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CHAPTER

2Analyzing Data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .30

LaunchLAB How can you form layers of liquids?. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30

Section 1 Units and Measurement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32MiniLAB Determine Density . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39

Section 2 Scientific Notation and Dimensional Analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40

Section 3 Uncertainty in Data. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47Problem-Solving LAB Identify an Unknown . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50

Section 4 Representing Data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55CHEMISTRY&health Toxicology: Assessing Health Risk . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59

ChemLAB Forensics: Use Density to Date a Coin . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60

Introduction to Chemistry . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2LaunchLAB Where did the mass go?. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2

Section 1 A Story of Two Substances . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4

Section 2 Chemistry and Matter. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9

Section 3 Scientific Methods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12MiniLAB Develop Observation Skills . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13

Section 4 Scientific Research. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17Data Analysis LAB Interpret Graphs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21

CHEMISTRY&careers Art Restorer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23ChemLAB Forensics: Identify the Water Source . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24

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1 Concepts in Motion Some Branches of Chemistry Ozone Depletion Web Quests Environmental Chemist Art Restoration Video Tracking a Crime Personal Tutor Mass and Weight Relationships

Concepts in Motion SI Prefixes Precision and Accuracy Web Quests Calibration Technician Assessing Health Risk Video Tracking a Crime Personal Tutor Scientific Notation Graphing Virtual Investigations Density

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Matter—Properties and Changes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .68LaunchLAB How can you observe chemical change? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68

Section 1 Properties of Matter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70Problem-Solving LAB Cause and Effect . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72

Section 2 Changes in Matter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76

Section 3 Mixtures of Matter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 80MiniLAB Observe Dye Separation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 82

Section 4 Elements and Compounds . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 84CHEMISTRY&careers Arson Investigator . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 91

ChemLAB Identify the Products of a Chemical Reaction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 92

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4The Structure of the Atom . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100

LaunchLAB How can the effects of electric charges be observed? . . . . . . 100

Section 1 Early Ideas About Matter. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 102

Section 2 Defining the Atom. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 106 Data Analysis LAB Interpret Scientific Illustrations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 113

Section 3 How Atoms Differ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 115MiniLAB Model Isotopes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 120

Section 4 Unstable Nuclei and Radioactive Decay . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 122HOW IT Mass Spectrometer: Chemical Detective. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 125

ChemLAB Model Atomic Mass . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 126

Concepts in Motion Gold Foil Experiment Properties of Subatomic Particles Structure of the Atom Radiation Deflection Web Quests Chemistry Teacher Mass Spectrometry Personal Tutor Finding an Average Virtual Investigations Decoding the Periodic Table

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Concepts in Motion States of Matter Conservation of Mass Types of Solution Systems Web Quest Materials Scientist Arson Investigation Video Matter is Made Up of Atoms Open the Faucet Hair: A Chemical Storehouse Personal Tutor Writing an Equation Percentages Virtual Investigations Laws of Definite and Multiple Proportions

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Go online!! Concepts in Motion The Periodic Table Noble Gas Electron Configuration Atomic Radii Electronegativity Web Quests Research Chemist Elements of the Body Video It’s Elemental Personal Tutor Identifying Trends Virtual Investigations Periodic Properties of the Elements

The Periodic Table and Periodic Law . . . . . . . . . . 172LaunchLAB How can you recognize trends?. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 172

Section 1 Development of the Modern Periodic Table . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 174Problem-Solving LAB Analyze Trends . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 180

Section 2 Classification of the Elements. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 182

Section 3 Periodic Trends. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 187MiniLAB Organize Elements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 193

CHEMISTRY&health Elements of the Body. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 195ChemLAB Investigate Descriptive Chemistry . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 196

Concepts in Motion Balmer Series Electron Transitions Electron Configurations and Orbital Diagrams

for Elements 1–10 Electron Configurations Electron Configurations and Dot Structures Web Quests Spectroscopist Laser Medicine Video Lighting Up the Night Sky Virtual Investigation Electron Configuration

Electrons in Atoms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 134LaunchLAB How do you know what is inside an atom? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 134

Section 1 Light and Quantized Energy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 136MiniLAB Identify Compounds . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 144

Section 2 Quantum Theory and the Atom . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 146Problem-Solving LAB Interpret Scientific Illustrations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 150

Section 3 Electron Configuration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 156CHEMISTRY&health Micro Scissors and Tiny Tweezers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 163

ChemLAB Analyze Line Spectra . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 164

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Go online!! Concepts in Motion Sigma and Pi Bonding Prefixes in Covalent Compounds Formulas and Names of Some Covalent Compounds Molecular Shapes (Animation) Molecular Shapes (Interactive Table) Bond Types Web Quests Flavor Chemist How Geckos Grip Video Chemical Bonding Personal Tutor Multiple Covalent Bonds Greatest Common Factors Virtual Investigations Molecular Shapes Covalent Compounds

Covalent Bonding . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 238LaunchLAB What type of compound is used to make a super ball? . . . . . . 238

Section 1 The Covalent Bond . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 240MiniLAB Compare Melting Points . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 242

Section 2 Naming Molecules . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 248

Section 3 Molecular Structures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 253

Section 4 Molecular Shapes. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 261

Section 5 Electronegativity and Polarity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 265 Data Analysis LAB Interpret Data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 269

HOW IT Sticky Feet: How Geckos Grip . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 271ChemLAB Model Molecular Shapes. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 272

Concepts in Motion Electron-Dot Structures Formation of Sodium Chloride Web Quests Food Scientist Lead Poisoning Video Formation of Compounds Personal Tutor Naming Ionic Compounds Virtual Investigations Ionic Compounds

Ionic Compounds and Metals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 204LaunchLAB What compounds conduct electricity in solution?. . . . . . . . . . 204

Section 1 Ion Formation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 206

Section 2 Ionic Bonds and Ionic Compounds . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 210 Data Analysis LAB Interpret Data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 216

Section 3 Names and Formulas for Ionic Compounds. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 218

Section 4 Metallic Bonds and the Properties of Metals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 225MiniLAB Observe Properties. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 227

everydayCHEMISTRY Killer Fashion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 229ChemLAB Synthesize an Ionic Compound . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 230

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Concepts in Motion Molar Mass Formulas of Hydrates Web Quests Medicinal Chemist Back-of-the-Envelope Calculations Personal Tutor Using Conversion Factors Virtual Investigations Moles, Mass, and Molecules

The Mole . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 318LaunchLAB How much is a mole? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 318

Section 1 Measuring Matter. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 320

Section 2 Mass and the Mole. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 325Problem-Solving LAB Formulate a Model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 326

Section 3 Moles of Compounds . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 333

Section 4 Empirical and Molecular Formulas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 341MiniLAB Analyze Chewing Gum . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 342

Section 5 Formulas of Hydrates . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 351everydayCHEMISTRY History in a Glass of Water . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 355

ChemLAB Determine the Formula of a Hydrate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 356

Concepts in Motion Steps for Balancing Equations Precipitate Formation Predicting Products of Chemical Reactions Web Quests Biochemist Bioluminescence Video Chemical Reactions and Equations Personal Tutor Balancing Chemical Equations Virtual Investigations Balancing Chemical Reactions

Chemical Reactions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 280LaunchLAB How do you know when a chemical change has occurred? . . . 280

Section 1 Reactions and Equations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 282

Section 2 Classifying Chemical Reactions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 289Problem-Solving LAB Analyze Trends . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 294

Section 3 Reactions in Aqueous Solutions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 299MiniLAB Observe a Precipitate-Forming Reaction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 301

HOW IT Lighting up the Night: Bioluminescence . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 309ChemLAB Small Scale: Develop an Activity Series . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 310

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Concepts in Motion Unit Cells Types of Crystalline Solids Phase Diagram Web Quests Metallurgist Cocoa Chemistry Video Enzymes and Surfactants Personal Tutor Law of Partial Pressures Virtual Investigations Kinetic Theory

States of Matter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 400LaunchLAB How do different liquids affect the speed of a sinking ball bearing? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 400

Section 1 Gases. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 402Data Analysis LAB Make and Use Graphs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 408

Section 2 Forces of Attraction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 411

Section 3 Liquids and Solids . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 415MiniLAB Model Crystal Unit Cells . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 423

Section 4 Phase Changes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 425everydayCHEMISTRY Cocoa Chemistry . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 431

ChemLAB Small Scale: Compare Rates of Evaporation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 432

Concepts in Motion Relationships Derived from a Balanced Chemical Equation

Limiting Reactants Web Quests Pharmacist Drug Resistant Pathogens Video Stoichiometry Personal Tutor Ratios Virtual Investigations Limiting Reactants

Stoichiometry . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 366LaunchLAB What evidence can you observe that a reaction has stopped?. .366

Section 1 Defining Stoichiometry . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 368

Section 2 Stoichiometric Calculations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 373MiniLAB Apply Stoichiometry . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 378

Section 3 Limiting Reactants . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 379

Section 4 Percent Yield . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 385Data Analysis LAB Analyze and Conclude . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 387

CHEMISTRY&health Battling Resistant Strains . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 389ChemLAB Determine the Mole Ratio . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 390

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Mixtures and Solutions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 474LaunchLAB How does energy change when solutions form? . . . . . . . . . . 474

Section 1 Types of Mixtures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 476Data Analysis LAB Design an Experiment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 478

Section 2 Solution Concentration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 480

Section 3 Factors Affecting Solvation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 489

Section 4 Colligative Properties of Solutions. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 498MiniLAB Examine Freezing Point Depression . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 502

CHEMISTRY&careers Environmental Chemist . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 505ChemLAB Investigate Factors Affecting Solubility . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 506

Concepts in Motion The Gas Laws (Animation) The Gas Laws (Interactive Table) Web Quests Meteorologist Hyperbaric Oxygen Video Gases Leagues Under the Sea Personal Tutor Combined Gas Law Virtual Investigations The Gas Laws

Gases . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 440LaunchLAB How does temperature affect the volume of a gas? . . . . . . . . 440

Section 1 The Gas Laws . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 442Problem-Solving LAB Apply Scientific Explanations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 444

Section 2 The Ideal Gas Law . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 452MiniLAB Model a Fire Extinguisher . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 457

Section 3 Gas Stoichiometry . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 460CHEMISTRY&health Health Under Pressure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 465

ChemLAB Determine Pressure in Popcorn Kernels . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 466

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Concepts in Motion Types and Examples of Solutions Dissolution of Compounds Strong, Weak, and Nonelectrolytes Osmosis Web Quests Pharmacy Technician Environmental Chemistry Video Water and Its Solutions Personal Tutor Calculating Molarity and Molality Virtual Investigations Salts and Solubility Colligative Properties



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Concepts in Motion Molecular Orientation and Collision Effectiveness

Web Quests Chemical Engineer Reaction Rate and Metabolism Personal Tutor Solving Reaction Rates Virtual Investigations Reaction Rates

Reaction Rates . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 558LaunchLAB How can you accelerate a reaction? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 558

Section 1 A Model for Reaction Rates . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 560Problem-Solving LAB Interpret Data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 566

Section 2 Factors Affecting Reaction Rates . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 568MiniLAB Examine Reaction Rate and Temperature . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 571

Section 3 Reaction Rate Laws . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 574

Section 4 Instantaneous Reaction Rates and Reaction Mechanisms . . . . . 578CHEMISTRY&health Reaction Rates and Body Temperature . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 583

ChemLAB Observe How Concentration Affects Reaction Rate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 584

Concepts in Motions Calorimetry Heat Flow in Endothermic and Exothermic Reactions Reaction Spontaneity Web Quests Heating and Cooling Specialist Alternative Fuel Vehicles Personal Tutor Probability Virtual Investigations Phase Changes Calorimetry

Energy and Chemical Change . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 514LaunchLAB How can you make a cold pack? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 514

Section 1 Energy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 516

Section 2 Heat . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 523MiniLAB Determine Specific Heat . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 526

Section 3 Thermochemical Equations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 529Problem-Solving LAB Make and Use Graphs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 531

Section 4 Calculating Enthalpy Change . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 534

Section 5 Reaction Spontaneity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 542HOW IT Driving the Future: Flexible Fuel Vehicles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 549

ChemLAB Measure Calories. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 550

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Concepts in Motion Three Models for Acids and Bases Ionization Equations Neutralization Reaction Titration Neutralization Reactions Web Quests Nursery Worker Acids, Bases, and Cooking Video Acids and Bases Personal Tutor Logarithms Virtual Investigations Titrations

Concepts in Motion Equilibrium Shifts Precipitation Reactions Web Quests Science Writer High-Altitude Metabolism Personal Tutor Equilibrium Constant Expressions Virtual Investigations Salts and Solubility

Acids and Bases . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 632LaunchLAB What is in your cupboards?. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 632

Section 1 Introduction to Acids and Bases . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 634

Section 2 Strengths of Acids and Bases . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 644MiniLAB Compare Acid Strengths . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 648

Section 3 Hydrogen Ions and pH . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 650

Section 4 Neutralization. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 659Problem-Solving LAB Apply Scientific Explanations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 668

everydayCHEMISTRY Acid-Base Reactions on the Rise . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 669ChemLAB Standardize a Base . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 670

Chemical Equilibrium . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 592LaunchLAB What is equal about equilibrium? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 592

Section 1 A State of Dynamic Balance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 594

Section 2 Factors Affecting Chemical Equilibrium. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 606MiniLAB Observe Shifts in Equilibrium . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 611

Section 3 Using Equilibrium Constants . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 612Problem-Solving LAB Apply Scientific Explanations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 622

CHEMISTRY&health Hemoglobin Rises to the Challenge . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 623ChemLAB Small Scale: Compare Two Solubility Product Constants . . . . . . . . . . 624

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Concepts in Motions Redox Reaction Summary of Redox Reactions Web Quests Potter Crime Scene Investigation Personal Tutor Balancing Redox Reactions Virtual Investigations Redox Titration

Redox Reactions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 678LaunchLAB What happens when iron and copper(II) sulfate react? . . . . . . 678

Section 1 Oxidation and Reduction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 680MiniLAB Observe a Redox Reaction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 683

Section 2 Balancing Redox Equations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 689Data Analysis LAB Analyze and Conclude . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 691

CHEMISTRY&careers Crime Scene Investigator . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 697ChemLAB Small Scale Forensics: Identify the Damaging Dumper . . . . . . . . . . 698

Electrochemistry . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 706LaunchLAB How can you make a battery from a lemon? . . . . . . . . . . . . . 706

Section 1 Voltaic Cells . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 708

Section 2 Batteries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 718Data Analysis LAB Interpret Graphs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 724MiniLAB Observe Corrosion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 726

Section 3 Electrolysis. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 728HOW IT The Pacemaker: Helping a Broken Heart . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 733

ChemLAB Small Scale: Measure Voltaic Cell Potentials . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 734

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Concepts in Motion Voltaic Cell Web Quests Alternative Energy Specialist Batteries and Medical Devices Video Hydrogen Fuel Cells Personal Tutor Calculating Potentials Virtual Investigations Electrochemical Cells



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Concepts in Motion Organic Compounds and Their Functional Groups

Common Polymers Web Quests Polymer Chemist Chemistry and Sensation Video Substituted Hydrocarbons and Their Reactions Recycling Personal Tutor Identifying Organic Reactions Virtual Investigations Functional Groups

Substituted Hydrocarbons and Their Reactions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 784

LaunchLAB How do you make slime? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 784

Section 1 Alkyl Halides and Aryl Halides. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 786

Section 2 Alcohols, Ethers, and Amines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 792

Section 3 Carbonyl Compounds . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 796MiniLAB Make an Ester . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 800

Section 4 Other Reactions of Organic Compounds . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 802Data Analysis LAB Interpret Data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 805

Section 5 Polymers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 809everydayCHEMISTRY Garlic: Pleasure and Pain. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 815

ChemLAB Small Scale: Observe Properties of Alcohols . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 816

Concepts in Motion Examples of Alkenes Examples of Alkynes Isomers of Pentane Sigma- and Pi-Bonding in Benzene Web Quests Petroleum Technician Methane Digesters Personal Tutor Naming Hydrocarbons

Hydrocarbons . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 742LaunchLAB How can you model simple hydrocarbons? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 742

Section 1 Introduction to Hydrocarbons . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 744

Section 2 Alkanes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 750

Section 3 Alkenes and Alkynes. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 759MiniLAB Synthesize and Observe Ethyne . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 763

Section 4 Hydrocarbon Isomers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 765Data Analysis LAB Interpret Data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 768

Section 5 Aromatic Hydrocarbons . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 770HOW IT Pooch to Power: How a Methane Digester Works . . . . . . . . . . . 775

ChemLAB Forensics: Analyze Hydrocarbon Burner Gases . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 776

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TTTTaTTaTaaablblblblbblbblblblleee e ee ofofofofofofofofofoffofofofoffffffofofofofofofofoofofofffoffoffffffffffoffofofofoooo CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC CCononoononononooonononononnnonononononononononononoonnnonoononnnnnnononnnno tttetetettetetetetetetetetettetttetetttetetteteteeteeeenntntntntntntntntntttttnttnntntntttnntnttntnttntntnttntnttntntntntntntntntntntnnntntnnttntnnnnttnntnttnnnnnntnn sssssssssssssssssss sssssss sssssssssssssssssssssssss xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxiiiiiixixixiixixixixiixixxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxixxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxTable of Contents xxix

Concepts in Motion Summary of Radioactive Decay Processes

Nuclear Chain Reaction Critical Mass Nuclear Power Web Quests Radiation Therapist Neutron Activation Analysis Video Radioisotopes Personal Tutor Exponential Graphing Virtual Investigations Half-Life

Concepts in Motion Amino Acid Examples Structure of DNA Web Quests Baker Molecular Paleontology Video Enzymes and Surfactants Personal Tutor Photosynthesis and Respiration

Nuclear Chemistry . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 858LaunchLAB How do chain reactions occur? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 858

Section 1 Nuclear Radiation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 860

Section 2 Radioactive Decay . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 865MiniLAB Model Radioactive Decay . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 873

Section 3 Nuclear Reactions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 875

Section 4 Applications and Effects of Nuclear Reactions . . . . . . . . . . . . . 885Problem-Solving LAB Interpret Graphs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 890

CHEMISTRY&careers Archaeologist . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 891ChemLAB Investigate Radiation Dosage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 892

The Chemistry of Life . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 824LaunchLAB How do you test for simple sugars? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 824

Section 1 Proteins . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 826

Section 2 Carbohydrates . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 832

Section 3 Lipids . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 835MiniLAB Observe a Saponification Reaction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 837

Section 4 Nucleic Acids . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 840Problem-Solving LAB Formulate a Model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 842

Section 5 Metabolism . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 844 CHEMISTRY&careers Molecular Paleontologist . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 849

ChemLAB Observe Temperature and Enzyme Action . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 850

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xxx Table of Contents

Glossary • Glosario 1006Selected Solutions 993Supplemental Practice Problems 977

Index 1032

R-1 Color Key. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 968

R-2 Symbols and Abbreviations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 968

R-3 Solubility Product Constants . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 969

R-4 Physical Constants . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 969

R-5 Names and Charges of Polyatomic Ions. . . . . . . . . . 970

R-6 Ionization Constants . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 970

R-7 Properties of Elements. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 971

R-8 Solubility Guidelines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 974

R-9 Specific Heat Values . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 975

R-10 Molal Freezing Point Depression and Boiling Point Elevation Constants . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 975

R-11 Heat of Formation Values. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 975

R-12 Safety Symbols . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 976

Reference Tables 968

Elements Handbook 901Hydrogen. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 904

Group 1: Alkali Metals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 906

Group 2: Alkaline Earth Metals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 910

Groups 3–12: Transition Elements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 916

Group 13: Boron Group . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 922

Group 14: Carbon Group . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 926

Group 15: Nitrogen Group . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 932

Group 16: Oxygen Group . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 936

Group 17: Halogen Group. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 940

Group 18: Noble Gases . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 944

Math Handbook 946Scientific Notation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 946

Operations with Scientific Notation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 948

Square and Cube Roots . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 949

Significant Figures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 949

Solving Algebraic Equations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 954

Dimensional Analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 956

Unit Conversion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 957

Drawing Line Graphs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 959

Using Line Graphs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 961

Ratios, Fractions, and Percents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 964

Operations Involving Fractions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 965

Logarithms and Antilogarithms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 966



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