the average distance to your schools (in km)?…………………………………

53. What is the most prevalent sickness in this area?………………………………………

54. How many schools are in this village?…………………………………………………

55. How many clinics/hospitals are in this village?……………………………………….

56. What is the average distance to the nearest clinic/hospital (in km)……………………

57. Which of the following facilities do you have in this settlement?

(i) Primary school (ii) secondary school (iii) Hospital/clinics

(iv) Community hall (v) Hotel/rest house (vi) Recreational centre

(vii) Markets (viii) Shops (ix) Pipe borne water

Electricity (xi) Industries (xii) Tarred roads

Non-tarred but motorable roads.


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58. List two major environmental problems in this area

(i)…………………………………………………………………………………..

(ii)………………………………………………………………………………….


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Appendix 5.4

Participatory Rural Appraisal (PRA)/Needs Assessment Process Team Members Name Title F.T. Okoh Community Development Officer Ade Adebusuyi Community Development Officer G. Ken-Mbata Community Development Officer Wariboko Oyeabun Community Liaison Officer Samuel Okerenta External Relations Officer Tunde Joel External Relations Officer Davidson F. David Community Relations Officer Stanley Nkume Lands Officer Progress Nkechi Lands Officer Pre-PRA Activities

Prior to the PRA activity in the community, a pre-sensitization visit is paid to the community to brief them of the proposed PRA activities. The SPDC team meets to discuss/agree on the PRA activity. Logistic arrangements are firmed up and facilitators appointed for focus group discussion, and possible tools to be used are identified. The PRA

Brief description of the PRA Exercise starts on the first day with homage to the Chiefs council. This is followed by a sensitization exercise for the whole community (over 300 people participated in the exercise) on the objectives of the PRA. The community participants were also enlightened on SPDC community development activities (transition from CA to CD and the activities of the various units in CD department). The opportunity was also used to brief them of SPDCs Trunk line replacement project that will take place in the area. This session was followed by question and answer. The participants were thereafter divided into three groups (men, women & youths) for focus group discussion on needs identification and prioritization. The second day started with a briefing on the various findings of the previous days activity. The community was encouraged to do their community development plan (CDP) that will show their vision for the next three years. The activity was rounded up on the third day with a transect walk round the community to observe established developmental projects in the community PRA Tools used

• Consensus building

• Community profile

• Structured interviews

• Focus group discussions

• Key informant interview

• Transect walk

• Structured observation & ranking (pair wise / preference ranking) Main findings of some of the tools used

• Name of the community:

• Number of villages/families


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• Community Location

• Means of Transport

• Language

• Religion

• Population

• Occupation

• Traditional festivals celebrated

• Other important days

• Taboos Geographical/Physical features

• Natural resources

• Community history (brief) / leadership structure

• Relationship between SPDC and community

• Key stakeholders

• Development profile

• Federal govt.

• State govt.

• LGA

• Self-help initiatives

• Income levels and spread

• Impact of SPDC on community

• Community based groups or organizations

• Food culture

• Mortality Rate

• Mode of dressing Interviews

Interviews were conducted with different members of the community at different times with a view to collecting independent opinions on issues that arose during the PRA. The use of this tool further enabled the team to stress the importance of being peaceful in the need to foster good relation between the community and SPDC. Ranking

This tool helped the community in identifying their priorities during the focus group discussion and ranking meeting. The community was glad at the end of the exercise as the ranking revealed their most pressing needs in a prioritized manner. Focus group discussions

This tool allows the various groups to rub minds and express their views on the various development needs of the community. The community expressed satisfaction with the use of this tool as the three groups produced a comprehensive listing of developmental activities for the community. The outcome of the focus group discussion and their prioritized needs are presented in the following tables. Communities consulted during PRA for the KoCr-Rumekpe T/L Replacement

• Otuasega

• Ibelebiri

• Odau

• Oruma

• Ihuama


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• Ihuowo

• Okporowo

• Imogu

• Ovelle

• Ekuche

• Oduoha-Rumuekpe


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Prepared by PAE-TS

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HAZOP Report 20" x 38km Kolo Creek - Rumuekpe Trunkline Replacement


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HAZOP Team Members

The following constituted the HAZOP team:

1. Barker, Peter Senior Pipeline Engr. (MIEL)

2. Okoji, S Process Engr

(MIEL)

3. Eruotor, F Instrument Engr.

(MIEL)

4. Chike, C Safety Engr./HAZOP Sec.

(MIEL)

5. Emono, S. J. HAZOP Leader

(SPDC)

6. Odubo, E. O. Proj Engr

(SPDC)

7. Ogunsina, O. O. Pipeline Projects

(SPDC)

8. Ochoche, E. A. Pipeline Projects

(SPDC)

9. Selere, A. K. Process Engr.

(SPDC)

10. Kakulu, L. A. Instr Engr.

(SPDC)

11. Atotse, A. O. Pipeline Ops

(SPDC)

12. Ihenyen, A. C. Field Ops

(SPDC) - Part Time

13. Atanda, A. T. Field Ops.

(SPDC)

14. Ugolo, U. Mech. Engr.

(SPDC)

15. Dim, J. C. Head, Pipeline Proj

(SPDC) - Part Time


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____________________

__________________

ODUBO, E. O.

EMONO, S. J.


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Contents

1. Management Summary

4

2. Leader’s Report

5

2.1 Study Background and Scope

5

2.2 Study Method

5

2.3 Quality of Study

5

2.4 Main Findings and Priority Actions

5

3. HAZOP Node List

7

4. HAZOP Worksheet

8

Appendices

1. HAZOP Action Response Sheets

9

2. Study PEFS

11


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1. Management Summary

1.1 Introduction

This HAZOP study was convened to review details of the design of the 20" Kolo Creek -

Rumuekpe Trunkline Replacement pipeline. The objective of the study was

� To carry out a comprehensive HAZOP of the design of the replacement 20" trunkline

The proposed pipeline is to transport crude oil from the Kolo Creek manifold to

Rumuekpe manifold. The project consists of construction of a new 20" pipeline complete

with standard facilities capable of launching and receiving intelligent pigs. It replaces the

existing 20" Kolo Creek to Rumuekpe trunkline. The existing operating pipeline will be

decommissioned and mothballed after the new line has been installed, hooked up to and

lined up with existing facilities at Kolo Creek manifold and also tied -in to the Trans

Niger Pipeline at Rumuekpe manifold.

The process was split into nodes that encompassed the essential elements of the pipeline

operation, i.e. launcher and receiver traps, the drain systems, the vents and the mainline. The

study concentrated on ensuring safety and operability of the process vis-à-vis compatibility

of the new pipeline processes with the rest of the facilities, taking into cognisance any

changes in process parameters that may result from the new pipeline installation.

For the interface review, the study assumed typical operating parameters at Kolo Creek Flow

Station.

1.2 Conclusion

The HAZOP resulted in 64 recommendations, most of which are of minor significance, in

relation to the proposed operation of the new 20" Kolo Creek - Rumuekpe Trunkline. The

recommendations are classified as being of low, medium or high significance, as explained

in 2.4

2. Leader’s Report

2.1 Background and Scope

This HAZOP was convened to study the detail design of the proposed 20" x 38km Kolo

Creek - Rumuekpe Trunkline.

This HAZOP Study only reviewed safety and operability of the design as it touches the

installation and new facilities. Existing facilities were not reviewed, except to the extent that

they interface with the new pipeline in process parameters.

2.2 Study Method

The study was a full HAZOP on the new pipeline, and interface HAZOP of the existing

facilities vis-à-vis shared parameters, capacities and tie-in points.

Operating procedures addressed by the HAZOP are limited to normal pipeline maintenance

operations such as routine and intelligent pigging plus related operations. Normal operating

procedures for the Kolo Creek Flow Station were assumed, along with the requisite

competence of operators.


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The HAZOP minutes were recorded during the proceedings and recording of each deviation

was read out and agreed before the next deviation was studied. Time was spent to review the

minutes at the end of the study.

The study took one day to conclude, with the team meeting for six hours.

2.3 Quality of the Study

The team was made up of thirteen full-time and two part-time study engineers. The MIEL

safety Engineer doubled as HAZOP Secretary. A couple of the members were trainees but,

nonetheless, contributed vigorously in the brainstorming and subsequent debates.

The team had four representatives from the Design Consultants, four pipeline, two Process,

one Instrument, one Mechanical and three Field Operators. The technical knowledge and

experience of the team was adequate and their contributions were of good quality.

2.4 Main Findings and Priority Actions

The findings and recommendations were prioritised in terms of the risk of failures if they are

not implemented as follows:

High: Failure could result in multiple deaths or/and massive or/and long-term damage to the

environment, or/and asset, or/and company reputation.

Medium: Failure could result in major injury or/and major damage to the environment

or/and asset, or/and company reputation.

Low: Failure could result in minor injury or damage to the environment or/and asset, or/and

company reputation.

The following are the major (high priority) findings and recommendations:

1. Operating Procedures should ensure that proper logistics and safety measures are in

place for pigging operations.

2. Confirm design pressure in relation with the sizing of Relief valves TRV 001 and

TRV 003.

3. Confirm upstream trip pressure setting and detail out procedure for regular pressure

monitoring.

4. Reconsider the river crossing block valves considering bunkering concerns. Also

consider moving it to the nearest manifold and install with secure fencing.

The full list of recommended actions is in Appendix I.

3. HAZOP Node List

The following are the nodes used in studying new pipeline operation:

Launcher

1. Barrel Section

2. Vent lines

3. Drain lines


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Main Line

1. Main line and by-pass Line including River Crossing Block Valve Manifolds

Receiver

1. Barrel Section

2. Vent lines

3. Drain lines

APPENDIX 1: RECOMMENDED ACTIONS

The Actions arising from the HAZOP are as follows:

S/NO

REFERENCE

NUMBER ACTION

1

1.0 Operating procedure should ensure that proper logistics and safety measures are in


2

1.1 Operating procedure should ensure that proper logistics and safety measures are in


3 1.2 Detail out operating procedure

4 1.3 Detail out maintenance procedure

5 1.4 Confirm design pressure in relation with sizing of Relief valve TRV 001

6

1.5 Confirm upstream trip pressure setting and detail out procedure for regular pressure

monitoring


8 1.7 Include slope on drawings

9 2.0 Detail out operating procedure to prevent malfunction








17 2.8 Confirm upstream trip pressure setting and detail out procedure for regular pressure

monitoring




21 3.1 Confirm sizing of drain lines and valves (2” not adequate)



24 3.4 Put in place detailed programme for valve inspection and maintenance




28 3.8 Put in place detailed cleaning procedure



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34 4.2 Reconsider the river crossing block valves considering bunkering concerns. Also

consider moving it to the nearest manifold and install with secure fencing


36 4.4 Detail out valve inspection and maintenance procedure

37 4.5 Install ESD valve at flowstation to shut in pipeline in the event that higher pressures at

Enwhe or Rumuekpe forces back flow of crude oil

38 4.6 Detail out line cleaning procedure

39 4.7 Ensure adequate pipeline burial depth, right-of-way marking and surveillance

40 5.1 Operating procedure should ensure that proper logistics and safety measures are in






monitoring


monitoring











monitoring




57 7.1 Confirm sizing of drain lines and valves (2” not adequate)





62 7.6 Put in place detailed cleaning procedure




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HAZID Report 20" x 38km Kolo Creek - Rumuekpe Trunkline Replacement


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In line with SPDC Contractor Management Guide, all Work or Services shall conform to the General HSE Specification. In case of conflict between the Particular HSE Specification and the General HSE Specification, unless otherwise expressly stated, the Particular HSE

Specification shall prevail. SPDC has identified the following potential groups of hazards associated with the work to be performed under this project:

Ref. HAZARD DESCRIPTION Relevant?

H-01 Hydrocarbons H-01.01 Crude oil under pressure YES H-01.02 Hydrocarbons in formation NO H-01.03 LPGs NO H-01.04 LNGs NO H-01.05 Condensate, NGL NO H-01.06 Hydrocarbon gas YES H-01.07 Crude oil at low pressure YES H-01.08 Wax YES H-01.09 Coal NO

H-02 Refined Hydrocarbons H-02.01 Lube and seal oil YES H-02.02 Hydraulic oil YES H-02.03 Diesel fuel YES H-02.04 Aviation fuel, petrol YES

H-03 Other Flammable Materials H-03.01 Cellulosic materials YES H-03.02 Pyrophoric materials NO H-03.03 Carbon fibre reinforced material NO H-03.04 Dry vegetation YES

H-04 Explosives H-04.01 Detonators NO H-04.02 Conventional explosives NO H-04.03 Perforating gun charges NO H-04.04 Explosive gases NO

H-05 Pressure Hazards H-05.01 Bottled gases under pressure YES H-05.02 Water under pressure YES H-05.03 Non hydrocarbon gas under pressure in

pipeworks YES

H-05.04 Air under high pressure YES H-05.05 Hyperbaric operations YES H-05.06 Decompression NO

H-06 Hazards Associated with Differences in Height H-06.01,2 Personnel at height YES H-06.03 Overhead equipment YES H-06.04 Personnel under water YES H-06.05 Personnel below grade YES

H-07 Objects under Induced Stress H-07.01 Objects under tension YES H-07.02 Objects under compression YES

H-08 Dynamic Situation Hazards H-08.01 On land transport (driving) YES H-08.02 On water transport (boating) YES H-08.03 In air transport (flying) YES


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H-08.04 Boat collision hazard to other vessels and offshore structures

YES

H-08.05 Equipment with moving or rotating parts YES H-08.06 Use of hazardous hand tools YES H-08.07 Use of knives, machetes etc YES H-08.08 Transfer from boat to offshore platform NO

H-09 Environmental Hazards H-09.01 Weather YES H-09.02 Sea state/river currents YES H-09.03 Tectonic activity NO H-09.04 Oil in effluent water YES

H-11 Hot Surfaces H-11.01 Process piping equipment

60-150°C NO

H-11.02 Piping equipment > 150°C NO H-11.03 Engine & turbine exhaust systems YES H-11.04 Steam piping NO

H-11 Hot Fluids H-11.01 Temperatures 110-150 °C NO H-11.02 Temperatures >150 °C NO

H-12 Cold Surfaces H-12.01 Process piping -25 to -80°C NO H-12.02 Piping equipment < -80°C NO H-13 Cold Fluids H-13.01 Oceans, seas & lakes < 11°C NO H-14 Open Flame H-14.01 Heaters with fire tube NO H-14.02 Direct fired furnaces NO H-14.03 Flares NO H-15 Electricity H-15.01 Voltage > 50 - 440V in cables YES H-15.02 Voltage > 50-440V in equipment YES H-15.03 Voltage > 440V NO H-15.04 Lightning discharge YES H-15.05 Electrostatic energy NO H-15.06 Batteries YES H-16 Electromagnetic Radiation H-16.01 Ultraviolet radiation YES H-16.02 Infra red radiation YES H-16.03 Microwaves NO H-16.04 Lasers NO H-16.05 E/M radiation: high voltage ac cables NO H-17 Ionising Radiation - Open Source H-17.01 Alpha, Beta - open source NO H-17.02 Gamma rays - open source NO H-17.03 Neutron – open source NO H-17.04 Naturally occurring ionising radiation NO H-18 Ionising Radiation - Closed Source H-18.01 Alpha, Beta - closed source NO H-18.02 Gamma rays - closed source YES H-18.03 Neutron – closed source NO


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H-19 Asphyxiates NO H-19.01 Insufficient oxygen atmospheres YES H-19.02 Excessive CO2 NO H-19.03 Drowning YES H-19.04 Excessive N2 YES H-19.05 Halon NO H-19.06 Smoke YES H-20 Toxic Gases H-20.01 H2S, sour gas NO H-20.02 Exhaust fumes YES H-20.03 SO2 NO H-20.04 Benzene YES H-20.05 Chlorine NO H-20.06 Welding fumes YES H-20.07 Tobacco smoke NO H-20.08 CFCs NO H-20.09 Nox NO H-21 Toxic Liquids H-21.01 Mercury NO H-21.02 PCBs NO H-21.03 Biocides YES H-21.04 Methanol NO H-21.05 Brines NO H-21.06 Glycols NO H-21.07 Degreasers YES H-21.08 Isocyanates NO H-21.09 Sulphanol NO H-21.11 Amines NO H-21.11 Corrosion inhibitors NO H-21.12 Scale inhibitors NO H-21.13 Liquid mud additives NO H-21.14 Odorant additives NO H-21.15 Alcoholic beverages NO H-21.16 Recreational drugs NO H-21.17 Used engine oils YES H-21.18 Carbon tetrachloride NO H-21.19 Grey and/or black water YES H-22 Toxic Solids H-22.01 Asbestos NO H-22.02 Man made mineral fibre NO H-22.03 Cement dust YES H-22.04 Sodium hypochlorite NO H-22.05 Powdered mud additives NO H-22.06 Sulphur dust NO H-22.07 Pig trash YES H-22.08 Oil based muds NO H-22.09 Pseudo oil based muds NO H-22.11 Water based muds NO H-22.11 Cement Slurries NO H-22.12 Dusts YES H-22.13 Cadmium compounds & other heavy metals NO


1-207


H-22.14 Oil based sludges NO H-23 Corrosive Substances H-23.01 Hydrofluoric acid NO H-23.02 Hydrochloric acid NO H-23.03 Sulphuric acid YES H-23.04 Caustic soda NO H-24 Biological Hazards H-24.01 Poisonous plants YES H-24.02 Large animals YES H-24.03 Small animals YES H-24.04 Food borne bacteria YES H-24.05 Water borne bacteria YES H-24.06 Parasitic insects YES H-24.07 Disease transmitting insects YES H-24.08 Cold & flu virus YES H-24.09 HIV YES H-25 Ergonomic Hazards H-25.01 Manual materials handling YES H-25.02 Damaging noise NO H-25.03 Loud, steady noises >85dBA YES H-25.04 Heat stress YES H-25.05 Cold stress YES H-25.06 High humidity YES H-25.07 Vibration NO H-25.08 Work stations YES H-25.09 Lighting YES H-25.11 Incompatible hand controls NO H-25.11 Awkward location of workplaces and machinery YES H-25.12 Mismatch of work to physical abilities YES H-25.13 Mismatch of work to cognitive abilities YES H-25.14 Long and irregular working hours/shifts YES H-25.15 Poor organisation and job design YES H-25.17 Work planning issues YES H-25.18 Indoor climate YES H-26 Psychological Hazards YES H-26.01 Living on the job/away from family YES H-26.02 Working and living on a live plant NO H-26.03 Post traumatic stress NO H-27 Security Related Hazards H-27.01 Piracy YES H-27.02 Assault YES H-27.03 Sabotage YES H-27.04 Crisis YES H-27.05 Theft, pilferage YES H-28 Use of Natural Resources H-28.01 Land take YES H-28.02 Water YES H-28.03 Air YES H-28.04 Trees, vegetation YES H-28.05 Gravel YES H-29 Medical


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H-29.01 Medical unfitness NO H-29.02 Motion sickness NO H-30 Hazardous Goods H-30.01 Dangerous goods in transport activities YES

KEY:

Yes: Hazard Relevant To Asset or Operation No: Hazard Not Relevant To the Asset or Operation.

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