t-3_1_2 introduction part i

8/20/2019 T-3_1_2 Introduction Part I

1/24

siemens.com/pi-trainingRestricted © Siemens AG 2013 All rights reserved.

Flow Technology

Introduction to Flow Part I

PI T-3


2/24

Restricted © Siemens AG 2013 All rights reserved.

PI T3_1_2 Page 2 Industry Sector

• Welcome

• Introduction to PI3

• Flow rationale and terminology

• Flow technologies

• Markets and competitors

• Technology selection

Agenda


3/24



What is the purpose of this training?

To prepare you to the flow measurement market

After this training you will be able to:

• Understand how the technologies function

• Understand where the technologies and products can and cannot be applied

• Select products for specific applications

• Set up the electronics

• Know where to sell the products and the main unique selling points


4/24



CDLow-VoltageControls andDistribution

SiegersLopez (BA)

ASIndustrialAutomationSystems

FrankeDr. Böckel (BA)

SESystemsEngineering

KaulDr. Staubitzer (BA)

SCSensors andCommunication

Kumpfmüller Platsch (BA)

PLUGS PLMSoftware

Dr. LudwigBichara (BA)

Industrial Automation DivisionCEO A.Huber CFO Lopez

Sector IndustryCEO Hiesinger CFO

SC FS

FactoryAutomationSensors

Wegmannvon Delius (BA)

SC IC

IndustrialCommunication

Dr. RöhrlFreiberger (BA)

SC PI

ProcessInstrumentation

Dr. SchmidtGredler (BA)

SC PA

ProcessAnalytics

Dr. DiedrichDietrich (BA)

Industrial automation organization structure


5/24



Total Industry CoverageSiemens is the only company offering a complete

product and systems portfolio for automation in all

industrial sectors.

The power of a single partner

Standardized concepts across technologyand business areas make it easy to exploit Siemens

synergies to the full, for any size

or complexity of task.

Innovation leader With Totally Integrated Automation (TIA), an

integrated and flexible product portfolio, Siemens

A&D increases the productivity of

its customers at all levels.

TIA – seamless, safe

and cost optimized

integration via common

program environment,

data base and open

communicationsystems

Siemens as instrumentation supplier

the power of a single partner


6/24



Process segmentation

Flow

35%

Temperature

8%

Pressure

28%

Level

29%

100% = € 6’’4

Source: SC Market Model

Only flow markets served by PS3 included in flow figure.


7/24



What is a flow meter?

Instrument to measure volume or mass flow of a medium in a pipe(source: flowmeterdirectory.com)

Why measure flow?

The reasons for measuring flow are generally divided into four categories:

1. Process control

2. Custody Transfer (for billing purposes)

3. Indication of flow

4. Monitoring/totalizing


8/24



Why measure flow? Process control

You have to measure to be able to control the flow

To ensure a consistent quality of the media

• e.g. when mixing/dosing two ingredients

(syrup and water in a cola)

• e.g. controlling the amount of water in oil, etc.

Increase resource efficiency by regulation

• e.g. the amount of energy used for air conditioning

• e.g. the quantity of chemicals added in wastewater

treatment


9/24



Why measure flow?

Custody transfer – for billing purposes

Flow measurement is applied to measure quantities of fluid that changeownership.

The flow measurement should be as accurate as possible, given the economic

value of the product passing through the flow meter.

Typical flow measurement could be:• District heating

• Water supply

• Waste water

• Oil and petrol distribution

The CT market is characterized by approvals


10/24



Why measure flow? Flow indication

Flow measurement is applied whenprocess considerations show that an

indication of flow rate of a given fluid

would be helpful.

Typically this can be used for running in

plant facilities, troubleshooting, etc.

Often accuracy is less important.

Checking current flow on thetransmitter is like looking at a

speedometer in a car


11/24



Why measure flow? Monitoring/totalizing

The purpose is similar to flow indication, however, here we measure the flowover a certain period, i.e. days, months, years.

Typically a trend/tendency curve is formed, and sudden deviations might indicate

errors in the application, such as:

• Leak control

• Consumption• Capacity

Totalizing is like the mileage recorder in a car


12/24



Types of measurement

Basically, the type of measurement will influence the type of flow meter requiredand the technology employed.

• Volumetric flow

(gallons, litres, cubic meters)

• Mass flow = weight measurement

(kilograms, grams, pounds, ounce)

• Velocity

(meters per second, grams per minute)Measurement over time


13/24



Volumetric flow

Volumetric flow is the volume of flow passing through a pipe and measured inliquid units (gallons, litres, m3).

Used in monitoring/metering applications requiring volume measurement,

measuring how many gallons of water were supplied or how many m3 of nitrogen

gas were provided


14/24



Mass flow

Mass flow is the true measurement of the process flowing through the pipe,providing a mass measurement and measured in weight units (kg, lbs, grams,ounces)

Important factors:• Temperature• Density• Flow rate

Example:

Used in applications where additives are added by weight, including batchingapplication such as food recipes requiring exact additives.

Mass measurement = weight measurement


15/24



Influences on flow measurement

It is important to be aware of the factors which might influence the flowmeasurement with respect to function and accuracy.

These factors are used to evaluate which principle of flow meter should be

recommended to a certain application.

Important issues here are• Density

• Temperature

• Viscosity

• Flow profile and Reynolds Numbers

• Pressure loss

• Electrical conductivity (MAG)

• Sound conductivity (Ultrasonic)

Next some examples…


16/24



Density and temperature

Density is mass per unit volume - how heavy something is compared to its size.

Why is density an important issue in flow measurement?

A small, heavy object is denser than a lighter object of the same size or a larger

object of the same weight. Therefore, measuring in weight or volume can make a

big difference!

e.g. same weight

but different

volume


17/24



Viscosity

Commonly perceived as "thickness", or

resistance to flow. Thus, water is "thin",

having a lower viscosity, while

vegetable oil is "thick" having a higher

viscosity.

MATERIAL APPROXIMATE VISCOSITY

(in Centipoise)

Water @ 70 F 1 to 5

Blood or Kerosene 10

Motor Oil SAE40 or Castor Oil 250 to 500

Corn Syrup or Honey 2,000 to 3,000

Heinz Ketchup or French's Mustard 50,000 to 70,000

Crisco Shortening or Lard (fat) 1,000,000 to 2,000,000

Photo: Pitch has a viscosity approx. 100

billion times that of water

WHY IS VISCOSITY IMPORTANT TOCONSIDER IN FLOW

MEASUREMENT?

à Certain flow technologies cannot

measure on high viscosity media


18/24



Flow profile and Reynolds numbers

Flow profile affects measurement accuracy

There are, in general, three types of fluid flow in pipes:

• Laminar

• Turbulent

• Transient

Water splashing into a sink


19/24




Laminar flow• Generally happens when dealing with small pipes and low flow velocities

• Laminar flow can be regarded as a series of liquid cylinders in the pipe, wherethe innermost parts flow the fastest, and the cylinder touching the pipe isn'tmoving at all



20/24




Turbulent flow

• Vortices, eddies, and wakes make the flow unpredictable• Turbulent flow happens in general at high flow rates and with larger pipes



21/24




Transitional flow

Mixture of laminar and turbulent flow, with turbulence in the center of the pipe,and laminar flow near the edges

Each of these flows behave in different manners in terms of their frictional energyloss while flowing

Transitional flow is difficult to measure



22/24




Turbulent or laminar flow is determined by the dimensionless Reynolds Number -it is proportional to [inertial force] divided by [viscous force].

Laminar if Re < 2500Transient if 2500 < Re < 4000

Turbulent if 4000 < Re



23/24



Pressure loss

Obstacles in the pipe (e.g. due to the flow meter geometry) can create apressure loss. This can create extra costs for pumping and, therefore, a factor

that the customer considers.

t-3_1_2 introduction part i

Documents