Synergized Conservation Effort through the Spirit of Hima and Islamic Culture in Indonesia

Dr. Fachruddin Mangunjaya Faculty of Biology Universitas Nasional, Jakarta

INDONESIA

Workshop Towards an Implementation Strategy for the “HIMA” Governance System: Theories, Concepts,

Methodologies, Case Studies and Action Plans Kuwait, DECEMBER 3-5, 2012

Content

1. Introduction2. The Conservation Challenge3. Modern Conservation Approach, Tradition and

Cultures4. Hima Spirit, How Islamic Tradition Contributes

to Conservation? The Hutan Adat/Hutan Nagari (Potential Hima’) Lubuk Larangan (Potential Harim Zone)

5. Conclusion

1. Introduction: Country Overview

• Indonesia lies between latitudes 11°S and 6°N, and longitudes 95°E and 141°E. It consists of 17,508 islands, about 6,000 of which are inhabited

• At 1,919,440 square kilometers (741,050 sq mi), Indonesia is the world's 16th-largest country in terms of land area.

• Population : more than 237 million peoples (Statistic 2010)

• Indonesia has around 300 ethnic groups

1. Introduction: Country Overview

1. Introduction: Country Overview

2. Conservation Challanges

• It has 18 of the World Wildlife for Nature (WWF) “Global 200” ecoregions, and 24 of Bird Life International’s 218 “Endemic Bird Areas.”

• It also has 10% of the world’s flowering plant species and ranks as one of the world’s centers

Considers to be one of 17 “megadiversity” countries -- with two of the world’s 25 “hotspots.”

2. Conservation Challanges

Vast diversification of ecosystems; including forest ecosystem, savanna, mangrove, coral reef, field ponder, and many others covering the area down from the mountains to the sea.

2. Conservation Challanges

55 National Parks in Indonesia

Indonesia has established 27,2 million ha land and marine conservation areas (1.5 x the Kuwait state) with at total 527 locations.

2. Conservation Challanges

Conservation Area in IndonesiaNo Fuction Area Land Units

1 Nature reserve 4.333.620,44 243

2 Marine protected area 152.610,00 5

3 Wildlife sanctuary 5.052.973 73

4 Marine wildlife sactuary 5.220,00 2

5 National Park 12.284.031,34 43

6 Marine National Park 4.043.441,30 7

7 Nature Park 258.469,85 104

8 Marine Natural Park 491.248,00 14

9 Game Park 225.103,94 14

10 Great Forest Park 344.174,41 22

total 27.190.992,91 527

(Source: Dirjen Kawasan Konservasi, MoF 2009)

• Budget constrains • Staff capacity• Infrastructure

Managements

• Tenurial challanges• Lacking of awareness• Protected areas

enchroachmentConfilcts

Conservation/Protected

Areas/National Park

Nature Protection

2. The conservation Challanges

Factors that can influence the success of conservation effort (for National Park) cases:

Physical Barrier• Fragmentation.• The habitat corridor availability• The form of the areas and the edge effect pressure.

Management/ Policy• The existance of regional management.• The large of covered area. • Ecological integrity of the unit covered by the region (e.g. overall

of river system).

Awareness and local involvement• Involvement of local communities.• The existence of buffer zones and transition

Land and Tenurial Conflicts

(Mary & Rahman 2011)

The last 10 years occurred in 10

provinces in Indonesia, 108

agrarian conflicts

land conflicts in oil palm plantations

reached 663 cases

the plantation conflicts (23 cases)

forest land tenurial conflicts

(69 cases),

The National Land Agency (BPN) recorded 8000

agrarian conflict

The Relation of Land and Life

The land

values to

human life

Geospatial Locatio

n

Ecology

Economy

SocialCultural

Politic

Depence

Theology

The land are valuable and connected with varios life dimension, and various sectors are concerned with land and resoruces.

(Kartodiharjo, 2012)

The Land and life Dimension

Naturally, the population is increasing from year to year, both nationally and globally

Earth's surface is permanent and the ratio between the area of land to population (Land-man ratio) continues to decline, the land scarcity continues to increase.

the relationship between the land must be set for the justice and prosperity for all the people of Indonesia

This encourages inter-sector competition to gain the land

The land and life

dimension

Community base conservation

Muslim community

Existing positif

wisdom

Adat (al

urf)

Hima Spirit, How Islamic Tradition Contributes to Conservation?

Integration of Costumary or adat (al

urf), wisdom and Islamic tradition

• Enhancement to the existing (legal protected

area)• Increase awereness• Contribution to global

conservation efforts

Hima Spirit, How Islamic Tradition Contributes to Conservation?

• Hutan Nagari and Lubuk Larangan (Protected River)

Hutan Adat/Hutan Nagari (Hima Potetial)Lubuk Larangan (Harim zone potential)

Shari’a and Traditional Minangkabau (West Sumatra Tradition) Terminologies Applied in Pakan Rabaa Timur Village (West Sumatra)

in the Management of Natural Resources

Islamic (Shari’a) Terminologies

Traditional Minangkabau Counterparts

Remarks

Hima Hutan Nagari or Rimbo Nagari. Rimbo nagari is acknowledged by the people of the nagari, and may encompass the areas recognized as conservation forest by the government.

Harim Lubuk Larangan Lubuk Larangan (Prohibite river) this terminoligy can be found in the tradition of Mandailing (North Sumatra) Minangkabau (West Sumatra), Jambi, and Riau Propince.

Ihya-al-Mawat Productive and developed areas. Areas that have long been utilized by the people, in the form of new plantations and farmlands.

Iqta Areas licensed by the local government for mining.

For the mining of iron ore, manganese, and gold.

Ijarah Pegang gadai, or lease contracts of tracts of land entered into by the people.

These contracts must only involve local people, not outsiders.

Wakaf Lands donated for the greater good or for social or humanitarian purposes as commended by religion.

May only be used to build schools, mosques, and mushallas.

Mangunjaya (2012)

Islamic conservation (tradition) approach

Map of Potentian Harim, Hima and Ihya al Mawat, Guguak Malalo Village, West Sumatra

846 .175 ha of forest conservation in West Sumatra, all of which is overlap to the customary system: hutan Adat or hutan Nagari Potential Hima’

Teacher training for Islamic Conservation Ethic : Natural Resources in intergration Islamic Teaching for The Protection of Sumatran Forest.

Local Imam/Adat Leader training for Islamic Conservation Ethic : Natural Resources in intergration Islamic Teaching for The Protection of Sumatran Forest.

West Sumatra principle: Adat based on shari’a, and shari’a based to Qur’an. Religion, nature and cultural wisdom in Minangkabau.

Common Comparation of Shari’a conservation terminology and Costumary (‘Adat) Conservation in West Sumatra

Modern Conservation

Costumary (Adat) Conservation in West Sumatra

Traditional Islamic Conservation Potential

National Park Hutan NagariHutan Adat(846 .175 ha of forest conservation in WS, all of which is overlap to the customary system)

Hima’

Protected forestTaman wisata alamSuaka alamSuaka margasatwa

Lubuk Larangan(the length of the restriction river area varies from 0.5 to 1 km).

Hutan Larangan

Harim zone

Potential Islamic culture and Conservation

Tradition location in Sumatra (case: Adat

Forest (potential hima’) and harim zones or Lubuk

Larangan)

Strong Islamic, adat and community management • Lubuk Larangan

(Harim zone)• Hutan Adat (Hima’)•Hutan Nagari (Hima’)

Lubuk Larangan (Potential Harim zone)

The lubuk larangan, is a local wisdom that regulate the use of natural resources with restriction to period of time. The fish harvest (in natural river) are prohibited up to 1 year. The restrictions being marked by the community in various locations with 1-1.5 km. The period of time is ddefined by community Violators will be subject to customary sanctions.

Potential integration and recognition for Community Based Forest (in Indonesian Legal Framework

• Indonesian Goverment, has recognized the Adat right (adat land and forest)

• Possibility for communities to manage their forest trough Village Forest (Hutan Desa)

The Comparative Dimension Secular and Islamic Environmental Ethics

Secular approach Islamic approach (shari’a base)

•Resposibility to the Law: Man made rules•Orientation to economic and development •For human well being

•Responsibility: To God•Orientation of Worship (Na'bud ila Allah)•For human well being

• Rationalism (Aqliyyah)•Valid

•Prophetic (Nubuwah)• Following prophetic act (sunnah)

Conclusion

• Islamic approach (on environmental conservation ethics) is a potential instrument to increase awareness among the Muslim at the vicinity of the conservation area.

• There a need to brigde the gap between understanding to Islamic tradition and modern/secular conservation approach.

• integration between tradition (adat) and modern understanding of conservation is an important means in an effort to make people aware of the use of natural resources in a sustainable manner.

• forest communities will be more optimally contribute to conservation activities, if they are traditionally respected and there is a legal framework that respects their rights.

Photo credit for this presentation:

• © Conservation International, slide no 7 and 8; Ministry of Forestry, 9; WWF, 27; Darwin Initiative/DICE, 20,21,22,23,24; Yayasan Hakiki, 17& 27.