system management
TRANSCRIPT
• System Management
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IBM AIX - System Management Console
1 SMIT is the System Management Interface
Tool for AIX
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IBM AIX - System Management Console
1 smit and smitty refer to the same program, though smitty invokes the text-based
version, while smit will invoke an X Window System based interface if possible; however,
if smit determines that X Window System capabilities are not present, it will present the text-based version instead of failing.
Determination of X Window System capabilities is typically performed by
checking for the existence of the DISPLAY variable.
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Distributed operating system - System management components
1 System management components are software processes that define the node's policies. These components are the part of
the OS outside the kernel. These components provide higher-level
communication, process and resource management, reliability, performance and
security. The components match the functions of a single-entity system, adding the transparency required in a distributed
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Distributed operating system - System management components
1 In addition, the system management components accept the "defensive"
responsibilities of reliability, availability, and persistence
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Windows Vista - System management
1 While much of the focus of Vista's new capabilities highlighted the new
user-interface,[ http://windows.microsoft.com/en-
us/windows-vista/What-is-Windows-Aero Please upgrade your browser -
Microsoft Windows] security technologies, and improvements to
the core Operating System, Microsoft also adding new deployment and
maintenance features:https://store.theartofservice.com/the-system-management-toolkit.html
Windows Vista - System management
1 * The Windows Imaging Format (WIM) provides the cornerstone of
Microsoft's new deployment and packaging system
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Windows Vista - System management
1 * Approximately 700 new Group Policy settings have been added, covering most
aspects of the new features in the Operating System, as well as significantly expanding the configurability of wireless networks,
removable storage devices, and user desktop experience. Vista also introduced an XML-based format (ADMX) to display registry-based policy settings, making it easier to manage networks that span geographic
locations and different languages.
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Windows Vista - System management
1 * Microsoft Windows Services for UNIX|Services for UNIX, renamed as
Subsystem for UNIX-based Applications, comes with the
Enterprise and Ultimate editions of Vista. Network File System (protocol)|
Network File System (NFS) client support is also included.
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Windows Vista - System management
1 * Multilingual User Interface–Unlike previous versions of Windows (which
required the loading of language packs to provide local-language
support), Windows Vista Ultimate and Enterprise editions support the ability
to dynamically change languages based on the logged-on user's
preference.
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Automated guided vehicle - System Management
1 Industries with AGVs need to have some sort of control over the AGVs.
There are three main ways to control the AGV: locator panel, CRT color
graphics display, and central logging and report.
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Automated guided vehicle - System Management
1 A locator panel is a simple panel used to see which area
the AGV is in
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Automated guided vehicle - System Management
1 AGV is a system often used in FMS to keep up, transport, and connect
smaller subsystems into one large production unit
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Ecosystems - Ecosystem management
1 When natural resource management is applied to whole ecosystems, rather than single species, it is
termed ecosystem management
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Ecosystems - Ecosystem management
1 While ecosystem management can be used as part of a plan for
wilderness conservation, it can also be used in intensively managed ecosystems (see, for example,
agroecosystem and close to nature forestry).
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SymbOS - File system management
1 SymbOS supports the file systems CP/M, AMSDOS, FAT12, FAT16, FAT32, on all
platforms. With the last one SymbOS is able to address mass storage devices with a
capacity of up to 128GB. Also the ability to administer files with a size of up to 2GB is uncommon for an 8-bit system. Because of the FAT support data exchange with other
computers is quite easy, as most 32 and 64 bit operating systems do support the three
FAT file systems.
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System Management Bus
1 The 'System Management Bus' (abbreviated to 'SMBus' or 'SMB') is a Single-ended signalling|single-ended simple two-wire Bus (computing)|bus
for the purpose of lightweight communication. Most commonly it is found in computer motherboards for
communication with the power source for ON/OFF instructions.
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System Management Bus
1 It is derived from I²C for communication with low-bandwidth
devices on a motherboard, especially power related chips such as a laptop's rechargeable battery subsystem (see Smart Battery
System). Other devices might include temperature, fan or voltage sensors,
lid switches and clock chips. PCI add-in cards may connect to a SMBus
segment.https://store.theartofservice.com/the-system-management-toolkit.html
System Management Bus
1 A device can provide manufacturer information, indicate its model/part number,
save its state for a suspend event, report different types of errors, accept control
parameters and return status. The SMBus is generally not user configurable or
accessible. Although SMBus devices usually can't identify their functionality, a new Power
Management Bus|PMBus coalition has extended SMBus to include conventions
allowing that.
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System Management Bus
1 The SMBus was defined by Intel in 1995. It carries clock, data, and
instructions and is based on Philips' I²C serial bus protocol. Its clock
frequency range is 10kHz to 100kHz. (PMBus extends this to 400kHz.) Its voltage levels and timings are more strictly defined than those of I²C, but
devices belonging to the two systems are often successfully mixed
on the same bus.https://store.theartofservice.com/the-system-management-toolkit.html
System Management Bus
1 SMBus is used as an interconnect in several platform management
standards including: Alert Standard Format|ASF, Desktop and mobile
Architecture for System Hardware|DASH, Intelligent Platform
Management Interface|IPMI.
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System Management Bus - SMBus/I²C Interoperability
1 While SMBus is derived from I²C, there are several major differences
between the specifications of the two busses in the areas of electricals, timing, protocols and operating
modes. smbus.org nxp.com 090429 maxim-ic.com
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System Management Bus - Input Voltage (VIL and VIH)
1 When mixing devices, the I²C specification defines the VDD to be
5.0V ±10% and the fixed input levels to be 1.5 and 3.0V. Instead of
relating the bus input levels to VDD, SMBus defines them to be fixed at
0.8 and 2.1V. This SMBus specification allows for bus
implementations with VDD ranging from 3 to 5V.
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System Management Bus - Sink Current (IOL)
1 SMBus has a ‘High Power’ version 2.0 that includes a 4 mA sink current that cannot be driven by I²C chips
unless the pull-up resistor is sized to I²C-bus levels.
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System Management Bus - Sink Current (IOL)
1 NXP devices have a higher power set of electrical characteristics than
SMBus 1.0. The main difference is the current sink capability with VOL
= 0.4V.
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System Management Bus - Sink Current (IOL)
1 *SMBus high power = 4 mA
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System Management Bus - Sink Current (IOL)
1 SMBus ‘high power’ devices and I²C-bus devices will work together if the
pull-up resistor is sized for 3mA.
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System Management Bus - Frequency (FMAX and FMIN)
1 The SMBus clock is defined from 10–100kHz while I²C can be 0–100kHz, 0–400kHz, 0–1MHz and 0–3.4MHz,
depending on the mode. This means that an I²C bus running at less than 10kHz will not be SMBus compliant since the SMBus devices may time
out. Many SMBus devices will however support lower frequencies.
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System Management Bus - Timing
1 *SMBus defines a clock low time-out, TIMEOUT of 35ms. I²C does not specify any
timeout limit.
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System Management Bus - Timing
1 *SMBus specifies TLOW: SEXT as the cumulative clock low extend time for a slave device. I²C does not have a
similar specification.
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System Management Bus - Timing
1 *SMBus specifies TLOW: MEXT as the cumulative clock low extend time for a master device. Again I²C does not
have a similar specification.
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System Management Bus - Timing
1 *SMBus defines both rise and fall time of bus signals. I²C does
not.
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System Management Bus - Timing
1 *The SMBus time-out specifications do not preclude I²C devices co-
operating reliably on the SMBus. It is the responsibility of the designer to
ensure that I²C devices are not going to violate these bus timing
parameters.
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System Management Bus - ACK and NACK usage
1 There are the following differences in the use of the
NACK bus signaling:
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System Management Bus - ACK and NACK usage
1 In I²C, a slave receiver is allowed to not acknowledge the slave address, if for example it's unable to receive because it’s performing some real
time task
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System Management Bus - ACK and NACK usage
1 indicate this by generating the not acknowledge on the first
byte to follow
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System Management Bus - SMBus protocols
1 Each message transaction on SMBus follows the format of one of the defined SMBus
protocols. The SMBus protocols are a subset of the data transfer formats defined in the I²C specifications. I²C devices that can be
accessed through one of the SMBus protocols are compatible with the SMBus
specifications. I²C devices that do not adhere to these protocols cannot be accessed by
standard methods as defined in the SMBus and ACPI specifications.
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System Management Bus - Address Resolution Protocol
1 The SMBus uses I²C hardware and I²C hardware addressing, but adds
second-level software for building special systems. In particular its specifications include an Address Resolution Protocol that can make
dynamic address allocations.
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System Management Bus - Address Resolution Protocol
1 Dynamic reconfiguration of the hardware and software allow bus
devices to behttps://store.theartofservice.com/the-system-management-toolkit.html
System Management Bus - Address Resolution Protocol
1 ‘hot-plugged’ and used immediately, without restarting the system. The
devices are recognized automatically and assigned unique addresses. This advantage results in a plug-and-play
user interface. In both those protocols there is a very useful
distinction made between a System Host and all the other devices in the system that can have the names and
functions of masters or slaves.https://store.theartofservice.com/the-system-management-toolkit.html
System Management Bus - Time-out feature
1 SMBus has a time-out feature which resets devices if a communication takes too long.
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System Management Bus - Time-out feature
1 This explains the minimum clock frequency of 10kHz to prevent locking up the bus
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System Management Bus - Time-out feature
1 SMBus protocol just assumes that if something takes too long, then it
means that there is a problem on the bus and that all devices must reset in
order to clear this mode. Slave devices are not then allowed to hold
the clock LOW too long.
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System Management Bus - Packet Error Checking
1 SMBus 2.0 and 1.1 allow enabling 'Packet Error
Checking' ('PEC')
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System Management Bus - SMBALERT#
1 The SMBus has an extra optional shared interrupt signal called
SMBALERT#, which can be used by slaves to tell the host to ask its slaves about events of interest.
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System Management Bus - SMBALERT#
1 SMBus also defines a less common Host Notify Protocol, providing similar notifications but passing more data and building on the I²C multi-master
mode.
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System Management Bus - SMBus Support
1 SMBus devices are supported by FreeBSD, OpenBSD, NetBSD,
DragonFly BSD, Linux, Windows 2000 and newer and Windows CE.
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IBM AIX (operating system) - System Management Console
1 IBM AIX SMIT|SMIT is the System Management Interface Tool for AIX. It
allows a user to navigate a menu hierarchy of commands, rather than using the command line. Invocation
is typically achieved with the command smit. Experienced system administrators make use of the F6 function key which generates the
command line that SMIT will invoke to complete it.
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TACTIC (web framework) - File System Management
1 TACTIC deploys several technologies to manage its file systems: strict file naming conventions, check-in/out or gatekeeper/librarian function, and
software versioning|versioning
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TACTIC (web framework) - File System Management
1 When the work evolves to a stage where it requires an external review or is ready to be pushed on to the
next process, the user checks in his or her files
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Master of Information System Management
1 The 'Master in Information System Management', also known as
'Master of Science in Information System Management' is a
professional Master's degree in the Management of Information Systems of organizations. The degree is also
known as 'Master of Science in Information Management' or 'Master
of Information Systems' with a similar curriculum. (abbreviated
'M.ISM', 'MS.IM', 'M.IS' or similar.)
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Master of Information System Management
1 Through study of the diverse subjects that affect the operation of information system within
organizations, the Information System Management degree
attempts to equip recipients to manage and deploy effectively in a
computer system in a changing Information Age.
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Master of Information System Management - Curriculum
1 Though unique to each degree-granting institution, an MISM will
often include most, if not all, of the following:
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Master of Information System Management - Universities
1 Universities that offer MISM;
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Master of Information System Management - Universities
1 *Jon M. Huntsman School of Business at Utah State
University
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Master of Information System Management - Universities
1 *Massachusetts Institute of Technology
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Master of Information System Management - Universities
1 *Carnegie Mellon University
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Master of Information System Management - Universities
1 *Arizona State University
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Master of Information System Management - Universities
1 *Stanford University
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Master of Information System Management - Universities
1 *Brigham Young University
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Master of Information System Management - Universities
1 *University of Minnesota
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Master of Information System Management - Universities
1 *University of California, Berkeley
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Master of Information System Management - Universities
1 *Georgia State University
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IBM System Management Facilities
1 'IBM System Management Facility (SMF)' is a component of IBM's z/OS for
Mainframe_computer|mainframe computers, providing a standardised method for writing out records of activity to a file (or data set to
use a z/OS term). SMF provides full instrumentation of all baseline activities
running on that IBM mainframe operating system, including I/O, network activity,
software usage, error conditions, processor utilization, etc.
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IBM System Management Facilities
1 One of the most prominent components of z/OS that uses SMF is
the IBM Resource Measurement Facility (RMF). RMF provides
performance and usage instrumentation of resources such as
processor, memory, disk, cache, workload, virtual storage, IBM_XCF|
XCF and Coupling Facility. RMF is technically a priced (extra cost)
feature of z/OS. BMC Software|BMC sells a competing alternative, CMF.
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IBM System Management Facilities
1 SMF forms the basis for many monitoring and automation utilities. Each SMF record
has a numbered type (e.g. SMF 120 or SMF 89), and installations have great control over how much or how little SMF data to collect. Records written by software other than IBM products generally have a record type of 128 or higher. Some record types
have subtypes - for example Type 70 Subtype 1 records are written by RMF to
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IBM System Management Facilities - SMF record types
1 *RMF records are in the range 70 through to 79. RMF's records are
generally supplemented - for serious performance analysis - by Type 30 (subtypes 2 and 3) address space
records.
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IBM System Management Facilities - SMF record types
1 *RACF type 80 records are written to record security issues, i.e. password violations, denied resource access
attempts, etc. Other security systems such as ACF2 also use the
type 80 and 81 SMF records.
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IBM System Management Facilities - SMF record types
1 *SMF type 89 records indicate software product usage and are used
to calculate reduced sub-capacity software pricing.
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IBM System Management Facilities - SMF record types
1 *IBM_DB2|DB2 writes type 100, 101 and 102 records, depending on specific DB2
subsystem options.
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IBM System Management Facilities - SMF record types
1 *Websphere MQ writes type 115 and 116 records, depending on specific Websphere MQ subsystem options.
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IBM System Management Facilities - SMF record types
1 *IBM WebSphere Application Server|WebSphere Application Server for z/OS writes type 120. Version 7
introduced a new subtype to overcome shortcomings in the earlier subtype records. The new Version 7 SMF 120.9 | 120 Subtype 9 record
provide a unified request-based view with lower overhead.
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IBM System Management Facilities - Evolving records
1 The major record types, especially those created by RMF, continue to
evolve at a rapid pace. Each release of z/OS brings new fields. Different
processor families and Coupling Facility levels also change the data
model.
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IBM System Management Facilities - SMF data recording
1 * The standard and classical way: Using buffers the SMF address space,
together with a set of preallocated Data_set_(IBM_mainframe)|datasets
(VSAM datasets) to use when a buffer fills up. The standard name for the datasets is SYS1.MANx, where x is a numerical suffix (starting from
0).
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IBM System Management Facilities - SMF data recording
1 * The relatively new way: Using log streams. SMF utilizes System Logger
to record collected data, which improves the writing rate and avoids
buffer shortages. It has more flexibility, allowing the z/OS system
to straightforwardly record to multiple log streams, and (using keywords on the dump program)
allowing z/OS to read a set of SMF data once and write it many times.
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IBM System Management Facilities - SMF data recording
1 Both the two ways can be declared for the use, but only one is used at a time in order to have the other as a
fallback alternative.
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IBM System Management Facilities - SMF data recording
1 This data is then periodically dumped to sequential files (for example, tape drives) using the IFASMFDP SMF Dump Utility (or
IFASMFDL when using log streams). IFASMFDP can also be used to split existing SMF sequential files and copy them to other files. The two dump programs produce the
same output, so it does not involve changes in the SMF records elaboration chain, other than changing the JCL with the call of the
new dump utility.
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List of open-source healthcare software - Health system management
1 * DHIS Open-source district health management information system and
data warehouse (license: BSD license)
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List of open-source healthcare software - Health system management
1 * HRHIS Open-source human resource for health information
system for management of human resources for health developed by
University of Dar es Salaam, Department of Computer Science, for Ministry of Health and Social Welfare (Tanzania) and funded by the Japan International Cooperation Agency (JICA) (license: GNU General Public
License|GPLv3)https://store.theartofservice.com/the-system-management-toolkit.html
System Management BIOS
1 In computing, the 'System Management BIOS' ('SMBIOS')
specification defines data structures (and access methods) that can be used to read information stored in
the BIOS of a computer
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System Management BIOS - Structure types
1 As of version 2.7.1, the SMBIOS specification
defines these structure types:
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System Management BIOS - From Linux
1 The Linux kernel contains an SMBIOS decoder, allowing systems
administrators to inspect system hardware configuration and to enable
or disable certain workarounds for problems with specific systems, based on the provided SMBIOS
information.
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System Management BIOS - From Linux
1 The userspace command-line utility
inspects this data
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System Management BIOS - From Microsoft Windows
1 Microsoft specifies Windows Management Instrumentation|WMI as
the preferred mechanism for accessing SMBIOS information from
Microsoft Windows.[http://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/windows/hardware/gg463136
SMBIOS Support in Windows], Microsoft paper, updated April 25,
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System Management BIOS - From Microsoft Windows
1 On Windows systems that support it (XP and later), some SMBIOS
information can be viewed with either the Windows Management
Instrumentation Command-line#WMI tools|WMIC utility with
'BIOS'/'MEMORYCHIP'/'BASEBOARD' and similar parameters, or by looking in the Windows Registry under HKLM\
HARDWARE\DESCRIPTION\Systemhttps://store.theartofservice.com/the-system-management-toolkit.html
System Management BIOS - From Microsoft Windows
1 Various software utilities can retrieve raw SMBIOS data,
including smbiosw
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System Management BIOS - From UEFI
1 In Unified Extensible Firmware Interface|UEFI, the SmbiosView shell application can retrieve the SMBIOS
data.
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Development of Windows Vista - System management
1 While much of the focus of Vista's new capabilities highlighted the new user-interface,[http://windows.microsoft.com/en-us/windows-vista/What-is-Windows-Aero Please upgrade your
browser - Microsoft Windows] security technologies, and
improvements to the core operating system, Microsoft also adding new
deployment and maintenance features:
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Close to nature forestry - Forest management/ecosystem management
1 The close to nature approach intends to bridge the discrepancies, or even
antagonisms between the silvicultural and ecological visions on the single
reality of forest, considering the forest as an ecological systems|ecological system
that produces wood. The sought after solution is not to segregate the territory into areas devoted to either forestry or ecology, but to integrate all functions.
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Greater Yellowstone Ecosystem - Ecosystem management by species
1 The great ecosystem concept has been most often advanced through
concerns over individual species rather than over broader ecological principles. Though 20 or 30 or even
50 years of information on a population may be considered long-term by some, one of the important
lessons of Greater Yellowstone management is that even half a
century is not long enough to give a full idea of how a species may vary in
its occupation of a wild ecosystem.
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Greater Yellowstone Ecosystem - Ecosystem management by species
1 For example, anecdotal information on grizzly bear abundance dates to
the mid-19th century, and administrators have made informal population estimates for more than
70 years. From these sources, ecologists know the species was
common in Greater Yellowstone when Europeans arrived and that the
population was not isolated before the 1930s, but is now. Researchers do not know if bears were more or
less common than now.
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Greater Yellowstone Ecosystem - Ecosystem management by species
1 A 1959-1970 bear study suggested a grizzly bear population size of about
176, later revised to about 229.http://biology.usgs.gov/s+t/noframe/r114.htm#23489 Later estimates
have ranged as low as 136 and as high as 540; the most recent is a
minimum estimate of 236.http://biology.usgs.gov/s+t/noframe/r114.htm#23525 Although the Greater Yellowstone population is
relatively close to recovery goals, the plan's definition of recovery is
controversial
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Greater Yellowstone Ecosystem - Ecosystem management by species
1 Yellowstone cutthroat trout (Oncorhynchus clarki bouvieri) have suffered considerable declines since European settlement, but recently began flourishing in some areas
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Greater Yellowstone Ecosystem - Ecosystem management by species
1 Early accounts of pronghorn (Antilocapra americana) in Greater
Yellowstone described herds of hundreds seen ranging through most
major valley|river valleys. These populations were decimated by
1900, and declines continued among remaining herds. On the park's
northern range, pronghorn declined from 500-700 in the 1930s to about 122 in 1968. By 1992 the herd had
increased to 536.
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Greater Yellowstone Ecosystem - Ecosystem management by species
1 Among plants, whitebark pine (Pinus albicaulis) is a species of special
interest, in large part because of its seasonal importance to grizzly bears,
but also because its distribution could be dramatically reduced by relatively minor global warming
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Greater Yellowstone Ecosystem - Ecosystem management by species
1 Estimates of the decline of Aspen|quaking aspen (Populus tremuloides) on the park's northern range since 1872 range from 50% to 95%, and
perhaps no controversy underway in Greater Yellowstone more clearly
reveals the need for comprehensive interdisciplinary research
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Greater Yellowstone Ecosystem - Ecosystem management by species
1 The Yellowstone hot springs are important for their diversity of Thermophile|
thermophilic bacteria. These bacteria have been useful in studies of the evolution of
photosynthesis and as sources of thermostable enzymes for molecular
biology. Although the smell of sulfur is common and there are some sulfur fixing
cyanobacteria, it has been found that hydrogen is being used as an energy source
by extremophile microbes.https://store.theartofservice.com/the-system-management-toolkit.html
Ecosystem management
1 Several approaches to effective ecosystem management engage
conservation efforts at both a local or landscape level and involves:
adaptive management, natural resource management, strategic management, and command and
control management.
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Ecosystem management - Formulations
1 The definitions of ecosystem management are typically vague.Lackey (1998) Several core principles define and bound the concept and provide operational meaning: (1) ecosystem management reflects a stage in the
continuing evolution of social values and priorities; it is neither a beginning nor an end; (2) ecosystem management is place-based and the boundaries
of the place must be clearly and formally defined; (3) ecosystem management should maintain ecosystems in the appropriate condition to achieve desired social benefits; (4) ecosystem management should take
advantage of the ability of ecosystems to respond to a variety of stressors, natural and man-made, but all ecosystems have limited ability to
accommodate stressors and maintain a desired state; (5) ecosystem management may or may not result in emphasis on biological diversity; (6) the term sustainability, if used at all in ecosystem management, should be clearly defined—specifically, the time frame of concern, the benefits and costs of concern, and the relative priority of the Economics|benefits and costs; and (7) scientific information is important for effective ecosystem
management, but is only one element in a decision-making process that is fundamentally one of public and .Lackey (1998)
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Ecosystem management - Formulations
1 Professional natural resource managers, typically operating from within government bureaucracies
and professional organizations, often mask debate over controversial
assertions by depicting ecosystem management as an evolution of past
management approaches.
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Ecosystem management - Stakeholders
1 Journal of Environmental Management 90: 1933-1949 The
complex nature of decisions made in ecosystem management, from local
to international scales, requires stakeholder participation from a
diversity of knowledge, perceptions and values of nature
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Ecosystem management - Adaptive management
1 Adaptive management is based on the concept that predicting future
influences/disturbance to an ecosystem is limited and unclear.Pahl-Wostl, 2007
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Ecosystem management - Adaptive management
1 Holling (1978) Thus, adaptive management serves as a “learning by doing” method for ecosystem
management.
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Ecosystem management - Adaptive management
1 Adaptive management has had mixed success in the field of
ecosystem management, possibly because ecosystem managers may not be equipped with the decision-
making skills needed to undertake an adaptive management methodology
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Ecosystem management - Natural resource management
1 Ecosystem Management: Applications for Sustainable Forest and Wildlife Resources
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Ecosystem management - Natural resource management
1 The ecosystem management concept is based on the relationship between sustainable resource maintenance
and human demand for use of natural resources
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Ecosystem management - Natural resource management
1 Human populations have been increasing rapidly, introducing new stressors to ecosystems, such as climate change and influxes of
invasive species
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Ecosystem management - Strategic management
1 Similarly to other modes of ecosystem management, this method places a high level of importance on evaluating and
reviewing any changes, progress or negative impacts and prioritizes
flexibility in adapting management protocols as a result of new
information
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Ecosystem management - Landscape level conservation
1 http://www.awf.org/section/land This approach to ecosystem management involves the consideration of broad
scale interconnected ecological systems that acknowledges the
whole scope of an environmental problem
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Ecosystem management - Landscape level conservation
1 Landscape level conservation is carried
out in a number of ways
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Ecosystem management - Landscape level conservation
1 Human-induced environmental degradation is an increasing problem
globally, which is why landscape level ecology plays an important role
in ecosystem management
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Ecosystem management - Command and control management
1 Knight Richard L Meffe Gary K 1997 Ecosystem Management: Agency
Liberation from Command and Control
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Ecosystem management - Command and control management
1 Attempts at command and control management often backfire (a literal
problem in forests that have been ‘protected’ from fire by humans and are subsequently full of fuel build-up) in ecosystems due to their inherent
complexities
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Traditional ecological knowledge - Ecosystem management theory
1 Ecosystem management is a multifaceted and holistic approach to natural resource
management. It incorporates both science and traditional ecological knowledge to
collect data from long term measures that science cannot. This is achieved by scientists
and researchers collaborating with Indigenous peoples through a consensus
decision-making process while meeting the socioeconomic, political and cultural needs of
current and future generations.
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System Management Controller
1 The 'System Management Controller' ('SMC') is a subsystem of
Intel processor-based Macintosh computers. It is similar in function to the older System Management Unit|
SMU of non-Intel Macintosh computers.[http://docs.info.apple.co
m/article.html?artnum=303725 Apple general documentation on SMC
Updates]https://store.theartofservice.com/the-system-management-toolkit.html
System Management Controller - Overview
1 The SMC has roles in controlling thermal and power consumption,
battery charging, video mode switching, Sleep mode|sleep and wake, Hibernation (computing)|hibernation, and Light-emitting
diode|LED indicators. It also enables enforcement of the Mac OS X End User License, allowing it to identify
when it is running on non-Apple hardware.
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System Management Controller - Overview
1 Apple releases occasional model-specific updates to SMC firmware
which correct bugs and defects in the system.[http://support.apple.com/kb/index?page=searchq=SMC+update
Search of SMC update information in Apple's knowledge base]
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System Management Controller - Overview
1 Corrupted SMC firmware, whatever the cause, is not entirely uncommon
and may lead to operational problems. Resetting the SMC may
resolve certain issues, such as:
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System Management Controller - Overview
1 *Cooling fans running at constant high speed
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System Management Controller - Overview
1 *Computer running slowly despite low Load (computing)|
CPU load
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System Management Controller - Overview
1 *Failure to recognize keyboard or
trackpad
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System Management Controller - Overview
1 *Failure to recognize add-on hardware or
peripherals
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System Management Controller - Overview
1 *Failure to wake from sleep, or unexpected sleep
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System Management Controller - Overview
1 Resetting the SMC is usually accomplished by removing all power from the system for a period of time (by unplugging the Mains electricity|mains connector or removing the battery) or by operating the power button in a special way. Apple provides
model-specific instructions for SMC reset.[http://support.apple.com/kb/HT3964
Intel-based Macs: Resetting the System Management Controller (SMC)]
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