systematic anatomy 主讲：李文春 down. introduction 一、 concept and division human anatomy...

Systematic Anatomy

主讲：李文春down

Introduction

一、 Concept and division Human Anatomy is the science which deals with the gross morphology and spatial interrelations of the structure of the body .For medical students, human anatomy is the basic course of preclinical and clinical curriculum. down Up

systematic anatomy macroanatomy regional anatomy histology microanatomy cytology embryology surgical anatomy surface anatomy X-ray anatomy sectional anatomy locomotive anatomy

human anatomy（ division）

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Digestive system

systematic anatomy regional anatomy

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skin

Histology Embryology

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surgical anatomy

surface anatomy

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X-ray anatomy sectional anatomy

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locomotive anatomy

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四、 The parts and systems of the bodyⅠ.the human body is divided into ten parts. the heat the neck the thorax the back the abdomen the pelvis and perineum the upper limbs the lower limbs down Up

Locomotor systemAlimentary (Digestive) systemRespiratory systemUrinary systemReproductive systemEndocrine systemCirculatory systemSense organs Nervous system

Ⅱ. There are nine systems in human body

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五、 The anatomical position,terms of direction, axis and planes

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Ⅰ. The anatomical position

Ⅱ.The terms of direction Superior and inferior Anterior and posterior (ventral) and ( dorsal) Medial and lateral Internal and external Superficial and profundal Proximal and distal Ulnar and radial Tibial and fibular

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Ⅲ .The axis and planes

vertical axis axis sagittal axis frontal axis

sagittal plane side frontal plane horizontal plane

vertical axis

sagittal axis

frontal axis

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运动系统Locomotor system

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The locomotor system consists of bones, joints and muscles

origin

belly

tendon

insertion

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Chapter 1 Osteology (The bone system)

According to the location of the bones, it can be divided into skull , bones of trunk, bones of limbs.The former two form the axial bone

Section 1 The general description

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一、 The shape and classification of the bones

long bones short bones flat bones irregular bones

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1.long bones are found in limbs , it consists of a bodyand two ends.

Medullary cavity

EpiphysisEpiphysial cartilage

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2.short bones the short bones distribute in wrist and foot.

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3.flat bones they distribute in skull and chest.

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4.irregular bones the irregular bones are greatly varied in shape, such as cranial bones and vertebrae.

sinus

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二、 the structure of bones

The living bones consist of bony substance, periosteum and bone marrow.

periosteum

Bony substance

Bone marrow

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1.bony substance ：(1)Compact bone: 坚实致密，配布于骨表面。

(2)Spongy bone ：呈海绵状，配布于骨的内部，由骨小梁组成。

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2.periosteum It covers the surface of the bone (except the articular part) ,it consists of two layers : an outer and an inner membrane. The periosteum abounds with blood vessels, nerves and lymphatic vessels, the inner layer has a lot of bone forming cells.

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3.bone marrow: bone marrow is found in the medullary cavities of long bones and within spaces in spongy bone. There are two kinds of bone marrow, red and yellow . Under 5 years old, there are all red marrow in the medullary cavity, but after 5 years old the red marrow can turn into yellow marrow.

Red marrow

Yellow marrow

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三、 The chemical composition and physical properties of bone

organicinorganic Living bones are plastic tissues with organic and inorganic.

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Section 2 The axial bone

一、 The bones of trunk

The bones of trunk include the vertebrae,the sternum and the ribs,which provide framework for the vertebral column, the thoracic cage and the pelvis.

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( 一） The vertebrae

In a child,the normal number the separate vertebrae is 32 or 33.

Cervical vertebrae: C7

Thoracic vertebrae:T12

Lumbar vertebrae: L5

Sacral vertebrae: S5

Coccygeal vertebrae: Co3~4

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1.The general features of the vertebraevertebral body vertebral foramen vertebral canalvertebral arch pedicle of vertebral arch intervertebral foramen laminae of vertebral arch spinous process

Seven processes transverse processes articular processes

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2.The main characteristics of vertebrae in each region

(1) Thoracic vertebrae ① the body is heart-shaped. ② costal fovea. ③ articular facets of articular processes are relatively vertical. ④ the spinous process are long and downward sloping

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(2) Cervical vertebrae ① the body is small. ② articular facets of articular processes are relatively horizontal. ③ vertebral foramen is large and is nearly triangular. ④ they are the transverse formen. ⑤ the spinous process are short and bifid. down Up


(2) Cervical vertebrae ⑥ the first cervical vertebrae is known as atlas. ⑦the second cervical vertebrae is known as axis. ⑧the seventh cervical vertebrae is known as vertebra prominens.

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(3) Lumbar vertebrae ① the body is large. ② vertebral foramen is triangular. ③ articular facets of articular processes are almost sagittal. ④ the spinous process are strong ,short, square and horizontal.

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(4) The sacrum promontory anterior sacral foramina sacral hiatus sacral cornu

(5) The coccyx

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( 二） The sternum

It consists of three parts, the manubrium, body and xiphoid process

sternal angle

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( 三） The ribs(costae)

A rib consists of the costal bone and costal cartilage. true ribs: 1~7 false ribs: 8~12 costal arch: 8~10 floating ribs: 11~12

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( 三） The ribs(costae)

costal bone costal heat costal neck costal tubercle shaft of rib costal angle costal groove costal cartilage.

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