table of contents - oecd · technologies such as blockchain, drones (e.g., facebook’s aquila),...

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TableofContents

INTRODUCTION ............................................................................................................................ 3

KEYTAKEWAYS ............................................................................................................................. 4

NEXTSTEPSFORGICA ................................................................................................................... 6

YOUHEARDITHERE...................................................................................................................... 8

SESSIONSUMMARIES—JANUARY25......................................................................................... 11

OPENINGMESSAGES ...................................................................................................................... 11PLENARYI—CONNECTIVITYINFRASTRUCTURE:HOWTECHNOLOGYANDINNOVATIONISCHANGINGTHEWAYWECONNECT............................................................................................... 12PLENARYII—ENERGYCONNECTIVITY ........................................................................................... 15PLENARYIII—TRANSPORTCONNECTIVITY.................................................................................... 18PLENARYIV—ICTCONNECTIVITY.................................................................................................. 21PROJECTINFOCUS:BLOCKCHAINANDGLOBALTRADE................................................................. 24PLENARYV—FINANCINGCONNECTIVITY ..................................................................................... 25WORKINGTOGETHER:GICAANDITSPOSSIBILITIES....................................................................... 28

SESSIONSUMMARIES—JANUARY26......................................................................................... 31

SESSION1:CONNECTIVITYNEEDSANDPRIORITIESFORGICA....................................................... 31SESSION2:FINANCINGCONNECTIVITY:VISIONTOPROGRAMTOPROJECTS(V2P2P).................. 34SESSION3:QUANTIFYINGCONNECTIVITY...................................................................................... 36

ANNEXI:EVENTPROGRAMS....................................................................................................... 38

ANNEXII:SPEAKERBIOGRAPHIES ............................................................................................... 41

SPEAKERBIOGRAPHIES|JANUARY25 ........................................................................................... 41SPEAKERBIOGRAPHIES|JANUARY26 ........................................................................................... 56

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IntroductionTheGlobalInfrastructureConnectivityAlliance(GICA)waslaunchedbytheG20inJuly2016towork

acrossregionsanddisciplinestopromotecooperation,knowledgeexchange,andmeaningfulprogressinthefieldofglobalinterconnectivity.GICA’smissionistosupportconnectivitythroughcooperationandknowledgeexchange.Overthelast20years,aplethoraofeconomiccorridors,

cross-borderinvestmentprograms,tradeandlogisticsobservatories,andregionalbodiesdedicatedtopromotingconnectivityandregionalintegrationhasemerged.However,informationonglobalinfrastructureconnectivityisusuallypresentedataregionalorthematiclevelwithlimited

opportunitiesforcomparisonsacrossregionsorsectors.

Acatalystfordevelopment,globalinfrastructureconnectivityreferstothelinkagesofcommunities,economies,andnationsthroughtrade,transport,communications,energy,andwaternetworksacrosscountries.Greaterinterconnectivitycantranslateintohigherproductivity,gainsinservice

efficiency,greaterspill-overbenefitsofinvestments,andgrowthintrade.Nationalgovernments,internationalorganizations,andotherinternationalstakeholdershavelongrecognizedthesignificanceofinfrastructureconnectivityinachievingsustainabledevelopmentandshared

prosperity.Asaresult,connectivityhasbecomeakeypriorityforpolicymakersandpractitioners.

GICA,whosemembershipincludesADB,AIIB,EADB,GEIDCO,GIH,OECD,People’sRepublicofChina,UNCTAD,andtheWorldBankhelditsfirstmeetingJanuary25–26inParisattheOECDHeadquarters.Themeetingwasco-organizedbytheWorldBankandtheOECD.1

Theeventbroughttogethernearly150policymakers,seniorgovernmentrepresentativesfrom

OECDanddevelopingcountries,financialinstitutionsandpractitionersinterestedinadvancingglobalconnectivitythroughdiscussionsonthestateofplay,innovativepracticesandtheoutlookforconnectivity.TheeventprovidedanopportunityforGICAmemberstosharetheirlatest

researchandfindingsanddefinenewareasofcooperationbasedonidentifiedgaps.

ThediscussionduringtheAnnualMeetingfocusedonthefollowingmaintopics:

• ConnectivityInfrastructure—HowTechnologyandInnovationIsChangingtheWayWeConnect

• ConnectivityintheEnergy,Transport,ICT,andFinanceSectors

• ConnectivityNeedsandPrioritiesforGICA• FinancingConnectivity—MovingfromVisiontoProgramtoProjects(V2P2P)• QuantifyingConnectivity

• LeveragingGICA

Thisdocumentprovidesasummaryofthe25Januarysessions,includingthefiveplenarypanelsessionsandtwodiscussions,alongwithasummaryofthe26Januaryclosed-sessionmeetings,

attendedbyapproximately50GICAmembers.TheGICASecretariatledbytheWorldBankinclose

1UnderthecoordinationoftheOECDLongTermInvestmentproject(www.oecd.org/finance/lti)severalOECDDirectoratesandAgencieshavebeeninvolvedinthismeetingincludingGlobalRelations,ScienceandTechnologyandInnovation,DevelopmentandCooperation,FinancialandEnterpriseAffairs,theInternationalEnergyAgencyandtheInternationalTransportForum.

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cooperationwiththeOECDandothersIOs,thankstheGICAmembers,contributors,speakers,and

participantsfortheiractiveengagementinmakingtheeventasuccessandgratefullyacknowledges

theChina-WorldBankTrustFundforitsfinancialsupport.

Themeetingagendasandspeakerbiographiesforbothdaysareincludedattheendofthisdocumentasannexes.

KeyTakeways

Connectivityiscomplexandmultidimensional,andthereforesolvingglobalconnectivitychallengesrequiresinterdisciplinaryapproachesandcross-sectoralcollaboration.Beyondthespill-overeffectsthataccruetowardgrowthandtradethroughimprovementsofconnectivity,theinter-dependenciesofsectoralconnectivitymanifestinthefollowingforms:

Thetransformationalpotentialoftechnologyineachofthetraditionalverticallinesofinfrastructure

—energy,transport,ICT—tobringefficiencyinservices,toexpandaccess,toprovidesecurityof

information,ortothinkaboutintegratedsolutionsforservicedelivery.

Thecorrelationofthesectorsintermsofaccess,particularlybetweenICT(Internet)andenergy(electricity).Notonlydoend-usersneedaccesstoelectricitytousetheirdevicesandtheInternet,butthemobileandfixedbroadbandnetworksrequirestablepowersourcesaswell.

Theopportunitiesforsynergies,forexamplebycombiningthelayingoffiberopticcablewiththe

constructionofaroadcorridor.

Theimpedimentofonesector’sregulationstoanothersector’sinvestment:Technologicaladvancementandnewbusinessmodelsmeanthatarisingconcernaboutregulationsofonesectorcouldfeedintoanothersector.

Globalinfrastructureconnectivityischangingrapidly.Withinamatterofyears,disruptivetechnologiessuchasblockchain,drones(e.g.,Facebook’sAquila),balloons(e.g.,Google’sProjectLoon),dataanalyticsandartificialintelligencehavebecomecommonlexiconsofglobalconnectivity.Today’slandscapealsoincludestechnologyplayerssuchasGoogle,Facebook,andIBMwhoarenotonlyintroducinginnovationtothetraditionalapproachestoglobalconnectivity,butalsobecomingnewpartnersandmakingsignificantinvestments.

Despitetheincreasedemphasisonandimportanceofprivatesectorfinancing,governmentsstillplayauniqueandcrucialroleinglobalconnectivity,inarangeofareas,includingthefollowing:

• Providingcompetition,regulatoryandpriceregimesthatincentivizeinvestments• Protectingtheenvironmentandpromotingpositivesocialimpactsfromlargeinvestments• Workingacrossministriesandagenciesforinfrastructuresharingandforcoordinatedroad

construction,powercables,publicworks,pipelaying,andcablelaying• Promotingspectrumsharingandpoliciesformaximizinguseofspectrum• Ensuringthatconsumerdataandrightsareprotected• Mobilizingprivatefinancingasacomplementtotraditionalsourcesofpublicfinance

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Theroleofmultilateralfinanceinstitutionsisespeciallycrucialinsupportingthedevelopmentofinterconnectionsbetweencountries.Oneofthemoresalientexamplesofthissupportisthecross-

bordertransmissionofpowerinitiativesamongdevelopingcountrieswithweakfinancialsystems.EvenamongdevelopedeconomiessuchasFranceandSpain,theEUplaysakeyroleinprovidingfundingforenergyandtransportintegration.

Thebenefitsfromconnectivityarenotalwaysevenlyspread,andconnectivitydividesappearto

runalongthefollowingfourkeylines:economics,education/skills,gender,andgloballyinter-connectedcitiesandotherareas.Poorconnectivityisoneofthekeyimpedimentstofostereconomicdevelopmentandeliminationofextremepoverty.Uptakeoftechnologiesandservices

comesslowerinpoorereconomies,impededbylowdigitalliteracy.Theabilitytobenefitfromnewtechnologydependsinlargepartoneducation,skills,andcapacity.Genderdifferencesinaccess,inqualityofservices,differingimpactofpricesandissuesofsafetyandsecurityshouldbean

importantconsiderationintheinfrastructureandservicedeliverydiscussion.Ifleftunattended,thesedivideswillonlybecomemoreexacerbated.

Connectivitymustbenotonlyinclusive,butalsosustainable.Climatechangeissuesloomlargeintheglobalconnectivitydialogueparticularlyinpowerandtransportservices.Improvedconnectivity

tendstoincreaseflowsandinfrastructuredevelopmentimpactstheenvironment.Moreanalyticalworkiswarrantedtounderstandthelinkagesbetweenchangingapproachesofnetworkconnectivity,theimpactsbothonclimateresilienceandonemissions,andoptionstooffer

connectivitywithareducedenvironmentalfootprint.

Predictingthefutureofconnectivityischallenging.Forexample,woulddistributedproduction,additivemanufacturing,anddronedeliverydecreasetheneedforcross-borderinfrastructureneeds

inroads,containershipsandenergypipes?Forecasting—withadegreeofaccuracy—thetiming,thetrajectory,andimpactsontheflowandvolumeofglobalflowsinpeople,goods,andservicesisdifficult.Furtherdebateandthinkingisneededtoadjusthowwefinanceinvestment.Forexample,

shouldfutureinvestmentsbeplannedandstructuredinawaythatwouldhavelesslocked-ineffect(e.g.,investmentsthatcanbediscountedin10yearsratherthan30years)?Dosomeoftheconnectivityassetsfacetheriskofbeingstranded?

Theglobalinfrastructureconnectivityagendaismassive;itiscross-sectoralandcoverseverything

fromassets,servicesandregulations.Theprivatesectorhasacriticalroletoplayinfindingsolutionstoconnectivitychallenges.

ReflectingontheconversationsonDay1,thefollowingprioritiesemergedfromdiscussionsamongGICAMembersandinterestedcontributorsduringDay2:

• Enhancingcross-borderandcross-sectorinstitutionalcooperationforinfrastructure

connectivityprojects.Thisincludessharingknowledgeandexperienceonmulti-sectoralandmulti-dimensionalplanningapproacheswithsustainabledevelopmentobjectivesasacoreframework.Itismindfuloftechnologicalchanges,complementaritiesandtrade-offsacross

sectors.Itincludesgovernanceoptions,regulatorycooperation,andharmonizationoftechnicalstandards.Itanchorsdiscussionsintoasolidunderstandingofgamechangers

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impactingthetypeofconnectivityrequiredaswellasoptionstomaximizeoverallbenefitsandminimizenegativeimpactsandrisksforindividualcountriesandbroaderregions.

• Developingmethodologiestomeasureandquantifytheoverallbenefitsofconnectivity projectsofrelevantindicatorsandmetricsthathelpmembersassessmulti-dimensionsof connectivityprojectplanningwhileintegratingabalanceofnationalandcrossborderneeds.

• Enhancingdataandmonitoringcapability.Thisstartsfromunderstandingwhatdatais available,inboththepublicandprivatesector,andhowtopullsuchdatatogetherwith relatedmethodologiesformeaningfulapplicationsatcountryandregionallevels.Italso includesunderstandingwherethedatagapsare,inbothavailabilityandquality,to determinewheredataneedstobebuiltfromthegroundup.

• Identifyingandsharingtheprioritizationprocessesandapproachesalreadyinplacefor

choosingcross-borderconnectivityprojectsacrossGICAmembersandotherrelevantactors,

andinparticulartheG20.Thisincludeswaystoquantifythecostsandbenefitsofprojects in

ameaningfulwayinthecontextofequitableandsustainabledevelopmentandtheir impact

ondebtsustainability.

• Identifyingnewfinancingschemesthathelpcountriesbroadentherangeofinstrumentsat theirdisposaltoaccomplishtheiroveralldevelopmentgoals.

• Providingaplatformfordiscussionandexchangeofknowledgeandexpertise.Members andcontributorsreiteratedtherelevanceofGICA,andtheroleoftheGICASecretariatin stimulatingfurtherconversations.

NextStepsforGICA

GICAoutputscomefromitsMembersandotherinterestedcontributors.

GICA’scallforactionisforallinterestedorganizationsandparticipantstostayorbecomeengagedthroughtheGICAplatform(gica.global)andcontributetothefutureworkofGICAbysharingideas,knowledgeresources,andinformationontheirownworkprogramsforfurtherknowledge

exchangeandcollaboration.

Learnmoreat:https://www.gica.global/about-us/how-participate-gica

TheGICASecretariatwillfollowupwithGICAMembersontheprioritiesthathavebeenoutlinedabove,withafocuson:crosssectorplanning,technologicaldisruption(linkedtotheGICAOutlook),methodologiesforvisionandprojectprioritization(linkedtotheGICAVisionto

ProgramtoProject),developingsupportingapproachestoalleviatepotentialnegativesocial,environmental,economicorfinancialimpactsofconnectivity(partoftheSDGagenda),financingconnectivity,performancemeasurement(partoftheGICAMonitoringandEvaluationPillar)and

moreeffectivedatasharingtoenabledata-drivenplanning.Suchactivitieswillhelpcountriesmoveconversationsoncomplextopicslikemultilayeredconnectivity,oreconomiccorridors,whileintegratingequityconsiderationindevelopingconnectivity.

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KeytopicsfordeeperconversationsontheGICALinkedInGroup:

1. Whyconnectivitymattersforsustainabledevelopmentandhowtomeasureit2. Thetransformationofconnectivity/understandingthepotentialcross-sectorgame

changers

3. Cross-sectorplanningofinfrastructureincludingfinancing4. Projectpipelineandprioritization/V2P2PReadinessChecklist5. Inclusionandconnectivity

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YouHeardItHereWeheardWorldBank’sHartwigSchaftersay...40centsofeverydollarfromWorldBankgoesintolowincomecountries.Enhancedconnectivityisawaytopreventconflictandstabilizecountriesmovingoutofconflict.Countriesthattradeareless

likelytoconflict.

WeheardOECD’sMasamichiKonosay...OECDhaswrittenreportsinresponsetorequestsfromG20,oneis“InvestinginClimate,InvestinginGrowth.”InvestmentsininfraUS$6.3trillionthrough2030annuallytomeetglobaldevelopmentneedsandafurtherUS$0.6trillionperyeartomakethoseinvestmentsclimatecompatible.

WeheardOECD’sAndreasSchaalsay...

“Connectivity”isoneoftheTop10buzzwordsin2017-2018,andhasbecomeapseudonymfor“globalization,”butonaregionallevel.

WeheardWorldBank’sDavidGouldsay...Tradeisnotjustabouthowmuchtransport,ortelecomisavailablebetweencountriesbutthat

eachmethodofconnectingiscomplementary.Further,increasingconnectivitycanincreasethecorrelationofmarketsandinvestmentsleadingtoaconvergence.

WeheardGoogle’sMikeBlanchesay...Sixty-ninepercentofInternetuserswouldupgradetheirserviceifitwouldgetthembetterYoutube.ThroughclosercooperationwithInternetcompanies,telecomsindustryinEurope,MiddleEast,andAfricacouldearnEUR15billioninfreecashflowin2021,50percentmorethantoday,whichcould

drivebusiness,investmentsandhelpconnecttheunconnected.

WeheardMcKinseyGlobalInstitute’sJanMischkesay...It’syearnineafterthe2008economiccrisis;it’syearnineafterzerointerestrates,butwehavenot

movedmuch.

GDPgrowthwilllikelybemoreinfluencedbythetradeoftelecomsthanbythetradeofgoods.WeheardENGIE’sNicoleIseppisay...

Multipleminigridswithsmallerrenewablegenerationunits—adecentralizedalternativesolutiontothetraditionallargepowergrids—couldprovideconnectivityandenergyaccesstothe1.2

billionwhostilllackaccessin2018.

WeheardOECD’sIzaLejarragasay...Transportandtradearecloselyconnected,asdiscussedbyAdamSmithinTheWealthofNations:“Goodroads,canals,andnavigablerivers,bydiminishingtheexpenseofcarriage,puttheremote

partsofthecountrymorenearlyuponalevelwiththoseoftheneighborhoodofthetown.Theyareuponthatthegreatestofallimprovements.”

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WeheardAsiaInfrastructureInvestmentBank’sJangPingThiasay...Asiaishometo60percentoftheglobalpopulation,mostofwhichhasaninsufficientconnection

withtherestoftheworld.

PoorconnectivityisoneofthekeyimpedimentstofastereconomicdevelopmentandeliminationofextremepovertyinAsia.

WeheardDI2’sNicoGrovesay…Establishingdigitalinfrastructureasanassetclassisessentialtoattractmorestrategicinvestment

forthefinancingofdigitalinfrastructureprojects,whichenableourmoderninformationsocietyandpavethewayforlong-termgrowth.WeheardFacebook’sChrisWeasler…MorethanfourbillionpeoplearenotyetconnectedtotheInternet,giventhatInternetservicesareyetwidelyinaccessibleandunaffordableaswellasrequiredigitalliteracytoharnesstheirpotential.WeheardMaersk’sGrahamsay…Inefficienciesintheshippingindustryaredestroyingvalueacrosstheglobalvaluechain,buttechnologiessuchasblockchainandremotecontainermonitoringareallowingglobaltradetobecomeincreasinglyefficient.WeheardAsianDevelopmentBankInstitute’sNaoyukiYoshinosay…

Constructionofinfrastructureitselfisnotimportant.Whetherdevelopmenttakesplaceiskey.WeheardOECD’sDirkPilatsay…Accessanduseofinformationandcommunicationtechnologiesarestillseeinggreatinequalities,withpeoplewithlowerincome,lowereducationandhigherageaswellasSMEsbeinglesslikelytobenefitfromtheadvancesofthedigitalrevolution.WeheardITF‘sYoungTaeKimsay…Connectingdifferentmodesoftransportisanessentialelementtoachievingglobaltransportconnectivity.WeheardIEA’sLaszloVarrosay…EnergyconnectivityinAfricaneedstorecognisethediversityofthecontinent,withsomecountriesbeingendowedwithgreatpotentialintherenewableenergysectorandothershavingabundantfossilfuelreserves.WeheardOECD’sRaffaeleDellaCrocesay…

Theavailabilityoffinanceisnotthemainobstacleininfrastructureconnectivityrathermajorgovernancefailurescurrentlyinhibitthedeliveryofhighqualitycrossborderprojects,toooftenoverbudget,lateandinsomecasesdoneforthewrongreasons.

WeheardWorldBank’sJordanSchwartzsay...AndreasSchaalthismorningusedtheword“political”inrecognizingthatmarkets,powerpurchase

agreements,choicesintechnologyregimes,plansandinvestmentsbutmorethananythingtrade,customsandtaxrules.

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TheaverageageofthepeoplewhoareworkingonGICAnowisabout10yearsyoungerthanthepeoplewhofirstputthetopiconthetable.PerhapsthisiswhytheOECDandBankteamdecidedto

leadoffwithtechnologyandinnovation.

WeheardOECD’sAndréLaboulsay…

Technologicaladvanceischangingandenhancingtheconceptofconnectivity,suchasforinstancethroughtheapplicationofblockchaintechnologiesininternationaltradeortheuseofdronestoprovidebroadbandconnectiontoremoteareasaroundtheglobe.

Thesetechnologies,however,alsoincreasethecomplexityofintegratingvarioustypesof

connectivityinfrastructures.Approachesthereforehavetobeinterdisciplinaryinnaturetoaddressconnectivityissueseffectively

WeheardWorldBank’sGeraldOlliviersay...Whycareaboutconnectivity?Fundamentally,greaterconnectivityunlocksopportunities.It

empowerspeopleandbroadenstheiroptionstolive,learn,workandplay.Itbuildsresilienceinoursystemsandenablesabetterleveragingofourmostefficientresources.

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SessionSummaries—January25

OPENINGMESSAGESIncreasingandevenubiquitousconnectivityisoneofthedefiningcharacteristicsofthe21st

Century.Connectivitycanbeacrucialdriverinthepursuitofpovertyeradication.Itcanbroadenopportunitiestolearn,work,liveandplayforall.Itcanstimulateeconomicgrowthandopenaccesstomarkets,leveragingonthelatestinnovations.Itcanhelpcountriesandcommunitiesdealwith

socialandeconomicshocksanddisastersmoreeffectively.Itcanalsosupportmorecarbonefficientsolutionsforexamplebytransportingpowergeneratedthroughrenewablesourcesbywireinsteadofcoalbytrains.

Atthesametime,developingconnectivitycomeswithafairnumberofchallenges.Connectivity

requiresmajorinvestmentsininfrastructureandservices.Itdemandscarefulselectionofprojectsandtechnologies,basedoneconomicassessmentandananalysisofopportunitycosts.Itrequiresnotonlyfinancing,butalsotheproperfactoringofassociateddebtsustainability.While,in

aggregate,itleadstomajoreconomicbenefits,suchbenefitsarenotequallyshared,callingforcomplementarymeasurestoshareprosperityeffectively.Suchchallengesareexacerbatedinthecaseofcross-borderprograms,wheregovernanceandpoliticaleconomyconsiderationsdeeply

impactconnectivityprograms.

Inthiscontext,itisrelevanttopolicymakers,practitioners,andfinancierstounderstandthetypeofconnectivitythatmosteffectivelyaddressestheirdevelopmentchallenges;theinstitutions,policyandregulationsrequiredtomaximizebenefitsandminimizerisks;optionstomeetinvestment

needsandallowthedevelopmentofassociatedservices;andapproachestobalancebenefitsandcostsofsuchprogramsacrosscountries.

Thefinancialneedstomeetfutureconnectivityextendbeyondthefinancialcapacityofanygovernment.Harnessingtheinnovationandresourcesfromtheprivatesectorthroughdirect

investments,partnershipsandPPPwillbeessentialatallstages,fromplanningtoservicedelivery.

GICA’sinitialstocktakingexercisehasdemonstratedthereisawealthofresearch,policiesandstrategiesbeingdevelopedacrosstheworld,yettheopportunitiesforcross-sectoral,cross-border

discussionsarestillscarce.Therefore,GICA’staskaheadwillnotonlyinvolvefosteringknowledgeexchangebutalsosoconsolidateknowledgeandcreateopportunitiesforcollaboration.

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PLENARYI—ConnectivityInfrastructure:HowTechnologyandInnovationIsChangingtheWayWeConnectGlobalInfrastructureConnectivityreferstothelinkageofcommunities,economies,andnations

throughtransport,communications,energy,andwaternetworks.Inourmodernworld,connectivityinfrastructureplaysanessentialpartinconnectingeconomiesacrossbordersandcanenhanceeconomicproductivity,increaseserviceefficiency,createspill-overbenefitsfrom

investments,andfostergrowthininternationaltrade.Inthiscontext,nationalgovernments,internationalorganizations,andotherinternationalstakeholdershavelongrecognizedthesignificanceofconnectivityinfrastructureinachievingsustainabledevelopmentandshared

prosperity.

Withglobalconnectivityasakeypriorityforpolicymakersandpractitioners,theinternationalcommunityaimstoharnessthebenefitsoftechnologicaladvancetoenhanceconnectivity—especiallyintheareasofenergyandtransport,aswellasinformationandcommunications.

However,rapidtechnologicaldevelopmentoffersnotonlyopportunities,butalsochallenges,makingitessentialforpolicymakerstounderstandwhatthefutureofconnectivitywilllooklike.Thissessionstimulatedaforward-lookingdiscussiononconnectivity.QuestionsguidingPlenaryI

includedhownewinformationandcommunicationtechnologieswillbringbusinessesaroundtheworldevercloserandmaketradeandtransportmoreefficient,andhowglobaltradeconnectivitycanenhanceregionaleconomicdevelopmentinourdigitalworld.

Issuesfordiscussion:• Currenttrendsandtechnologicaldevelopmentsinthecontextofglobalconnectivity

infrastructure• Thefutureofconnectivity—opportunitiesandchallenges

• Tradeconnectivityasadriverofeconomicgrowth• Whataretheprioritiestoimproveglobalconnectivityinfrastructure• Trade-offsandcomplementaritiesbetweendifferenttypesofconnectivityinfrastructure

• Whattypeofconnectivitymattersmostforcountriesbylevelofdevelopmentandstructureoftrade?

KeymessagesModerator:AndreasSchaal,OECDConnectivityplaysanimportantroleforeconomicdevelopment.Fromthegeostrategicand

geopoliticalviewpoint,connectivityhasbecomeacentralapproachonamacrolevel,e.g.,BeltandRoadInitiative(BRI),ASEAN,etc.Onthemicrolevel,GlobalValueChainsareincreasinglydiversified.Inthepast,connectivitybetweencountriesanditsrelationshiptogrowthwereaddressedona

layer-by-layerbasis.Buthowthedifferentlayersinteractisactuallymorerelevant;eachofthemethodsofconnectingcountries(e.g.,transport,trade,energy,ICT)isinterlinkedandiscomplementary.

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Whenitcomestotrade,towhomacountryisconnectedmatters—andhowwell-connectedthoseconnectionsare.Acountrymighthaveagreatproductionortradepotential,butmightnotbewell

connectedintransportandenergy,meaningitcannottakeadvantageofthefulleconomicpotential.Since2000,Chinahasemergedasamajortradepartner.Asaregion,EuropeandCentralAsiaisemergingasamajortradehubinlightofBRI,andJapanhasbecomeamajorconnectivitynode.

Severaltechnologicaldevelopmentsandinnovationsareunderway,poisedtodisruptthewaywe

connect,improvingandreshapingthewayconnectivityinfrastructureprojectsareplanned,designed,andmanaged:

• ArtificialIntelligence(AI)andMachineLearning(ML)canoptimizetelecoms,transport,andenergynetworksbyboostingproductivityandefficiencywhilereducingwaste.

• Electricandautonomousvehicles,includingdrones,willnotonlyincreaseroadcapacityandefficiency,butreshapetransportationwithnewinfrastructurerequirementsandtransportpatternswithanimpactonpowerconsumption.

• 3Dprintingcouldaffectthevolumeofgoodstradedthroughdistributingtheabilitytoprintonsite,withoutshippingphysicalproducts.Itisestimatedtoaffectupto3percentofgoodstraded.Theabilitytotransmitproductdesignsandthenprintonsite,withoutshipping

physicalproduct,couldreduceglobalgoodstradeby2to4percent.• Renewableenergysolutionswillbecomelesscentralized,changingthedemandforgrid

infrastructure,whileballooncouldreplacemobiletowersinthenearfutureinsome

markets.• Telecommunications:McKinseyGlobalInstituteexpectsmoreGDPupliftfromdataflows

thanfromtradeingoods.Increasedtradeindigitalassetsanddatawillrequireserver

infrastructureandregulationfortradeindigitalassets.

Legacyconnectivityinfrastructureandservices,andoutdatedregulationscouldslowdownthe

potentialbenefitsoftheseinnovativetechnologieshaveonconnectivity.Forexample,traderegulationsandbordercustomscontrolhavenotkeptupwiththeriseofsmallparcelsanddigitaltrade,holdingbackSMEsthatcanbenefitfromparticipatinginglobaltradethroughe-commerce.

Issuesintaxationwillalsoneedtobeworkedout–asglobalsupplychainslengthenandcross-bordertransactionincrease,thetaxationofvalue-addactivitiesbecomesmorechallengingincurrentregimes.Fromasustainabilityangle,strategiesandpoliciesareneededtolessenthe

growingimpactofe-commerceonincreaseddemandintransportation,impactingenergydemandandemissions.

Majorinvestmentsaretakingplacetoaddressthosenewneeds.InternetcompanieshaveinvestedUS$100billionininfrastructure(mostlyinEurope)overthepastthreeyears.Remoteoff-grid

solutionsareemerging(e.g.,balloonsinstratospheretoreplacetelecomtowers).Insuchinvestment,growingattentiontocrosssectorsynergiesistakingplace,pairingdatacenterswithrenewableenergyproduction,forexample.

Rapidtechnologicaladvancementsoffernotonlyopportunities,butalsochallengesand

uncertainties.Forecastingthemagnitudeandimpactthesetechnologieshaveonconnectivityacrossthemultiplesectors,andthedimensionsitencompassesischallengingatbest,andthereforewarrantsmoreanalyticalwork.

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Keyreferences:‒ Bal,AbhinayanBasu;Rajput,Trisha;Alizada,Parviz(2017),“InternationalSingleWindow

Environment:ProspectsandChallenges,”availableat:

https://www.adb.org/sites/default/files/publication/321736/adbi-wp744.pdf.‒ OECD(2007),“Infrastructureto2030:MappingpoliciesforElectricity,WaterandTransport

(Volume2),”availableat:

https://www.oecd.org/futures/infrastructureto2030/40953164.pdf‒ ITF(2016),“TransportInfrastructureNeedsforFutureTradeGrowth,”availableat:

http://www.itf-oecd.org/capacity-grow-transport-infrastructure-needs-future-trade-growth

‒ McKinsey&Company(2017),“TheFutureofConnectivity:EnablingtheInternetofThings,”availableat:https://www.mckinsey.com/global-themes/internet-of-things/our-insights/the-future-of-connectivity-enabling-the-internet-of-things

‒ OECD(2017),“AidforTradeataGlance2017—PromotingTrade,InclusivenessandConnectivityforSustainableDevelopment,”availableat:http://www.oecd.org/trade/aid-for-trade-at-a-glance-22234411.htm

‒ OECD(2017),“OECDDigitalEconomyOutlook2017,”availableat:http://www.oecd.org/internet/oecd-digital-economy-outlook-2017-9789264276284-en.htm

‒ OECD(2015),PolicyFrameworkforInvestment2015Edition,OECDPublishing,Paris.Available

at:http://dx.doi.org/10.1787/9789264208667-en‒ WorldBank(2016),“MakingGlobalValueChainsWorkforDevelopment,”availableat:

http://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/450521467989506537/pdf/106305-PUB-ADD-

ISBN-DOI-AUTHORS-SERIES-ABSTRACT-OUO-9.pdf‒ WorldBank(2017),“TheInnovationParadox:Developing-CountryCapabilitiesandthe

UnrealizedPromiseofTechnologicalCatch-Up,”availableat:

http://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/322521507638821474/pdf/120336-PUB-PUBLIC.pdf

‒ TheWorldBank(2017),“TroubleintheMaking?:TheFutureofManufacturing-Led

Development,”availableat:http://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/720691510129384377/pdf/121005-PUB-

ADDBOX-405304B-PUBLIC-PUBDATE-10-12-17.pdf‒ WorldBankGroup(2017),“MeasuringandAnalyzingtheImpactofGVCsonEconomic

Development,”availableat:

http://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/440081499424129960/pdf/117290-WP-P157880-PUBLIC.pdf

‒ UnitedNationsEconomicandSocialCommissionforAsiaandthePacific(2017),“Regional

ConnectivityforSharedProsperity,”availableat:http://www.unescap.org/sites/default/files/Regional%20Connectivity%20for%20Shared%20Prosperity_fulltext.pdf

‒ UnitedNationsEconomicandSocialCommissionforAsiaandthePacific(2017),“TradeFacilitationandPaperlessTradeImplementationinASEAN,”availableat:http://www.unescap.org/publications/trade-facilitation-and-paperless-trade-implementation-

asean

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PLENARYII—EnergyConnectivityThetransitiontoalow-carbonenergyfutureisatthecoreofreachinginternationalclimateand

developmenttargetsoutlinedintheParisAgreementandtheGlobalAgenda2030.Thistransitiondoesnotonlyentailswitchingtorenewableenergysources,butalsoprovidingbetteraccesstoreliableandcleanenergytechnologies.Inthiscontext,improvingglobalenergyconnectivityplays

anessentialpartinpushingthetransitiontoacleanenergyfutureforward.However,consideringthatlow-carbonenergysourcesarefundamentallydifferentfromtraditionalfuels,suchasbybeingdependentonfavorablelocalconditionsforrenewableenergygenerationandbeinglesscentralized

intheirnature,theirdeploymentcanposeimmensechallengesforagingandoutdatedgridinfrastructures,indevelopingcountriesaswellasindevelopedones.

Upgradingandbuildingnewenergyinfrastructureisthereforeacornerstonetoallowingtheenergy

revolutiontotakeplace.Especiallyincombinationwithdigitaltechnologies,modernenergyinfrastructurewillallowglobalenergyandelectricitymarketstoovercomeregionaldividesandbecomemoreefficientaswellasmoreaccessible.Supportingthisintegrationofglobalenergy

systemsandmarketsrequiresbothcoordinationandcollaborationonthegloballevel.Increasingglobalenergyconnectivityhasthepotentialtobringcleanerenergytoawiderpartoftheworld’spopulationandisessentialtoenhancinglocaleconomicproductivity,politicalstability,andsocial

well-being.PlenaryIIdiscussedcurrentprioritiesandpotentialsolutionsintheareaofenergyconnectivity.

Issuesfordiscussion:• Theroleofenergyconnectivityforalow-carbonenergyfuture

• Energyconnectivityforimproveduniversalaccesstocleanandreliableenergy• Connectingandintegratinginternationalenergymarkets• Investmentandfinancinginenergyconnectivity

Keymessages:Moderator:KwawuMensanGaba,WorldBank

Improvingglobalenergyconnectivityhasthepotentialtobringcleanerenergytoawiderpartofthe

world’spopulationandisintegralintransitioningtoalow-carbonfuturethatmeetstheinternationalclimateanddevelopmenttargets.Giventhefundamentaldifferenceacrosstraditionalfuelsandrenewables,thisposesimmenseintegrationchallenges.

Fortheenergytransition,fourpillarsofefficientenergysystemsareneeded:1)Usingdispatchable

powerplants,e.g.,gasturbines,tochangetheiroutputsupanddowntomatchfluctuationsofnetelectricitydemand.2)Makingelectricitydemandmoreflexiblethroughtheuseofsmartgridtechnologies.3)Improvingelectricitystorage—82percentofelectricityusedbyelectriccarsis

generatedbyfossilfuels,whichshouldchange;electriccarsneedtobeintegratedintosmartenergynetworks.4)Physicalnetworkinginfrastructuredominatedbylargeinterconnectionswithincreasinglyhightransfercapacity.

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Therelativeimportanceofeachpillarwillvaryfromregiontoregion,dependingongeographical,economicandsocialcharacteristics.

Theprospectsoftheenergyconnectivitywilldependinlargepartonthemagnitudesandratesof

thefollowingchanges:Decarbonization,Decentralization,andDigitalization.

Anincreasingproportionofrenewablesintheenergymixmeanstheincreasedimportanceofgridinterconnectednesstooptimizingandstabilizinggridsandtopassingondecreasingenergypricestoconsumers.Renewableenergyprovidestheopportunityforcountriesandcommunitiestobe

energyindependent.Goingforward,gaswillbeimportantasasubstituteforothermorecarbonintensesourcesofenergy,andasacomplementtorenewables.

Decentralizedpowerproductionmeansthatmoreinfrastructurewillbeneededtoconnectsmallgridstoeachother.Decentralizedpoweristheoppositeofthetraditionalmodelanchoredin1-2

largeplantsprovidingpowerforawholeregionandconsistofmultiplemini-gridsanchoredbysmallergenerationunits.Agreaternumberofsmaller,morelocalizedgridswillhelpprovideenergyservicestothe1.2billionwithoutaccessandsupplementlargermulticountrygrids.

Digitaldataandanalyticscanhelpachievegreaterefficiencyandreducecostsforconsumers

throughsmartmetering.Digitalizationcanalsoincreaseflexibilityandhelpintegrateenergysystemsfromdifferentenergysources.Thiswillsupportanoptimizeduseofinterconnection,forexamplesupportingtradingenergyintwodirectionsacrossthevaluechaininmulti-countryor

regionalmarkets.

However,manychallengeslieinthepathtoestablishregionaloragloballevelpowergridwithrenewables.Theseincludebalancingrenewableresourcesdistribution,optimizingthelocationofcleanenergyresourcesinlargescaleandwideareas,economicandsafetyconsiderations,including

storageandcapacityofsystemsandinternationalinterconnections,aswellasimprovedcoordinationandcollaborationontheregionalandgloballeveltorealizeacommonelectricgrid.

Toachieveinclusiveenergyaccess,itisimportanttounderstandthevarianceofpotentialsand

geopoliticalcontexts.Noonesizefitsall,asattestedbytheexamplesinAfrica:somehaverenewablepotentials,whileothershavegreatfossilfuelpotential.Small-gridprojectsaresuitableforremoteareas,butfinancingislimited.Largecentralizedsystemsforcitiesshouldbepursued.

Theroleofthepublicsector,includingaregionalbodysuchastheEU,isagaincrucial,ininterconnectingcountriessincecommercialfinancingfortransmissionassetsremainsdifficult.Forexample,one-thirdoffinancingoftheinterconnectorbetweenSpainandFrancewillbecoveredby

theEU.

Thecostofelectricityhascomedowndramatically,thankstothedigitaltransformationandrenewableenergytechnologies,butthisisstillaworkinprogressinAfrica.ThecostofenergyinAfricaisstillmuchhigherthanindevelopedcountriesduetoinefficienciesandlarge-scale

developmentrenewablesnotyetbeingcompetitive,despitebeinglowerincoststhandieselbasedsolutions.GridsinmanyAfricancountriesareweak,inpoorcondition,andoftenownedandgovernedbylocalstakeholdersorutilities,makingitdifficulttoconnectthemregionally.

Givenlevelsofdemandandresourceendowment,threeequalpillarscanbeexpectedinAfricafor

increasedelectrification:1)Decentralizedsolar-basedsolutionscouldproveeffectiveinmeeting

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lowlevelsofdemandinareasoflowpopulationdensity.2)Someareaswillseethedevelopmentofcentralizedsystemswherehydrowillbethedominantsource(Ethiopia);3)Abundanceofnatural

gas(Nigeria,Tanzania,Mozambique)couldspurdevelopmentofgas-firedpowerplantsforincreasedelectricityaccess.

Keyreferences:‒ EuropeanCommission(2017),“ThirdReportontheStateoftheEnergyUnion,”availableat:

https://ec.europa.eu/commission/sites/beta-political/files/third-report-state-energy-union_en.pdf

‒ IEA(2017),“WorldEnergyOutlook2017,”availableat:https://www.iea.org/weo2017/

‒ IEA(2017),“Digitalization&Energy,”availableat:

http://www.iea.org/publications/freepublications/publication/DigitalizationandEnergy3.pdf‒ InternationalEnergyAgency(IEA)andWorldBank(2017),“SustainableEnergyforAll2017—

ProgresstowardSustainableEnergy,”availableat:

http://gtf.esmap.org/data/files/download-documents/eegp17-01_gtf_full_report_for_web_0516.pdf

‒ WorldBank(2017),“PracticalGuidanceforDefiningaSmartGridModernizationStrategy:The

CaseofDistribution,”availableat:http://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/208631489661030061/pdf/113553-PUB-PUBLIC-PUBDATE-3-14-17.pdf

‒ OECD(2015),“OvercomingBarrierstoInternationalInvestmentinCleanEnergy:OECDReporttoG20FinanceMinistersandCentralBankGovernors,September2015,”availableat:https://g20.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/09/Overcoming-Barriers-to-International-Investment-in-Clean-Energy.pdf

‒ OECD(2017),“InvestinginClimate,InvestinginGrowth,”availableat:http://dx.doi.org/10.1787/9789264273528-en

‒ UnitedNationsEconomicandSocialCommissionforAsiaandthePacific(2017),“RegionalCooperationforSustainableEnergyinAsiaandthePacific,”availableat:http://www.unescap.org/sites/default/files/publications/REGIONAL%20COOPERATION%20FOR

%20SUSTAINABLE%20ENERGY%20IN%20ASIA%20AND%20THE%20PACIFIC.pdf‒ UnitedNationsEconomicandSocialCommissionforAsiaandthePacific(2016),“2016Regional

TrendsReport—EnergyforSustainableDevelopmentinAsiaandthePacific,”availableat:

http://www.un-expo.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/06/2016-Regional-Trends-Report-on-Energy-for-Sustainable-Development.pdf

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PLENARYIII—TransportConnectivityTransportconnectivityisessentialforeconomicdevelopmentandinclusivegrowth,aswellasfor

theemergenceandexpansionofglobalvaluechains.Asaresult,investmentdecisionsregardingtransportinfrastructurehavecriticallong-termimplicationsfordevelopment.Asglobalpopulationincreasesandbecomesmoreurbanized,globalsupplychainsbecomemoreinterlinkedbetween

countriesandcitiesexertinggreaterpressureonexistingtransportnetworksandcross-bordertransportation,whichrequiresnewforward-lookingpolicies.Italsoallowseconomiestotapintoneweconomicopportunities.Inthisregard,connectivityinthetransportsector—throughroads,

rail,seaportsandairports—formsthebackboneofourglobaleconomy.Anotheropportunityalsoexistsinthecurrentdigitalandinformationtechnologyrevolution,whichboostseconomic

productivityandconnectivity—linkingpeople,goods,andserviceswithgreaterefficiency.

Moderntransportnetworksarethusrequiredtokeepupwiththepaceofthesedevelopments,toconnectregionsinwaysthatwere,untilnow,notfeasibleandprovideopportunitiesforbusinessesandpeopletobecomemoreintegrated.Opportunitiesspanallsectorsofglobaltransport,ranging

fromairandseatorailandroad,makingitaparticularlycomplextasktobridgegapsbetweenmodesoftransportationandallowtransporttobecomecleaner,fasterandsafer.PlenaryIIIshedlightonchallengesandopportunitiesinthetransportsectorandhelpidentifyfutureprioritiesfor

transportinfrastructuredevelopment.

Issuesfordiscussion:

• Importanceoftransportconnectivityforintegrationintoglobalvaluechains

• Evolvingtradepatternsanditsimplicationsfortransportconnectivityandpolicies• Needforintegratedstrategiesintransportconnectivity

• Theneedforawell-diversifiedtransportservicesfordifferenttypesofgoodsandtrips• Complexitiesofcross-bordertransportconnectivityinfrastructure• Implicationsforinvestmentandfinancingtransportconnectivity

• Roleoftechnologyinshapingfuturetransportconnectivity

Keymessages:Moderator:IzaLejarraga,OECDThediscussionontransportconnectivitywasframedintermsofthe21stcenturychallengesandvision(seeSum4Allprogramathttp://sum4all.org),intermsofinnovationsintechnology,new

environmentalpressuresandtargets,compositionandevolutionoftrade.

Overalltheindustryishealthy,andhasbeenabletoreactquicklytogeopoliticalshocks,suchasBrexit.Patternsoftradeandmovementareresilientinaggregate,butchangequickly.Overall,raillinksandcross-borderpoliciesarelaggingbehindintermsofmaturitycomparedtotherestofthe

sector.

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Thetransportsectorlacksinfrastructureprojectsreadyforinvestments,withbiggapsinthenewinfrastructureneedscomparedtotheprojectpipeline.ThereseemstobealowappetiteforPPPs,

especiallyinEurope.

Transportservicesfacefundamentalchangesfromtechnologicalinnovationsandnewbusinessmodels,suchasnewlogisticsstartups,blockchain,smartcontainerdevelopment,low-costairlinecarriers,ridesharingplatforms,andAI/machinelearning.

Thesedisruptionshaveopenedinvestmentopportunitiesinthesector.However,regulatorsneedto

respondmorerapidlyandactivelytobenefitfromrapidtechnologicaldevelopmentstoachievegreaterefficienciesintransportconnectivity.Fourareasforpolicyactioninclude:accessfordevelopingcountries;digitalconnectivityandissuessurroundingcybersecuritythreatsandrisks;

sustainability—reducingcarbonemissionsandprotectingmarinebiologicaldiversity,especiallyininternationalwaters;andpoliciesoncross-borderinfrastructure,especiallytoincreaseraillinksconnectivity.

“Old”challengesremain,includingbridginggapsbetweenmodesoftransportationandtomake

transportationsystemscleaner,faster,andsafer.Asthedominantmodelforcontainershippinghasbeenbasedonscaleeconomies(e.g.,shipsize,consolidationincarriers),manysmalleconomiesandpoorconsumershavenotbenefitedfromtheadvancementoftheindustry.

Maritimetransport,whilestillaccountingforthemovementof80percentofglobalgoodstraded,

lagsintechnologicaldevelopment.AccordingtoUNCTAD,connectivity(Liner)isprovingasimportantasdistanceinimpactingtradecostsforsmallerandlowerincomecountries.

Thecontainerindustryisstillstuckinthe20thcentury.Inefficienciesininformationflow,confusinglogistics,inefficientcontractnegotiationsbetweenshippersandcarriers,manualprocessingofdata

intheindustryandweakenforcementofcontractsareunderlyingissuesweparticularlyneedtoaddressinordertosupportthemovetowardse-commerceacrossborders.Theindustryis

developingopenplatformsforinformationexchange,smartcontainerdevelopmenttoreducewaste,andnetworkoptimizationwithmachinelearning(e.g.,Maersk/IBMjointblockchaininitiative).Newtechnologyisfinallyprovidingsolutionstodealwiththesheercomplexityoftrade

dataflows.

Intermsoffinancingtransport,aninnovativeapproachincludesthecaptureofsomeofthewidereconomicimpactandtaxrevenuegeneratedbyanewtransportinfrastructure(e.g.,frombusinessesalongnew/improvedhighways).Thiscanincludeprovidingpartofincreasedlocaltax

revenuesasdividendtopublicandprivateinfrastructureinvestorstoenhancebankability,orsharingtaxrevenueamongregionsifanotherregionprovidesconnectivityinfrastructure(e.g.,buildingaroadthroughoneregionsothatanotherregiongainsconnectivity).

Keyreferences:‒ AECOM(2016),“InquiryintoTransportConnectivity,”availableat:

http://www.aecom.com/au/wp-content/uploads/2016/04/AECOM-Submission_Inquiry-into-transport-connectivity.pdf

‒ WorldBank(2016),“ConnectingtoCompete2016:TradeLogisticsintheGlobalEconomy—

TheLogisticsPerformanceIndexandItsIndicators,”availableat:

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http://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/819531467075312039/pdf/106646-WP-P157496-PUBLIC-LogisticsPerformanceIndexLPI.pdf

‒ AsianDevelopmentBankInstitute(2017),“TheImpactofImprovedTransportConnectivityonIncome,Education,andHealth:TheCaseoftheRoll-On/Roll-OffSysteminthePhilippines,”availableat:

https://www.adb.org/sites/default/files/publication/381911/adbi-wp792.pdf‒ AsianDevelopmentBankInstitute(2018),“FinancingInfrastructureinAsia:CapturingImpacts

andNewSources,”availableat:https://www.adb.org/publications/financing-infrastructure-

asia-capturing-impacts-and-new-sources‒ WorldBank(2016),“CompetitivenessofSouthAsia’sContainerPorts:AComprehensive

AssessmentofPerformance,Drivers,andCosts,”availableat:

http://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/391711477972816447/pdf/106772-PUB-OUO-until-october-31-2016.pdf

‒ ITF(2016),“TransportInfrastructureNeedsforFutureTradeGrowth,”availableat:

http://www.itf-oecd.org/capacity-grow-transport-infrastructure-needs-future-trade-growth‒ ITF(2017),“ITFTransportOutlook2017,”availableat:

http://www.oecd.org/about/publishing/itf-transport-outlook-2017-9789282108000-en.htm

‒ SustainableMobilityforAll(2017),“GlobalMobilityReport2017:TrackingSectorPerformance,”availableat:http://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/920101508269072500/pdf/120500-PUB-PUBLIC-107p-GMROnLineVersion.pdf

‒ TheWorldBank(2016),“RoadFreightTransportServicesReform:GuidingPrinciplesforPractitionersandPolicyMakers,”availableat:

http://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/569361484029946699/pdf/111792-REVISED-P149124-PUBLIC.pdf

‒ UnitedNationsConferenceonTradeandDevelopment(2017),“ReviewofMaritimeTransport

2017,”availableat:http://unctad.org/en/PublicationsLibrary/rmt2017_en.pdf‒ UnitedNationsEconomicandSocialCommissionforAsiaandthePacific(2017),“Regional

CooperationFrameworkfortheFacilitationofInternationalRailwayTransport,”availableat:

http://www.unescap.org/sites/default/files/Regional%20cooperation%20framework_Railway%20transport.pdf

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PLENARYIV—ICTConnectivityICTconnectivityisacriticalunderpinningoftoday’sdigitalizedeconomy,andisdevelopingfaster

thanothermodesofconnectivity.Morethan48percentoftheworld’spopulationand70percentoftheyouthareonlinetodayandanevengreaternumberofdevices—some6billion—are

connected,makingourliveseasier,closer,andsmarter.Asoureconomygrowsmorereliantonmobility,cloudcomputing,InternetofThings(IoT),andArtificialintelligence(AI),sowillourdemandforomnipresent,high-speedandresilientdigitalconnectivity.Continuedinvestmentin

communicationsinfrastructuretomeetexistingdemandandtoprepareforthefutureismoreimportantthanever.

Despitethedigitalproliferation,challengesremain:thepaceofdiffusionofICTconnectivityisunevenacrosstheworld.Infact,muchoftheworldisstilllackingInternetaccess,withonly12

percentofhouseholdshavingafixedbroadbandconnection,anddevelopingcountrieslaggingintermsofhigh-speedbroadbandaccess—vitaltoboostingproductivity.Connectivitygapsbetweenurbanandruralareasremainaconsiderableproblemevenfordevelopedcountries.More

investmentisthereforenecessarynotonlytoexpandaccess,butalsotoimprovenetworkstomeetfuturedemandsandforuserstotakeadvantageoftheopportunitiestheyoffer.Supportingtheestablishmentofdigitalinfrastructureasanassetclassandattractingmorelong-termfinancinginto

thesectoristhuscriticalinthisregard,asfewinvestorscurrentlyviewICTinfrastructureasadistinctopportunityintheirinvestmentportfolio.

Ontheotherhand,thisalsorequiresfosteringsoundandcoherentpublicpoliciestoexpandICTconnectivity,includingcross-sectorinfrastructuresharingandreuse,andstreamlining

administrativeprocedureswhilealsoconsideringconcernsoverprivacyandsecurity.Presently,theseremainbestpractices,butarede-factoandnotappliedinmanycountries.Furthermore,asgovernmentsoftenrelyonreactive—ratherthanpro-active—policies,thepatchworkofsiloed

regulatoryregimesseemsincreasinglydifficulttomatchwiththecross-cuttingandborderlessnatureofthedigitaltransformation.

Whatissuesdogovernments,Internationalorganisationsandprivatesectorstakeholdersfaceinachievinguniversalaccessandprovisioningcross-borderdigitalconnectivity?Whataretheongoing

effortstoovercomethesechallenges?Whatcanbedonemoreandbetter?Aretheretechnologicalgame-changersonthehorizonthatcoulddisrupttheICTconnectivityitself—andwhataretheimplications?Alongwiththesequestions,thePlenaryIVpanelistsdiscussedkeyprioritiestoensure

thatICTconnectivitycancontinuetobridgebordersandmarkets.


• ICTtechnologiesasfacilitatorsforglobalinterconnectionofmarketsandeconomies• Infrastructureprioritiesandchallengesforglobaldigitalconnectivity• Cross-borderdataflowsandregulatorychallenges• FinancingICTinfrastructure

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• Thefutureofdigitalconnectivity:impactofemergingtechnologies(e.g.AR/VR,5G,HTS)onglobalconnectivity

Keymessages:Moderator:YooneeJeong,WorldBankAsdigitaltechnologieshavebecomemorepervasiveinourlivesandtheInternethasbecomeanessentialunderpinningofeconomicactivities,investmentindigitalinfrastructuretomeetexisting

demandandtoprepareforthefutureismoreimportantthanever.

Despitetheseemingubiquityofdigitalconnectivity—onlyabout50percentoftheworldisconnectedtotheInternet—challengesremaininbothdevelopedanddevelopingeconomies.TheunevenpaceofdiffusionofICTconnectivitycanbeseenacrossincomelines,urbanandruralareas,

andbygender.Inaddition,growthinbroadbandnetworkshasnotkeptupwiththedemands.Manydevelopingcountriesareunabletoprovideproductiveandrelevantdigitalservicesbecausetheylackthebackhaulcapacitytoupgradetheirtelecommunicationsnetworks.

Otherfactors,suchaslimitedaccesstoelectricity,highcostsofdevicesandservices,andalackof

awarenessanddigitalliteracytotakeadvantageofthetechnologiesalsoactasbarrierstoachievinglastmileICTconnectivity.

Potentialbreakthroughsintechnologies(e.g.,solarpoweredaircraftprovidingbackhaulservicesin

theair)andfinancing(e.g.,establishmentofdigitalinfrastructureasanassetclass)mayfillthegap,yetaframeworktoaddresscross-sectoralregulatoryimplicationsdoesnotexistyet.

Digitalconnectivityisseenasbothpublicandmarketgoodsandtherefore,attractingprivatesectorinvestmentwhileembeddingtargetsisachallenge.Regulations,therefore,needtobeadaptedto

strikethemid-pointbetweenpublicinterventionandmarketmechanisms,andtoaddresscross-sectoralcomplexity.Forexample,spectrumallocationcanbemoreflexibleandinterdisciplinarytoallowinnovationsintheICTspace(e.g.,Facebook’sAquilaandGoogle’sProjectLoon)totakeplace.

Keyreferences:‒ InternationalTelecommunicationUnion(2016),“MaximisingAvailabilityofInternational

ConnectivityinDevelopingCountries:StrategiestoEnsureGlobalDigitalInclusion,”availableat:https://www.itu.int/dms_pub/itu-d/opb/pref/D-PREF-BB.GDI_01-2017-PDF-E.pdf

‒ Mölleryd,B.(2015),“DevelopmentofHigh-speedNetworksandtheRoleofMunicipalNetworks,”OECDScience,TechnologyandIndustryPolicyPapers,No.26,OECDPublishing,Paris.http://dx.doi.org/10.1787/5jrqdl7rvns3-en

‒ OECD(2017),“KeyIssuesforDigitalTransformationintheG20,”availableat:https://www.oecd.org/g20/key-issues-for-digital-transformation-in-the-g20.pdf

‒ OECD(2017)“OECDDigitalEconomyOutlook2017,”availableat:http://www.oecd.org/internet/oecd-digital-economy-outlook-2017-9789264276284-en.htm

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‒ OECD(2017)“OECDScience,TechnologyandIndustryScoreboard2017—TheDigitalTransformation,”availableat:http://www.oecd.org/sti/oecd-science-technology-and-industry-scoreboard-20725345.htm

‒ OECD(2017),“WorkingPartyonCommunicationInfrastructuresandServicesPolicy—BridgingtheRuralDigitalDivide.”

‒ WorldBank(2016),“WorldDevelopmentReport2016:DigitalDividends,”availableat:http://www.worldbank.org/en/publication/wdr2016

‒ WorldBank(2017),“ReapingDigitalDividends—LeveragingtheInternetforDevelopmentin

EuropeandCentralAsia,”availableat:http://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/915381492691612366/pdf/114437-REPLACEMENT-PUBLIC.pdf

‒ WorldBank,McMillanKeck,andColumbiaCenteronSustainableInvestment(2017),“ToolkitonCross-InfrastructureSharing:Module8oftheBroadbandStrategiesToolkit,”availableat:http://pubdocs.worldbank.org/en/307251492818674685/Cross-Sector-Infrastructure-Sharing-

Toolkit-final-170228.pdf‒ UnitedNationsConferenceonTradeandDevelopment(2017),“InformationEconomyReport:

Digitalization,TradeandDevelopment,”availableat:

http://unctad.org/en/PublicationsLibrary/ier2017_en.pdf‒ UnitedNationsEconomicandSocialCommissionforAsiaandthePacific(2017),“Artificial

IntelligenceandBroadbandDivide:StateofICTConnectivityinAsiaandthePacific2017,”

availableat:http://www.unescap.org/sites/default/files/State%20of%20ICT%202017.pdf‒ WorldEconomicForum(2016),“InternetforAll:AFrameworkforAcceleratingInternetAccess

andAdoption,”availableat:http://www3.weforum.org/docs/WEF_Internet_for_All_Framework_Accelerating_Internet_Access_Adoption_report_2016.pdf

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ProjectinFocus:BlockchainandGlobalTradeSpeakers:GrahamSlack(Maersk)andLucaComparini(IBMFrance)TradeandLogisticscostsareequivalentto10percentofGlobalGDP:morethanUS$4trillioningoodsareshippedeachyear.Over80percentofthegoodsconsumersusedailyarecarriedbythe

oceanshippingindustry.Thecostoftradedocumentationisestimatedtoreachone-fifthoftheactualphysicaltransportationcosts.Byreducingbarrierswithintheinternationalsupplychain,globaltradecouldincreasebyupto15percent,boostingeconomiesandcreatingjobs.

MaerskandIBMformedajointventuretobuildablockchain-basedglobalsupplychainplatform,

seekingthefollowingbenefits:

• Moreefficientoperationsdrivenbyincreasedtransparency,improveddocumentflows,andhigherratesofcargothroughput

• Betterandmoresecureviewoftheflowofgoodsforcustomersandports,enablingbetter

allocationofresources,improvedtargetingaccuracyforinspections,lesspaperwork• Real-timeaccesstoend-to-endsupplychaininformationanddigitaltoolsforbrokerage

services

• Improvedplanningandutilizationofassets(e.g.,lessqueuing)• Greaterpredictability,earlynotificationofissues,fulltransparencytovalidatefeesand

surcharges,andlesssafetystockinventorySuchapproachseekstoincreaseflexibility,transparencyandefficiency,leveragingonblockchaintobringmoretrusttotradewithdevelopingcountries.

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PLENARYV—FinancingConnectivityDeveloping,financing,andfinallydeployingtheunderlyinginfrastructureforenergy,transportandICTconnectivityareprerequisitestoachievingincreasedlevelsofglobalinterconnectedness.Connectivityonlybecomesrealwheninfrastructureprojectsarenotjustdeveloped,butalso

financed.

Inthiscontext,however,financingbecomesamatterofeconomicviability,whichoftendependsonwhetherprojectsarefinancedthroughpublicinfrastructurespendingorwhetherprivateinvestorscanbeattractedtoinvestmentopportunities.Simplyput,onlythoseprojectsthathavepositive

expectedfinancialreturnswithacommensuratelevelofriskwillattractprivateinvestors,whileprojectswithuncertaininvestmentcharacteristicsorviabilitymighthavetobefinancedthrough

governmentsordevelopmentfinanceinstitutions.

Withpublicbudgetsforinfrastructureincreasinglyconstrainedandwithlimitedinternationaldevelopmentfinance,involvingprivateinvestors—particularlyinstitutionalinvestors—ininfrastructurefinancingwherepossiblebecomesincreasinglyimportant.Asystematicmethodof

“maximizingfinancingfordevelopment,”whereinprojectsthatcouldcrowd-inprivatesectorfinancingdoso,willhelpclosethefinancinggapinglobalinfrastructureinvestment.Developmentfinanceinstitutionscanhelpclosethefinancinggapinglobalinfrastructureinvestmentthrough

creditenhancementsandde-riskingtools,and“blendedfinance”toolsincludingleveragingprivatefundsthroughtheirownbalancesheet,improvingthebankabilityofinfrastructureprojects,andsupportingprivateinvestorstoaccessinfrastructureprojects.Roundingupthediscussionsofthe

day,thefinalplenarysessionfocusedonnewapproachestofinancingconnectivityinfrastructureandprovidedinsightsintohowpublicandprivatefundscanbeusedmoreeffectivelytofinanceprojectsinthespaceofconnectivity.


• Financingapproachesforconnectivityinfrastructure

• Privatesectorinvolvementinfinancingglobalconnectivity• Achievingbankabilityofconnectivityinfrastructureprojects• Financingcross-borderinfrastructureprojects

• Riskstofinancingconnectivityinfrastructure

Keymessages:Moderator:RaffaeleDellaCroce,OECDConnectivityinfrastructureprojectsacrossborderhavesignificantanduniqueupfrontcostsandrisks,whichmakesfinancingparticularlychallenging.Withpublicbudgetsforinfrastructure

increasinglyconstrainedandinternationaldevelopmentfinancealsolimited,asystematicmethodof“maximizingfinancingfordevelopment,”whereinprojectsthatcouldcrowd-inprivatesectorfinancingdosoisnecessary.

TheBeltandRoadInitiative,forexample,illustratesitspriorityinprivatesectorparticipationinits

high-levelinvestmentprinciples:

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• Addressingthehugefinancinggap• Increasegovernmentcoordination

• Privatesectorresourcemobilization• Enhancingfinancialinnovation• Puttinginplaceconducivefinancingenvironments

Recommendationsforwaysforwardincludethefollowing:

• Establishinginfrastructureasanassetclass• Developingadequateriskmanagementandmitigationtools–particularlyacrossborders

andjurisdictions• Expandingalternativefinancemechanismssuchasblendedfinanceapproaches• Expandingtheavailabilityofcapitalmarketsinstrumentsforinfrastructurefinance

• Publicaccountingregulationstoallowcapitalizationofinfrastructureassetsonbalancesheets,whichwillenablegovernmentstoaccountforamortizationeffectsofinfrastructureassets,insteadofliabilitiesonly

• Improvingtheefficiencyandsecurityofcross-borderpaymentsandoperationsofsupplychainandtradefinancingthroughuseofblockchaintechnology

Developmentfinanceinstitutionscanhelpclosethefinancinggapinglobalinfrastructureinvestmentthroughcreditenhancementsandde-riskingtools,includingleveragingprivatefundsthroughtheirownbalancesheet,improvingthebankabilityofinfrastructureprojects,and

supportingprivateinvestorstoaccessinfrastructureprojects.NewplayerslikeAIIB(US$100billioninbalancesheetcapacityfocusedonAsia)arecomplementingresourceavailablethrough

traditionaldevelopmentinstitutionsforsuchprograms.Theemphasisincludesnationaltrunkinfrastructurethatcanbeconnectedtoorsupportacrossbordernetworkandcombinedomesticandinternationalbenefits.

Wealsoseesomepositivesigns:AstudybyGIHubshowsthatover90%ofinvestorswantto

increaseexposuretoinfrastructureassets,althoughthisonlyrepresentsonlyarelativelysmallshareofoverallinvestments.AnotherstudybytheOECDbasedonsurveyresultsfoundthatfewpensionfundswereinvestingininfrastructureinemergingmarkets,andthatsomefundshavea

significanthome-marketbiastotheirinvestmentportfolio.2Dealingwithriskseffectivelyintermsofallocation,timescale,currencyandpolicyandinstitutionalchangeiscentraltoturningpotentialcrossborderprojectsintoreality.Withincreasinglysophisticatedandinterconnectedsystems,

cyber-securityriskshaveemergedasanewriskrequiringproactivemitigation.

Technologyinnovationinglobaldigitalpaymentservicesfacilitatestradeandecommercealsoincreasingfinancialresilienceindevelopingcountries.ForexampleproviderssuchasPaypalofferpaymentservicescrossborderinover200countries,whileM-PESA,Keniamobilepaymentservice

launchedin2007hasnowmorethan25millionusersinthecountry.Blockchaincanalsoincreasealsotheefficiencyofcrossborderpayments,increasingthesecurityofclearingandsettlementproceduresandtherebyreducingtheriskforcrossborderpayments.

2OECDAnnualsurveyofLargePensionFunds

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Keyreferences:‒ OECD(2013),“G20/OECDHigh-levelPrinciplesofLong-termInvestmentFinancingby

InstitutionalInvestors,”availableat:http://www.oecd.org/daf/fin/private-pensions/G20-OECD-Principles-LTI-Financing.pdf

‒ OECD(2015),“TowardsaFrameworkfortheGovernanceandDeliveryofInfrastructure,”

availableat:http://www.oecd.org/gov/budgeting/Towards-a-Framework-for-the-Governance-of-Infrastructure.pdf

‒ OECD(2016),“G20/OECDGuidanceNoteonDiversificationofFinancialInstrumentsforInfrastructureandSMEs,”availableat:https://www.oecd.org/g20/topics/financing-for-investment/G20-OECD-Guidance-Note-Diversification-Financial-Instruments.pdf

‒ OECD(2017),“BreakingSilos:ActionstoDevelopInfrastructureasanAssetClassandAddress

theInformationGap,”availableat:http://www.oecd.org/daf/fin/private-pensions/Breaking-Silos%20-Actions-to%20Develop-Infrastructure-as-an-Asset-Class-and-Address-the-Information-Gap.pdf

‒ WorldBankGroup(2016),“BenchmarkingPPPProcurement2017,”availableat:

https://ppp.worldbank.org/public-private-partnership/library/benchmarking-ppp-procurement-2017

‒ WorldBankGroup(2016),“WorldBankGroupGuaranteeProductsGuidanceNote,”availableat:http://ppp.worldbank.org/public-private-partnership/library/world-bank-group-guarantee-products-guidance-note

‒ WorldBankGroup(2017),“GuidanceonPPPContractualProvisions,”availableat:

http://ppp.worldbank.org/public-private-partnership/library/guidance-on-ppp-contractual-provisions-2017-edition

‒ WorldBankGroup(2017),“MaximizingFinanceforDevelopment:LeveragingthePrivateSectorforGrowthandSustainableDevelopment,”availableat:

http://siteresources.worldbank.org/DEVCOMMINT/Documentation/23758671/DC2017-0009_Maximizing_8-19.pdf

‒ WorldBankGroup(2017),“MobilizingIslamicFinanceforInfrastructurePublic-PrivatePartnerships,”availableat:https://openknowledge.worldbank.org/handle/10986/29024

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WorkingTogether:GICAandItsPossibilitiesSpeaker:GeraldOllivier,WorldBank

LaunchedbytheG20,theGlobalInfrastructureConnectivityAlliance(GICA)aimstoenhancecooperationandsynergiesofglobalinfrastructureandtradefacilitationprogramsseekingto

improveconnectivitywithin,between,andamongcountries.GICAexpectstoproducevaluebyhelpingcountriesandpromotersofconnectivityinitiativesaddressthebottlenecksaffectingboththehardwareandsoftwareofglobalandcross-sectoralconnectivity.This,inturn,willprovide

concernedcountrieswiththeimpetustogrowsustainablyandequitablythroughanincreasedflowofgoods,capital,people,andinformation(e.g.,virtualconnectivity).

TheGICAmembershipcomprisesnationalgovernments,includingChina;multilateraldevelopmentbanks,suchasADB,AIIB,EDB,andtheWorldBank;internationalorganizations,suchasOECDand

UNCTAD;andglobalinstitutions,suchasGlobalInfrastructureHub(GIHUB)andGlobalEnergyInterconnectionDevelopmentandCooperationOrganization(GEIDCO).

TheG20taskedtheWorldBanktoplaytheroleofSecretariatforGICA.EstablishedinJanuary2017,theSecretariat,basedintheBank’sSingaporeHub,outlinedaWorkPlan,whichwasfinalizedin

April2017afterintegratingcommentsprovidedbyGICAMembers.GICAfocusesoncross-borderconnectivityinthetransport,trade,ICT,andenergysectors.

KeyGICAactivitiesfor2017-2018include:(1)launchingitsonlinepresence,viagica.global;(2)identifyingkeyresourcesandgaps;(2)sharinggoodpractices;(3)mappingconnectivityinitiatives;

(4)developingaglobalconnectivityoutlook;(5)supportingcountriesinmovingfromavisionofconnectivitytoaprogramofprojectstoprojectsthatcanbefinancedandimplemented(knownastheVisiontoProgramtoProjectsinitiative);(6)andmonitoring&assessingconnectivity.Inthe

process,GICAwillbuildonmanykeyinitiativessuchasEnergyforAll,MobilityforAll,andtheDigitalInfrastructureinitiative.

GICAisfirstandforemostanallianceopentoallinterestedandqualifiedparties.Countries,

multilateraldevelopmentbanks,internationalorganizations,andprofessionalassociationsareencouragedtojoinasMembers.

OtherwaystocontributetoGICA:GICAvaluesanexchangeofviewswithpractitionersandthoughtleadersinglobalinfrastructureconnectivity.Thesecanbethroughface-to-faceevents,GICA

LinkedIndiscussionsorthedevelopmentofjointsolutions.TheGICASecretariatwillflagthemostactivecontributorsonaregularbasisthroughitsnewsletterandotherchannelsandgivethempriorityasspeakersorparticipantsinspecialevents.


• WhatisGICA?• KeyGICAactivities

• BecomingaGICAmemberorcontributor

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Keymessages:Speaker:GeraldOllivier,WorldBankThisGICAmeetinghasbeenagoodexampleofexchangingknowledgeacrossthemanyinitiativesthatintersecttowardensuringgreaterconnectivity.GICAfocusesoncross-borderelementofinfrastructureconnectivity,looksatcooperation,knowledgeexchangeandmeaningfulprogressin

termsofimplementationofconnectivity.Whatwasclearthediscussionisthedepthanddiversityofeffortsandchangeshappeningthatcutacrossmanytopics.Thereisaneedtotocontinuewithmoreeventsofthiskindandmoredetaileddiscussions,basedonprioritizedareasforcooperation.

TheconceptbehindGICAisbasedonfourmaincross-sectoralpillars:

• PlanningforScaleEconomies

• DevelopingSustainableInfrastructureCapacity• EnhancingEfficiencyofServices• EnsuringEconomicInclusion

Basedontoday’sdiscussion,thereshouldbeanadditionalcategory,onethatcutsacrossallfourpillars,leveragingonthecomplementarityacrosssectors,withafocusonhowwemakeconnectivityworkforpeople,whereitmatters.

CoreActivitiesin2017-2018:! LaunchingGICA’sonlinepresence—viathewebsitegica.globalandadedicatedLinkedIn

Group.ThewebsitefeaturesanonlineResourceLibrarystockedwithknowledgeproducedbyGICAmembersandothers.Membersareencouragedtosubmitnewresources.

• Identifyingkeyresourcesandgaps—BasedontheResourceLibrary,Membersdiscusshowtoidentifyandfillknowledgegapsindevelopingcross-borderinfrastructurebasedonGICAFrameworks.

• Sharinggoodpractices—MemberssharegoodpracticesandlessonslearnedintheformofknowledgeandpublicationsuploadedtotheResourceLibrary,throughvirtualdiscussionsonLinkedIn,andatGICAevents.

• Mappingconnectivityinitiatives—GICAisworkingontwofronts:1)Collectingadatabaseofkeyconnectivityinitiatives.2)Collectingkeymapsonconnectivitythatvisualizethevolumesofconnectivity,thebottlenecks,etc.,importantforprogressmeasurementatthe

policylevel.• GlobalConnectivityOutlook—Looksatfourmegatrendsandmultiplegamechangers

impactingthewayweconnect.Fourmegatrendshavebeenidentified:ChangingConsumer

Patterns,RebalancinginGlobalNetworks,DeepenedFocusonSustainabilityandClimateChange,andDigitalandTechnologicalRevolution.Thisactivitywillreviewhowmegatrendsandgamechangerswillchangethevolumeandtypeofconnectivityandinfrastructure

countriesneed.Identifyingandunderstandingthegamechangersisimportanttoavoidinvestinginassetswithahighriskofbecomingstranded.TheOutlookwillbuildoninputsfrommembersandcontributorstoidentifyanddocumentgamechangersandtheirlikely

impacts.

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• MovingfromVisiontoProgramtoProjects(V2P2PFramework)—Looksatvisionandplansdesignedbyregionalgroupings(e.g.,ASEAN),andidentifyinstrumentsfromGICA

memberstomovefromvisiontoprogramofbankableprojects,doneinawaythatsimplifiestheprocessofbringingprojectstomarketagainandagain.Forthat,GICAmemberscontributecasestudies,directoryoftools,projectreadinesschecklist,and

instruments/toolsdevelopedbyGICAmembers.• Monitoring&AssessingTools—Consolidatesuiteofapplicabletoolsdesignedtomeasure

connectivityperformance.Sharedamongmembers,thetoolsallowcross-sectorassessment

ofacountry’sconnectivityandabilitytomeasureimprovementmovingforward.MembershipFundamentally,GICAisanopennetwork,basedonvoluntarycooperationandexchangeofideas—seeinghowtoshapetheagendafasterandacrosssectors.MembershipinGICAisopentoG20and

non-G20countries,internationalorganizations,andestablishedassociations.Memberswillhelpflagprioritiesandpoliciesthatneedtobeimplementedtomovetheagendaforward.

Keyreferences:

–G20StatementlaunchingGICA:http://www.g20.utoronto.ca/2016/global-infrastructure-connectivity-alliance.pdf

–GICAWebsite:http://gica.global

–GICAResourceLibrary:http://gica.global/resources

–GICAMaps:http://www.gica.global/maps

–GICALinkedinGroup:https://www.linkedin.com/groups/10333024

–ParticipatinginGICA:https://www.gica.global/about-us/how-participate-gica

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SessionSummaries—January26ClosedSessionforGICAMembers

Approximately50GICAmembersattendedthe“roundtable”meetingson26January.Attendeesfilledsixtables,eachwithadesignatedconnectivity-relatedtheme:1tableonEnergy,2tablesforTradeandTransport,and3tablesdevotedtoICTandCrossSectorthemes.

Thehalf-daysessioncomprisesthreecorediscussions:i)ConnectivityneedsandprioritiesforGICA

ii)Financingconnectivity(VisiontoProgramtoProjects)andiii)Quantifyingconnectivity.

Eachdiscussionsessionconsistedofapresentation—basedontheGICAFrameworks—followedbyaninteractiveroundtablediscussiononthechallengesandpossiblesolutions,whichinturn,

helpedshapeprioritiesforGICAinitsnextphaseofworkprograms.Pollresultsasanattachment.

Session1:ConnectivityNeedsandPrioritiesforGICAModerator:GeraldOllivier,WorldBank,andRaffaeleDellaCroce,OECD

MartinMelecky,LeadEconomist,WorldBank,openedthefirstsessionwithapresentationonthe

WiderEconomicBenefitsofTransportCorridorsinSouthAsia,basedonaforthcomingreportbyADB,DFID,JICA,andWorldBank.Meleckyemphasizedfivepointswhendevelopingtransport

corridors:

1. Understandthechallengeathandbeforeproceedingwithlargetransportinvestments.

2. Focusonwidereconomicbenefitsindesigningcorridorprogramsrightfromthestart.3. Appraisethepotentialforwidereconomicbenefitswithspatialdataandreliable

economicmethods.

4. Engagetheprivatesectorbetter,consideringdisparitiesinregionaldevelopmentandembedsoftcomplementaryinterventionstoaddressnegativeimpacts.

5. Developtherightgovernancemechanismstomanagecomplexitiesofcrossborder

politicalcoordinationandinvestments.

Connectivityismulti-dimensionalandinterlinked.Thefollowingtopicsemergedfromthediscussions:1)settingavisionforconnectivityanchoredincarefuldataanalysiswithprivatesector

feedback;2)ensuringsuchvisionisdrivenbypeople’sneedsandleveragesonnewtechnologicalbreakthroughsandcross-sectorsynergiesandcomplementaritiesoverthelifecycleofsuchassets;3)fullyembeddingenvironmentalandsustainabledimensionsindevelopingsuchvision;4)

identifyingeffectivegovernanceandinstitutionalmechanismsthatcanensuresuccessfulplanningandimplementation,includingdisputesettlement;5)combininginternationalconventionsandstandardswithtailoredsolutionsalignedwithcountryandregionalneeds(e.g.,GEIDCO’sapproach

tointernationaltransmissionorWorldBank’sworkwithregionalpowerpools);6)leveragingonintegrateddataset(e.g.,http://energydata.info),bigdata,andcommonevaluationframeworksatmacroandmicrolevels;7)developingtransparentrollinglistsofprioritizedprojectsmindfuloftheir

opportunitycosts(divertingresourcesfromothersectors);8)mitigatingrisksassociatedwith

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projects,inparticularintermsofdebtsustainability,negativeimpactsofconnectivity,multi-countrycoordinationandinterdependency;9)identifyingupfrontmechanismstoaddressthelastmile

connectivityissuesintermsofpublicprivatesolutionsforefficientoutcomes;10)leveragingprivatesectorcapitalandinnovationwhereverpossible(e.g.,forrenewables).

Tothisend,threeprioritiesforGICAmembershaveemerged:

• Enhancingcross-borderandcross-sectorinstitutionalcooperationforinfrastructureconnectivityprojects.Thisincludessharingknowledgeandexperienceonmulti-sectoral

andmulti-dimensionalplanningapproaches,withsustainabledevelopmentobjectivesasacoreframework.Cooperationshouldbemindfuloftechnologicalchanges,complementaritiesandtrade-offsacrosssectors,andincludesgovernanceoptions,

regulatorycooperationandharmonizationoftechnicalstandards.Itanchorsdiscussionsintoasolidunderstandingofgamechangersimpactingthetypeofconnectivityrequired,aswellasoptionstomaximizeoverallbenefitsandminimizenegativeimpactsandrisksfor

individualcountriesandbroaderregions.

• Enhancingdataandmonitoringcapability.Thisstartsfromunderstandingwhatdataisavailable,inboththepublicandprivatesector,andhowtopullsuchdatatogetherwith

relatedmethodologiesformeaningfulapplicationsatcountryandregionallevels.Italsoincludesunderstandingwherethedatagapsare,inbothavailabilityandquality,todeterminewheredataneedstobebuiltfromthegroundup.

• Providingaplatformfordiscussionandexchangeofknowledgeandexpertise.MembersandcontributorsreiteratedtherelevanceoftheAlliance,andtheroleoftheGICASecretariatisstimulatingfurtherconversations.

Session1PollingQuestionsandResults

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Session2:FinancingConnectivity:VisiontoProgramtoProjects(V2P2P)Moderators:YinYinLam,WorldBank,andJoelPaula,OECD

GICA’sV2P2Pframeworkwasputtogethertohelpcountriesgothroughtheprocessofsettingavision,creatingaprogramofprojects,andimplementingthemmoresystematically.JennyJing

Chao,PPPSpecialist,WorldBank,introducedGICA’sVisiontoProgramtoProjects(V2P2P)initiative.

Vision:Upstreamsupporttoliberalizethesectorandreformmarkettomaketheincentivestructuremoreefficientisnecessaryfortranslatingconnectivityvisiontoprogramtoprojects.In

manydevelopingcountrieswhere,forexample,state-owned-enterprisesstilldominatekeyconnectivitysectorssuchastransportortelecommunications.

Programs:WithinMDBsorinternationalorganizations,initiatingaprogramcanbechallenging:incentivestructuresmaynotbeinplacetopromotetheholisticapproachandcross-sectoral

collaborationinorganizationswhereteamsareoftendividedalongindividualsectorsorcountries.

Projects:Unlockingthebarrierstofinancingandsuccessfulimplementationofconnectivityinfrastructureprojectsstartsfromastructuredprojectprioritizationandpipelinedevelopment.Awellthought-outandstructuredprojecthasabetteropportunitytoattractfinancing,andtobe

implementedtoo.Thereisadefiniteneedforinnovativefinancinginstruments,ventureequity,projectbonds,blendedfinances,andenhancingconnectivitythroughtransportinfrastructureandtheroleofofficialdevelopmentfinanceandprivateinvestment.

GICAhasdevelopedtwoV2P2Pproducts:i)Casestudiesforprogramsandprojectsandii)a

directoryofresourcesfromGICAmemberstohelpdemystifytheproductsofferedbyMDBsandotherinstitutions.Indevelopment:areadinesschecklistofquestionstoaskwhendevelopingconnectivityprojects.

KaoriMiyamoto,SeniorPolicyAnalyst,OECD,setthestagebypresentingthefindingsofan

upcomingOECDstudyonenhancingconnectivitythroughtransportinfrastructureandtheroleofofficialdevelopmentfinanceandprivateinvestment.ShepointedtotheinvestmentgapofUS$440billionfortransportconnectivity.

DebraKertzman,EuropeanRepresentative,AsianDevelopmentBank,discussedADB’sextensive

experiencewithregionalconnectivitythroughthelensofeconomiccorridordevelopment,inlinewithitsRegionalCooperationandIntegrationStrategyandits2016-2020OperationPlan.Sheemphasizedthekeyroleofsubregionalplatformsinsupportingprojectprioritization,andattracting

ablendedsetofpublicandprivatefinance.ADBemphasizedthemulti-sectorapproachatthecoreofitsvision,andtheneedtointegratenationalandregionalconsiderationwhenapproachingcomplexchallengeslikeenergyorwatersecurity.

GICAmembersidentifiedthefollowingchallengesrelatedtoV2P2P:1)securingtoplevel

agreementsforlargerprogramstomaterialize(e.g.,cross-countrypowersystems),throughleveragingGICAanditsvoiceattheG20;2)sharingbestpracticesinprogramprioritizationto

facilitatetheselectionofappropriatetoolswithafocusontheoverallprojectmerits(social,economic,environmental)foracountryandaregion;3)developingmechanismstobalance

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investmentsandbenefitsfromthevariouscountriesengagedinacorridor;4)analyzingregulatorydistancebetweencountries(tradeinservicerestrictivenessindex);5)quantifyingconnectivity

positiveandnegativeimpactsforallcountriesinvolved(economic,socialandenvironmental);6)understandingtheimpactofconnectivityprogramsoncountrydebtsustainability;7)developingmechanismstodealwithinitialnegativecashflowprofilesoflargeinfrastructureprojects;and8)

supportingnationaldevelopmentagencieswithdifferentlevelofcapacityinidentifyingandprioritizingprojects.

GICAmembershaveproposedthefollowingastheprioritiesforGICA:

• Developingmethodologiestomeasureandquantifythebenefitsofconnectivityprojectsofrelevantindicatorsandmetricsthathelpmembersassessmulti-dimensionsof

connectivityprojectplanning,whileintegratingabalanceofnationalandcrossborderneeds.

• Identifyingandsharingtheprocessesandapproachesalreadyinplaceforchoosingcross-

borderconnectivityprojectsacrossGICAmembersandotherrelevantactors,andinparticulartheG20.Thisincludeswaystoquantifythecostsandbenefitsofprojectsinameaningfulwayinthecontextofequitableandsustainabledevelopmentandtheirimpact

ondebtsustainability.• Identifyingnewfinancingschemesthathelpcountriesbroadentherangeofinstrumentsat

theirdisposaltoaccomplishtheiroveralldevelopmentgoals.

Session2PollingQuestionandResults:

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Session3:QuantifyingConnectivityModerator:CharlesKunaka,WorldBank

Quantifyingconnectivityandmeasuringimpactsiscomplex.Oneofthefactorsfeedingintothecomplexityisthevariedmotivationsofcountriesbehindinvestinginconnectivity.Reasonsfor

investinginconnectivityinclude,butarenotlimitedto,thefollowing:

• tocreateafirmbaseforeconomicgrowth• toobtainthescaletobeinfluentialincertainglobalissues• toenhancetradecompetitivenessandaccessmarketsinothercountriesorregions

• toincreasenetworkresiliencetoshocks

UNCTAD’sMarcoFugazzaclarifiedthatanothersourceofcomplexityisfromthemulti-dimensionalnatureofconnectivity,notonlyintermsofthesectorsittraversesbutinthatiscreatesboth

physical—infrastructuresandtransportservices—aswellasrelationallinkages,suchaspolicy,institutional,historical,andproductive.

Therefore,anidealapproachtoquantifyingconnectivitystartswithprovidingaframeworkfordefiningobjectivesandassessingimpactsofconnectivityinitiative,andconsiderstherelevantand

availableinterventioninstrumentsbeforelookingintotheappropriatemeasurementtools.

Forexample,iftheobjectiveoftheconnectivityprojectweretoexpandaccesstomarketsandopportunitiesthroughinterventionssuchastradeagreements,thenFDIandparticipationinGVCsandassessingthesuccessoftheinterventionwouldbeframedaroundtradecompetitiveness,

supplychainefficiency,andeconomicclustering.Hence,theappropriateimpactassessmenttoolswouldincludecost-benefitanalysis,trademodeling,gravitymodeling,internationalbenchmarking,andsupplychaindiagnostics.

Toolshavebeendevelopedtoquantifyconnectivity.Broadlyspeakingtheycoverthefollowing

dimensions:

TransmissionChannels• EconomicGrowth

o Capitalstockformediumandlong-termgrowth

o Agglomerationeffectso Keynesianeffects

• AccesstoMarketsandOpportunities

o Accesstoopportunitiesforpeopleo Tradecompetitivenesso Supplychainefficiency

o Economicclustering• BuildNetworkResilience

o Improvedreliability

o ReducedinventoryholdingsApproachestoImpactAssessment

• EconomicGrowth

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o Growthaccountingo Computablegeneralequilibriummodeling

• AccesstoMarketsandOpportunitieso CostBenefitAnalysiso Trademodeling

o Gravitymodellingo Internationalbenchmarkingo Supplychaindiagnostics

• BuildNetworkResilienceo Capitalat-riskanalysiso Networktopologyandresilienceanalysis

o PathandnodecriticalityanalysisRisks

o Congestion

o Spatialdistortionsanddisparitieso Socialandenvironmentalexternalitieso Contagioneffects

o Mismatchbetweenwhobenefitsfromandwhopaysforconnectivity

Quantifyingconnectivity,inherently,involvesrisksandbias.Therefore,unaccountedsocialandenvironmentalexternalitiesandmismatchbetweenwhopaysandwhobenefitsfromconnectivity

alwaysneedtobeconsidered.

Session3PollingQuestionandResults:

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AnnexI:EventPrograms

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AnnexII:SpeakerBiographies

SpeakerBiographies|January25

OpeningRemarks

HartwigSchaferbecameVicePresident,GlobalThemesonJuly1,2017.In this position, he oversees the World Bank’s engagement in thecorporatepriorityareasofFragility,ConflictandViolence(FCV),Gender,Infrastructure/PPPs/Guarantees, Climate Change and Knowledge

Management. This Vice-Presidency strengthens multi-Global Practicecollaborationandoverallresponsivenesstoclients.

InhismostrecentroleasVicePresident,OperationsPolicyandCountry

Services, Mr. Schafer was responsible for the World Bank’s business policies, practices andprocedures for lendingproductsandknowledge services for client countries.He ledanumberofkeyreforms, includingroll-outoftheBank’snewpoliciesonprocurementandenvironmentaland

socialsafeguardsandinnovationoftheBank’slendingandknowledgeinstruments.

Mr.Schafer,aGermannational,hasworkedforover27yearsintechnicalandmanagerialpositionsin theWorldBank,aswellas theEuropeanCommission.Hebringsstrongoperationalexperienceacrossseveralregionsandsectors.HisacademicbackgroundisinEconomics(PhD)andAgricultural

Economics.

Previously,Mr.SchaferservedastheWorldBank’sCountryDirectorforDjibouti,EgyptandYemenin theMiddle East and North Africa Region. Hewas Director for Strategy and Operations in the

Sustainable Development Network. Mr. Schafer has also served as Director for Operations andStrategy in the Africa Region, Country Director for Malawi, Zambia and Zimbabwe and ChiefAdministrativeOfficerintheAfricaRegion.

MasamichiKonowasappointedDeputySecretary-GeneraloftheOECDinAugust2017.HisportfolioincludesthestrategicdirectionofOECDpolicyon Environment, Financial and Enterprise Affairs & Anti-Corruption,

Green Growth and Taxation along with representing the OECD at theFinancial Stability Boardmeetings. Prior to joining the OECD,Mr. KonowastheViceMinisterforInternationalAffairs,FinancialServicesAgency,

Japan (JFSA) and President of the Asian Financial Partnership Center oftheJFSA.

In relation to this work, he served as Chairman of the International Organization of SecuritiesCommissions (IOSCO) Technical Committee from April 2011 until May 2012, and thereafter as

ChairmanoftheIOSCOBoarduntiltheendofhisterminMarch2013.HewasalsotheCo-chairoftheFinancialStabilityBoardRegionalConsultativeGroupforAsiafromJuly2013toJune2015,andChairmanoftheIFRSFoundationMonitoringBoardfromFebruary2013toJune2016.

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BeforejoiningtheFinancialServicesAgency,MrKonowasSecretarytotheWTOFinancialServicesCommitteebetween1994and1999,asCounsellorof theTrade inServicesDivision,WorldTrade

Organisation.Healsoservedfor4yearsattheOECDSecretariat intheEconomicsDepartment,atthebeginningofhiscareer.

FromSeptember2005toMarch2017,hewasaVisitingProfessorat theUniversityofHiroshima,GraduateSchoolof Social Sciences (FinanceProgram).HewasalsoResearchScholaratColumbia

University,SchoolofInternationalandPublicAffairs(SIPA),fromNovember2016toJune2017.MrKonoholdsaB.A.inlawfromTokyoUniversity.

PlenaryI—ConnectivityInfrastructure

David M. Gould is Lead Economist in the Europe and Central Asia (ECA)Regionof theWorldBank.David is theauthorof several books andpeer

reviewed journal articles on International Trade and Finance, Migration,and Economic Policy. Currently, he is leading ECA regional studies onnetworks and connectivity and financial market development. During his

past 11 years at the World Bank, he has led teams to deliver countrydevelopment strategies and analytical and lending operations in Europe,Latin American, and South Asia. David holds a Ph.D. in International

EconomicsfromUCLA(1990,withhonors)andisaCharteredFinancialAnalyst(CFA,2000)charterholder.Prior to theWorldBank,David servedas theDirectorofGlobal EconomicAnalysis at theInstitute of International Finance and Senior Economist and Policy Advisor at the US Federal

Reserve.HehasheldvisitingresearchpositionsattheCentralBanksofMexicoandChile.

MikeBlancheistheHeadofTelecomsStrategicRelationshipsatGoogle—leading Google's relationships with our key telecoms partners in Europe,

Africa, andbeyond, across all ofGoogle's businesses.Heworks atC-levelwithoperators, vendors,and telecoms industryorganisations, leading thedevelopment of partnerships to build value for both Google and our

industrypartners.MikealsoworkswithorganisationssuchastheITUandWEFontelecomsinfrastructureandmarketdevelopmenttopics.

Hehas20yearsofexperienceasanexecutiveandentrepreneurinvarious

aspectsof the Internet and telecoms industries.Mikeholds anMA in Engineering andComputerSciencefromCambridgeUniversity,andanMBAfromWarwickBusinessSchool.

JanMischkeisaPartnerattheMcKinseyGlobalInstitute(MGI),McKinsey’s

business and economics research arm, based in Zurich. He joinedMGI in2010 to lead its work on competitiveness and growth in Europe, and oninfrastructure broadly defined on a global basis. In addition to in-depth

analysesofmore than10 countries anda seriesof reportsonEurope,hehas led global efforts on affordable housing, infrastructure, and

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manufacturing.Janisafrequentspeakeronthosetopicsaswellasonbroaderglobaltrends.Hehasbeenalong-termmemberoftheB20taskforceoninfrastructure.

PriortojoiningMGI,Janworkedfor10yearsasaconsultantandassociatepartnerwithMcKinsey.Duringthattime,hegainedbroadexposuretotheEuropeanmarketlandscape.Heservedclientsin12 European countries in a broad range of industries, including telecoms, logistics, high tech,

automotive,media,andfinancialservices.

Carlos Grau Tanner is currently Director General of the Global ExpressAssociation He has formerly been Director of Government and Industry

Affairs at IATA, General Manager of Government & Industry Affairs atSwissair,andInternationalCivilServantattheCouncilofEurope.

Moderation:

AndreasSchaalistheDirectorofOECDGlobalRelationsandOECDG20SousSherpa.Inthiscapacity,heisresponsiblefortheOECD’srelationswithBrazil,

China,India,IndonesiaandSouthAfricaaswellaswithgrowingregionslikeSoutheastAsia,LatinAmericaandtheCaribbean,SouthEastEurope,CentralAsia and theMENA region.He supports the SecretaryGeneral’s objectives

for a regionally inclusive and globally relevant organisation. Between 2013and2016,heservedtheorganisationastheHeadoftheSherpaOfficeand

theGlobalGovernanceUnitattheOECD.HeworkswiththeOECDChiefofStaff and Sherpa to advance OECD contributions to key pillars of the global governancearchitecture, such as the G20, G7, APEC and the Deauville Partnership supporting Transition

Countries in the MENA Region. He also represents the organisation as a Sous-Sherpa in therespectivemeetings.

Since joining the OECD in 2008 he has also held positions as a Senior Policy Analyst in theInvestment Division of the Directorate for Financial Markets and Enterprise Affairs, and as

CounsellorintheOfficeoftheSecretaryGeneral.PriortojoiningtheOECD,Mr.Schaalheldvariouspositions during his work for the German Federal Government, including Deputy Director G8Summit/German Sherpa Office, Federal Ministry of Economic Affairs and Technology, Economic

Counsellor, German PermanentDelegation to theOECD, Paris, Vice Chair (elected 2005-2006) ofOECD’sEconomicandDevelopmentReviewCommittee(EDRC)andPolicyadvisorandchiefofstafftoParliamentarySecretaryofStateSiegmarMosdorf,MP,FederalMinistryofEconomicAffairsand

Technology. Mr. Schaal, a German national, holds a Master’s in Public Policy and PublicManagementfromtheUniversityofKonstanz,Germany.

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PlenaryII—EnergyConnectivity

YibinZhang,Ph.D,Professorlevelseniorengineer,Professionalleadingtalentof State Grid Corporation of China (SGCC), member of the Third YouthFederation of China enterprises, member of C1, CIGRE Chinese Committee,

ConsultantexpertofAsiaDevelopmentBank.Heisthedeputydirectorgeneralof development bureau, and news spokesman of Global EnergyInterconnectionDevelopmentandCooperationorganization(GEIDCO).Hewas

thedivisiondirectorofGEIofficeofSGCCandthedivisiondirectorofresearchcentre of GEIDCO. Before he joined SGCC, he founded the smart griddepartmentofStateGridEnergyResearchInstitute(SGERI)andwastakenthe

positionofthedirectorfor7years.Heworkedasanacademicvisitorattheschoolofelectricalandelectronicengineering,UniversityofManchesterintheUKform2004to2005.Hisresearchinterestincludespowersystemanalysis,cleanenergy,smartgrid,electricvehiclesandotherrelatedpolicy,

strategyandplanning issues.He tookchargeofmore than50 researchprojects,and someofhispolicy suggestions regarding renewable energy, smart grid and electric vehicle were adapted byChinesegovernment.

Nicole Iseppi is the only professional in the international legal and financeindustry (to date), who has worked directly in-house as a senior legal andstrategic adviser in both theworld’s largest IPP global energy company—

ENGIE (formerly known as GDF Suez) and also one of the world’s largestprojectfinancelenders-JapanBankforInternationalCooperation(JBIC).Sheassists and advises such leading international companies in the successful

delivery of their respective energy related interests, strategies andinfrastructureinvestments.PriortojoiningENGIE,Nicolewasalsomandated

to act as the adviser for establishing and implementing, on behalf of the Japanese Ministry of

Finance and JBIC— Japan Carbon Finance, Ltd (JCF) (a new financial institution created for thedevelopmentofgreenhousegasreductionfinancings).

Nicole’s career to date specialises in providing a legal and commercial advisory & project

management formof service, in relation toglobal energy infrastructure relatedprojects. Shehashad substantial experience in the strategic formulation, structuring, financing, execution andoperationalphasesofenergy infrastructureprojectswithin the IPP, IWPP,RenewableEnergyand

alsotheLNGsectorsofMiddleEast,Africa,AsiaPacific,LatinAmericaandEuropeanregionsforthepast 17+ years and has been with ENGIE since the beginning of 2010. As a result of Nicole’sinternational energy and legal experience, she was also appointed in 2016 to the core working

committeeandasaProjectDirectorfortheglobalsolarTerrawatt Initiative(TWI).TWI isaglobalindependentnon-profitfoundationlaunchedoutofCOP21,whichpromotessolardevelopment.

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AnneLapierre isaproject-bankinglawyerbasedinParis.SheisheadoftheParisEnergyteamandco-managerofourCasablancaoffice.Anneisinvolved

in a large number of energy transactions related to both renewable andconventional—oilandgas—production.Sheactspredominantlyinprojectdevelopment,construction,financing,acquisitionandtransferofprojectsin

the energy sector. Anne is recognised by all French and foreign marketplayers. She indeed advises developers and industrial clients as well as

investment funds and banks. Anne has more recently been active in the carbon markets and

assistedclientsonissuesrelatedtoemissionstrading.

Anne is top ranked by international legal directories for Energy and natural resources andInternationalprojects.AnneLapierreisdescribedas“oneofthemostskilledandtalentedlawyers

in this area in Paris” —Chambers Europe, France 2014. In 2013–2014 she has also beenrecommendedbytheExpertGuides,BestLawyersandWho’sWhoLegal.AnnewasadmittedtotheParisBar in1996andas Solicitorof theSeniorCourtsof EnglandandWales in2010. She speaks

FrenchandEnglish.

LaszloVarro,whohasworkedattheIEAsince2011,becametheAgency’sChiefEconomistatthestartof2016,succeedingFatihBirol,whotookover

as IEA Executive Director on 1 September 2015. As Chief Economist,Mr.Varro leads the Economics and Investment Office (EIO), a newly createdgroup within the IEA that aims to offer sound and consistent energy

economics and methodological support for the Agency’s work. EIO alsoprovides strategic support for the Executive Director’s agenda. Prior toassuming his new role, Mr. Varro served as IEA Head of Gas, Coal and

PowerMarkets. Inthisposthewasresponsibleforgasmarketandsupplysecurityanalysis,LNGmarkets,gasmarketreformsandinfrastructurepolicy.HeledtheElectricitySecurityActionPlan,theIEAworkprogrammethatprovidescomprehensivecoverageofthepolicy,

marketdesign, infrastructureregulationand investmentaspectsofmaintainingelectricitysecurityduringthetransitiontoalow-carbonpowersystem.

BeforejoiningtheIEA,Mr.VarrowastheDirectorforStrategyDevelopmentatMOLGroup.From

2000 to 2005, he worked as the Head of Price Regulation at the Hungarian Energy Office. AHungariannational,Mr.VarrostartedhiscareerattheNationalBankofHungaryaftercompletinghis graduate degree at the University of Cambridge and the Corvinus University of Budapest.

Moderation:

KwawuMensanGaba isaLeadEnergySpecialistandhasbeentheGlobalLead — Power Systems Solutions Group for the Energy and Extractive

IndustriesGlobalPracticeattheWorldBanksinceApril2015.AstheGlobalLead, he is responsible, inter alia, for providing technical leadership andquality assurance for a $16 billion generation, transmission, and

distribution portfolio. Prior to that, he managed large hydropower andtransmissionprojectsintheSouthAsiaRegion.From2008to2010,hewasbased inNewDelhi (India)as theWorldBank’s LeadEnergySpecialist for

46

India. In that capacity,he led thecountryenergy sectordialogueandmanaged theWorldBank’senergyprograminIndia(aportfolioofabout$3.3billion)tosupportalowercarbongrowthpathfor

thesectorandfosterinstitutionaltransformationacrosstheentiresupplychain.PriortojoiningtheSouthAsiaRegion,hewasaSeniorPowerEngineerintheAfricaRegionoftheWorldBank,wherehe led policy dialogue and worked on complex national and regional energy projects, including

severalhigh-riskhydropowerprojects.

From1999 to 2001,Mr.Gabaworked for SociétéGénérale as the Senior Power Engineer of theInvestmentBankingDepartment,whereheledthetechnicalduediligenceprocessandformulation

of technical riskmitigation strategies formany IndependentPowerProducer (IPP) transactions intheMiddleEast,Europe,andtheUnitedStates.BeforejoiningtheWorldBankin1996,hewasheadof theplanningdepartment for theNational Electricity Company in Togo.He is recognized as an

out-of-the-box thinkerwhohas receivedaccolades for innovativeprocurementapproaches.He isalsotherecipientoftheWorldBankFY2011InnovationChallengeandFY2015BigDataInnovationChallengeAwards.Mr.Gabaholds amaster’s degree in power engineering from the Interafrican

ElectricalEngineeringCollege(Coted’Ivoire).

SessionIII—TransportConnectivity

YoungTaeKimistheSecretary-GeneraloftheInternationalTransportForum(ITF).Hewaselectedbythetransportministersof ITFmembercountriesattheirannualsummiton1June2017andtookofficeinAugust2017.Priorto

hiselectionasITFSecretary-General,Dr.KimdistinguishedhimselfinthecivilserviceofhisnativeKorea,mostrecentlyservingasDirector-General intheMinistryofLand, InfrastructureandTransport (MOLIT).AsDeputyDirector-

General from 2015, he was responsible for coordinating various transportpolicies includingonautonomous vehicle, greenhousegas reduction,urbantransportation,IntelligentTransportSystemsandroadsafety,amongothers.

After joiningtheMOLIT in1994asDeputyDirectorforUrbanTransport,Dr.Kimalsoheldseveral

Deputy Director and Director positions with responsibility for housing welfare, integrated citydevelopment and overseas infrastructure construction.Hewas seconded to the PrimeMinister'sCommissiononAdministrativeReformin1996andthePresidentialCommitteeonSocial Inclusion

in 2005-2007. From 2010 to 2014, Dr. Kim worked in Washington, D.C., as Counsellor forConstruction,TransportandMaritimeAffairsattheKoreanEmbassy.

Dr.KimearnedhisMaster'sdegrees inPublicPolicyfromSeoulNationalUniversity,Korea,and in

Urban Studies from Paris University de Vincennes-Saint-Denis, France. He also received hisDoctorate degree in Political Sociology and Public Policy from the Institut d'Etudes Politiques(Sciences-Po),Paris,France.

Dr.KimspeaksfluentEnglish,FrenchandsomeSpanish,inadditiontohisnativeKorean.

47

Mar Beltran is a Senior Director, Infrastructure Sector Lead, InfrastructureRatings, at S&PGlobal Ratings.Mar joined the Infrastructure team inmid-

2017 as a Sector Lead for the EMEA region, providing leaderships andinsightsacrossthebroadinfrastructuremarketfortheS&PratingsteamMarBeltranwasformerlybasedinSydneywiththeGlobalInfrastructureHubAs

aSeniorDirectorof theG20Hub, she led thePolicywork in infrastructurebest practices and priority reforms for the G20 group. Her work includescooperation agreements with several Latin America and Asia Pacific

economies and advising Governments of both developed and developingmarketswithpolicy feedback across key areas, including governance and regulatory frameworks,planning,procurementanddeliveryofinfrastructureprograms.

Prior to the Hub, Mar spent a decade in Funds Management based in Sydney, working acrossinfrastructure investments and Funds for AMP Capital.Marmanaged a number of Infrastructureportfolios and invested globally on behalf of some of the largest Australian Super Funds and

sovereignWealthFunds.MarhassatonseveralinfrastructureBoardsasanon-ExecutiveDirector,includingMelbourneAirportandRelianceRailinSydney.SheisamemberoftheAustralianInstituteof Company Directors. She collaborates with the International Transport Forum of the OECD

developingtransportationnewpolicies.PreviouslyMarhadworkedfor7yearsinseniororiginationandassetmanagementrolesfortheconstructionandconcessionsgroupFerrovialandCintra.MarisanAerospaceEngineerandanExecutiveMBA.

Jan Hoffmann joined UNCTAD in 2003 and is currently Chief of theorganization’sTradeLogisticsBranch,responsibleforresearchandtechnicalassistanceprogrammesininternationaltransportandtradefacilitation.Janis

co-authorand coordinatorof the “ReviewofMaritimeTransport,” initiatedthe UNCTAD “Maritime Country Profiles,” and created the annual “LinerShipping Connectivity Index”. Previously, he spent six years with the UN

Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean in Santiago deChile,andtwoyearswiththe IMOinLondonandSantiago.Priortothis,he

heldparttimepositionsasassistantprofessor,import-exportagent,consultant,andseafareronan

AntiguaandBarbudaflaggedtweendecker.JanhasstudiedinGermany,UKandSpain,andholdsaPhDinEconomicsfromtheUniversityofHamburg.HeismemberoftheboardsofvariousjournalsandassociationsandpresidentoftheInternationalAssociationofMaritimeEconomists(IAME).

Graham L. Slack is A.P. Møller-Maersk's Chief Economist and Head ofStrategic Intelligence. He is responsible for developing the company’seconomic and trade outlooks and risk scenarios, drawing implications for

itsbusinessactivities,supportingenterpriseriskmanagementandtreasuryoperations, and the Executive Board and Chairmanship of A.P. Moller-Maersk.Hehas led numerous deepdive projects onbehalf of theGroup

CEOaimedatprovidingstrategicinsightforthecompany.

He has held several key positions before joining the A.P. Møller-MaerskGroup:OfficialoftheBankofEngland,AdvisortotheEuropeanCentralBank,SeniorEconomist,and

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Resident Representative, of the InternationalMonetary Fund inWashingtonD.C. He headed theIMF'sBalkanOfficebetween2004and2008,leadingprogramnegotiationswithcountryauthorities,

craftingsupportfortheseprogramsatthehighestlevelsoftheinternationaldiplomatandpoliticalcommunities,andactingaslocalspokespersonfortheIMFonSEEurope.

NaoyukiYoshinoisDeanoftheAsianDevelopmentBankInstitute(ADBI)andProfessor Emeritus at Keio University, Tokyo, Japan. He obtained his PhDfrom Johns Hopkins University (United States) in 1979 where his thesissupervisor was Sir AlanWalters, economic adviser to former British Prime

Minister Margaret Thatcher. Naoyuki has been a visiting scholar at theMassachusetts Institute of Technology (United States) and a visitingprofessoratvariousuniversitiesincludingtheUniversityofNewSouthWales

(Australia), Fondation Nationale des Sciences Politiques (France), andUniversityofGothenburg(Sweden).Hehasalsobeenanassistantprofessor

attheStateUniversityofNewYorkatBuffaloandaneconomicsprofessoratKeioUniversity.

Naoyuki'sprofessionalcareer includesmembership innumerousgovernmentcommittees.Hewasnamed Director of the Japan Financial Services Agency's (FSA) Financial Research Center (FSAInstitute) in 2004 and is nowChief Advisor. Hewas appointed as Chair of the Financial Planning

Standards Board in 2007. He has served as Chairperson of the Japanese Ministry of Finance'sCouncil on Foreign Exchange as well as its Fiscal System Council (Fiscal Investment and LoanProgramSection).Additionally,hehasbeenaBoardMemberoftheDepositInsuranceCorporation

ofJapanandPresidentoftheFinancialSystemCounciloftheGovernmentofJapan.

HewasnominatedforinclusioninWho'sWhointheWorldfor2009and2013,andwasnamedoneof the Top 100 Educators in 2009. He obtained honorary doctorates from the University of

Gothenburg(Sweden)in2004andMartinLutherUniversityofHalle-Wittenberg(Germany)in2013.HealsoreceivedtheFukuzawaAwardin2013forhiscontributiontoresearchoneconomicpolicy.

Moderation:

IzaLejárragaisaTradePolicyAnalystattheOECD.BeforejoiningtheOECD,

she was a Research Economist with the Regional Integration and TradeDepartmentaswellastheDevelopmentResearchDepartmentoftheAfricanDevelopment Bank. Previously, she worked at the International Trade

DepartmentoftheWorldBank,andpriortothatshewasattheTradeUnitofthe Organization of the American States. She has provided analytical andtechnical support to awide array of regional trade negotiationswith Latin

American and African countries, from Economic Partnership Agreements(EPAs) to the Free Trade Area of the Americas (FTAA) process. She did her graduate studies ininternational economics and development at Harvard University, where she has been a post-

graduate Research and Teaching Fellow and Visiting Scholar at the Center for InternationalDevelopment.

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SessionIV—ICTConnectivity

Nico Grove is Co-Founder of Di² — Digital Infrastructure Investment. Di²enables matchmaking between investors, service providers, asset ownersand other stakeholders. In parallel, he is heading the Institute for

Infrastructure Economics and Management, IEM. IEM is an independentmanagement institute based in Munich. Together with his team, partnersand clients from industry, finance, consulting, research and government

sector, Di² provides expertise for sustainable infrastructure investment,supportbusinessgrowthstrategiesandderiveimplicationsformanagement

and policy decisions. Nico was visiting professor at the CIS, Stanford Law School, Stanford

University.Before,hewasworkinginstrategyconsultancyatAccentureStrategyandA.T.Kearneyas well as in media production companies for TV broadcasters. He holds a Master in BusinessAdministration (Dipl.-Kfm.) and a Master of Business Research (MBR) degree from the Munich

SchoolofManagement,Ludwig-Maximilians-UniversitätMünchen,aswellasaMasterinEconomics(MEc)fromtheMacquarieUniversitySydney.

Catalin Marinescu is currently Head of Corporate Strategy at theInternational Telecommunication Union. Previously, Catalin was presidentof the Romanian National Authority for Management and Regulation in

Communications(ANCOM),supervisingthe implementationofthenationalpolicyinthefieldofelectronicandaudio-visualcommunications,aswellasofpostalservices,inpursuitoftheAuthority’smission:protecttheinterests

of the Romanian communications end-users, promote competition in thecommunicationsmarket,ensurethemanagementof limitedresourcesandencourageinnovationandinvestmentininfrastructure.

Dirk Pilat, aDutchnational, isDeputyDirectorof theOECDDirectorate forScience, Technology and Innovation. He supports the Director of STI inoverseeingOECD’sworkoninnovation,businessandproductivitydynamics,

science and technology, digital economypolicy, consumer policy aswell asthestatisticalworkassociatedwitheachoftheseareas.HealsohelpsensurethisworkcontributestothestrategicobjectivesoftheOECDtosupportand

developbetterpoliciesforbetterlives.

DirkjoinedtheOECDinFebruary1994andhasworkedonmanypolicyissuessince then, including innovation, the role of digital technologies for economic growth, climatechange and environmental innovation, labour markets, regulatory reform, global value chains,

productivity and entrepreneurship, as well as health innovation. He is currently helping tocoordinatetheOECD’snewGoingDigitalproject,whichisamultidisciplinary,cross-cuttinginitiative

thataimstohelppolicymakersbetterunderstandthedigitaltransformationthatistakingplaceandhelparticulaterecommendationsforpro-activepoliciesthatwillhelptodrivegreatergrowthandsocietalwell-being.

DirkwasresponsiblefortheOECD’sCommitteeforScientificandTechnologicalPolicyfrom2006to

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January2009,andfortheCommitteeonIndustry,InnovationandEntrepreneurshipfromFebruary2009 to December 2012. Before joining the OECD, he was a researcher at the University of

Groningen, where he also earned his PhD in Economics, working primarily on productivity andeconomicgrowth.

ChrisWeaslerisHeadofGlobalSpectrumPolicyandConnectivityPlanningand has been at Facebook since early 2012. Chris and his team providedirect support for Facebook’s Connectivity Lab and the Telecom InfraProject (TIP).Healso leadsFacebook’s crisis connectivity responseefforts

includingprojectsforebolaworkersinWestAfrica,refugeesinGreeceandJordan, and those affected by the recent hurricanes. Chris also currentlyserves on the U.S. Commerce Dept’s Spectrum Management Advisory

Committee(CSMAC).Priortohiscurrentrole,ChrisledtheinitialformationofFacebook’s Internet.orgglobalconnectivity initiative,andhasmanaged

Facebook's partnerships with mobile operators. Before joining Facebook, Chris held a range of

senior operational roles including VP of BusinessDevelopment at LightSquared and VP ofGlobalDevelopmentandRoamingatSprintNextel.AtPalmhehelpedlaunchthefirstwirelessPDA,andatOmniSky,Chrisledtheproductandbusinessdevelopmentforitswirelessportal.Healsoservesas

anadvisor to techstart-upsandVC firms,andhasconsultedwithwirelessoperatorsandadvisedtheFCConahostofroamingandspectrumissues.Earlyinhiscareer,ChriscodedcustomsoftwarefortelcoclientswhileatAccenture,andprovidedstrategicconsultingservicestointernationaltelco

clientswhile at KPMG.Hehas anundergraduatedegree fromMarquetteUniversity and anMBAfromDartmouth'sTuckSchool.

AnthonyWhelan is theDirector ofDGCONNECTDirectorateB, ElectronicCommunications Networks & Services, at the European Commission. HisDirectorate has the mission to design and monitor a legally predictable

(regulatory) environment for electronic communications in the EU. As thebasis for the Digital SingleMarket, this environment should foster a pro-competitive singlemarket for the roll-outofhigh-speed Internetnetworks

and the delivery of electronic communications services. This will be anessentialcontributiontoboostinnovation,growthandjobsinEurope.

Anthony Whelan is a barrister. He has been a lecturer in public law at Trinity College Dublin,followedbyanumberof years as legal secretary in the chambersof anAdvocateGeneral at the

European Court of Justice. Hewas subsequently amember of the Legal Service of the EuropeanCommission.HewasHeadof theCabinet (privateoffice)ofEUCommissionerNeelieKroeswhenshewas commissioner forCompetition, and laterwhen shebecamecommissioner for theDigital

Agenda.

51

EricWhite isProjectLeadfortheWorldEconomicForum’sInternetforAllprojectandWEFGlobalLeadershipFellow.Nearlyadecadeofexperience

in international development, beginning as a researcher with the WorldBank's Africa agriculture team. His interest in Internet inclusion emergedfromadesiretolinkruralpeopletomoderneconomies,andheco-founded

aconsultingfirmthatfocusedonsupportingUSAIDonthis issue.WithhisfirmheconsultedonInternetinclusionpolicyin10countriesoversixyears,before joining the Forum to take on his role with the Internet for All

project. In a previous career, he served for four years as an active dutyUnitedStatesnavalofficer.

Moderation:

Yoonee Jeong isadigitalpolicyconsultant.BeforejoiningtheWorldBank,Yoonee worked for TRPC, a think tank specialized in economics andregulatory issues of the tech industry, as the Director of Research and

Consulting.She ledclientengagementaswellas the researchprojects forInternetSociety,GSMA,Axiata,Netflix,GoogleandUSAIDandco-authoredseveral reportsonconnectivity,digital trade, financial inclusionanddigital

economy.YooneealsoworkedfortheUnitedNations—APCICT,aregionalinstituteofUN-ESCAP,leadingtheCentre’sICTfordevelopment(ICTD)capacitybuildinginitiative,whichshapedvarioustrainingprogramsforGCIOsandcivilservantsinover20countriesintheAsia

Pacific.

ShestartedhercareerinEMC-DellasadigitalmarketerandwentontoworkforOxfaminEthiopiaanalyzingagriculturalsupplychainforsmall-holdfarmers.Shealsoworkedasaprogrammanagerat

APWINC, an international NGO for women and ICT, leading APEC Digital Economy projects forwomenentrepreneursandpolicymakers.YooneeisagraduateofDukeUniversitywithaMaster’sdegreeinInternationalDevelopmentPolicyandobtainedherbachelor’sfromtheAteneodeManila

University of the Philippines. She plays ultimate frisbee competitively and is a member of theWomeninSportsCommissionwiththeWorldFlyingDiscFederation(WFDF).

ProjectinFocus:BlockchainandGlobalTrade

Graham L. Slack is A.P. Møller-Maersk's Chief Economist and Head ofStrategic Intelligence. He is responsible for developing the company’s

economicandtradeoutlooksandriskscenarios,drawingimplicationsforitsbusiness activities, supporting enterprise risk management and treasuryoperations, and the Executive Board and Chairmanship of A.P. Moller-

Maersk. He has led numerous deep dive projects on behalf of theGroupCEOaimedatprovidingstrategicinsightforthecompany.

He has held several key positions before joining the A.P. Møller-Maersk

Group:OfficialoftheBankofEngland,AdvisortotheEuropeanCentralBank,SeniorEconomist,andResident Representative, of the InternationalMonetary Fund inWashingtonD.C. He headed the

52

IMF'sBalkanOfficebetween2004and2008,leadingprogramnegotiationswithcountryauthorities,craftingsupportfortheseprogramsatthehighestlevelsoftheinternationaldiplomatandpolitical

communities,andactingaslocalspokespersonfortheIMFonSEEurope.

LucaCompariniisinchargeoftheBlockchainbusinessatIBMFrance.Heisabusiness-oriented technologist with 10 years in IT, grown with a multi-

cultural and cross-industrymindset; expert on IT Infrastructure, Linux andOpenSourcesoftwareandpassionateaboutearly technology introduction,crypto-currenciesandBlockchain.HeholdsaBachelor’sDegreeinComputer

ScienceEngineeringfromPolitecnicodiMilano,aMaster’sDegreeinGeneralManagement fromMIP-Politecnico di Milano, and an MBA fromWarwickBusinessSchool.

SessionV–FinancingConnectivity

Xudong Li is Director of the Department of International EconomicRelationsoftheMinistryofFinanceofChina,coveringregionaleconomic

andfinancialcooperation,includingtheBeltandRoadfinancing,ASEAN+3andAPECfinancialprocess.Prior tohiscurrentposition,Dr.Li servedasSenior Advisor to the Executive Director of China in the World Bank

Group. Dr. Li holds a Master’s degree in economics from UniversityCollegeLondon,andaPh.D.degreeineconomicsfromChineseAcademyofFiscalSciences.

ThiaJangPingistheSeniorEconomistinthePolicyandStrategyDepartmentof theAsian Infrastructure InvestmentBank (AIIB).He leads theeconomicsteam, responsible for economic analysis, as well as supporting strategy

formulationattheBank,“ChinaandSingaporearestrongexamplesofhowinvestment in infrastructure has promoted economic growth andtransformed societies. China has also greatly expanded on sustainable

infrastructureinrecentyears.IamveryhonoredtobepartofAIIB’smissiontopromotethismodelinAsia.”PriortojoiningtheBank,JangPingwasthe

Director responsible for national security and community budgets in the Ministry of Finance

(Singapore), overseeing spending on security, sports, community and telecommunicationinfrastructure.HavinggraduatedwithanEconomicsPhDdegreefromLondonSchoolofEconomics,hewasalsopreviouslytheDirectorforEconomicsattheMinistryofTradeandIndustry,responsible

formacroeconomicanalysis,researchandpolicyevaluationinthepublicsector.

53

Claire Alexandre heads PayPal’s Government Relations team in theEuropean,Middle East and Africa region. She has been at the forefront of

promoting financial access and enabling new mobile financial serviceschemes,especiallyindevelopingandemergingmarkets.Shewaspreviouslywith Vodafone, where she supported the development of the mobile

paymentandmoneytransferserviceM-PesainAfrica,AsiaandEurope:firstwhileinchargeoffinancialservicespolicyandregulation,andmorerecentlyas theHeadof theCommercialandStrategy team.ClairewasalsoaSenior

ProgramOfficerforFinancialServicesforthePoorattheBillandMelindaGatesFoundation,leadingtheir policy and regulatory strategy and programs. Prior to that, Claire held various policy andregulatorypositionspromotinganenablingenvironmentfordigitalandmobileservicesinLondon,

Brussels,CopenhagenandStockholm.

Morag Baird joined the Global Infrastructure Hub (GI Hub) in 2016 onsecondmentfromtheUKDepartmentofInternationalDevelopment(DFID)

andleadstheGIHub‘leadingpractices’mandate.ThisareaoftheGIHub’smandate facilitatesknowledgesharingbyanalysing leadingpractices fromaround theworld todevelop tools andpractical guidance thatwill enable

governmentstotakequalityinfrastructureprojectstomarket.

Morag is a senior infrastructure adviserwith over 25 years of experienceworking on infrastructure issues particularly in developing countries. She

bringsextensiveinternationalexperienceatbothpolicyandprojectlevelincludingworkedbasedinDFIDEthiopia,SierraLeone,BangladeshandCentralAsia.Duringherinternationalpostingsshehasledondevelopmentof infrastructureprogrammesand the relationshipwithpartner government

Ministries, private sector and NGOs. Prior to joining the GI Hub she worked at the EuropeanInvestment Bank (EIB) focusing on Africa strategy, blended finance and infrastructure projectpreparationfacilities,impactfinanceandresultsmeasurement.

BeforejoiningDFIDin2000,MoragworkedwithaUKengineeringconsultancyandherexpertiseasa chartered civil engineer spans all main infrastructure sectors especially energy, water andtransport.SheholdsaMaster’sdegreeinEngineeringfromCambridgeUniversity.

BlairChalmers isadirectorwithintheAsiaPacificRiskCenter,whichwaslaunched in 2016 byMarsh &McLennan Companies in partnership withtheSingaporeangovernment.Blair leadstheriskcenter’sresearchonthe

topicofinfrastructurefinancinganddevelopment,particularlyaroundtherisks,whichcanhinderprojectbankability.Heregularlywritesandspeakson the topics of infrastructure, energy and emerging risks. Prior to his

current role he worked as a management consultant in the energyindustry,mostrecentlyforOliverWyman.

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Moderation:

Raffaele Della Croce is a leadmanager for theOECD project “Institutional

Investorsand Long-term Investment,” in the financial affairsdivisionof theOECD.Theprojectaimstofacilitate long-terminvestmentby investorssuchas pension funds, insurance companies and sovereign wealth funds,

addressingbothpotentialregulatoryobstaclesandmarketfailures.Basedonresearch produced for this project, the OECD is contributing to the policydiscussions at the level of G20, Asian Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC)

and the European Commission, in particular through the new G20/OECDTaskforceonInstitutionalInvestorsandLong-TermFinancing.

AspartoftheOECDFuturesProgramme,Raffaelehasalsoworkedontheproject“TranscontinentalInfrastructureNeedsto2030/50” intheadvisoryunittotheSecretaryGeneral.Before joiningthe

OECD in2010,heworked inthe financial industry foreightyears,mainlywithErnst&YoungandMoody’s Investors Services in London. As part of international teams advising governments orprivate consortia,hehasbeen involved in theanalysis, structuringandnegotiationof the largest

transactions in the utilities and infrastructure sectors in Europe, Middle East and Africa region.Raffaele also serves in theadvisory committeeof theOECDProvident Fund.HewaseducatedatUniversityLaSapienzainRomeandColumbiaUniversityinNewYork.

WorkingTogether:GICAandItsPossibilities

Gerald Ollivier is the Transport Cluster Leader for the World Bank’s

Singapore Hub. He focuses on developing solutions to enhance urbanmobility and accessibility across Asia and to facilitate regional integrationthroughdevelopmentcorridors.He leadstheBank’sCommunityofPractice

on Transit Oriented Development and the Secretariat of the GlobalInfrastructureConnectivityAlliance,launchedinJuly2016bytheG20.From2010to2015,hesupportedthedevelopmentofmetrolinesandhigh-speed

raillinesinChina,asteamleaderfortheWorldBank.From1995to2010,hefocusedonWorldBank tradeand transport projects in EuropeandCentralAsia.Heisacivilengineerandafinancialanalyst.

Summation

JordanSchwartzhasworkedinthefieldofinfrastructuredevelopmentsince1991.HeiscurrentlytheWorldBank’sDirectorforInfrastructure,PPPsand

Guarantees (IPG Group). With offices in Washington DC, Singapore, andDakar,the IPGGroupbringstogethersixunitsthatstructure infrastructureprojects with guarantees and other credit enhancements; finance the

55

preparation of commercially viable investments; fund and provide advisory support and capacitybuildingoninvestmentplanning,regulationandPPPdesign;anddeveloptoolstohelpgovernments

prioritizeinvestments,assessfiscalliabilities,andstructurepublic-privatepartnerships.

Inhispriorrole,JordanwasDirectoroftheInfrastructure&UrbanDevelopmentHubinSingapore,a center of World Bank operational and analytical activity in East Asia covering the sectors of

transport, ICT, water, energy, urban development, trade, and infrastructure finance. Previously,Jordan served as theWorld Bank’s Manager for Infrastructure Policy, and, before that, as LeadEconomistintheSustainableDevelopmentDepartmentoftheLatinAmericaandCaribbeanRegion.

Before joining theWorldBank, Jordanworked as amanagement consultant in the power,waterand transport sectors. He was Sr. Manager for Infrastructure & Utilities at Deloitte EmergingMarketsand,intheearly-1990s,anAssociateinBoozAllen’sTransportStrategyGroup.

Jordanisanauthorandfrequentspeakeronawiderangeoftopicsindevelopmenteconomicsand

finance.Hehaswrittenextensivelyontherelationshipof risk to infrastructure investment,and isco-authorofthebook,UncoveringtheDriversofUtilityPerformance:TheRoleofthePrivateSector,RegulationandGovernance.

AndréLaboulisbothSpecialFinancialAdvisortotheOECDG20SherpaandSenior Counsellor to the Directorate for Financial and Enterprise Affairs

(DAF),whichcoversanti-corruption,competition,corporateaffairs,finance

and investment. His main tasks are to provide strategic advice andsupporton global governance issues, particularly onG20/G7 and APECfinancial issues. He is the Chair of the OECD interdirectorate group on

infrastructureandhasbeenrecentlyaskedtostrengthenthecoordinationofthewholeOECDworkoninfrastructure.

Mr.LaboulhasextensiveseniorlevelexperienceintheOECD,whichhejoinedin1987;in2002hewasappointedHeadofDAF’sFinancialAffairsDivisionand in2016 inhis currentpositions. Since

2011hehas represented theOECDat numerousG20andAPECmeeetings.Mr Laboulwrote thefirstmajor international study on bank/insurance and on regulation of private pensions andwasinstrumentalinthedevelopmentofvariousmajorOECDinternationalpolicyinstruments,including

oninfrastructure,financingof long-terminvestmentbyinstitutional investors,financialeducation,financialconsumerprotection,terrorisminsuranceandfinancialmanagementofcatastrophicrisks.

Mr. Laboul is the Secretary-General of the International Organisation of Pensions Supervisors(IOPS),ChairmanoftheOECDInternationalNetworkonFinancialEducation(INFE),andManaging

EditoroftheJournal,PensionEconomicsandFinance,editedbyCambridgeUniversityPress.

PriortojoiningtheOECD,Mr.LaboulworkedinBelgiumattheCentreforEuropeanPolicyStudies(CEPS),theCentreforLawandEconomicResearch(CRIDE)andinthePrimeMinister’sServicesforSciencePolicy.Mr.Laboul,whoisaBelgiannational,isbothanEconomistandaLawyer.

56

SpeakerBiographies|January26

Discussion

MartinMelecky is LeadEconomistat theChiefEconomistOffice forSouthAsia,WorldBank.Currently,heleadstheregionalflagshipreportontherisksfromcontingent liabilities inSouthAsia.Herecently ledtwootherregional

flagships on Economic Corridors in South Asia, and Finance for SharedProsperity in Europe and Central Asia. He has lead financial sectorassessmentprograms,developmentpolicyoperations, and investmentand

technical assistance projects in South Asia, South Eastern Europe, andCentral Asia. He is the lead author of the chapter in the 2014 World

Development Report on the role of the financial system in risk management. Before theWorld

Bank, Martin worked as Economist at the Dutch Central Bank, as Consultant at the EuropeanCentralBank,andasConsultantfortheCzechNationalBank.Inhisresearch,hehasbeenfocusingon transport economics, financial stability and financial inclusion, monetary policy and

macroeconomicmodeling,publicdebtmanagementandfiscalpolicy,andcurrencysubstitutionandexchangeratedynamics.ACzechnational,hereceivedaPhDinEconomicsfromtheUniversityofNew SouthWales, Australia. He co-authored three books and publishedmore than 30 papers in

professionaljournals.ViewselectedrecentpapersbyMartin.

Kaori Miyamoto has been working for the Development AssistanceCommittee (DAC) Secretariat of the OECD since 1998. As a Senior Policy

Analyst, in recent years, she has been carrying out research on OfficialDevelopmentFinancefordevelopingcountryinfrastructure.BeforejoiningOECD, Kaori worked for the World Bank on operations for health and

education in East Africa and also for CARE in Asia. She has a Master inPublicAdministrationfromHarvardKennedySchoolofGovernment.

Debra Kertzman, European Representative of the Asian DevelopmentBank,assumedhercurrentpositionon25September2015.Shereportsto

ADB’sDirectorGeneralof theStrategyandPolicyDepartment,under theOffice of the ADB President. Ms. Kertzman helps to oversee ADB'spartnershipwithdonorcountries inEuropeand institutionalcollaboration

with European development partners, coordinates outreach to keystakeholders, and supports dissemination of ADB's flagship knowledgeproducts.Her role includespromotinggreater awarenessofbusinessand

careeropportunitiesatADBandrepresentingthebankatkeydevelopmentplatformsandevents tohighlightADB'soperationsand the strongcollaborationbetweenEuropeandADB.Shealsohelpstoplan,coordinateandsupporthigh-levelmanagementvisitstotheregion.

Ms. Kertzman joined ADB in 2002. Prior to the present position, she worked as Director of the

57

Strategy, Policy and Interagency Relations Division of the Strategy and Policy Department (SPPI);Director of Public Management, Finance and Trade Unit in the Central and West Department

(CWRD);PrincipalFinancialSectorSpecialistinCWRD;SeniorFinancialSectorSpecialistinSoutheastAsiaDepartment;andFinancial SectorSpecialist in the formerEastandCentralAsiaDepartment.ShehasextensiveexperienceinADBoperations,businessprocessreforms,andstrategyandpolicy

preparation.

Prior to joining ADB, Ms. Kertzman was a securities lawyer at the United States Securities andExchange Commission (US SEC) in Washington D.C, practiced corporate law in New York, and

subsequentlyservedasanadvisertotheHongKongSecuritiesandFuturesCommission,andasanadviser/consultant on capital market development, including securities market regulation, in SriLanka,Kazakhstan,Lithuania,Latvia,Egypt,thePhilippinesandPakistan.

Ms.KertzmanisaUSnationalandholdsaJurisDoctorateinLawfromtheColumbusSchoolofLaw

at Catholic University in Washington D.C., an LLM in securities regulation from GeorgetownUniversityLawSchoolinWashington,D.C.,andaBachelor’sdegreeinPoliticalSciencefromBostonUniversity.

Yin Yin Lam isworking on trade logistics,maritime and transport projectsacrossAsia,asSeniorTransportSpecialist,WorldBank.Shehasworkedwithglobal port operator PSA, on Public-Private Partnerships in emerging

economies,andtheSingaporeEconomicDevelopmentBoard’sLogisticsHubDevelopment Team. As Director, Southeast Asia, International EnterpriseSingapore (formerly Trade Development Board), she managed a regional

team and facilitated Singapore-based companies to increase trade andoverseas investments. She holds a First Class Honors Degree in Economics

(NationalUniversityofSingapore),aMaster’sinEconomicsforDevelopment(UniversityofOxford)andaPost-GraduateDiplomainFinancialSectorManagement(UniversityofLondon).

Marco Fugazza is an Economist at theUnitedNationConference for Trade

and Development. Before his current position hewas an Economist at theFrench Ministry of Labour. He also worked as a Consultant for theWorldBank and the ILO. His research focuses on issues related to international

tradeanddevelopment.Hisworkhasdealtwiththedeterminantsofexportperformance,south-southtrade,non-tariffbarriers,thepoliticaleconomyoftrade agreements and the informal sector in labour markets. He has

authored several publications in the field of international trade andeconomicdevelopment.HeholdsaPhDinEconomicsfromtheEuropeanUniversityInstituteandaMaster in InternationalEconomics from theGraduate Instituteof InternationalandDevelopment

Studies.

58

Charles Kunaka is a transporteconomistby trainingandLeadSpecialiston Connectivity based at the World Bank’s Singapore Hub. He has

expertise on trade connectivity, economic corridors and transport andlogistics services. Charles leads teams working on several World BankfinancedinvestmentoperationsinAfrica,SouthAsiaandSouthEastAsia

andnumeroustechnicalassistanceactivitiesinvariouscountriesincludingAfghanistan, Bangladesh, Bosnia, Cambodia and Vietnam. He haspublished on several topics surrounding logistics and connectivity

includingtheTradeandTransportCorridorManagementToolkitandtheQuantitativeAssessmentofRoadTransportAgreements.Charlesco-leadstheGICASecretariat,whichishostedbytheWorldBank.

Jenny J. Chao is a PPP Specialist in the Singapore office of theWorld Bank,where she advises governmentsworldwideonmobilizingprivate investmentin public infrastructure. In particular, Jenny is an expert on the enabling

environment for PPPs (including legal and institutional arrangements),developing bankable pipelines of PPP projects, and project structuring andcontracting. Jenny also leads the management of knowledge resources

includingthePPPinInfrastructureResourceCenter(PPPIRC).Jennyhasalmostten years of experience advising sponsors, lenders, governments and

multilateral institutions on the development and financing of infrastructure projects around Asia

and the Middle East. Prior to joining the World Bank, she was a project finance lawyer atinternationallawfirmsHoganLovellsandShearman&Sterling,basedinvariousofficesacrossAsia.

Shealso represented theEarth InstituteatColumbiaUniversityas the resident coordinatorofanadvisory project to the Government of Timor-Leste on the sustainable investment of its oilrevenues.SheholdsaB.S.inInternationalPoliticsfromGeorgetown'sSchoolofForeignServiceand

aJ.D.fromColumbiaLawSchool,andisadmittedtotheNewYorkBar.

END

59

Formoreinformationonthe

GlobalInfrastructure

ConnectivityAlliance(GICA),

pleasevisitgica.global

_____________________________________

EventSponsors:

China–WorldBank

PartnershipFacility

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