Table of Contents

Abstract 3

Acknowledgments 4

List of figures 9

List of tables 9

List of abbreviations 12

Introduction 14

Research questions 16

PART I: THEORETICAL CHAPTER

1) Conceptualizing citizenship light as a dependent variable ................... eee 17

IECUR ae ce ерьвнь 17

1.1.1) Citizenship light definition... ss tnnt 17

1.1.2) The inevitable lightening of citizenship ss 18

1.1.3) CL in the context of direct democracy sis 18

1.1.4) Citizenship light domain iii netten nnne 19

1.2) Specification of citizenship: the two dimensions of citizenship ................ esses 21

1.2.1) General definition: citizenship as System of rights and legal status............................ 21

1.2.2) Normative dimensions of citizenship ii entente 22

1.3) Operationalization: Policies concerning the two dimensions of citizenship...................... 26

1.3.1) Individual citizenship policies in the direct democratic context ................ sss 26

1.3.2) Collective citizenship policies in the direct democratic context... 29

2) Existing explanations on extension and restrictions of CL .................... eere 31

2.1) Government ideology (LEFT, -LEFT).......... 32

2.2) Presence or absence of strong far right populist parties (POP, —POP)...........................-.......:33

3) Further potential explanation of restriction of CL in the context of popular votes........... 34

3.1) Popular initiated referendums (INI, INT) ses 34

3.2) Political elite cohesive or split Ше геРегепаит (ЕТЛТЕ, -ЕЛАТЕ)...... иене 35

3.3) Referendum with multiple or single issues (MULT, -MULT) li 36

4) Expected causal configurations 36

4.1) Hurdles in the direct democracy arena... iii 37

4.2) Configurational condition for the CL success in the context of the direct democratic arena .38

4.3) Expected configurations in CL failure in the context of direct democracy ............................ 41

5) Other conditions not considered 42

5.1) Conditions built considering their probabilistic effects ..................... ii 42

5.2) Circumstantial conditions that are intrinsic to the ontology of existent conditions................ 44

5.3) Conditions соуеге4 Бу Ше апа|уз15 ргосе$$.......... nen ne nnne 44

5.4) Conditions not applicable to our context ss 45

6) Case selection 46

6.1) Scope conditions and other criteria... ii 46

6.1.1) Scope condition ...............ssesssssseseeseeene eren nnne tenete nnne 46

6.1.2) Period studied and Context... ...........:2:. neceiseoe iii 46

6.13) ACCESS © ЧАТА ——————— adri 47

6.2) Specification of the population of referendums that will be analysed иене 48

6.3) Final de facto population... i 64

6.4) Cases not Cousine nn ne nel emmené teinte 66

7) Methodology QCA 67

7.1) Comparative method on Medium-N size of cases iii 68

7.2) The set theoretic nature of conditions... ss 68

7.3) Configurational methods... 69

8) QCA process and terminology 71

PART II: EMPIRICAL ANALYSIS

9) Calibration, crisp sets, and fuzzy sets 72

9:1) Crisp-Seb conditionis... ra does eee eee ie eee tenons 73

9.2) Fuzzy set conditions... siennes 73

9.3) — Calibration TEChNIQUE 2... 74

9,4) Principles of calibration 2... 74

9.5) Fuzzy multiple attribute conditions (FMACS)....... hene 75

9.5.1) Definition of FMAC........... ie 75

9.5.2) Causal heterogeneity —————— ьреьнакьты 76

9.5.3) Empiticäluncertainty a... ernennen 77

10) Condition calibration 79

10.1) Outcome calibration (OUT, -OUT)

10.2) Left wing government calibration (LEFT, -LEFT).......... iii 80

10.3) Strong populist party calibration (POP, -POP) nier 80

10.4) Popular initiated referendums opposed by the government (INI, <INI).............................. 81

10.5) Popular votes with multiple-issue calibration (MULT, -MULT) ..

10.6) Political elite split/cohesive calibration (ELITE, -ELITE)

11) Final calibrated condition 82

12) fsQCA analysis process: causal homogeneous subgroups categorization eee 83

12.1) Causal homogeneous SUbgrOUPS ir 84

12.2) The geographical distribution..." 85

12.3) Specific referendum topic ................. eee trente tnc 86

12.4) Theoretical framework level... in 87

12.5) Jurisdiction MM 88

12.6) Summary of possible causal homogeneous groups... iii 89

12.7) Other possible causal homogenous subgroups iii tenes 91

12.8) Analysis considering causal homogeneity лилии, 92

13) fsQCA analysis: solutions interpretation and principles eese eterne 94

14) Collective citizenship rights referendums 97

14.1) fsQCA analysis in relation to membership to supranational organizations’ referendums....98

14.1.1) Necessary Conditions supranational organization’s membership success and failure...98

14.1.2) Sufficient conditions supranational organization’s membership success линия 99

14.1.3) Sufficient conditions for supranational organization’s membership failure ................ 102

14.1.4) Sufficient solutions discussion iii 104

15) Individual citizenship rights referendums 105

15.1) fsQCA in relation to the success of referendums on individual citizenship rights ............. 106

15.1.1) Necessary condition for individual citizenship success (technical explanations) ........ 106

15.1.2) Sufficient condition results for CL success (technical explanation) ............................ 109

15.2) Discussion on the CL SUCCESS inner tette ncn 112

SO O ое a 112

15.2.2) Discussion on the analysis of necessity for the success of CL referendums................ 112

15.2.3) Discussion on the analysis of sufficiency for the success of CL referendums............. 113

15.3) fsQCA in relation to the failure of refreendums on individual citizenship rights .

15.3.1) Necessary condition for CL failure (technical explanation) ......................... .122

15.3.2) Sufficient condition results for CL failure (technical explanation).........................s 125

15.4) Discussion on the failure of political rights extension in the context of direct democracy 127

15.4.1) Discussion on the analysis of necessity for the failure of CL referendums ................. 127

15.4.2) Discussion on the analysis of sufficiency for the failure of CL referedums ................ 128

Conclusions 148

Major methodological contribution to set-theoretic analysis .................... sese 148

Kéy Empirical finding... 153

Limitations found inthe thesis….:.:....................,............,,.......................... 157

Recommendationsfor further research... 159

Further methodological developments iii eee rene eine 159

Further empirical developments ss 159

CONCLUINE FÉMAERS ——————————— 160

BIBLIOGRAPHY 161

ANNEX 1: CALIBRATION PROCEDURE DETAILS 169

ANNEX 2: CONDITIONS’ CALIBRATION 183

ANNEX 3: TRUTH TABLES, EXPECTATIONS, ROBOUSTNESS TEST sus 209

ANNEX 4: POPULIST PROPAGANDA POSTER 221