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Synthetic Audio A Brief Historical Introduction

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Page 1: Synthetic Audio A Brief Historical Introduction Generating sounds Synthesis can be “additive” or “subtractive” Additive means combining components (e.g.,

Synthetic Audio

A Brief Historical Introduction

Page 2: Synthetic Audio A Brief Historical Introduction Generating sounds Synthesis can be “additive” or “subtractive” Additive means combining components (e.g.,

Generating sounds

• Synthesis can be “additive” or “subtractive”

• Additive means combining components (e.g., sinusoids)

• Subtractive means filtered

• Analogy to physical mechanisms

• The human speech example …

Page 3: Synthetic Audio A Brief Historical Introduction Generating sounds Synthesis can be “additive” or “subtractive” Additive means combining components (e.g.,

QuickTime™ and aVideo decompressor

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QuickTime™ and aGIF decompressor

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Page 4: Synthetic Audio A Brief Historical Introduction Generating sounds Synthesis can be “additive” or “subtractive” Additive means combining components (e.g.,
Page 5: Synthetic Audio A Brief Historical Introduction Generating sounds Synthesis can be “additive” or “subtractive” Additive means combining components (e.g.,

Von Kempelen’s chess-playing “automaton”

Page 6: Synthetic Audio A Brief Historical Introduction Generating sounds Synthesis can be “additive” or “subtractive” Additive means combining components (e.g.,
Page 7: Synthetic Audio A Brief Historical Introduction Generating sounds Synthesis can be “additive” or “subtractive” Additive means combining components (e.g.,

Wheatstone’s Speaking Machine(from von Kempelen)

• Vibrating reed to simulate vocal cords

• Nasal passage

• Bellows for producing pressure

• Leather “vocal tract”

• Whistles for “s” and “sh” sounds

Page 8: Synthetic Audio A Brief Historical Introduction Generating sounds Synthesis can be “additive” or “subtractive” Additive means combining components (e.g.,
Page 9: Synthetic Audio A Brief Historical Introduction Generating sounds Synthesis can be “additive” or “subtractive” Additive means combining components (e.g.,

The Voice Operation Demonstrator (Voder)

• Shown at New York World’s Fair, 1939; also San Francisco Exhibition, 1939

• Apparently the first electronic synthesizer• Required a human operator, long training• Related to human voice production, but not

a physical model (no tongue analogy, etc.)• Used filters to model the effect of varying

vocal tract shape

Page 10: Synthetic Audio A Brief Historical Introduction Generating sounds Synthesis can be “additive” or “subtractive” Additive means combining components (e.g.,

(Extremely) Simplified Model of Speech Production

Periodicsource

Noisesource

Filtersvoiced

unvoiced Coupling Speech

What does the spectrum of a periodic source look like?

Page 11: Synthetic Audio A Brief Historical Introduction Generating sounds Synthesis can be “additive” or “subtractive” Additive means combining components (e.g.,
Page 12: Synthetic Audio A Brief Historical Introduction Generating sounds Synthesis can be “additive” or “subtractive” Additive means combining components (e.g.,
Page 13: Synthetic Audio A Brief Historical Introduction Generating sounds Synthesis can be “additive” or “subtractive” Additive means combining components (e.g.,
Page 14: Synthetic Audio A Brief Historical Introduction Generating sounds Synthesis can be “additive” or “subtractive” Additive means combining components (e.g.,

The Voder at the 1939 World’s Fair in New York

Page 15: Synthetic Audio A Brief Historical Introduction Generating sounds Synthesis can be “additive” or “subtractive” Additive means combining components (e.g.,

Daisy

VODER EXAMPLES

Extended demo

Page 16: Synthetic Audio A Brief Historical Introduction Generating sounds Synthesis can be “additive” or “subtractive” Additive means combining components (e.g.,

Excitations for speech sounds

• Periodic: vowels, glides, liquids

• Noise: voiceless fricatives (f,s)

• Both: voiced fricatives (v,z)

• Burst-like sounds: p-b,k-g,t-d

Page 17: Synthetic Audio A Brief Historical Introduction Generating sounds Synthesis can be “additive” or “subtractive” Additive means combining components (e.g.,
Page 18: Synthetic Audio A Brief Historical Introduction Generating sounds Synthesis can be “additive” or “subtractive” Additive means combining components (e.g.,
Page 19: Synthetic Audio A Brief Historical Introduction Generating sounds Synthesis can be “additive” or “subtractive” Additive means combining components (e.g.,

Later Speech Synthesis methods

• Phonemic Synth by rule: 1961• Cascaded resonances (Fant, 1953)• Parallel resonances (Holmes, 1973)

(synth followed by natural)• KlattTalk -> DECTalk (1970’s)• Speak & Spell (1979)• Concatenation (unit selection)• Much more on synthesis later in course

Page 20: Synthetic Audio A Brief Historical Introduction Generating sounds Synthesis can be “additive” or “subtractive” Additive means combining components (e.g.,
Page 21: Synthetic Audio A Brief Historical Introduction Generating sounds Synthesis can be “additive” or “subtractive” Additive means combining components (e.g.,

Music Machines

• Barrel organs (water or spring powered)– Like music boxes, pins pluck or depress keys

• Melography (18th century) - writable medium– Punched cards, as in Jacquard loom

• Player pianos -> modern digital versions (Bosendorfer)

• Telharmonium - additive sinusoidal synthesis – Lots of 1900 generators = one huge machine

Page 22: Synthetic Audio A Brief Historical Introduction Generating sounds Synthesis can be “additive” or “subtractive” Additive means combining components (e.g.,
Page 23: Synthetic Audio A Brief Historical Introduction Generating sounds Synthesis can be “additive” or “subtractive” Additive means combining components (e.g.,

Electronic music

• Theramin - player varies capacitances, alters frequency and amplitude for sinusoid

• Analog synthesizers - oscillators, mixers, etc. - Moog, later FM synthesis

• Digital synthesizers - the modern way

Page 24: Synthetic Audio A Brief Historical Introduction Generating sounds Synthesis can be “additive” or “subtractive” Additive means combining components (e.g.,
Page 25: Synthetic Audio A Brief Historical Introduction Generating sounds Synthesis can be “additive” or “subtractive” Additive means combining components (e.g.,
Page 26: Synthetic Audio A Brief Historical Introduction Generating sounds Synthesis can be “additive” or “subtractive” Additive means combining components (e.g.,

QuickTime™ and aH.263 decompressor

are needed to see this picture.

Professor Theremin gives a lesson …

Page 27: Synthetic Audio A Brief Historical Introduction Generating sounds Synthesis can be “additive” or “subtractive” Additive means combining components (e.g.,

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