Transactional Analysis Transactional Analysis

Additonal ppt by suryaAdditonal ppt by surya

Dr Neil SequeiraDr Neil Sequeira

Aims:Aims:

Understand the main aspects of Understand the main aspects of the theorythe theory

Identify situations where TA can Identify situations where TA can be usefully employedbe usefully employed

Understand more about your Understand more about your typical behaviourstypical behaviours

Recognize how TA can be used to Recognize how TA can be used to aid personal developmentaid personal development

What is Transactional Analysis?What is Transactional Analysis?

TA is a theory about how and why TA is a theory about how and why people behave the way they dopeople behave the way they do

Major areas of TAMajor areas of TA Ego statesEgo states TransactionsTransactions Strokes and gamesStrokes and games Life positionsLife positions

TA can help youTA can help you

Respond to a person and situation Respond to a person and situation more appropriatelymore appropriately

Build rapportBuild rapport Understand someone else’s needsUnderstand someone else’s needs Deal more effectively with difficult Deal more effectively with difficult

peoplepeople Be assertiveBe assertive Understand how you behave and whyUnderstand how you behave and why

Ego StatesEgo States

An EGO state is a consistent An EGO state is a consistent pattern of feeling and experience, pattern of feeling and experience, related to a corresponding related to a corresponding pattern of behaviorpattern of behavior

E.Berne states that each personE.Berne states that each personhas 3 Ego States has 3 Ego States The ParentThe Parent The AdultThe Adult The ChildThe Child

The Parent StateThe Parent State

The Parent State is a collection The Parent State is a collection of attitudes, thoughts and of attitudes, thoughts and behaviors which we have behaviors which we have accumulated accumulated

The ParentThe Parent

The Critical The Critical ParentParent

Gives us directions Gives us directions and controls and and controls and limits our behaviorlimits our behavior

““should, ought, must, should, ought, must, nevernever

Nurturing ParentNurturing Parent

Protects and Protects and encourages, encourages, provides care and provides care and lovelove

““there, there there, there sweetie; Try again. sweetie; Try again. It’s all right”It’s all right”

Recognizing the Parent StateRecognizing the Parent State

A person in a NP stated is likelyA person in a NP stated is likely Use words such as well-done, good, Use words such as well-done, good,

gentle, caring, don't worrygentle, caring, don't worry Use a loving, caring, comforting or Use a loving, caring, comforting or

concerned tone of voiceconcerned tone of voice Use open, encouraging gestures, smiling, Use open, encouraging gestures, smiling,

leaning forward, nodding of headleaning forward, nodding of head Have a caring, understanding attitudeHave a caring, understanding attitude

Recognizing the Parent StateRecognizing the Parent State

A person in CP state may:A person in CP state may: Use words , such as bad, should, ought, Use words , such as bad, should, ought,

must, always, ridiculous, unacceptablemust, always, ridiculous, unacceptable Use a patronizing, critical or disapproving Use a patronizing, critical or disapproving

tone of voicetone of voice Use aggressive gesturesUse aggressive gestures Come across as judgmental, authoritarianCome across as judgmental, authoritarian Be intimidating or controllingBe intimidating or controlling

The Adult StateThe Adult State

The Adult State are behaviors The Adult State are behaviors oriented to current reality and oriented to current reality and objective gathering information. objective gathering information.

Recognizing the Adult StateRecognizing the Adult State

A person in as Adult Sated is likely toA person in as Adult Sated is likely to Speak in an even voiceSpeak in an even voice Have an erect posture and use open Have an erect posture and use open

gesturesgestures Be alert and thoughtful about a problem Be alert and thoughtful about a problem

they are facingthey are facing Clarify the situation by careful questioningClarify the situation by careful questioning Hypothesize and process informationHypothesize and process information Use words like Use words like correct, how, what, why, correct, how, what, why,

practical, qualitypractical, quality

The Child StateThe Child State

Free childFree child

Impulsive andImpulsive and

carefree,carefree,

communicating communicating

through through feelingfeeling

behaviorsbehaviors

Adapted childAdapted child

Submissive and Submissive and conforming conforming behaviors,behaviors,

Looking for approval Looking for approval and reassuranceand reassurance

Recognizing the Child StateRecognizing the Child State

A person in a free child stateA person in a free child state Use words as wow, great, ouch, wantUse words as wow, great, ouch, want Talk loudly, energetically, free of Talk loudly, energetically, free of

constraintconstraint Use spontaneous gestures and Use spontaneous gestures and

expressionsexpressions Be curious, fun-loving, changeableBe curious, fun-loving, changeable

Recognizing the Child StateRecognizing the Child State

A person in adapted child mayA person in adapted child may Use words such as can’t, try, hope, Use words such as can’t, try, hope,

please, perhaps, wishplease, perhaps, wish Sound sulky whinny, placatingSound sulky whinny, placating Come across as innocent, helpless, Come across as innocent, helpless,

sad, scaredsad, scared Act in a defiant, ashamed or Act in a defiant, ashamed or

compliant waycompliant way

People generally exhibit all three Ego states. All three Ego states are necessary to healthy personality

People can change the frequency of which They use one ego state by concentrating Or developing another

The Child StateThe Child State

Free childFree child

Impulsive andImpulsive and

carefree,carefree,

communicating communicating

through through feelingfeeling

behaviorsbehaviors

Adapted childAdapted child

Submissive and Submissive and conforming conforming behaviors,behaviors,

Looking for approval Looking for approval and reassuranceand reassurance

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BASIC HUMAN EGO STATESBASIC HUMAN EGO STATES((PERSONALITY STATES)PERSONALITY STATES)

THREE BASIC THREE BASIC

EGO STATESEGO STATES

FURTHER BREAKDOWN OF FURTHER BREAKDOWN OF EGO STATESEGO STATES

P(PARENT)

A(ADULT)

C(CHILD)

CRITICAL PARENT

NURTURING PARENT

ADULT

ADAPTED CHILD

NATURAL CHILD

LECTURING, CRITICIZING, MANY “OUGHTS”, “SHOULD” &”DON’TS”

CONSOLING, “TAKING CARE” OF OTHERS, SYMPATHY

OBJECTIVE, RATIONAL, ORIENTED TOWARD PROBLEM SOLVING, DE-EMPHASIZE EMOTION

MODIFIED BEHAVIOUR TO CONFORM TO ADULT EXPECTATIONS, MANUPULATIVE, SUMBISSIVE

PLAYFUL, IMPULSIVE, NATULRALLY CURIOUS &CREATIVE, FUN LOVING, REBELLIOUS

Transactions between Ego Transactions between Ego StatesStates

When we are communicating with When we are communicating with another person (verbally or another person (verbally or nonverbally) we are carrying out a nonverbally) we are carrying out a transaction transaction with them. with them.

We are both sending messages and We are both sending messages and receiving themreceiving them

Types of TransactionTypes of Transaction

Complementary transactionsComplementary transactions Crossed transactionsCrossed transactions Ulterior transactionsUlterior transactions

Complementary transactionsComplementary transactions

Transactions are complementary if Transactions are complementary if the message sent receives the the message sent receives the expected response from the other expected response from the other person’s ego stateperson’s ego state

ExamplesExamples Parent-parentParent-parent Parent-childParent-child Adult-adultAdult-adult Child-childChild-child Child-parentChild-parent

Crossed transactionsCrossed transactions

A crossed transaction occurs A crossed transaction occurs when the message sent by one when the message sent by one person’s ego state reacted to by person’s ego state reacted to by an incompatible unexpected ego an incompatible unexpected ego state on the part of the other state on the part of the other personperson

Ulterior transactionsUlterior transactions

Ulterior transactions always Ulterior transactions always involve at least two ego states involve at least two ego states on the part of one person.on the part of one person.

Ulterior transactions have a Ulterior transactions have a hidden agendahidden agenda

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TYPICAL WAYS OF EXPRESSING EGO TYPICAL WAYS OF EXPRESSING EGO STATES ON THE JOBSTATES ON THE JOB

CRITICAL PARENT

NURTURING PARENT

ADULT

“CAN’T YOU TURN IN A REPORT ON TIME JUST ONCE?”

“YOU SHOULD CLEAN UP YOUR DESK ONCE IN A WHILE!”

“I’M SURPRISED AT YOU… THIS PRODUCT SHOULD HAVE BEEN COMPLETED A MONTH AGO.”

“I’M ONLY TRYING TO HELP YOU”

“LET ME CLEAN UP THAT DESK FOR YOU, MR. SMITH”

“YOU’VE DONE A SWELL JOB, TOM.”

ADAPTED CHILD

NATURAL CHILD

“WHAT ARE THE ALTERNATIVES?”

“CAN’T WE REACH SOME SORT OF COMPROMISE?”

“WHAT CONSEQUENCES WILL THIS ACTION HAVE?”

“ANYTHING YOU SAY, SIR!”

“SORRY, I’LL TRY TO IMPROVE.”

“WHY DO YOU ALWAYS PICK ON ME… THE OTHERS WERE IN ON THIS TOO!”

“LET ME SEE HOW THIS GADGET WORKS.”

“WONDER WHAT HAPPENS IF WE DO IT THIS WAY?”

“LET’S KNOCK OFF FOR TODAY! WHO WANTS TO WORK ON A FRIDAY AFTERNOON ANYWAY?”

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P P

A

CC

A

P P

A

CC

A

P P

A

CC

A

P P

A

CC

A

P P

A

CC

A

P P

A

CC

A

COMPLEMENTARY CROSSED ULTERIOR

EXPECTED RESPONSE, NO CONFLICT

PRODUCE CONFLICT, STOP COMMUNICATION, HURT FEELINGS

VERBAL COMMUNICATION

NON-VERBAL HIDDEN MEANING

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EXAMPLES OF COMPLEMENTARY EXAMPLES OF COMPLEMENTARY TRANSACTIONS ON THE JOBTRANSACTIONS ON THE JOB

P P

A

CC

A

P P

A

CC

A

P P

A

CC

A

(1) SECRETARY: “LET ME STRAIGHTEN OUT THAT DESK FOR YOU,”

(2) MANAGER: “YOU SURE KNOW HOW TO TAKE CARE OF ME, ”

NURTURING PARENT TO ADAPTED CHILD

(1)

(2)

(1) MANAGER: “WHAT COULD WE DO TO MEET THE DEADLINE ON THIS PROJECT?”

(2) EMPLOYEE: “WE COULD TAKE A COUPLE OF PEOPLE OFF THE OTHER PROJECT FOR A WHILE AND PUT THEM ON THIS ONE.”

(1) FIRST MANAGER: “GEE, I WISH I WERE OUT ON THE GOLF COURSE RIGHT NOW.”

(2) SECOND MANAGER: “LET’S TAKE OFF. WHO COULD WORK ON A SUNSHINY DAY LIKE THIS ANYWAY?’

ADULT TO ADULT TRANSACTION

NATURAL CHILD TO NATURAL CHILD

(1)

(2) (1)

(2)

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EXAMPLES OF CROSSED TRANSACTIONS EXAMPLES OF CROSSED TRANSACTIONS ON THE JOBON THE JOB

P P

A

CC

A

P P

A

CC

A

(1) MANAGER: “ DO YOU KNOW WHERE THE PROFIT & LOSS STATEMENT IS?”

(2) SECRETARY: “WHERE DO YOU THINK IT IS? ON YOUR DESK, OF COURSE!.”

ADULT-TO-ADULT CROSSED BY

CRITICAL PARENT-TO-CHILD RESPONSE

(1)

(2)

(1) MANAGER: COME OVER HERE!” (DEMANDING TONE OF VOICE)

(2) EMPLOYEE: “WHY DON’T YOU COME OVER HERE? IT’S JUST AS FAR!”

(1) SUPERVISOR: “HOW CAN WE MINIMIZE THESE MACHINE BREAKDOWNS?”

(2) OPERATOR: “WHO CARES? IT ISN’T OUR MONEY!’

PARENT-TO-CHILD CROSSED BY CRITICAL PARENT OR REBELLIOUS

CHILD RESPONSE

ADULT-TO-ADULT CROSSES UP BY DISCOUNTED CHILD TO

PARENT RESPONSE

P

A

C

P

A

C

(1)

(2) (2)

(1)

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EXAMPLES OF ULTERIOR TRANSACTIONS EXAMPLES OF ULTERIOR TRANSACTIONS

P P

A

CC

A

P P

A

CC

A

(1) EMPLOYEE: “SORRY, I WON’T HAVE THE DRAWING READY FOR TOMORROW’S DEADLINE.” (ULTERIOR MESSAGE: “KICK ME, I’M A BAD BOY.”)

(2) MANAGER: “IT’S O.K. I’VE BEEN THINKING OF ASSIGNING THE JOB TO SOMEONE ELSE ANYWAY.” (HIDDEN MEANING: “YES, YOU ARE A BAD BOY. HERE’S YOUR KICK.”

(1)

(2)

(1) SALESMAN: “THIS MACHINE HAS GOT EVERYTHING YOU’D EVER WANT FROM A TYPEWRITER – BUT IT MAY BE TOO EXPENSIVE FOR YOU.” (HIDDEN MESSAGE: “LET’S SEE IF I CAN HOOK THE PLAYFUL, IMPULSIVE CHILD IN YOU.”)

(2) CUSTOMER: “IT MIGHT BE WORTH IT IN THE LONG RUN. I’LL TAKE IT.” (HIDDEN MEANING: “WHO DOES HE THINK I AM?”)

(2)

(1)

(2)

(1)

(2)

(1)

StrokesStrokes

Stroking is an act of recognition Stroking is an act of recognition for another.for another.

Everyone has to have strokes Everyone has to have strokes ((affection, recognition and praise).affection, recognition and praise).

Strokes may beStrokes may be positive, negative and mixedpositive, negative and mixed Conditional and unconditionalConditional and unconditional

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STROKINGSTROKINGTHE TYPES OF STROKES YOU SEEK DEPEND ON YOUR OKAYNESSTHE TYPES OF STROKES YOU SEEK DEPEND ON YOUR OKAYNESS

PRAISE

COMPLEMENTS

RECOGNITION

AFFECTION

REWARDS

SYMPATHY

CONSOLATION

SELF-SATISFACTION FROM JOB WELL

DONE

PUT-DOWNS

CRITICISM

DEGRADING

RIDICULE

SCOLDING

PUNISHMENT

DISCOUNTING

POSITIVE STROKES

NEGATIVESTROKES

CONDITIONAL STROKES

STROKES WITH ULTERIOR MOTIVES

STROKES GIVEN FOR WHAT YOU DO,

RATHER THAN FOR WHAT YOU ARE:

(1) PERFORMANCE ORIENTED STROKES

(2) ACCOMODATION & CONFORMITY ORIENTED STROKES

Giving and receiving strokesGiving and receiving strokes Don’t be insincereDon’t be insincere Accept strokes positively from other Accept strokes positively from other

peoplepeople Make a conscious effort to give strokes to Make a conscious effort to give strokes to

other peopleother people Try to recognize other people’s reaction Try to recognize other people’s reaction

to strokes and the frequency/kind they to strokes and the frequency/kind they appear to appreciateappear to appreciate

Ask for strokes when you feel you need Ask for strokes when you feel you need themthem

Give yourself strokes when you feel you Give yourself strokes when you feel you deserve/need themdeserve/need them

GamesGames

Games are a set of transactions Games are a set of transactions that have surface logic but that have surface logic but hidden meaning and attempt to hidden meaning and attempt to draw in an unsuspecting draw in an unsuspecting participant.participant.

An outcome of games is always a win-An outcome of games is always a win-lose propositionslose propositions

Life PositionsLife Positionsare attitudes which people adopt and act out concerning their self-worth and the value of others

Life PositionsLife Positions

I’m OK, you’re OKI’m OK, you’re OK I’m not OK, you’re OKI’m not OK, you’re OK I’m OK, you’re not OKI’m OK, you’re not OK I’m not OK, you’re not OKI’m not OK, you’re not OK

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BASIC PSYCHOLOGICAL (LIFE) POSITIONS: BASIC PSYCHOLOGICAL (LIFE) POSITIONS: YOUR SELF IMAGEYOUR SELF IMAGE

1. I’M OK; YOU’RE OK

• THE “WINNER”, HEALTH, OPTIMISTIC, USUALLY ADULT-TO-ADULT EGO STATE. IDEAL LIFE POSITION ON & OFF THE JOB.

3. I’M NOT OK; YOU’RE OK

• CHILD-TO-ADULT EGO STATE ACTIVATED. FEELINGS OF INFERIORITY; HERO WORSHIP; LOOKING FOR PARENT SUBSTITUTES. SEEKS DOMINANCE FROM OTHERS.

2. I’M OK; YOU’RE NOT OK

• USUALLY CRITICAL PARENT EGO STATE ACTIVATED. MAY EVOLVE FROM HURT OR DISCOUNTED CHILD GIVING HIMSELF STROKES. FEELS DISTRUST, ANGER, SUPERIORITY.

4. I’M NOT OK; YOU’RE NOT OK

• POOR MENTAL HEALTH; LACKS TRUST IN SELF & OTHERS. FEELINGS OF HOPELESSNESS OFTEN EXTREME DEPRESSION.

OUR OKAYNESS DETERMINES THE ROLES, GAMES, EGO STATES WE CHOOSE!

I’m OK, you’re OKI’m OK, you’re OK

Cooperate, shareCooperate, share

You believe in yourself and others, You believe in yourself and others, are trusting and tend to get on are trusting and tend to get on with lifewith life

I’m not OK, you’re OKI’m not OK, you’re OK

Submit to, concedeSubmit to, concede You have a low opinion of your own You have a low opinion of your own

value and poor self esteem; lack self value and poor self esteem; lack self confidence and expect things to go confidence and expect things to go wrong A negative outlook tends to wrong A negative outlook tends to lead to a self fulfilling prophesy and lead to a self fulfilling prophesy and you often lose out in situationsyou often lose out in situations

I’m OK, you’re not OKI’m OK, you’re not OK

Compete, aggressionCompete, aggression You will tend to be competitive. You will tend to be competitive.

You may not cope well with You may not cope well with failure, look down at others, failure, look down at others, blame other people and see blame other people and see them as cause of your failurethem as cause of your failure

I’m not OK, you’re not OKI’m not OK, you’re not OK

AvoidAvoid Life may seem to be futile and that Life may seem to be futile and that

nothing can be done to improve nothing can be done to improve things. A life of rejecting and feeling things. A life of rejecting and feeling rejectedrejected

Driver Styles or CommandsDriver Styles or Commands

These are script messages These are script messages which we have received from our which we have received from our parents when we were very parents when we were very young and which help to form young and which help to form our life script and OK positionsour life script and OK positions

Drivers induce us to act in a Drivers induce us to act in a particular wayparticular way

The 5 Drivers areThe 5 Drivers are Be Prefect – Be Prefect – if a job’s worth doing, it’s if a job’s worth doing, it’s

worth doing wellworth doing well Please (others) –Please (others) –be nice to everyone, guess be nice to everyone, guess

what they want you to do and then do itwhat they want you to do and then do it Try hard – try at something rather than Try hard – try at something rather than

focus energy on its completionfocus energy on its completion Be strong – I can cope, leave it to meBe strong – I can cope, leave it to me Hurry upHurry up

Every time we act out a dominant driver we are Every time we act out a dominant driver we are responding in the adapted child ego state to an responding in the adapted child ego state to an internal voice which is in parent mode.internal voice which is in parent mode.

Changing Life ScriptChanging Life Script

The main aim of TA is to get an individual in The main aim of TA is to get an individual in a position of ‘autonomy’a position of ‘autonomy’

Becoming aware of your life stanceBecoming aware of your life stance Adopting a more positive view of Adopting a more positive view of

yourself and otheryourself and other Recognizing that you can alter the Recognizing that you can alter the

way you behaveway you behave Recognizing that you and you alone Recognizing that you and you alone

control your life and destinycontrol your life and destiny