t9+hud: physical keypad and hud can improve driving performance while typing and driving
TRANSCRIPT
T9+HUD: Physical Keypad and HUD can Improve Driving Performance while
Typing and Driving
Gabriela Villalobos-Zúñiga, Tuomo Kujala, Antti OulasvirtaAalto University and University of Jyväskylä, Finland
341,000 ANUAL TRAFFIC INJURIES IN USA
61,000,000 SALES OF VEHICLES WITHTOUCH SCREEN INTERFACES BY 2021
SCALE
[National Safety Council. 2013. Annual Estimate of Cell Phone Crashes 2013. (2013)][IHS. 2015. IHS Automotive Forecasts 20 Percent Growth in Automotive HMI Components. (2015)]
PREVIOUS WORK ON IN-CAR TEXT ENTRY
BMW iDrive
Mercedes-Benz COMANDAudi MMI
Kern et al., CHI 2009 González et al., Graphics Interface 2007
Wilfinger, 2012
Murer, 2012
HUD VS. HDD
HUD VS. HDD
Ablaßmeier et al. ICME 2007 Liu, Y. C. (2003), Displays, 24
HUD VS. HDD
Ablaßmeier et al. ICME 2007 Liu, Y. C. (2003), Displays, 24
HUD allows drivers to react faster to an abrupt event
HUD VS. HDD
Ablaßmeier et al. ICME 2007 Liu, Y. C. (2003), Displays, 24
HUD allows drivers to react faster to an abrupt eventSupport more consistent speed control and causes less mental stress
HUD VS. HDD
Ablaßmeier et al. ICME 2007 Liu, Y. C. (2003), Displays, 24
HUD allows drivers to react faster to an abrupt eventSupport more consistent speed control and causes less mental stress
Could result in attention capture and increased reaction times to sudden events
T9 KEYBOARD
D.L. Groverer et al., Patent 5,818,437 Christina L James et al., 2001
T9 KEYBOARD
D.L. Groverer et al., Patent 5,818,437 Christina L James et al., 2001
T9 KEYBOARD
D.L. Groverer et al., Patent 5,818,437 Christina L James et al., 2001
10.98 WPM
to
25.68 WPM
HYPOTHESIS
T9 + HUD
METHOD
Experimental study using driving simulator
Experimental study using driving simulator
Experimental study using driving simulator
Speech synthesizer sentences
Typing while driving and stationary
Baseline design
16 participants
21- 48 years old
normal, corrected-to-normal
intermediate, experienced
advanced, very advanced English
right-handed
METHODExperimental Design and Dependent Variables
2 x 2 within-subject design
2 x 2 within-subject design
2 tasks(Driving, Stationary)
2 x 2 within-subject design
2 tasks(Driving, Stationary)
2 input methods (touch screen QWERTY, T9) as Independent variables, counter balanced order
2 x 2 within-subject design
2 tasks(Driving, Stationary)
2 input methods (touch screen QWERTY, T9) as Independent variables, counter balanced order
Order of sentences was randomized
Words per minute (WPM)
Error rate
Lane deviations
Glance time off road(%)
Experienced task workload
Dependent Variables
Touch Screen QWERTY
T9
Independent Variables
METHODTask and Procedure
TASK AND PROCEDURE
Play sentence(Enron Mobile Email Dataset), repeated it.
Type words to form a sentence.
Input the sentence (30 sentences per condition)
Goal: input as correctly as possible at the same time keeping a fast typing pace. Keep their own lane and speed below 60 km/h.
RESULTS
Words per Minute Error Rate
Lane Deviations Glance time off road(%)
Workload(0-100)
DISCUSSION
T9+HUD allows drivers to maintain more visual attention on the road and have less lane deviations
than a QWERTY touchscreen design.
Dashboard Touchscreen T9+HUD
Dashboard Touchscreen T9+HUD
text entry rates ~ error rates ~ experienced workloadwhen driving
Dashboard Touchscreen T9+HUD
T9+HUD
Reduced lane deviations by 70%
Lane-keeping performance was not statistically significant from baseline driving
Reduced glance time off road by 64%
T9+HUD - CONTRIBUTING FACTORS
1. Keyboard (T9 vs. QWERTY on touchscreen)
2. Output (HUD vs. Center console touchscreen)
3. Hand position: both hands vs. one hand on the steering wheel.
LIMITATIONS AND FUTURE WORK
LIMITATIONS AND FUTURE WORK
Replication of results with larger and more representative driver samples.
T9+HUD benefits and possible downsides should be studied with more realistic typing tasks and driving environments.
LIMITATIONS AND FUTURE WORK
Study does not reveal if typing with T9+HUD is safe while driving in real traffic conditions.
It indicates only that typing harmful effects on the measured variables are significantly smaller than while typing with a touchscreen QWERTY keyboard.
LIMITATIONS AND FUTURE WORK
Gaze on the HUD does not necessarily mean that the driver’s attention is on the road.
Detection response tasks should be considered for future experiment replications.
FINAL TAKEAWAY
To reduce distraction, one needs to design for human multitasking and attention and take into account not only the act of pushing buttons but that of monitoring output (display).
T9+HUD: Physical Keypad and HUD can Improve Driving Performance while
Typing and Driving
Gabriela Villalobos-Zúñiga, Tuomo Kujala, Antti OulasvirtaAalto University and University of Jyväskylä, Finland