A Course to survive Marina`s Classes.

• Grammar is the study of the rules governing the use of a given natural language, and, as such, is a field of linguistics.

• Traditionally, grammar included morphology and syntax.

• In modern linguistics these subfields are complemented by phonetics, phonology, semantics, and pragmatics.

• In Linguistics Syntax are the rules of a language that show how the words of that language are to be arranged to make a sentence of that language.

So…• It is the study of how words are

combined together to form sentences.

• The five grammatical units:

1. The Sentence: Composed by one 0r more Clauses.

2. The Clause: Composed by one 0r more Phrases.

3. The Phrase: Composed by one 0r more words.

4. The word: Composed by one 0r more morphemes.

5. The Morpheme: The smallest unit in form and meaning.

Classification by structure :

• A Simple Sentence consists of a single independent Clause with no dependent Clauses.

• A Compound sentence consists of multiple independent clauses with no dependent clauses. These

clauses are joined together using Conjunctions, punctuation, or both. (and, but, so, etc)

• A Complex Sentence consists of one or more independent clauses with at least one dependent clause

(That, if, whether, etc)

• A compound-complex sentence consists of multiple independent clauses, at least one of which has at least one

dependent clause. (Coord and subordinators)

The Inspector abandoned the investigation.

The Inspector abandoned the investigation but I didn’t.

He said that the man was dead.

He said that the man was dead and he abandoned the

investigation.

• According to Syntax the component parts of a sentence are called CONSTITUENTS Which are the natural groupings of a sentence.

Each of them has:• a Grammatical Category (Whether it is a noun

phrase, a verb phrase, etc) and …

• a Grammatical Function (whether it is the subject, or object, or predicate, etc)

A constituent is formed if…

1) Constituents can stand alone• Ex. “What did you find?” “A puppy” (not “found

a”)

2) Constituents can be replaced by one word.• Ex. “Where did you find a puppy?” “I found HIM in

the park.”

3) Constituents move together. • Ex. It was [a puppy] that the child found. • [A puppy] was found by the child.

CONSTITUENTSCategories Functions

Noun PhraseVerb Phrase

Adjectival PhraseAdverbial Phrase

Prepositional PhraseGerundial PhraseInfinitival PhraseParticipial Phrase

Noun ClauseThat Noun Clause

If/Whether or not ClauseWh- interrogative ClauseNominal Noun Clauses

Defining Relative ClauseNon-Defining Relative Clause

SubjectPredicate

Verb – Auxiliary Verb Direct Object

Indirect ObjectSubjective ComplementObjective Complement

Quasi-predicativeAdverbial Adjunct

Real Subject in Extra PositionAnticipatory SubjectAnticipatory Object

Predicator ComplementPrepositional Complement

Adjectival Complement

Categories Functioning as Subject:1. A Noun Phrase The Car is White.2. A Pronoun He is Tall.3. A Gerund Smoking is bad .4. An Infinitive To study Grammar is Fun.5. A Noun Clause What he said is right.

Verbs can be either Transitive or Intransitive; and their predication can be either Complete or

Incomplete.

I.V.C.P = S + [ V + (A.A) ]T.V.C.P = S + [ V + D.O + (A.A) ]

BI T.V.C.P = S+ [ V+ D.O. + I.O + (A.A) ]T.V.I.P = S + [ V + D.O. + O.C + (A.A)]

I.V.I.P = [V + S.C + (A.A) ]

• Categories that function as S.C:

1. An adjective: It was Dark2. A participle: That is interesting3. A prepositional Phrase: It is near London.4. A noun Phrase: This is a book5. A gerundial Phrase: That is cheating!6. A noun Clause: That is what I want7. An Adverbial Phrase: He is out.8. An Infinitival Phrase: To see him is to love him.• Look,sound, taste, smell, feel• Appear, Seem• Lie, Stand, rest, remain, keep1. Dynamic Verbs or Inchoative Verbs: • To become, to come, to get, to go, to grow, to fall, to run, to

turn.

Has the following characteristics:

1. It may become the subject of the passive.

2. It answers the question “What”.

Categories Functioning as D.O:1. A Noun Phrase He has lit a cigarret.2. A Pronoun Don’t hit me.3. A Gerund He loves reading .4. An Infinitive I want to go away.5. A Noun Clause Describe what you saw

• Categories Functioning as I.O:• A Noun Phrase I gave the beggar a coin• A Pronoun Give me that.• A Gerund Give studing a bit of chance.• A Prepositional Phrase He gave it to me• A Noun Clause Give whoever comes this box.

The person who receives something (D.O)

For + NP= Intended I.O I bought a Sweater for John.

• Categories Functioning as O.C:• A Noun Phrase We appointed Newton President.• A Noun Clause We made him what he is.

• A Gerund I call that Cheating.• An Infinitival Phrase I don`t want anyone to know• A Prepositional Phrase We left her in tears• An Adjectival Phrase I found the box empty.• A Participial Phrase I heard my name called

The relation between D.O and the O.C is that of S –P

An easy test for O.C I thought her beautiful She (her) is beautiful

Sentence Advervials

The Predicator Complement

Adjectival Complement

The Agentive Complement

The Quasi Predicative

Semantic analisis

Verbs

Nouns

Adjectives

Adverbs

Articles

Conjunctions