systematic anatomy - fudan...
TRANSCRIPT
Copy Right- Hongqi ZHANG-Department of Anatomy-Fudan University
Copy Right- Hongqi ZHANG-Department of Anatomy-Fudan University1
Dr.Hongqi Zhang (张红旗)Email: [email protected]
Systematic Anatomy
Nervous system
Cerebellum
Copy Right- Hongqi ZHANG-Department of Anatomy-Fudan University
Copy Right- Hongqi ZHANG-Department of Anatomy-Fudan University
The Cerebellum
Cerebellum evolved and developed with the complication of animal movement.
Copy Right- Hongqi ZHANG-Department of Anatomy-Fudan University
Copy Right- Hongqi ZHANG-Department of Anatomy-Fudan University
Key points about cerebellum
Location & gross appearanceInternal structure of cerebellumThree pairs cerebellar pudenclesFiber connection of cerebellumFunction of the cerebellum
Copy Right- Hongqi ZHANG-Department of Anatomy-Fudan University
Copy Right- Hongqi ZHANG-Department of Anatomy-Fudan University
Function of the cerebellum
Archicerebellum - Maintain equilibrium
Paleocerebellum – Regulate skeletal muscle tone:
Neocerebellum - Coordinate skilled voluntary & programmed movement .
Aquatic animal: such as: fish – archicerebellum only
Reptiles: archicerebellum and paleocerebellum
Higher animal: archicerebellum,paleocerebellun and
neocerebellum
Copy Right- Hongqi ZHANG-Department of Anatomy-Fudan University
Copy Right- Hongqi ZHANG-Department of Anatomy-Fudan University
Division of the brain
TelencephalonDiencephalonCerebellumBrain stem
MidbrainPonsMedulla ablongata
Copy Right- Hongqi ZHANG-Department of Anatomy-Fudan University
Copy Right- Hongqi ZHANG-Department of Anatomy-Fudan University
Locations of the cerebellum
Situated in the posterior cranial fossa Covered superiorly by the tentorium of
cerebellum
Copy Right- Hongqi ZHANG-Department of Anatomy-Fudan University
Copy Right- Hongqi ZHANG-Department of Anatomy-Fudan University
Posterior view inferior view
Copy Right- Hongqi ZHANG-Department of Anatomy-Fudan University
Copy Right- Hongqi ZHANG-Department of Anatomy-Fudan University
Brain – lateral aspect
Copy Right- Hongqi ZHANG-Department of Anatomy-Fudan University
Copy Right- Hongqi ZHANG-Department of Anatomy-Fudan UniversityBrain – median sagittal plane
Position of Cerebellum
Magnetic resonance images of the cerebellum of a 16-year-old female.Sagittal slice.
Consists of two cerebellar hemisphere joined by a narrow median vermis
Gross Appearance of Cerebellum
Sup. view Inf. view
vermis
vermis
hemispherehemisphere hemisphere hemisphere
Copy Right- Hongqi ZHANG-Department of Anatomy-Fudan University
Copy Right- Hongqi ZHANG-Department of Anatomy-Fudan University
Superior view of the cerebellum
Gross appearance of cerebellum
Hemisphere
Anteriorlobe
Primary fissure
Vermis
Posterior lobe
Superior view
Anterior notch
Posterior notch
Primary fissure
Ant.lobe
Post.lobe
Hemisphere
Nodule
Uvula ofvermis
Pyramid of vermis
Tuber of vermis
Gross appearance of cerebellum
Cerebellar tonsil
Posterolateral fissure Flocculus
Floccular peduncle
Flocculonodular lobe include:flocculus;floccular peduncla and nodule.In the conditions of severe raised intracranial pressure,the tonsil of cerebellum may be displaced down through foramen magnum and form hernia, conpress the life centers (respiratory & cardiovascular center) in medulla and result in death.
Lobes of CerebellumTwo deep fissures
Primary fissure- 4
Posterolateral fissure - 5
Three lobs Flocculonodular lobe-1
Flocculus and nodule
Anterior lobe - 2
Uvula & pyramid of vermis
Posterior lobe – 3
Locate between primary fissure & posterolateral fissure
1
2
2
3
3
4
52
1
3
3
Copy Right- Hongqi ZHANG-Department of Anatomy-Fudan University
Copy Right- Hongqi ZHANG-Department of Anatomy-Fudan University
Lobes of Cerebellum by evolution
Flocculonodular lobe - archicerebellum
Ant. lobe –paleocerebellum
plus Uvula & pyramid of vermis,
Post.lobe –neocerebellum
Locate between primary fissure & posterolateral
fissure,plus tuber of vermis
Copy Right- Hongqi ZHANG-Department of Anatomy-Fudan University
Copy Right- Hongqi ZHANG-Department of Anatomy-Fudan University
Lobes of Cerebellum by fiber relation
Flocculonodular lobe VestibulocerebrumMainly receive the fibers from vestibular nerve and vestibular nuclei
Ant. lobe SpinocerebellumMainly receive the fibers from spinal cord
Post.lobe CerebrocerebellumMainly receive the fibers from cerebrum
Three Functional Divisions
Vestibulocerebellum-blue-1 Archicerebellum Flocculonodular lobe
Spinocerebellum-pink - 2 Paleocerebellum Anterior lobe and uvula & pyramid
of vermis
Cerebrocerebellum-green- 3 Neocerebellum Posterior lobe except uvula
& pyramid of vermis
1
2
3
Structure of the cerebellum
Gray matter Cerebellar cortex -1Increase surface area of it Cerebellar nuclei
Dentate nucleus Fastigial nucleus Emboliform nucleus Globose nucleus
White matterMedulla - 2
Constitute of nervous fibers
1
2
Copy Right- Hongqi ZHANG-Department of Anatomy-Fudan University
Copy Right- Hongqi ZHANG-Department of Anatomy-Fudan University
Structure of the Cerebellum - nuclei
Ant.
Post.
Fastigial nucleus
Related to archicerebellum
Emboliform nucleus
Globose nucleus
(Intermediate nuclei)
Related to
paleocerebellum
Dentate nucleus
Related to cerebrocerebellum
Copy Right- Hongqi ZHANG-Department of Anatomy-Fudan University
Copy Right- Hongqi ZHANG-Department of Anatomy-Fudan University
Nuclei and fiber association of the cerebellum
Nuclear Afferent fiber Constitution of
efferent fiber
Dentate nuclear The fibers of cortex of
neocerebellum
Sup.pudencle of
cerebellum
Emboliform nuclear
Globose nuclear
(Intermediate nuclei)
The fibers of cortex of
neocerebellum and
paelocerebellum
Sup.pudencle of
cerebellum
Fastigial nuclear The fibers of cortex of
paelocerebellum and
vestibular nuclei
Inf.pudencle of
cerebellum
Copy Right- Hongqi ZHANG-Department of Anatomy-Fudan University
Copy Right- Hongqi ZHANG-Department of Anatomy-Fudan University
Lateral view of Brain stem & Crebreum
inferior view
Middle cerebellarpunduncle
Pudencles of cerebellum
1. Sup.cerebellar peduncle2. Mid.cerebellar peduncle3. Inf.cerebellar peduncle
12 3
Copy Right- Hongqi ZHANG-Department of Anatomy-Fudan University
Copy Right- Hongqi ZHANG-Department of Anatomy-Fudan University
Diagram of the cerebellar peduncle
Copy Right- Hongqi ZHANG-Department of Anatomy-Fudan University
Copy Right- Hongqi ZHANG-Department of Anatomy-Fudan University
Three peduncles Inf.cerebellar peduncle-3
Post. Spinocerebellar fasciculus
Olivocerebellar fasciculus
Vestibulocerebellar fasciculus
Mid. cerebellar peduncle-2 potinecerebellar fiber
Sup.cerebellar peduncle-1
Efferent fiber leaving cerebellar nuclei
Afferent fiber of ant.spinocerebellarfasciculus
Constitution of pudencles of cerebellum
12 3
Connections and Function of CerebellumArchicerebellum (Vestibulocerebellum ) Connections
Afferents: receive fibers from vestibular nuclei and the axonal terminal from the ipsilateral vestibular ganglion.
Efferents: projects to the vestibular nucleus → vestibulospinal tract and medial longitudinal fasciculus → motor neurons of anterior horn of spinal cord.
Function: involved in eye movements andmaintain balance of the body
Copy Right- Hongqi ZHANG-Department of Anatomy-Fudan University
Copy Right- Hongqi ZHANG-Department of Anatomy-Fudan University
Main afferents and efferents of vestibulocerebellum
Flocculonodularlobe
Vestibular nucleus
Motor neuronof ant. horn
vestibulocerebellum
Spiral ganglion
Vestibular apparatus
Vestibulospinal tract
Medial longitudinal fasciculus
Main afferents and efferents of vestibulocerebellum
Copy Right- Hongqi ZHANG-Department of Anatomy-Fudan University
Copy Right- Hongqi ZHANG-Department of Anatomy-Fudan University
Paleocerebellum (spinocerebellum)
Fiber connection
Afferent fibers: receive somatic sensory information via spinocerebellar tracts
Efferents fibers: Projects to the fastigial and interposed nuclei → vestibular nuclei, reticular formation & red nucleus → reticulospinal tract & rebrospinal tract →motor neurons of anterior horn of spinal cord.
Function: regulation of muscle tone
Connections and Function of Cerebellum
Copy Right- Hongqi ZHANG-Department of Anatomy-Fudan University
Copy Right- Hongqi ZHANG-Department of Anatomy-Fudan University
Mai
n af
fere
nts
and
effe
rent
sof
spi
noce
rebe
llum
Connections and Function of Cerebellum
Neocerebellum (Cerebrocerebellum)Connection Afferents:receives input from the cerebral cortex via a relay in pontine nuclei
Efferents:projects to dentate nucleus → dorsal thalamus and red nucleus→ primary motor cortex → corticospinal tract → motor neurons of ant. horn of spinal cord.
Function: coordinator of precise movements of sleletal muscle.
Cerebral cortex
Motor area
Red nucleus
cerebrocerebellum
Dentate nucleus
potine nuclei
corticopotine tractcorticospinal tract
Motor neuron of ant. horn of spinal cord
Ventral posterolateralNucleus of thalamus
Fiber connections of the cerebellum
Afferent fibers Medulla Cerebellar n Efferent fibers
Vestibulocerebellar fiber
Olivocerebellar fiber Archicerebellum Fastigial n. Cerebellovestibular fiber
Post.spinocerebellar tract Inf.cerebellar pudencle
(inf.cerebellar pudencle)
Red nucleus
Ant.cerebelalr tract Paleocerebellum Emboliform n. Reticular formation
(sup.cerebellar pudencle) Globose n. Ventral.ant.n.
(intermediate n.) Ventral intermediate n.
(sup.cerebellar
pudencle)
Pontocerebellar fiber Neocerebellum Dentate n.
(mid,cerebellar pudencle)
Copy Right- Hongqi ZHANG-Department of Anatomy-Fudan University
Copy Right- Hongqi ZHANG-Department of Anatomy-Fudan University
Function of the cerebellum
Maintain posture (equilibrium) of the body:
Aarchicerebellum (vestibulocerebellum)
Regulate the skeletal muscle tone:
Paleocerebellum (spinocerebellum)
Coordinate skilled voluntary & programmed
movement.Neocerebellum(cerebrocerebellum)
Copy Right- Hongqi ZHANG-Department of Anatomy-Fudan University
Copy Right- Hongqi ZHANG-Department of Anatomy-Fudan University
Lobe and function of the cerebellum
Lobe Evolution Relation Nucleus Function
Flocculono-dular lobe
Archicereb-ellum
Vestibuloce- rebellum
vestibular nuclei equilibrium
anterior lobe
Palaeocer-ebellum
Spinocere-bellum
Fastigatumintermedial
nucleus
muscular tone
posterior lobe
Neocerebe-llum
Cerebrocer-ebellum
Dentate nucleus
Coordinationof muscular
motor
Copy Right- Hongqi ZHANG-Department of Anatomy-Fudan University
Copy Right- Hongqi ZHANG-Department of Anatomy-Fudan University
Cerebellum lesioni and cliniclal application
Cerebellum don’t initiate and perform voluntary movement, therefore,lesions of the cerebellum do not result in loss of voluntary movement and general sensation.Cerebellar hemisphere injury may cause ipsilateral dyskinesia.Typical signs of the cerebellar injury;(A) ataxia,incoordination of voluntary movements ,(B)Nystagmus;(C) intention tremor.Archicerebellum ‘s syndrome:it caused by the vestibulocerebell-um lesion with dysequilibrum,astasia,titubation and nystagmus.Neocerebellum’s syndrome: it is caused by the cerebellar hemisphere lesion.The main features are limbs ataxia (incoordination of agonistic,antagonistic,flxation,synergistic muscles) ,inablity of finger-to nose test. dysdiadochokinesia, lower muscular tension,nystagmus and intention tremor.
Copy Right- Hongqi ZHANG-Department of Anatomy-Fudan University
Copy Right- Hongqi ZHANG-Department of Anatomy-Fudan University
The end!
Copy Right- Hongqi ZHANG-Department of Anatomy-Fudan University
Copy Right- Hongqi ZHANG-Department of Anatomy-Fudan University
Copy Right- Hongqi ZHANG-Department of Anatomy-Fudan University
Copy Right- Hongqi ZHANG-Department of Anatomy-Fudan University