77

Poh-imkvXw

a\p-jyicocØn¬ \S-°p∂ Hcp t]mcm´Øns‚ ]Xo-Im-flI NnXo-I-c-W-amWv Im¿´q-Wn-ep-≈-Xv. Im¿´q¨ hni-I-e\w sNbvXv AXn-eqsScq]-s∏-Sp-Øm≥ Ign-bp∂ Bi-b-߃ Ipdn-°q.

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tcmK-ßfp-≠m-°m≥ Ign-bp∂ [mcmfw kq£va-Po-hn-Iƒ°p \Sp-hn-emWv\mw Pohn-°p-∂-sX-¶nepw \ap-s°-t∏mgpw tcmK-_m[-bp≠m-Im-Ø-sX-¥p-sIm-≠mWv?

tcmKm-Wp-°ƒ D≈n-te°p ]th-in-°p-∂Xp XS-bm≥ H´-\-h[nkwhn-[m-\-߃ a\p-jy-i-co-c-Øn-ep-≠v. Fs¥m-s°-bmWv B kwhn-[m-\-߃? X∂n-´p≈ NnXhpw (6.1) H∏-ap≈ kqN-\-Ifpw ]cn-tim-[n°q.

tizX-c-‡mWp a‰p-tcm-Km-Wp-°ƒHIVa\p-jy-i-cocw

1 2

3 4

78

Poh-imkvXw

Hmtcm kqN-\bpw GX-h-b-h-Øn-\mWv G‰hpw A\p-tbm-Py-am-Ip-∂sX-∂p Is≠Øn Ah-b-h-߃°p t\sc \¬In-bn-cn-°p∂ t_mIvkp-I-fn¬ kqN-\-bpsS \º¿ tcJ-s∏-Sp-Øq.

kqN-\-Iƒ

1. Chn -sS -°m -Wp∂ sagp -Ip -t]m -ep≈]Zm¿YØn\v AWp-\mi-I-ti-jn-bp-≠v.

2. Chn-sS- ssltUm-t¢m-dn°mkn-Uns‚km∂n≤yap≈-Xn-\m¬ `£-W-Øn-eq-sS-bpw sh≈-Øn-eq-sSbpsa-Øp∂ tcmKm-Wp-°ƒ \in-°p- -∂p.

3. Cu Ah-b-h-Øns‚ DƒkvXcw t«jvawF∂ Zh-Øm¬ Ft∏mgpw \\-™n-cn-°p-∂p. Hgp-Ip∂ t«jva-Øn-eqsS tcmKm-Wp-°ƒ ]pd-¥-≈-s∏-Sp-∂p.

4. Chn-sS-bp≈ KŸn-Iƒ D¬]m-Zn-∏n-°p∂Zl-\-k-lm-bn-bmb Zmh-I-Øns‚ £mc-kz- m-hhpw AWp-\m-i-I-ti-jnbpw tcmKm-Wp-°sf XS-bp-∂p.

5. Cu Ah-b-hsØ \\bv-°p-Ibpw CS-bv°nsS Igp-Ip-Ibpw sNøp∂ Zmh-I-Øn¬ssetkmsskw F∂ Hcp AWp-\m-in-\n-AS-ßn-bn-´p-≠v.

6. Cu Bh-c-W-w Ffp∏w t`Zn-°p-hm≥ tcmKm-Wp-°ƒ°v Ign-bn-√. sh≈w ]nSn-°m-ØXpw FÆ-a-b-ap≈Xp-am-I-bm¬ ChnsStcmKm-Wp-°ƒ°v hf-cm\mIn-√.

tcmKm-Wp-°sf XS-bm-\p≈ Cu kwhn-[m-\-ß-fn¬ G‰hpw henb Ah-b-h-am-Wt√m Xz°v.\¬In-bn-´p≈ NnXhpw H∏-ap≈ hnh-c-Whpwhni-I-e\w sNbvXv tcmKm-Wp-°sf sNdp-°m≥Xz°n-ep≈ kwhn-[m-\-ß-sf-∏‰n Hcp Ipdn∏vXbm-dm-°q.

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NnXw ˛ 6.1.ico-c-Ønse kpc£mkwhn-[m\߃

79

Poh-imkvXw

GsX-¶nepw Xc-Øn¬ Xz°n\v £Xap-≠m-bm¬ AXp-hgn tcmKm-Wp-°ƒ°v ico-c-Øn\p≈nte°v IS-°m\mIpw. AXn-\p≈ At\Iwkm[y-X-Iƒ \nß-fpsS \nXy-Pohn-X-ØnseA\p- -h-ß-fn¬ \n∂v Ipdn-°q.

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Kpcp-X-c-amb s]m≈te¬°p-∂-h¿°v Ffp∏wAWp-_m-[-bp-≠m-Ip-∂-Xns‚ ImcWw Duln-s®gp-Xq.

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A\p-Iq-e-amb kml-N-cy-߃ e`n-®m¬tcmKm-Wp-°ƒ°p hfsc thKw s]cp-Im≥Ign-bp-sa∂v \n߃°-dn-bmw. ico-c-Øn-\p-≈nse CØcw A\p-Iq-e-amb kml-N-cy-߃ GsXm-s°-bm-Wv?.........................................................................................

Xm]-\n-e-bn¬ D≠m-Ip∂ hyXymkw _mIvSo-cn-b-t]m-ep≈ tcmKm-Wp-°-fpsS s]cp-I¬tijnsb Fßs\ _m[n-°p∂psh∂v hni-Z-am-°p∂ NnXo-I-cWw i≤n-°q.

a\p-jys‚ km[m-cW ico-tcm-jvamhv tcmKm-Wp-°-fpsS h¿[\-hn\v FX-amXw A\p-tbm-Py-amWv? \nß-fpsS \nK-a\w Ipdn-°q.

......................................................................................... NnXo-I-cWw 6.1

UnKnsk¬jykv

37

15

0

62

100

7

75

_mIvSo-cnb

tIm -bpsS IcpØvXz°n¬ ]e \nc-I-fn-em-bn- hyXy-kvX-bn\wIe-Iƒ ImW-s∏Sp∂p≠v. G‰hpw ]pd-sa-bp≈ ]mfn-bmb sIcm-‰n≥ AWp-°fpsS]th-i\w XS-bp-∂p. hnb¿∏v, sk_w(sebum) XpS-ßn-b- kh-ßfpw- AWp-\m-i-I-ti-jn-bp-≈-h-bm-Wv. sk_-Øn\v FÆ-a-b-ap-≈-Xn-\m¬ Xz°n¬ sh≈w ]‰n-∏n-Sn-°p-∂n√. tcma-ßfpsS Bh-cWw NqSn¬ \n∂pwXWp-∏n¬ \n∂pw ico-csØ kwc-£n-°p-∂-tXm-sSm∏w A\y-h-kvXp-°-sf XS-bp-IbpwsNøp∂p. sNhn, IÆv, aq°v, hmbv, aqX-\mfw XpS-ßnb `mK-ß-fn¬ I´n-bp≈Xz°n\p ]Icw t\¿Ø Hcp t«jva -kvXcamWp-≈-Xv. Cu Bh-c-W-Øn¬ tcmKm-Wp-°sf XS-bm-\p≈ k÷o-I-c-W-ßfp≠v.

tcmaw

tkzZ-KŸnc‡-°p-g-ep-Iƒ

skt_-jykvKŸn

sIcm-‰n≥]mfn

F∏n-U¿ankv

U¿ankv

NnXw ˛ 6.2. Xz°v

80

Poh-imkvXw

apdnhvtcmKm-Wp-°ƒ

c‡-tem-anIAcpWc‡m-Wp-

apdnhv

Nn-XoI-cWw 6.2. ho߬]Xn-I-cWw

^mtKm-ssk-t‰m-knkv

tizXc‡m-Wp-

ico-tcm-jvamhv IqSp-∂Xv tcmKm-Wp-°-fpsSh¿[-\-hns\ Fßs\ _m[n-°p-∂p.?

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tcmKm-Wp-°ƒ D≈n-¬ ]th-in-®m¬ Ah-bpsSh¿[-\hpw hym]-\hpw XS-bm≥ -]e ]h¿Ø-\-ßfpw ico-c-Øn¬ \S-°p-∂p-≠v. apdn-hp-Ifpwa‰pw hoßn-∏-gp-°p-tºmgpw tSm¨knsse-‰nkvtcmK-_m[ D≠m-Ip-tºm-gp-sams° Nne-t∏mƒ]\n A\p- -h-s∏-Sm-dp-≠-t√m. CØcw kml-N-cy-ß-fn¬ icotcm-jvamhv Db-cp-∂-Xp-sIm≠vico-c-Øn\v KpW-amtWm tZmj-amtWm D≈Xv?F¶n¬ ]\n Hcp tcmK-amtWm? \nK-a\wIpdn°q.

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ico-c-Xm-]-\ne Db¿Ønbpw a‰pw tcmKm-Wp-°-fpsS s]cp-I¬ \nb-¥n-°m≥ ico-c-Øn\v

Ign-bp-sa-¶nepw D≈n-se-Øn-b- tcmKm-Wp-°sf\in-∏n-®m¬ amXta tcmK-ap-≠m-Ip∂Xv XS-bm-\mIq. tizX-c-‡m-Wp-°-fpsS hyXykvXcoXn-bn-ep≈ ]h¿Ø-\-ß-fmWv CXn\pklm-bn-°p-∂-Xv. tizX-c-‡m-Wp-°ƒ ]e-X-c-ap-s≠∂v \mw a\- n-em-°n-bn- p-≠-t√m. Ah-bpsS t]cp-Iƒ Ipdn-°q.

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\yqtSm- n¬, tamtWm-ssk‰v XpS-ßnb tizX-c-‡m-Wp-°ƒ°v tcmKm-Wp-°sf hngpßn \in-∏n-°m≥ Ignbpw. Cu ]h¿Ø\w mtKm-ssk-t‰mknkv (phagocytosis) F∂mWv Adn-b-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv. \¬In-bn-´p≈ NnXw 6.3. \nco-£n®v^mtKm -ssk-t‰m -knkv Fßs\ \S -°p∂psh∂v Is≠Øn t_mIvkp -Iƒ]qcn∏n°q.

ssIbntem Imentem apdn-hp-≠m-Ip-tºmƒ B -`mKw hoßn-h-cp-∂Xp \n߃ I≠n-´p-≠m-Ipw.F¥n-\m-bn-cn°mw B `mKw Cßs\ hoßp-∂Xv? tcmKm-Wp-°ƒs°-Xn-sc icocw \S-Øp∂as‰mcp c£m-\-S-]-Sn-bm-Wn-Xv. CXp-hgn Fß-s\-bmWv tcmKm-Wp-°sf XS-bm≥ Ign-bp-I? ho߬]Xn-I-cWw (inflammation) F∂v hnfn-°-s∏-Sp∂ Cu ]h¿Ø\w Fßs\ \S-°p∂p F∂vhni-Z-am-°p∂ Hcp NnXo-I-c-W-amWv NphsS tN¿Øn-´p-≈-Xv. kqN-I-ß-fpsS klm-b-Øm¬AXp hni-I-e\w sNbvXv Cu ]h¿Ø\w ico-c-Øn\v Fßs\ KpW-I-c-am-Ip∂p F∂-Xn-s\-∏‰n Hcp Ipdn∏v Xbmdm-°q.

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\yqtSm- n¬

_mIvSo-cnb

a¿Ωw

A

NnXw- 6.3. mtKm-ssk-t‰m-knkv

B C D

ssetkmtkmw

\yqtSm- n¬_mIvSo-cn-bbv°v kao]w ................................... ................................... ...................................

.......

81

Poh-imkvXw

kqN-I-߃

¬ temanIm`nØn-bn¬ F¥p am‰amWv ImWp-∂Xv? AXp-sIm-≠p≈ ]tbm-P\sa¥v?

¬ IqSp-X¬ c‡w Hgp-In-h-cp-∂-Xp-sIm-≠p≈ta∑ F¥mWv?

c‡w-I- -]n-Sn-°epw Hcp ]Xn-tcm-[-]-h¿Ø\wicocØn¬ apdn-hp-≠m-Iptºmƒ AXn-eqsSc‡w Hgp-Ip-∂Xpw apdnhv sNdp-Xm-sW-¶n¬Ipd®v ka-b-Øn-\p-≈n¬ c‡samgp°v X\nsb

kqN-I-߃

¬ c‡°´ cq]-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂-Xn¬ tπ‰vse-‰p-I-fpsS ]¶v F¥v?

¬ Acp-W-c-‡m-Wp-°ƒ°v Xmc-X-tay\ hep-∏w IqSp-X-ep-≈Xv c‡-°-´- cq]o-I-c-W-Øn\vFßs\ klm-b-I-am-Ip∂p?

¬ apdn-th-‰- m-KØv sNdnb _ew A\p- -h-s∏-Sp-tºmƒt∏mepw ho≠pw c‡w Hgp-Im≥ ImcWw?

Nne tizX-c-‡m-Wp-°ƒ tcmKm-Wp-°sf hngp-ßn-\-in-∏n-°p-∂p-sh∂v \mw a\- n-em-°n-b-t√m.F∂m¬ ^mtKm-ssk-t‰m-kn-kns\ AXn-Pohn®v Ht´sd tcmKm-Wp-°ƒ ico-c-ØnseØmw. Ahhfsc thKw s]cp-IpIbpw IqSp-X¬ hym]n-°p-Ibpw sNøpw. Cu kml-N-cy-Øn-¬ tcmKm-Wp-°sf t\cn-Sm≥ khn-ti-j-amb Nne ]Xn-tcm[ ]h¿Ø\߃ icoc-Øn¬ \S-°p-∂p. enwt^m-ssk-‰p-IfmWv Cu ]h¿Ø\߃°p t\XrXzw \¬Ip-∂-Xv.

enwt^m-ssk-‰p-Iƒ Fß-s\-bmWv tcmKm-Wp-°sf t\cn-Sp-∂-Xv? \¬In-bn- p≈ hnh-c-Ww hni-I-e\w sNbvXv Ah \S-Øp∂ -]-Xn-tcm[]h¿Ø-\-sØ-∏‰n Ipdn∏v Xbmdm-°q.

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\n¬°p-∂-Xp-sams° \n߃°p ]cn-Nn-X-a-t√.AanXambn c‡w hm¿∂v A]-ISap≠m-Im-Xn-cn-°m≥ ico-c-Øn¬ \S-°p∂ Hcp c£m\S-]-Sn-bmWv Cu c‡w I -]n-Sn-°¬ (blood clotting).CsX-ß-s\-bmWv km[y-am-Ip-∂-Xv? NphsStN¿Øn-´p≈ NnXo-I-c-Whpw (6.3.) H∏-ap≈hnh-c-Whpw hni-I-e\w sNbvXv c‡-°´ cq]-s∏-Sp-∂sXß-s\-sb∂pw AXphgn c‡-]-hmlw \nb-¥n-°-s∏-Sp-∂sXß-s\-sb-∂pw a\- n-em°n kb≥kv Ub-dn-bn¬ Hcp Ipdn∏vXbm-dm-°q.

NnXo-I-cWw 6.3. c‡w I -]n-Sn-°¬

Ca2+t]mtXmw-_n≥ tXmw-_n≥

c‡-Øn-ep≈ ss^_nt\mP≥ ss^_n≥

c‡-°´

ss^_n≥ X¥p-°ƒt\cnb he-°-Æn-Iƒcq]-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂p.AcpWc‡m-Wp-°fpwtπ‰vse‰pIfpw Cu he-°-Æn-I-fn¬ IpSpßnc‡-°´ cq]-s∏-Sp-∂p.

RBC

F≥sskw

tπ‰vse-‰p-Iƒ

apdn-th-‰- m-KsØ tImi-ß-fn¬ \n∂pw tπ‰vse-‰p-I-fn¬ \n∂pw Nnecmk-h-kvXp-°ƒ D¬]m-Zn-∏n-°-s∏-Sp-∂p. Ch t]mtXmw-_n≥ F∂]Zm¿-YØn¬ \n∂pw tXmw_n≥ F∂ F≥sskw D≠m-°p∂p.

82

Poh-imkvXw

tcmKm-Wp-°sf ]Xn-tcm-[n-°m-\mbn \S-°p∂]h¿Ø-\-ß-sf√mw tcmKm-Wp-°ƒ ico-c-Øn\p≈nseØnbtijw kzm`m-hn-I-ambnkw`-hn-°p-∂-h-bmWv. AXn-\m¬ Ch-sb√mwkzm`m-hnI ]Xn-tcm-[-kw-hn-[m-\-ßfmsW∂p]d-bmw. F∂m¬ CØcw ]Xn-I-cW߃ cq]-s∏-Sm-s\-Sp-°p∂ kabØn\n-S-bn¬Øs∂ hf-sc°q-Sp-X¬ s]cp-Im\pw hym]n-°m\pw NnetcmKm-Wp-°ƒ°p Ign-bpw. At∏mƒ icocwtcmKm-Xp-c-am-Ip-∂p. tcmKm-Wp-°fpsS t\cnbBI-aWw D≠m-Ip-tºmƒØs∂ Ahbv-s°-

Xnsc ]Xn-I-cn-°m≥ Ign-™m¬ amXta tcmK-ap-≠m-ImsX ico-csØ c£n-°m-\m-Iq. CØ-c-Øn¬ ]Xn-I-cn-°m≥ ico-csØ Fß-s\-bmWv k÷-am-°pI? Cu At\z-j-W-amWvhmIvkn-\p-I-ƒ F∂ Bi-bØn-te°p a\p-jys\ \bn®Xv. kq£va-amb \nco-£-W-]m-S-hhpw hyXy-kvX-co-Xn-bn¬ Nn¥n-°m-\p≈tijn-bp-amWv CXn\v Cu imkvX-⁄scklm-bn-®-Xv. Cu alm-]-Xn-`-Isf ]cn-N-b-s∏Sq. Ch-sc -∏‰n IqSp -X¬ hnh-c -߃At\zjn°q.

Cw•-≠nse Hcp KmaoWtUmIvS-dm-bn-cp∂ FtUz¿Uv P∂-dmWv BZy-ambnhmIvkn-t\-j≥ ]co£n®-Xv. ISpØ hkq-cn-tcm-K-Øns‚ ImeØv Bcp -sSbpw i≤-]Xn-bm-Xn-cp∂

Hcp \nco-£-W-amWv Cu I≠p-]n-Sp-Ø-Øn-te°v At±-lsØ \bn-®-Xv. \K-c-ß-fn-ep≈hf-sc-b-[n-I-w B-fp-Iƒ hkqcn _m[-tb‰pacn-°p-tºmgpw I∂p-Im-en-h-f¿Ø-ep-ambn Ign-bp∂ Kmao-W-I¿j-I¿°v Cu tcmKw A[n-Iw- _m-[n-°p∂n-s√∂v At±lw \nco-£n-®p.Cu Kmao-W-sc√mw Xs∂ tKmh-kqcn F∂tcmK-_m-[-bp-≠mbn kpJ-s∏-´-h-cm-sW∂pwAt±lw a\- n-em-°n. hkqcn tcmKm-Wp-°-sf- \in-∏n-°m≥ tKmhkqcn tcmKm-Wp-°sfD]-tbm-K-s∏-Sp-Øm≥ Ign-bp-sa∂vv At±lwNn¥n -®p . XpS¿∂v At±lw \S -ØnbAt\Iw ]co-£-W-ßfneqsS BZysØhmIvkn≥ cq]-s∏-´p. CXp-hgn hkq-cn-tcm-KsØ `qan-bn¬ \n∂v XpS-®p-am-‰m≥ Ct∏mƒIgn-™n- p-≠v.

]mNo\ kaq-l-Øn¬ tcmK-ß-fp-≠m-Ip-∂-Xn-s\-°p-dn®v[mcmfw A‘-hn-izm -k-߃ \ne-\n -∂n -cp -∂p.F∂m¬ kq£va-Po-hn-Iƒaqe-amWv tcmK-߃ D≠m-Ip-∂sX∂v hkvXp-\n-jvT-ambn sXfn-bn-°m≥ ^©vimkvX-PvR-\mb eqbn ]mkvN¿°p Ign-™p.tcmKm-Wp-kn≤m¥w (germ theory) F∂ CuBibw sshZy-imkvX taJ-e-bn¬ henbhnπ-h-߃°v XpS°w Ipdn-®p. ]m¬, ho™vXpS-ßn-bh tISm-Ip-∂Xv _mIvSo-cn-b-I-fpsS]h¿Ø\w aqe-am -sW∂v Is≠-ØnbCt±lw ]mkvN-ssd-tk-j≥ (pasteurisation)F∂ ]In-b-bn-eqsS Ah tISm-ImsX kq£n-°m-sa∂pw Is≠-Øn. I∂p-Im-en-I-fnepw a\p-jy-cnepw D≠m-Ip∂ B¥mIvkv tcmK-Øns\-Xnsc ^e-]-Z-amb hmIvkn≥ \n¿an-®Xv Ct±-l-am-Wv. t]hn-j-_m-[-bvs°-Xnsc ]h¿Øn-°p∂ dm_nkv hmIvkn-\p-IfpsS I-≠p-]n-Sp-Øhpw ]mkvNdpsS ][m\ t\´amWv.

eqbn-]m-kvN¿FtUz¿Uv P∂-¿

enwt^m-ssk-‰p-Ifpw ]Xn-tcm-[hpwico-c-ØnseØp∂ GsXmcp A\y-h-kvXp-hn-s\bpw B‚n-P≥ F∂p hnfn-°mw. tcmKm-Wp-°-fmWv Ch-bn¬ ][m\s∏´h. tcmKm-Wp-°-fpsS ]tXy-IX Xncn-®-dn™v Hmtcm tcmKm-Wp-hn-\p-sa-Xnsc khn-ti-j-amb coXn-bn¬ ]h¿Øn-°m≥ enwt^m-ssk-‰p-Iƒ F∂ tizX-c-‡m-Wp-°-ƒ°p Ign-bpw. enwt^m-ssk-‰p-Iƒ c≠p-X-c-Ønep≠v. B -en-wt^m-ssk-‰p-I-fpw T -enw-t^m-ssk-‰p-I-fpw. ]h¿Ø-\-co-Xn-bn¬ hyXym-k-ß-fp-s≠-¶nepw Ch-bpsS kl-I-cn-®p≈ ]h¿Ø-\w hgn-bmWv icocØn¬ tcmK-]-Xn-tcm[w km[y-am-hp-∂-Xv. enwt^m-ssk-‰p-Iƒ t\cn´pwB‚n-t_m-Un-Iƒ aptJ-\bpw tcmK-Im-cn-Isf \in-∏n-°p-∂p. B‚n-P-\p-Iƒs°-Xnsc ]h¿Øn®vAhsb \in-∏n-°m≥ Ign-bp∂ amwky X∑m-X-I-fmWv B‚n-t_m-Un-Iƒ (antibodies).

IrXna ]Xn-tcm-[-am¿K-߃ tXSn...

83

Poh-imkvXw

hnhn-[ -X-c-Øn-ep≈ hmIvkn-\p-I-sf-∏-‰n \n߃ tI´n-´p-≠m-Ipw. \n߃°v ]cn-Nn-X-am-b-h-bpsS t]cp-Iƒ Ipdn-°q.

..........................................................................................................................................................

F¥mWv hmIvkn-\p-Iƒ? Ah D]-tbm-Kn-°p-∂-Xp-hgn Fß-s\-bmWv tcmK-ßsf ]Xn-tcm-[n-°m≥ IgnbpI? NphsS sImSp-Øn- p≈ hnhcWw kqN-I-ß-fpsS ASn-ÿm-\Øn¬ hni-I-e\wsNbvXv hmIvkn-\p-I-ƒ hgn-bp≈ tcmK]Xn-tcm-[-sØ-∏‰n \nK-a\w cq]-s∏-Sp-Øq.

hmIvkn-\p-Iƒ (Vaccines)tcmKm-Wp-°sf \in-∏n-°m≥ tcmKm-Wp-°-sf-Øs∂ D]-tbm-Kn-°pI F∂-XmWv hmIvkn-t\-js‚ XXzw. tcmKm-Wp-°ƒs°-Xnsc ]h¿Øn-°m≥ tizX-c-‡m-Wp-°sf t\csØ k÷-am-°p-I-bmWv hmIvkn-t\-j-\n¬ \mw sNøp-∂-Xv. B‚n-P\pI-fpsS km∂n[yw a\- n-em°nAh-bvs°-Xnsc DtØ-Pn-X-am-Ip-hm≥ enwt^m-ssk-‰p-Iƒ°v Ign-hp≠v. Poh-\p-≈-hbpw C-√m-Ø-hbpamb tcmKmWp-°sf hmIvkn-\p-I-fmbn D]-tbm-K-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂p-≠v. t]∏´n hnj-_m-[-bvs°-Xn-sc-bp≈ dm_okv hmIvkn-\p-Iƒ, t]mfn-tbm-tcm-K-Øn-s\-Xn-sc-bp≈ km¬°vhmIvkn≥ (salk vaccine) F∂nhbn¬ arX-ß-fmb AWp-°sfbmWv D]-tbm-Kn-°p-∂-Xv. £btcmK-Øn-s\-Xn-sc-bp≈ _n.-kn.-Pn. IpØn-h-bv]n\v Poh-\p-≈Xpw \n¿ho-cy-am-°-s∏- -Xp-amb tcmKm-Wp-°sf D]-tbm-Kn-°p-∂p. hkqcn tcmK_m-[-bvs°-Xnsc kPo-h-amb tKmh-kqcn tcmKm-Wp-°-sf-bmWv hmIvkn-\p-I-fmbn D]-tbm-Kn-®ncp∂Xv. Nne hmIvkn-\p-I-fn¬ tcmKm-Wp-°ƒ D¬]m-Zn-∏n-°p∂ tSmIvkn-\p-Iƒ \n¿ho-cy-am°nbmWv D]-tbm-Kn-°p-∂-Xv. DZm: T T (tetanus toxoid)hmIvkn≥.

kqN-I-߃

¬ arX-ß-fmb tcmKm-Wp-°ƒ°pw \n¿ho-cy-am°s∏´ tSmIvkn -\p -I-ƒ°psaXnscenwt^m-ssk-‰p-Iƒ°v ]h¿Øn-°m≥ Ign-bp-∂-sX-ßs\?

¬ hmIvkn-\p-I-fmbn Poh-\p-≈- tcmKm-Wp-°sf D]-tbm -Kn -°p -tºmƒ Ahsb]tXyIw ]cp-h-s∏-Sp-tØ≠-Xns‚ Bh-iy-sa¥v?

\n߃ P\n®v A[nIw sshIm-sX-Xs∂FSpØ Hcp IpØn-h-bv]ns‚ AS-bmfw \nß-fpsS ssIbn¬ tXmƒ`m-K-Ømbn ImWp-∂p-≠m-hpw. Cu IpØn-h-bv]ns‚ t]sc-¥mWv?GXp tcmK-Øn-s\-Xn-sc-bp≈ hmIvkn\m-WnXv?

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at‰-sX√mw hmIvkn\p-I-fmWv \n߃°p\¬Inbn-´p-≈-Xv? ho´n¬ At\z-jn®v hnhcwtiJ-cn-°q. Hcp Btcm-Ky-tIµw kµ¿int®mat‰-sX-¶nepw hn[-Øn¬ hnhcw tiJ-cnt®m\¬In-bn-´p≈ ]´nI ]q¿Øn-bm-°q.

tcmKw hmIvkn≥

£bw

t]mfntbm

Ic-ƒho°w

ap≠n-\ocv

sS‰-\kv

Un^vXo-cnb

hnóNpa

bYm-kabw ]Xn-tcm[ IpØn-h-bv]p-Iƒ\StØ≠-Xns‚ ]m[m-\y-sØ-∏‰n C∂p \mwt_m[-hm-∑m-cm-Wv. C¥y-bn¬ k¿h-km-[m-c-W-amb Nne tcmK-ßsf ]Xn-tcm-[n-°m≥ apgp-h≥ P\-߃°pw ]Xn-tcm[ IpØn-h-bv]p-Iƒ\¬Im-\p≈ ]cn-i-a-߃ \ΩpsS cmPyØvhym]-I-ambn \S-∏m-°n-hcp∂p≠v. CXn-\mbnHcp ]Xn-tcm-[-h¬°-cW ]´nI Xs∂ tZio-b-X-e-Øn¬ cq]-s∏-Sp-Øn-bn- p-≠v. ]mY-an-Im-tcm-Ky tIµ-ß-fn¬hsc CXp e`-y-amWv.tZiob ]Xn-tcm[h¬°-cW ]´nI (NationalImmunisation Schedule) ]cn-tim-[n®v NphsS\¬In-bn-cn-°p∂ ]´nI ]qcn-∏n°q.

84

Poh-imkvXw

F∂m¬ Nne-cpsS icocw Cu LS-I-߃s°-Xnsc Aan-X-ambn ]Xn-I-cn-°p-Ibpw AXp-aqewAh¿°v [mcmfw Akz-ÿ-X-I-fp-≠m-IpIbpwsNøpw. BkvXva, Ae¿Pn XpS-ßn-b-h-sbms°CØcw Akz-ÿ-XIƒ°v DZm-l-c-W-am-Wv.CØcw tcmKm-h-ÿ-Iƒ°v Imc-W-am-Ip∂ LS-I-߃ ]´n-I-s∏-SpØq.

$ s]mSn-]-S-e-߃

$ ]cm-K-tc-Wp-°-ƒ

$ `£y-h-kvXp-°ƒ

$

BkvXvabpsS e£-W-߃, NnIn-’m-co-Xn-IƒF∂nh-sb-∏‰n N¿®-\-SØn Ipdn∏v Xbmdm°q.

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Ah-b-hw am‰n-h-bv°epw ]Xn-tcm-[hpwXI-cm-dn-emb Ah-b-h-߃°p-]-I-c-ambn ]pXn-bh h®p-]n-Sn-∏n-°p∂ kmt¶-XnIhnZy-I-sf-∏‰n\n߃ tI´n- p-≠m-Ip-at√m?

Cu ]c-kyw i≤n-°q.hr° Bh-i-y-ap≠vc≠p-hr-°-Ifpw XI-cm-dn-embn Kpcp-X-cm-h-ÿ-bn¬ Ign-bp∂ 30 hb-kpImc\v O s\K-‰ohv c‡-Kq-∏p-≈ A\p-tbm-Py-amb hr°Bhiyap≠v

GsX√mw Ah-b-h-ßfmWv Cßs\ am‰n-h-bv°m-≥ Ign-bp-∂Xv? \n߃°-dn-bm-hp-∂hIpdn-°q.

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Ah-b-h-߃ am‰n-shbv-°p∂-Xn-s\-∏‰n IqSp-X¬ hnh-c-߃ tiJ-cn°q.

hmIvkn-t\-j≥sIm≠v ]e tcmK-ß-sfbpwAXn-Po-hn-°m≥ \ap°p Ign-™n- p≠v. F∂m¬Ht´sd tcmK-߃s°Xnsc C\nbpw hmIvkn-\p-Iƒ hnI-kn-∏n-t°-≠-nbncn-°p∂p. ]e tcmK--ßfpw ]pXp-Xmbn ]Xy-£-s∏-Sp∂p F∂Xpwit≤-b-am-Wv. ]IrXn kml-N-cy-ß-fnepw Pohn-X-ssi-en-bnep-ap-≠mb am‰-߃ aqew \ΩpsSkzm- mhnI ]Xn-tcm-[-tijnbn¬ Ipdhp≠mIp-∂Xpw tcmKm-Wp-°-fpsS AXn-Po-h-\-tijnh¿[n-°p-∂-Xp-sams° ]pXnb tcmK-ß-fp-≠m-Im≥ Imc-WamWv. \ΩpsS kzm`m -hnI]Xntcm -[-tijn h¿[n -∏n -°m≥ \ap -°vFs¥ms°-sN-øm-\mIpw? ¢mkn¬ Hcp N¿®kwL-Sn-∏n°q.

]Xn-tcm[ sshI-ey-߃kz¥w ico-c-tIm-i-ßsf Xncn-®-dn-bm≥ khn-ti-j-amb Ign-hp≈ tImi-ß-fmWv enwt^m-ssk-‰p-Iƒ. F∂m¬ Nne Bfp-I-fn¬ kz¥wicocØnse tImi-ß-sf-Øs∂ B‚n-P-\p-I-fm-bn-°≠v Ah-bvs°-Xnsc enwt^m-ssk-‰p-Iƒ]h¿Øn-°p∂ Ah-ÿ- D≠m-Im-dp -≠v.CØcw Ah-ÿsb kzbw]Xn-tcm-[-ssh-I-ey-߃ (autoimmune disorders) F∂mWv ]d-bp-∂-Xv. hmX∏\n (rheumatic fever) CXn-s\m-cp-Zm-l-c-W-am-Wv.

]Xn-tcm-[w- AanX-ambm¬]Xn -tcm -[-kw-hn -[m -\-߃ A[n-I-ambn]h¿Øn-°p-∂XpsIm≠v ico-c-Øn\v IqSp-Xses¥-¶nepw KpW-ap-≠m-Iptam? \ap°pNp‰pw km[m-c-W-bmbn ImWp∂ ]e -L-S-I-ßfpw ico-c-Øn¬ B‚n-P-\p-I-fmbn ]h¿Øn-°p∂-h-bmWv. an°-bm-fp-I-fnepw Ch Imcy-amb]Xn- -tcm[ ]h¿Ø-\-ß-fp -≠m-°p∂n-√.

]Xn-tcm-[-h-¬°-cWw

]mbw hmIvkn-≥ tcmKw

$ ........................................ $ ........................................................... $ ...........................................................

$ ........................................ $ ........................................................... $ ...........................................................

$ $ $

85

Poh-imkvXw

\mIq. kΩ-X-]Xw H∏n´p \¬Ip-tºmƒkm£n-I-fmbn c≠p-t]¿ D≠m-I-Ww. IÆp-Iƒ Zm\w-sN-øm≥ Xocp-am-\n-®- hn-hcwt\csØ _‘p-°-tfmSpw kplr-Øp-°-tfmSpw ]d-™n-cp-∂m¬ Ah¿°v acWhnhcw _‘-s∏-´-hsc Adn-bn-°m≥ Ffp-∏-am-Ipw. Adn-bn-∏v e- n-®m¬ DS≥ tUmIvS¿am¿FØn IÆp-Iƒ FSpØv B ÿm\Øv]Icw IrXna°Æp-Iƒ h®p-]n-Sn-∏n°pw.AXp-sIm≠v arX-i-co-c-Øn¬ bmsXmcpsshcq-]yhpw D≠m-Ip-∂n-√.

Ah-b-h-am‰w \S-Øp-tºmƒ ]pXp-XmbntN¿Øp-h-bv°p∂ Ah-bhw ico-c-sØ kw_-‘n-®n-S-tØmfw Hc-\y-h-kvXp-hm-Wv. tN¿Øphbv°p∂ Ah-b-h-Øns\-Xnsc icocw ]XnI-cW -]-h¿Ø-\-߃ \S-Øn-tb-°mw. F¥m-bn-cn°pw CXn\p Imc-Ww? CØcw ikvX-InbIƒ \S-Øp-tºmƒ ]Xn-tcm-[-tijnAa¿Øp∂Xn\p≈ acp-∂p-Iƒ D]-tbm-Kn-t°-≠-Xns‚ Bh-iy-I-X-sb-¥v? Cu Ah-ÿ-bnse ]cn-N-c-W-Øn¬ ]tXy-I -i≤ Bh-iy-am-Ip-∂-sX-¥p-sIm≠v? N¿®-bn-eqsS \nK-a-\-߃ cq]-s∏-SpØn kb≥kvUb-dn-bn¬ Ipdn°q.

Ah-b-h-Zm\w Poh-Zm\wIp‰-a‰ Ah-b-h-߃ as‰m-cmƒ°v\¬Im≥ Bsc-¶nep-w Xbm- -dm-bm¬amXta Ah-b-h߃ -am‰nhbv°pIhgn as‰m-cm-fpsS Poh≥c£n-°m≥ Ign-bq. Nne Ah-b-h߃ Pohn -®n -c n -°p -tºmƒXs∂bpw a‰pNneXv ac-W-ti-jhpw Zm\w sNøm≥ Ignbpw. Ah-b-h-Zm-\-sØ∏‰n th≠X Adn-hn-√m-Øp-aq-e-amWv ]ecpw CXn\vXbmdm-Im-Ø-Xv. \ΩpsS ac-W-ti-jhpw \ΩpsS Ah-b-h-߃ as‰m-cm-fn-eqsS Pohn-°p-∂Xv al-ØmbImcy-at√? Ah-b-h-Zm-\-Øns‚ -am-lm-fly-sØ∏‰n IqSp-X¬ hnh-c-߃ tiJ-cn-°q. t\X-Zm-\-Øns‚hni-Zmw -i -߃ amXr -I -bmbn\¬In-bn- p-≈Xv i≤n-°q.

t\X-Zm\w almZm\wHcm-fpsS ac-W-tijw Bdv aWn-°q¿ kabw hsc Abm-fpsSIÆp-Ifnse tIm¿Wnb Zm\-Øn-\mbn ]tbm-P -\ -s∏-Sp -Ømw.Abmƒ t\X-Zm\ kΩ-X-]Xw\¬In-bn -´p -s≠-¶n¬ amXtaCßs\ IÆp-Iƒ tiJ-cn-°m-

86

Poh-imkvXw

]Xn-tcm-[-tijn \in-®mtem?]e- kwhn-[m-\-ß-fpsS Iq´mb ]h¿Ø-\-Øn-eq-sS-bmWv icocw tcmKm-Wp-°-fn¬ \n∂v c£-t\-Sp-∂-sX∂pw enwt^m-ssk-‰p-I-fmWv Cut]mcm- -Ønse apJy-]-S-bm-fn-I-sf∂pw \mw a\- n-em-°n. F∂m¬ Nne tcmKm-Wp-°ƒ°venwt^m-ssk-‰p-I-sf-Øs∂ \in-∏n°m-\p≈Ign-hp-≠v. CØcw tcmKm-Wp-°-fpsS BI-aWwico -csØ Fß-s\-bm -bn -cn°pw _m[n -°p∂Xv?

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FbvUvkv sshd-kp-Iƒ ico-c-Øn¬ Fßs\]h¿Øn-°p∂p F∂v ]Xo-Im-fl-I-ambn hni-Zo-I-cn-°p∂ NnXo-I-cWw ]mTm-cw-`-Øn¬ \mwi≤n-®t√m. B NnXo-I-c-Whpw NphsS \¬In-bn-´p≈ kqN-\-Ifpw hni-I-e\w sNbvXvFbvUvkv tcmK-sØ-∏‰n Hcp Ipdn∏v Xbmdm°q.

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tcmK-ImcnHIV (lyqa≥ CayqtWm sU^n-jy≥knsshd-kv)

]I-cp-∂-coXnico-c-Z-h-ß-fn -eq-sS-˛ -kpc-£n-X-a-√mØssew-Kn-I-_‘w, AWp-hn-ap-‡-am-°mØkqNnIƒ, c‡\nthi\w F∂nh- hgn.

sshd-kns‚ ]h¿Ø\wHIV bpsS BI-aWw enwt^m-ssk-‰p-I-sf\in-∏n-°p-∂p. Ah-bpsS D¬]m-Z\w KWy-ambn Ipd-bm≥ CS-bm-°p-∂p.

e£W߃tcmK-mWp_m-[-bp-≠mbn \mfp-I-tfmfw]tXyI e£Wßsfm∂pwXs∂ ]Xy-£-s∏-Sp-∂n√. F∂m¬ enwt^m-ssk-‰p-Iƒ\in-∏n-°-s∏-Sp∂Xp-aqew ]Xn-tcm-[-tijnItaW Ipd-bp-∂p. \n m-c-amb tcmK߃t]mepw Kpcp-X-camIp∂p. CXv ac-W-Øn-te°v \bn-°p-∂p.

a‰p tcmK-ßsf At]-£n®v IrXy-amb ap≥I-cp-X-ep-Iƒ sIm≠v ]q¿W-ambpw Hgn-hm-°m-≥Ign-bp∂ Hcp tcmK-amWv FbvUvkv F∂XvCu tcmK-Øns‚ ]tXy-I-X-bm-Wv. FbvUvkn-s\-Xnsc kzoI-cn-t°≠ ap≥I-cp-X-ep-I-sf-∏-‰nN¿® \SØq.

CXbpw i‡-amb ]Xn-tcm[ kwhn-[m-\-߃ico-cØnep-s≠-¶nepw tcmKm-Wp-°ƒ°v Ah-sb√mw AXn-Po-hn®v D≈n-se-Øm\pw ico-csØ tcmKm-Xp-c-am-°m\pw Ign-bp∂ NneA\p-Iqe kml-N-c-y-ß-fp-≠m-tb-°mw. AØcwkml-N-c-y-߃ ]´n-I-s∏-SpØq.

$ tcmKm-Wp-°-fpsS B[n-I-yw.

$ ico-c-]-h¿Ø-\-ß-fn-se XI-cm-dp-Iƒ.

$ Xm]-\n-e-bnse hy-X-ym-kw.

$ A¥-co£Ønse Cu¿∏w.

$

tcmKw _m[n®p Ign-™m¬ ico-csØ c£n-°m≥ \msa¥mWp sNtø≠Xv?

NnIn’ Ah-km-\sØ ]Xn-tcm[wHmtcm \m´n-tebpw kml-N-cy-߃°\p-k-cn®vHt´sd NnIn-’m-]-≤-Xn-Iƒ cq]-saSpØn- p-≠v.\ΩpsS \m´n¬ IqSp-X¬ ]Nm-c-ap≈ NnIn’mcoXnIƒ ]´n-I-s∏-SpØq.

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Ch-bn¬ `mc-X-Øn¬ P∑-sa-SpØ NnIn’mcoXnIƒ GsXms° F∂v Ipdn°q.

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Bbp¿thZw-]p-cm-W-Imew apX¬ mc-X-Øn¬ ]Nm-c-Øn-ep≠m-bn-cp∂ Hcp NnIn-’m-co-Xn-bmWnXv.

GsX-¶nepw tcmK-߃s°-Xn-sc -s]s´∂p≈Hcp NnIn-’m-\S]Sn F∂-Xn-\-∏pdw ico-csØ kpk-÷-ambn ]cn-]m-en-°m-\p≈ HcpPohn-X-Ncy F∂ \ne-bn-emWv Bbp¿thZwIqSp-X¬ kzoIm-cy-am-Ip-∂-Xv.

Cu NnIn-’m-co-Xn-bpsS D¤-hw, hnIm-kw,NnIn-’m-Ia-߃, ta∑-Iƒ, ]cn-an-Xn-Iƒ Ch-sb- ASn-ÿm-\-s∏-SpØn tPmfnbpw Iq´pImcpwXbm-dm°nb "]Ir-Xn-]mTw' F∂ imkvX-∏-Xn-∏nse Nne- kqN-\I-fmWv NphsS sImSp-Øn-´p-≈-Xv. Ah ]tbm-P-\-s∏-Sp-Ønbpw IqSp-X¬ hnh-c-ti-J-cWw \S-Ønbpw imkvX-∏-Xn∏v Xbmdm-°q.

87

Poh-imkvXw

C\w

t]Pv

$ Bbp- ns‚ thZw5

$ a-l¿jn-amcpsS kw`m-h\9

$ XntZm-j-ß-fpsS kwXp-e\w 12

$ tcmK-\n¿Wb coXn-Iƒ˛ 15

Z¿i-\w, kv]¿i-\w, ]iv\w

$ Huj[ kk-y-߃--

NnIn-’m-co-Xn-Iƒ

$ ssPh-ssh-hn[ytimjWw

]Ir-Xn-]mTw

Hcp tlmantbm tUmIvS-dp-ambn A`n-apJw \S-Øntbm at‰-sX-¶nepw tkmX- -kp-Iƒ ]tbm-P-\-s∏-Sp-Øntbm tlman-tbm- NnIn’-sb-∏‰nIqSp-X¬ hnh-c-߃ tiJ-cn-°q.

Atem-∏-Xnbpw B[p-\nIsshZy-im-kvXhpw

temI-sa-ºmSpw hym]-I-ambn D]-tbm-Kn-°-s∏-Sp∂ NnIn’m ]≤-Xn-bm-Wn-Xv. lnt∏m-Im-‰kvF∂ Ko°p sshZy-im-kvX-⁄-\n-eqsS Bcw`w Ipdn® Cu sshZy-im-kvX-im-J-bn¬ tcmK-

\n¿W-bw, tcmK-Nn -In -’, acp -∂p -IƒChbvs°ms°- h-enb ]¶m-Wp-≈-Xv. \ΩpsS\m´n-ep≈ IqSp-X¬ Bip-]-Xn-Ifpw B[p-\nI sshZy-imkvXw ASn-ÿm-\-am-°n-bmWv]h¿Øn-°p-∂-Xv.

B[p-\nI sshZy -im -kvX -Ønse Nnekvs]jy-sse-tk-j-\p-I-fpw Ah GXp taJ-e-bp-ambn _‘-s∏- n-cn-°p-∂p-sh∂Xpw kqNn-∏n-°p∂ ]´n-I-bmWv NphsS tN¿Øn-´p-≈-Xv.]´n-I-bn¬ hn´p-t]m-bn-´p≈h ]q¿Øn-bm-°q.IqSp-X¬ taJ-e-Iƒ Is≠-Øq.

kvs]jysse-tk-j≥ _‘-s∏´ taJe

]oUn-bm-SnIvkv inip-tcmK NnIn’

lrZ-b-Nn-In’

sPdn-bm-SnIvkv

Hmt¶m-fPn

t\X-Nn-In’

\yqtdm-fPn

bqtdm-fPn

kvXotcmK NnIn’

tdUn-tbm-fPn

C.-F≥.‰n (ENT)

Cu al-Ømb NnIn’m ]≤Xn IqSp-X¬ ]N-cn-∏n-°-s∏-tS-≠-X-t√? CXn-te°v Fs¥√mw\S-]-Sn-Iƒ kzo-I-cn-°m-\m-Ipw. N¿®sNøq.

kn≤-ssh-Zyw, ]©I¿Ω XpSßn Bbp¿th-ZsØ ASn-ÿm-\am°nbp≈ NnIn-’m-coXn-Ifpw bq\m\n, ]Ir-Xn-Nn-In’ XpS-ßn-b-hbpwhym]-I-ambn ]tbm-P-\-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂p-≠v. Ch-sb-∏‰nbpw IqSp-X¬ hnhctiJ-cWw \S-Øq.

tlman-tbm-∏XnP¿Ω-\n-bnse Hcp tUmIvS-dmbncp∂ kmap-h¬ l\n-am≥ cq]w \¬Inb Hcp NnIn-’m-coXn-bm-Wn-Xv. tcmK-Øn-\√ tcmKn-°mWvNnIn’ F∂-Xp-sIm≠v HmtcmcpØ-cn-ep-ap≈ tcmK-e-£-W-߃°v tlman-tbm-∏Xnhenb ]m[m-\y-amWv \¬Ip-∂-Xv. tcmK-Øn\p Imc-W-am-Ip∂ hkvXp-hn\pXs∂tcmK-i-a\ap≠m°m-\p-w Ignbpw F∂-XmWvtlman-tbm-∏-Xn-bnse ][m-\-XXzw. Huj-[-߃ t\¿∏n-°pw-tXmdpw Ah-bpsS hocywh¿[n-°p-∂p-sh-∂Xpw Cu NnIn’m-]-≤-Xn-bpsS khn-ti-j-amb Hcp ]am-W-am-Wv.

lnt∏m-Im-‰kv

88

Poh-imkvXw

NnXw 6.4. tcmK-\n¿W-tbm-]m-[n-Iƒ

tcmK\n¿W-tbm-]m-[n-IƒNnX-Øn¬°mWp∂ Cu D]-I-c-W-߃ \n߃°p ]cn-Nn-X-a-t√. Ch Hmtcm∂ns‚bpw t]cpwD]-tbm-Khpw Ipdn-°q.

............................................................................................................................................................

H∂p c≠p Zi-I-߃°p apºp-hsc tcmK-\n¿W-b-Øn-\mbn tUmIvS¿am¿ D]-tbm-K-s∏-Sp-Øn-bn-cp∂ ][m\ kt¶-X-߃ Cu D]-I-c-W-߃ amX-am-bn-cp-∂p. F∂m-¬ ico-c-Øn-\p-≈n-ep≈ kq£-vam-h-b-h-ß-fpsS t]mepw NnX-ß-sf-Sp-°m\pw Ah-bpsS ]h¿Ø\w X¬k-abw\nco-£n-°m-\p-ap≈ kwhn-[m-\-߃ Ct∏mƒ \ne-hn-ep-≠v. \¬In-bn- p≈ kqN-\-Iƒ ]tbm-P-\-s∏-Sp-Ønbpw IqSp-X¬ hnh-c-ti-J-cWw \S-Ønbpw tcmK-\n¿W-b-Øn-\pw NnIn-’bv°pw D]-tbm-Kn-°p∂ \qX\ kt¶-X-ß-sf-∏‰n Hcp eLp-]-Xn∏v Xbmdm-°q.

kqN-\-Iƒ

$ Fw.B¿.-sF.kvIm≥ $ FIvkvtd $ kn.-‰n.-kvIm≥

$ t]kvta-°¿ $ ECG $ EEG

$ B≥Pn-tbmKmw $ IrXn-a-hm¬hp-Iƒ $ ss_∏mkv k¿Pdn

$ sSen-sa-Un-kn≥ $ \mt\m-sS-Ivt\m-fPn $ F≥tUm-kvtIm∏n

$ P\n-‰nIv F©n-\o-b-dnwKv $ Po≥sX-dm∏n

Huj-[-߃

Huj-[m-h-i-y-߃°mbn ]≠pImew apX¬kk-y-ß-sf-bmWv a\p-j-y≥ ][m\-ambpwBi-bn-®n-cp-∂-Xv. ]n∂oSv ]co-£-W-im-e-I-fn¬ IrXn-a-ambn Xbmdm°p∂ cmk-h-kvXp-

°ƒ Cu taJ-e-bn¬ B[n-]-X-y-ap-d-∏n-®p. Huj-[-ß-fpsS ]mbv°-‰p-I-fn¬ CØcw cmk-h-kvXp-°-fpsS t]cp-Iƒ Fgp-Xn-bn- p-≠m-Ipw. Ah ]cn-tim-[n®v Huj-[-ß-fpsS t]cpw Ah-bn¬ AS-ßn-bn- p≈ cmk-L-S-I-ßfpw ImWn-°p∂ Hcp]´nI Xbmdm°q.

Huj-[-߃ kq£vaPo-hn-I-fn¬ \n∂pwBI-kvan-I-ambn kw`-hn-°m-hp∂ ]cm-P-b-ßsf krjvSn-]-c-amb ImgvN-∏m-Sp-I-fn-eqsS t\ -ß-fm-°n-am-‰p-∂Xn¬ imkvX-⁄-∑m¿ hnP-bn-®n- p-≠v. CXn\vanI® DZm-l-c-W-amWv BZysØ B‚n-_-tbm-´nIv Huj-[-amb s]\nkn-ens‚ I≠p-]n-SpØw. _mIvSo-cn-b-Isf∏‰n ]T\w \S-Øn-bn-cp∂ Hcp imkvX-⁄-\m-bn-cp∂p Ae-Ivkm-≠¿ ^vsfan-wKv. ]co-£-W-im-e-bn¬ D]-tbm-Kn-°p∂ D]-I-c-W-ßfpw a‰pw hrØn-bm°n hbv°p-∂-Xn¬ At±-l-Øn\p

Ae-Ivkm-≠¿vsfanwKv

89

Poh-imkvXw

NnXo-I-cWw 6.4.

hogvN-]‰pI ]Xn-hm-bn-cp-∂p. ]co-£-Wm-h-iy-߃°mbn sÃ^-tem-tIm-°kv (staphylococus)C\-Øn¬s∏´ _mIvSo-cn-b-Isf hf¿Øn-bncp∂ s]Sn-Un-jp-Iƒ th≠X `Z-ambn aqSn-h-bv°msX Hcp Ah-[n-°m-e-bm-X°pt]mbn. XncnsI em_n-se-Ønb At±lw Hcp s]Sn-Un-jn¬ Xm≥ hf¿Øn-bn-cp∂ _mIvSo-cn-b-IfXbpw ]q∏¬ _m[-tb‰v \in-®n-cn-°p∂ ImgvN-bmWv I≠-Xv. BZyw hfsc hnj-a-amWp tXm∂n-b-sX-¶nepw ]q∏epIƒ°v (fungus) _mIvSocn-b-Isf \in-∏n-°m≥ Ign-hp≈ ]Zm¿Y-߃ D¬]m-Zn-∏n-°m-\m-Ip-sa∂ Nn¥ At±-l-Øns‚a\- n¬ ]Xo-£-bpsS \mf-ap-W¿Øn. s]\n-kn-enbw F∂ wKkv D¬]m-Zn-∏n-°p∂ _mIvSo-cnbbvs°-Xnsc ]h¿Øn°p∂ ]Zm¿YsØ vsfanwKv s]\n-kn-en≥ (penicillin) F∂p hnfn-®p.BZysØ B‚n-_-tbm-´nIv Huj-[-amb s]\n-knens‚ I≠p-]n-SnØw Btcm-Ky-cw-KØv alm-hn-π-h-Øn\p hnØp-]m-In. Ccp]Xmw \q‰m-≠nse am¥n-I-a-cp∂pIƒ F∂p hnti-jn-∏n-°-s∏´B‚n-_-tbm-´n-°p-Iƒ C∂v sshhn[yw sIm≠pw ^e-kn≤n sIm≠pw sshZy-im-kvX-cw-KsØ A\n-hm-cy-X-bmbn \ne-\n-¬°p∂p.

\n߃°p ]cn-N-b-ap≈ B‚n_tbm- n-°p-I-fpsS t]cp-Ifpw Ah GtXXv kq£vaPohn-Iƒs°-Xn-sc- ]tbm-Kn-°p-∂p F∂pw hni-Z-am-°p∂ Hcp ]´nI Xbmdm-°q.

B‚n_tbm-´n-°p-Iƒ hfsc D]-Im-cn-I-fm-sW-¶nepw Ah-bpsS D-]-tbmKw aqew ]e- ]m¿i-z-^-e-ß-fp-ap-≠m-Im-\n-S-bp-≠v. \¬In-bn- p≈ kqN-\-Iƒ i≤n-°q.

$ \nc-¥c-amb D]-tbmKw Ch-bvs°-Xnsc _mIvSo-cn-b-I-fn¬ AXn-Po-h-\-tijn (resistance)D≠m-Im≥ CS-bm-°p-∂p.

$ ico-c-Ønse D]-Im-cn-I-fm-bn-´p≈ _mIvSo-cn-b-Isf \in-∏n-°p-∂p.

$ ico-c-Øn¬ Nne hn‰m-an-\pIfpsS Afhv Ipdbv°p∂p.

Xe-th-Z-\bpw ]\nbpsams° D≠m-Ip-tºmƒ Nne¿ tUmIvS-dpsS klmbw tXSmsX saUn-°¬ tjm∏p-I-fn¬ \n∂pw a‰pw Kpfn-I-Ifpw acp-∂p-Ifpw hmßn D]-tbm-Kn-°m-dp-≠v. Cu ]h-WX icn-bmtWm? F¥p-sIm≠v? ¢mkn¬ Hcp N¿® kwL-Sn-∏n®v \nK-a\w cq]-s∏-Sp-Øq.

..........................................................................................................................................................

NnXo-I-cWw 6.4. i≤n-°q.

90

Poh-imkvXw

$ ]Y-a-ipiq-j-sb-∏‰n th≠X Adn-hn-√mbva.

$ \nb-a-°p-cp-°p-Iƒ.

$

]Yaipiq-j-sb-∏‰n ]mY-an-I-amb [mc-W-Ifpw AXp \n¿h-ln-°m-\p≈ ]tbm-KnI ]cn-io-e-\hpw t\Sn-bn-´p-s≠-¶n¬ AX-ym-h-iykml-N-c-y-ß-fn¬ \ap°pw a‰p-≈-hsc klm-bn-°m≥ Ign-bpw. \¬In-bn- p≈ NnX-߃ (6.4.A, B, C) \nco-£n®v Hmtcm∂pw GtXXpL-´-ßfn¬ \¬Ip∂ ipiq-j-bm-sW∂v Is≠-ØntcJ-s∏-SpØq. apºv ]Tn-®n-´p≈ Imcy-߃]tbm-P-\-s∏-Sp-Ønbpw IqSp-X¬ hnh-c-ßfpwNnX-ßfpw tiJ-cn®pw ]Y-a-ip-iq-j-sb-∏‰nHcp imkvX-]-Xn∏v Xbmdm°q.

CØcw A]-I-S-ßfp≠m-Im\p≈ Imc-W-߃Fs¥m-s°-bmWv?

..........................................................................................

tdmU]-I-S-߃ Ipd-bv°m≥ \ap-s°-¥p-sN-øm-\mIpw? CtX-∏‰n ¢mkn¬ Hcp N¿® kwL-Sn-∏n®v ]mtbm-KnI \n¿tZi-߃ cq]-s∏-Sp-Øq.tdmUv kpc£m¢_p-ambn kl-I-cn®v tdmUv\nb-a-ß-sf-∏‰n t_m[-h¬°-cW, ]N-cW]cn-]m-Sn-Iƒ kwL-Sn- -∏n-°q.

A]-I-S-ßfpw a‰pw D≠m-Ip∂ L´-ß-fn¬ASnb-¥nc sshZy-k-lmbw sshIp∂-Xv A]-ISØns‚ Kpcp-X-cm-hÿ h¿[n-∏n-°nt√?A]ISw kw`-hn® Bƒ°v ASn -b-¥ncklmbw \¬Im≥ ]ecpw aSn-°p-∂Xv F¥p-sIm-≠mbncn°pw? N¿®sNøq.

c‡\n-thi\w (blood transfusion)

Hcm-fn¬ \n∂v as‰m-cm-fn-te°v c‡w ssIam‰w sNøp-∂-Xn\v c‡-\n-th-i\w F∂mWv ]d-bp-∂-Xv. ASn-b-¥n-c-L- -ß-fn¬ Hcm-fpsS Poh≥c-£n-°m≥ Bcp-sS -c-‡hpw kzoI-cn-°m≥ Ign-bptam? CtX-∏‰n \nß-fpsS A`n-]mbw Ipdn-°q.

..........................................................................................................................................................

c‡-\n-th-i\w \S-Øp-tºmƒ Fs¥ms° Imcy-ß-fmWv i≤n-t°-≠Xv? \¬In-bn- p≈ kqN-I-ß-fpsS ASn-ÿm-\-Øn¬ At\-z-jWw \SØn Hcp Ipdn∏v Xbmdm-°q.

$ tcmK-∏-I¿®m km[yX

$ c‡-Øns‚ Afhv

$ ZmXm-hns‚ ]mbw, enwKw, Btcm-Ky-ÿnXn XpS-ßn-bh

$ A\p-tbm-PyX

c‡-Øns‚ A\p-tbm-Py-X F∂-Xp-sIm≠v F¥mWv A¿Y-am-°p-∂Xv? NphsS \¬In-bn-cn-°p∂hnh-cWw i≤n-°q.

A B C

............................................ ............................................ ............................................

NnXw ˛ 6.5.

91

Poh-imkvXw

F√m a\p-jy-cn -ep -ap≈c‡-Øns‚ s]mXp-L-S\kam-\am-sW-¶nepw NneLS-I-ß-fn¬ hyXym-k-ap-≠m-Ipw. 1901 ¬ ]kn-≤o-I-cn® Hcp Kth-jWteJ-\-Øn¬ Imƒ em≥UvÃo-\¿F∂ imkvX-⁄-\mWvc‡-\nthi\w km[y-am-

°m-\p≈ am¿Kw \n¿tZ-in-®Xv. Acp-W-c-‡m-Wp-°-fpsS D]-cn-X-e-Øn¬ ImW-s∏-Sp∂B‚n-P-\p-I-fp-sS km∂n-[y-sØ A-Sn-ÿm-\-am-°n-bmWv c‡sØ Kq∏p-I-fmbn Xncn-t°-≠-sX∂v At±lw \n¿tZ-in-®p. Cu Is≠-ج temIw AwKo-I-cn°pIbpw At±-l-Øn\v s\mt_¬ kΩm\w e`n-°p-IbpwsNbvXp.

c‡sØ Kq∏p-I-fm-°n Xncn-°m≥ hyXy-kvX-co-Xn-Iƒ \ne-hn-ep-s≠¶nepw A B O Kq∏nwKvcoXn-bmWv IqSp-X¬ hym]-I-ambn D]-tbm-Kn-°-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv. AcpWc‡mWp°-fn-e-S-ßn-bn-´p≈ B‚n-P-\p-Iƒ AYhm A•q-´n-t\m-P\pI-fpsS (agglutinogens) km∂n[ytam Akm-∂n-≤ytam ASn-ÿm-\-am-°n-bmWv c‡sØ hyXy-kvX-Kq-∏p-I-fmbn Xncn-°p-∂-Xv. c‡πmkva-bn¬ hyXykvX B‚n-t_m-Un-Iƒ AYhmA•q-´n-\n≥ (agglutinin) ImW-s∏-Sp-∂p≠v.\¬In-bn-´p≈ ]´n-I-bn¬ \n∂pw hyXykvXc‡-Kq-∏p-I-fnse B‚n-P≥, B‚n-t_mUnF∂n-h-sb-∏‰n [mcW cq]-s∏-Sp-Øq.

c‡-Kq∏v B‚nP≥ B‚nt_mUn

A A Anti-B

B B Anti-A

AB A, B C√

O C√ Anti-A, Anti-B

\nß-fpsS c‡-Kq∏v GXmWv? c‡-Kq-∏p-IƒkqNn-∏n-°p-tºmƒ t]mkn-‰oh,v s\K-‰ohvFs∂m-s°- ]-d-bp-∂-sX-¥p-sIm≠mWv?

c‡-\n-th-i\w \S-Øp-tºmƒ A, B B‚n-P-\p-Iƒs°m∏w Rh LSIw F∂ Hcn\wB‚nPs‚ km∂n[yw IqSn ]cn -K -Wn -

t°≠Xp≠v. Rh LS-I-߃ ]e-Xp-s≠-¶nepwB‚n-P≥ D BWv Ah-bn¬ ][m-\w. CuLS-Iap≈-h¿ Rh t]mkn-‰ohv F∂pw C√m-Ø-h¿ Rh s\K-‰ohv F∂pw Adn-b-s∏-Sp∂p.

Rh LS-I-an-√mØ Hcm-fn-te°v Cu LS-I-ap≈c‡-sa-Øp-tºmƒ DS-\Sn bmsXm-cp ]iv\hpwD≠m-Ip-∂n-√. F∂m¬ Abm-fpsS icocw RhLS-I-Øn-s\-Xnsc kmh-[m\w B‚nt_m-Un-Iƒ cq]-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂p. ho≠p-sam-cn-°¬ CtXLSIw ico-c-Øn-se-Øp-tºmƒ apºp cq]-s∏´B‚n-t_m-UnIƒ Rh LS-I-Øn-s\-Xnsc]h¿Øn®v Acp-W-c-‡m-Wp-°sf \in-∏n-°p∂p. c‡-\n-th-i-\-Øn\v Rh LS-Iw ]cn-K-Wn-t°-≠-Xns‚ ]m[m\yw a\- n-em-bn-t√.

s\K-‰ohv c‡-Kq-∏p≈ kvXo°pw t]mkn-‰ohvc‡-Kq-∏p≈ ]pcp-j\pw BZyw P\n-°p∂Ip™n\v XI-cm-sdm∂pap-≠m-Ip-∂n-√. F∂m¬]khka-bØv πmk‚ th¿s]-Sp-tºmƒIp™ns‚ c‡-Ønse Rh LSIw AΩ-bpsSc‡-Øn-se-Øntb°mw. At∏mƒ AΩ-bpsSicocw Cu LS-I-Øn-s\-Xnsc B‚n-t_m-Un-Iƒ cq]-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂p. ]n∂o-Sp≈ K¿`-ß-fn¬Ip™v Rh+ BsW-¶n¬ t\csØ cq]-s∏´B‚n-t_m-Un-Iƒ πmk‚-hgn `qW-Øn¬]th-in®v Acp-W-c-‡m-Wp-°ƒ I´-]n-Sn®v`qWw \in-°p-∂-Xn-\n-S-bm-°p-∂p. Fdn-tXm-ªm-tÃm-knkv ^o‰m-enkv (erythroblastosisfoetalis) F∂mWv Cu tcmKm-hÿ-bpsS t]cv.CXpw ico-c-Øns‚ Hcp ]Xn-tcm-[-kw-hn-[m\wXs∂-bm-sW∂p ]d-bmw.

Poh≥ c£n-°m-\mbn c‡-\n-th-i\w \S-tØ-≠n-h-cp∂ ]e -A-Sn-b-¥ncL´-ßfpw D≠m-Imw. CØcw L´ßfn¬ c‡w Zm\w-sN-øm≥]mb-]q¿Øn-bm-b-tijw \ap°p km[n-°pw.c‡-Zm\w t]m’m-ln -∏n -°m≥ \ap°vFs¥ms° Imcy-߃ sNøm-\m-Ipw?

.........................................................................................

kpc-£m-kw-hn-[m-\w kky-ß-fn¬P¥p-°-fn-se-∂-t]mse kky-ß-fnepw kq£va-Po-hn-I-fpsS BI-aWw tcmK-߃°v Imc-W-

Imƒ em≥UvÃo\¿

92

Poh-imkvXw

am-Ip-∂p. tcmK-mWp-°ƒ D≈n-tebv°v IS-°p-∂Xv XS-bm\pw D≈n-se-Øp-∂-hsb t\cn-Sm- -\p-ap≈ kwhn-[m-\-߃ kky-ß-fn-ep-ap-≠v. LS-\m-]-chpw ssPh-cm-k-]-c-hp-amb- am¿K-߃ hgn-bmWv kky-߃ ]Xn-tcm[w km[y-am-°p-∂-Xv. Xma-c, tNºv XpS-ßnb kky-ß-fpsS Ce-I-fn¬ sagp-Ipt]m-ep≈ Hcm-h-c-W-ap-≈-Xmbn \n߃ i≤n-®n- p-≠t√m. Cu Bh-cWw tcmKm-Wp-°sf XS-bm≥ klm-bn-°p-∂p.

$ ^nt\mƒ kwbp‡ßfpsS \n¿am-Ww.

sNSn-I-fnepw ]Xn-tcm-[-h¬°-cWwP¥p-°-fn¬ B‚n-t_mUn D¬]m-Z-\-Øn\pImc-W-amb Po\p-Iƒ P\n-XI F©n-\o-b-dnw-Kn-eqsS kky-ß-fn-te°p am‰n-h-®m¬ kky-߃°pw B‚n-t_m-Un-Iƒ \n¿an-°m-\m-Ipw.kky-ß-fnse B‚n-t_m-Un-Iƒ πm‚n-t_m-Un-Isf∂mWp hnfn-°-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv. ]pI-bn-e-s®-Sn-bn¬ samsskIv F∂ tcmK-Øn\p Imc-W-amb Sp_m-t°m-sam-sskIv sshdkn (TMV) s‚Nne Po\p-Iƒ IS-Øn-hn´ sNSn-Iƒ°v CutcmK-Øn-s\-Xnsc ]Xn-tcm-[-ti-jn- cq]-s∏´-Xmbn ImW-s∏-Sp-∂p-≠v.

tcmKm-Wp-°ƒ D≈-n¬ ]th-in-°p-tºmƒ Ah-bn-ep≈ cmk-h-kvXp-°sf kky-tIm-i-߃Xncn-®-dn -bp-Ibpw X¬^-e-ambn Nne-Xcwt]m´o-\p-Iƒ, kmen-kn-enIv BknUv, FYn-en≥ XpS-ßnb ]Zm¿Y-߃ D¬]mZn∏n-°-s∏-Sp -Ibpw sNøp-∂p. Cu ]Zm¿Y-ßfpsSkm∂n[yw hgn tcmKm-Wp-_m-[-bpsS hnhcwkky-ico-c-Øn-se-√m-bnSØpw FØp-IbpwsNøp-∂p. XpS¿∂v tcmKm-Wp-°sf t\cn-Sm≥hnhn[ kky-I-e-I-fnse tImi-ß-fn¬ LS-\m-]-c-amb ]e am‰ßfpw D≠m-Ip-∂p.

$ AWp-_m-[nXtImi-ß-fpsS s]s´-∂p≈\miw.

$ AWp-_m-[nXtImi-ß-sf th¿Xn-cn-°p∂tIm¿°v tImi\nc-I-fpsS cq]o-I-c-Ww.

NnXw ˛ 6.6.

93

Poh-imkvXw

XpS¿]-h¿Ø\߃1) ""tcmKmWp-_m-[-bp-≠m-Ip-tºmƒ Nne tImi-ß-fpsS FÆ-Øn¬ h¿[-\-hp-≠m-hpI kzm`m-

hn-I-amWv''. c‡-]-cn-tim-[-\m-^-esØ∏‰n- B-Ip-e-X-bp-am-sb-Ønb dmWn°v tUmIvS¿\¬Inb adp-]-Sn-bm-WnXv.

a) AWp-_m-[-bp-≠m-Ip-tºmƒ GXn\w c‡-tIm-i-ß-fpsS FÆ-Øn-emWv h¿[-\-hp-≠m-Im≥ km[-Xy-X-bp-≈Xv?

b) Cu C\w c‡-tIm-i-ßfpsS FÆw h¿[n-°p-∂Xp sIm≠v ico-c-Øn-\p≈ ]tbm-P\wF¥v?

c) Cu c‡-tIm-i-߃ GsXms° coXn-bn-emWv Ah-bpsS [¿aw \n¿h-ln-°p-∂-Xv?

d) NnX-Ønse Bibw \¬Ip∂ kqN\ D]-tbm-K-s∏-SpØn AXp-ambn _‘-s∏´ tcmK-]-Xn-tcm[ coXn-sb-∏‰n Ipdn∏v Xbmdm-°p-I.

...

tcmKmWpc‡-tImiw

2) amc-I-amb Hcp tcmK-sØ-∏-‰n-bp≈ Nne kqN-\-I-fmWv \¬In-bn- p-≈Xv. Ah i≤n-®-tijwH∏-ap≈ tNmZy-߃°v DØcw Fgp-Xp-I.

$ sshd-kmWv tcmK-Imcn

$ hmbp, Pew, kº¿°w, ]cm-Z-߃ Ch hgn ]I-cp-∂n-√.

$ tcmK-_m-[-bp-≠m-bm¬ at‰Xp tcm-Km-Wp-°ƒ°pw ico-csØ Ffp∏w Iogvs∏-Sp-Ømw.

$ ^e-]-Z-amb NnIn’bn√

$ tcmKw D≠m-°p∂ kml-N-cy-߃ Hgn-hm-°-emWv ][m-\w.

a) tcmK-taXv? tcmK-Imcn GXv?

b) tcmKm-Wp-°ƒ ico-c-Øn¬ FØm- -\p≈ km[y-X-Itfh?

c) tcmKm-Wp-°ƒ ico-c-Øn¬ ]h¿Øn-°p-∂-sX-ßs\?

d) Cu tcmKw _m[n-®m¬ Pe-tZmjw t]mepw acWImc-W-am-Imw F¥psIm≠v?