synchronization by fettweis

5
2005 IEEE 16th International Symposium o n Personal, Indoor a n d Mobile Radio Communications Synchronization in OFDM-based WLAN with Transmit a n d Receive Ting-Jung Liang, X i n L i, Ralf Irmer and Gerhard Fettweis Vodafone Chair Mobile Communications Systems, Dresden University o f Technology, D-01062 Dresden, Germany {liang,xinli,irmer,fettweis}@ifn.et.tu-dresden.de, http://www.ifn.et.tu-dresden.de/MNS Abstract- This paper' deals with t h e feasibility o f improving synchronization (packet detection a n d frequency synchroniza- tion) o f OFDM systems b y exploiting transmit a n d receive di - versities. Starting from a performance analysis o f SISO synchro- nization, SIMO, MISO a n d MIMO synchronization algorithms a r e proposed a n d analyzed step b y step. Simulations f o r IEEE 802.11a/g/n-like systems i n frequency-selective channels that t h e performance o f packet detection c an b e improved y 6 . 5 dB an d the residual frequency synchronization error c an b e reduced b y 68.7%, 4 transmit antennas a n d 4 receive antennas a r e used. F o r that, carefully designed training sequences a n d respective transmitter a n d receiver algorithms a r e necessary. I . INTRODUCTION In present packet-based wireless SISO-OFDM systems, such a s IEEE802.11a/g, t h e synchronization a n d channel e s - timation functions a r e accomplished by a preamble, which is composed o f t w o parts: short training symbols (responsi- b l e f o r synchronization) followed b y long training symbols (mainly designed f o r channel estimation). F o r MIMO channel estimation [1], t h e long training symbols must b e modified to support different MIMO algorithms, such a s V-BLAST a n d space-time codes. Synchronization i n a MIMO system c a n still b e accomplished b y selecting a SISO antenna pair a n d using conventional synchronization methods, like t h e short preamble i n IEEE 802.1 la/g. However, i f multiple antennas a re available a t t h e transmitter a n d receiver, they should b e also used t o improve t h e synchronization performance. T h e diversity gain used f o r MIMO data transmission c a n also be exploited f o r synchronization, if t h e short preambles a r e carefully designed a n d appropriate algorithms ar e used. In this paper, w e discuss the feasibility o f improving packet detection a n d frequency synchronization. T h e discussion o n synchronization begins with a review of SISO synchronization a n d t h e evaluation of it s Further, these approaches ar e extended t o SIMO a n d MISO. From that, MIMO synchronization c a n b e composed. T h e bases a re t h e relatively simple b u t widely applied packet a n d frequency synchronization al - gorithms proposed by T . Schmidl [2]. We d o n o t want to lengthen t h e preamble a n d introduce a further transmission delay. Therefore, t h e length o f t h e IEEE802.11a preamble i s also used f o r t h e MIMO-OFDM. I n this paper, i t is assumed that t h e same oscillator i s used f o r a l l antennas i n each lThis work w as partly supported b y t h e German ministry o f research a n d education within t h e project Wireless Gigabit with Advanced Mulltimnedia Sulpport (WIGWAM) under grant 0 1 B U 3 7 0 device. T h e analysis shows that different techniques an d design principles a r e required t o exploit t h e transmit a n d receive diversities. T he simulation results show that th e performances of both packet detection a n d frequency synchronization a r e improved substantially i n a MIMO configuration. I I . SISO- A N D MIMO-OFDM SIGNAL MODEL O u r packet detection as well a s frequency synchronization algorithms a r e executed i n time domain a n d characterized by t h e missed detection ratio (1 - P D ) as well a s standard deviation a f o f estimation error offrequency mismatch ( f e - fe). The packet detection i s discussed under t h e assumption of n o frequency mismatch f e a n d t h e frequency synchronization under assumption of perfect packet detection. I n our discussion, a n IEEE802.1 la-like OFDM-based WLAN system with 6 4 subcarriers i s assumed. T h e reference model of MIMO systems i s shown i n Fig. 1 . N t Tx antennas vl[k] s l[k] TINt- rI[k] v N r [ k ] S t[k] j h  r[k] 1 - . _ r  [ k ] Fig. 1. Reference model o f MIMO system with N t x antenna an d N r Rx antenna (time index k ) a r e used a n d N r Rx antennas, with t h e respective indices n t a n d n r. T he transmitted short training symbols of transmit antenna n t , channel impulse response (CIR) o f antenna pair (nt, nr), noise a n d received short training symbols a t receive antenna n r a r e s n t [k], hntnr [k], v n r [k] an d r n [k], respec- tively. T h e sample index i s k . Regardless o f t h e numbers of transmit antennas, t h e total T x power i s limited t o P t . T h e SNR= Pt/la2 i s defined a s t h e total transmitted power divided b th e noise power a t o n e receive antenna. T h e power o f t h e additive white Gaussian noise v n r [ k ] i s o- . T h e structure o f t h e IEEE802.1 l a short training symbols c a n b e found i n [3]. I t i s composed o f 10 repeated sequences. Each sequence h a s length P = 1 6 samples, hence t h e short preamble consists o f 1 6 0 samples, with sampling time T , = 5 0 n s. T h e design o f training sequences with transmit diversity m ay change t h e period o f th e repeated part, b u t t h e total 978-3-8007-2909-8/05/ 20.00 ©2005 IEEE 740

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Page 1: Synchronization by Fettweis

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2 0 0 5

I E E E

1 6 t h I n t e r n a t i o n a l

S y m p o s i u m

o n

P e r s o n a l ,

I n d o o r

a n d

M o b i l e R a d i o

C o m m u n i c a t i o n s

S y n c h r o n i z a t i o n

in

OFDM-based

WLAN

with

T r a n s m i t

an d

Receive

D i v e r s i t i e s

T i n g - J u n g

L i a n g ,

X i n L i , R a l f

I r m e r

a n d

G e r h a r d F e t t w e i s

V o d a f o n e

C h a i r M o b i l e

C o m m u n i c a t i o n s

S y s t e m s ,

D r e s d e n U n i v e r s i t y

o f T e c h n o l o g y ,

D - 0 1 0 6 2

D r e s d e n ,

G e r m a n y

{ l i a n g , x i n l i , i r m e r , f e t t w e i s } @ i f n . e t . t u - d r e s d e n . d e ,

h t t p : / / w w w . i f n . e t . t u - d r e s d e n . d e / M N S

A b s t r a c t - T h i s p a p e r '

d e a l s

w i t h t h e

f e a s i b i l i t y

o f i m p r o v i n g

s y n c h r o n i z a t i o n

( p a c k e t

d e t e c t i o n a n d

f r e q u e n c y

s y n c h r o n i z a -

t i o n ) o f OFDM

s y s t e m s

b y e x p l o i t i n g

t r a n s m i t

a n d r e c e i v e d i -

v e r s i t i e s .

S t a r t i n g f r o m

a

p e r f o r m a n c e

a n a l y s i s

o f S I S O

s y n c h r o -

n i z a t i o n ,

SIMO, M I S O

a n d MIMO s y n c h r o n i z a t i o n

a l g o r i t h m s

a r e

p r o p o s e d

a n d a n a l y z e d s t e p

b y s t e p . S i m u l a t i o n s

f o r

IEEE

8 0 2 . 1 1 a / g / n - l i k e

s y s t e m s i n

f r e q u e n c y - s e l e c t i v e

c h a n n e l s

s h o w

t h a t

t h e p e r f o r m a n c e

o f

p a c k e t

d e t e c t i o n

c a n b e

i m p r o v e d b y

6 . 5

dB

a n d

t h e r e s i d u a l f r e q u e n c y

s y n c h r o n i z a t i o n

e r r o r c a n

b e

r e d u c e d

b y 6 8 . 7 % ,

i f

4 t r a n s m i t a n t e n n a s

a n d

4 r e c e i v e

a n t e n n a s

a r e u s e d .

F o r

t h a t ,

c a r e f u l l y

d e s i g n e d

t r a i n i n g

s e q u e n c e s

a n d

r e s p e c t i v e

t r a n s m i t t e r

a n d

r e c e i v e r

a l g o r i t h m s

a r e n e c e s s a r y .

I .

I N T R O D U C T I O N

I n p r e s e n t

p a c k e t - b a s e d

w i r e l e s s

S I S O -O FDM

s y s t e m s ,

s u c h a s

I E E E 8 0 2 . 1 1 a / g ,

t h e

s y n c h r o n i z a t i o n

a n d c h a n n e l

e s -

t i m a t i o n

f u n c t i o n s

a r e

a c c o m p l i s h e d

b y

a

p r e a m b l e ,

w h i c h

i s

c o m p o s e d

o f t w o p a r t s :

s h o r t t r a i n i n g s y m b o l s

( r e s p o n s i -

b l e

f o r

s y n c h r o n i z a t i o n )

f o l l o w e d b y

l o n g t r a i n i n g

s y m b o l s

( m a i n l y

d e s i g n e d

f o r

c h a n n e l

e s t i m a t i o n ) .

F o r

M I M O

c h a n n e l

e s t i m a t i o n

[ 1 ] ,

t h e

l o n g

t r a i n i n g s y m b o l s

m u s t b e

m o d i f i e d

t o s u p p o r t

d i f f e r e n t

M I M O

a l g o r i t h m s ,

s u c h

a s V-BLAST

a n d

s p a c e - t i m e

c o d e s .

S y n c h r o n i z a t i o n

i n a

M I M O

s y s t e m

c a n

s t i l l

b e

a c c o m p l i s h e d

b y

s e l e c t i n g

a

S I S O

a n t e n n a

p a i r

a n d

u s i n g

c o n v e n t i o n a l s y n c h r o n i z a t i o n

m e t h o d s ,

l i k e t h e

s h o r t

p r e a m b l e

i n I E E E

8 0 2 . 1

l a / g .

H o w e v e r ,

i f

m u l t i p l e

a n t e n n a s

a r e

a v a i l a b l e

a t

t h e t r a n s m i t t e r

a n d

r e c e i v e r ,

t h e y

s h o u l d

b e

a l s o u s e d

t o

i m p r o v e

t h e

s y n c h r o n i z a t i o n

p e r f o r m a n c e .

T h e

d i v e r s i t y g a i n

u s e d

f o r

M I M O

d a t a t r a n s m i s s i o n

c a n

a l s o

b e

e x p l o i t e d

f o r

s y n c h r o n i z a t i o n ,

i f t h e

s h o r t

p r e a m b l e s

a r e

c a r e f u l l y d e s i g n e d

a n d

a p p r o p r i a t e

a l g o r i t h m s

a r e u s e d .

I n t h i s

p a p e r ,

we

d i s c u s s

t h e f e a s i b i l i t y

o f

i m p r o v i n g

p a c k e t

d e t e c t i o n

a n d

f r e q u e n c y

s y n c h r o n i z a t i o n .

T h e

d i s c u s s i o n

o n

s y n c h r o n i z a t i o n

b e g i n s

w i t h

a

r e v i e w o f

S I S O

s y n c h r o n i z a t i o n

a n d

t h e

e v a l u a t i o n

o f

i t s

p e r f o r m a n c e .

F u r t h e r ,

t h e s e

a p p r o a c h e s

a r e

e x t e n d e d

t o

S I M O

a n d

M I S O .

From

t h a t ,

M I M O

s y n c h r o n i z a t i o n

c a n

b e

c o m p o s e d .

T h e

b a s e s

a r e t h e

r e l a t i v e l y

s i m p l e

b u t

w i d e l y

a p p l i e d

p a c k e t

d e t e c t i o n

a n d

f r e q u e n c y

s y n c h r o n i z a t i o n

a l -

g o r i t h m s

p r o p o s e d

b y

T . S c h m i d l

[ 2 ] .

We

d o n o t

w a n t

t o

l e n g t h e n t h e

p r e a m b l e

a n d

i n t r o d u c e

a

f u r t h e r

t r a n s m i s s i o n

d e l a y .

T h e r e f o r e ,

t h e

l e n g t h

o f

t h e

I E E E 8 0 2 . 1 1 a

p r e a m b l e

i s

a l s o

u s e d

f o r

t h e

M I M O - O F D M .

I n t h i s

p a p e r ,

i t

i s a s s u m e d

t h a t

t h e

s a m e o s c i l l a t o r

i s u s e d

f o r

a l l

a n t e n n a s

i n

e a c h

l T h i s w o r k

w a s

p a r t l y s u p p o r t e d

b y

t h e

G e r m a n

m i n i s t r y

o f r e s e a r c h

a n d

e d u c a t i o n

w i t h i n t h e

p r o j e c t

W i r e l e s s G i g a b i t

w i t h

A d v a n c e d M u l l t i m n e d i a

S u l p p o r t

(WIGWAM)

u n d e r

g r a n t

0 1 B U

3 7 0

d e v i c e . T h e a n a l y s i s s h o w s

t h a t

d i f f e r e n t

t e c h n i q u e s

a n d

d e s i g n

p r i n c i p l e s

a r e r e q u i r e d t o

e x p l o i t t h e

t r a n s m i t

a n d

r e c e i v e

d i v e r s i t i e s . T h e

s i m u l a t i o n

r e s u l t s s h o w

t h a t t h e

p e r f o r m a n c e s

o f b o t h p a c k e t

d e t e c t i o n

a n d f r e q u e n c y

s y n c h r o n i z a t i o n

a r e

i m p r o v e d

s u b s t a n t i a l l y i n

a

M I M O

c o n f i g u r a t i o n .

I I .

S I S O -

AND

MIMO-OFDM

S I G N A L

M O D E L

O u r

p a c k e t

d e t e c t i o n a s

w e l l a s f r e q u e n c y

s y n c h r o n i z a t i o n

a l g o r i t h m s

a r e e x e c u t e d

i n t i m e d o m a i n

a n d c h a r a c t e r i z e d

b y

t h e

m i s s e d

d e t e c t i o n

r a t i o ( 1

-

P D )

a s

w e l l

a s

s t a n d a r d

d e v i a t i o n

a f

o f

e s t i m a t i o n e r r o r

o f f r e q u e n c y

m i s m a t c h

( f e

-

f e ) . T h e

p a c k e t d e t e c t i o n

i s

d i s c u s s e d

u n d e r t h e

a s s u m p t i o n

o f

n o f r e q u e n c y

m i s m a t c h

f e a n d

t h e

f r e q u e n c y

s y n c h r o n i z a t i o n

u n d e r

a s s u m p t i o n

o f

p e r f e c t

p a c k e t

d e t e c t i o n .

I n o u r d i s c u s s i o n , a n

I E E E 8 0 2 . 1

l a - l i k e

O F D M - b a s e d

WLAN

s y s t e m

w i t h 6 4 s u b c a r r i e r s

i s

a s s u m e d .

T h e

r e f e r e n c e

m o d e l

o f M I M O

s y s t e m s

i s s h o w n i n

F i g . 1 .

N t

T x

a n t e n n a s

v l [ k ]

s

l [ k ]

T I N t -

r I [ k ]

v N r

[ k ]

S

t [ k ] j

h

 

r [ k ]

1 - .

_

r

  [ k ]

F i g .

1 .

R e f e r e n c e

m o d e l o f

M I M O

s y s t e m

w i t h

N t

T x

a n t e n n a

a n d

N r Rx

a n t e n n a ( t i m e

i n d e x

k )

a r e

u s e d

a n d N r

Rx

a n t e n n a s ,

w i t h

t h e

r e s p e c t i v e

i n d i c e s

n t

a n d

n r .

T h e

t r a n s m i t t e d

s h o r t

t r a i n i n g

s y m b o l s

o f t r a n s m i t

a n t e n n a

n t ,

c h a n n e l

i m p u l s e

r e s p o n s e ( C I R )

o f a n t e n n a

p a i r

( n t ,

n r ) ,

n o i s e a n d r e c e i v e d

s h o r t t r a i n i n g

s y m b o l s

a t

r e c e i v e

a n t e n n a

n r

a r e

s n t

[ k ] ,

h n t n r

[ k ] ,

v n r

[ k ]

a n d

r n

[ k ] , r e s p e c -

t i v e l y .

T h e

s a m p l e

i n d e x

i s

k .

R e g a r d l e s s

o f t h e

n u m b e r s

o f

t r a n s m i t

a n t e n n a s , t h e

t o t a l

Tx

p o w e r

i s

l i m i t e d

t o

P t .

T h e

SNR=

P t / l a 2

i s d e f i n e d

a s

t h e t o t a l

t r a n s m i t t e d

p o w e r

d i v i d e d

b y

t h e

n o i s e

p o w e r

a t

o n e r e c e i v e

a n t e n n a .

T h e

p o w e r

o f

t h e

a d d i t i v e

w h i t e

G a u s s i a n

n o i s e

v n r

[ k ]

i s

o - .

T h e

s t r u c t u r e

o f t h e

I E E E 8 0 2 . 1

l a

s h o r t

t r a i n i n g s y m b o l s

c a n

b e

f o u n d

i n

[ 3 ] .

I t

i s

c o m p o s e d

o f

1 0

r e p e a t e d

s e q u e n c e s .

E a c h

s e q u e n c e

h a s

l e n g t h

P

=

1 6

s a m p l e s ,

h e n c e

t h e

s h o r t

p r e a m b l e

c o n s i s t s

o f

1 6 0

s a m p l e s ,

w i t h

s a m p l i n g

t i m e

T ,

=

5 0

n s .

T h e

d e s i g n

o f t r a i n i n g

s e q u e n c e s

w i t h t r a n s m i t

d i v e r s i t y

may

c h a n g e

t h e

p e r i o d

o f t h e

r e p e a t e d p a r t ,

b u t

t h e

t o t a l

9 7 8 - 3 - 8 0 0 7 - 2 9 0 9 - 8 / 0 5 / 2 0 . 0 0

©2005

I E E E

7 4 0

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2 0 0 5

I E E E

1 6 t h

I n t e r n a t i o n a l

S y m p o s i u m

o n

P e r s o n a l ,

I n d o o r a n d

M o b i l e

R a d i o

C o m m u n i c a t i o n s

l e n g t h

i s

a l w ay s a s s u m e d

t o

b e 1 6 0

s a m p l e s .

T h e

s y s t e m

u n d e r d i s c u s s i o n

h a s

m a x i m a l l y

f o u r t r a n s m i t

a n d f o u r

r e c e i v e

a n t e n n a s ,

w h i c h

a r e a s s u m e d

t o

b e

u n c o r r e l a t e d .

I I I .

SYNCHRONIZATION

I N SISO-

AND

S I M O - O F D M

T h e p a c k e t d e t e c t i o n

a n d

f r e q u e n c y s y n c h r o n i z a t i o n

a l g o -

r i t h m s

p r o p o s e d

b y

T .

S c h m i d l

[ 2 ]

a r e

w i d e l y

u s e d i n

S I S O -

OFD M.

T h e

r e c e i v e d

s h o r t

t r a i n i n g

s y m b o l s

w i t h

f r e q u e n c y

m i s m a t c h

f e

c a n

b e w r i t t e n

a s

r [ k ]

=

s [ k ] e i 2 7 k f e T s

+

V [ k ]

u n d e r

t h e AWGN

a s s u m p t i o n

a s i n t h e

o r i g i n a l

p a p e r .

A .

P a c k e t

D e t e c t i o n

i n

SISO-OFDM

T h e

m e t r i c

o f p a c k e t

d e t e c t i o n

i n

[ 2 ]

i s :

M t Z I[ k ] } _

c [ k ] 1 2

M [ ] p [ k j 2 ( 1

T h e

c o r r e l a t i o n a n d

p o w e r :

c [ k ]

a n d

p [ k ]

a r e

d e f i n e d

a s :

L - 1

c [ k ]

=Z

r [ k

+

i ] r * [ k

+

i

+

P ]

( 2 )

i=o

L- 1

p [ k ]

=Z

r [ k + i + P ] r * [ k ± + i + P ]

( 3 )

i=o

w i t h

L

=

1 6 0

-

P i n

n u m e r i c a l

e x a m p l e s .

T h e

p u r p o s e o f

t h e

o p e r a t i o n

i n

t h e L

.

2P

r a n g e

i s t o

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d e t e c t e d ,

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f a l s e

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p a c k e t i s

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t h e

r a n g e o f

t h e

l o n g

g u a r d

i n t e r v a l ,

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s a m p l e s

[ 4 ] .

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e x a m p l e o f

t h e

i m p a c t o f

q

i s

s h o w n i n

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I f a

s y s t e m i s

d e s i g n e d w i t h

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i m p a c t

o f

t h r e s h o l d

r

o n

t h e

p r o b a b i l i t y o f f a l s e

a l a r m

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i n

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R i g h t c u r v e :

t h e i m p a c t

o f

t h r e s h o l d

q

o n

t h e

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-

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i n

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a n d

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t h e

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=

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i s

a p p r o p r i a t e .

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F r e q u e n c y S y n c h r o n i z a t i o n

i n

S I S O - O F D M

T h e m e t r i c

o f

f r e q u e n c y

s y n c h r o n i z a t i o n

i n

[ 2 ]

i g n o r i n g

n o i s e

i s :

L - 1

W [ k ]

=

Z r [ k ± i ] r * [ k c + i ± P ]

i=o

I

= [ T e t a d

s [ i | e ]

e y

2 m P f e T m ( 4 )

T h e

e s t i m a t e d

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m i s m a t c h

i s :

-1

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Z p [ k ]

2 7 r P T ,

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T h e

p e r i o d

P o f

r e p e a t e d

s h o r t

p r e a m b l e

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m a x i m a l

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m i s m a t c h

f e

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2 P T

w h i c h i s

c a u s e d

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m i s m a t c h

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e f f e c t . T h e

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i m p a c t

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n o r m a l i z e d

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o n

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l a

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E G C

a l g o r i t h m

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a n d

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M RC

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s i m p l i c i t y ,

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a n d

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5 .

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s a m e

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PD

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2 0 0 5 I E E E

1 6 t h

I n t e r n a t i o n a l

Symposium on P e r s o n a l ,

I n d o o r an d

Mobile

Radio C o m m u n i c a t i o n s

-

10

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4 . T h e p e r f o r m a n c e o f p a c k e t

d e t e c t i o n

w i t h

r e c e i v e

d i v e r s i t y

i n H 2 A

N

1 0

3

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[ H z ]

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x

1 0 5

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o f f r e q ue n c y s y n c h r o n i z a t i o n

w i t h

r e c e i v e d i v e r s i t y

i n f r e q u e n c y - s e l e c t i v e

f a d i n g c h a n n e l

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fe-fe

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b e i m p r o v e d

b y

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a n d 4 7 . 2 %

w i t h

2

o r 4 Rx

a n t e n n a s .

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t r a n s m i t t e d

I E E E 8 0 2 . 1

la s h o r t t r a i n i n g s y m b o l s

h a v e

t h e

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=1 6

a n d

t h e

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fe

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k H z )

d o e s

n o t

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t h e

n u m b e r

o f

r e c e i v e

a n t e n n a s .

I V . S Y N C H R O N I Z A T I O N

I N M I S O - O F D M

A . S t a t e

o f

A r t

 

S h o r t

T r a i n i n g S y m b o l

D e s i g n e x p l o i t i n g

T r a n s m i t D i v e r s i t y

Good

a u t o c o r r e l a t i o n

f u n c t i o n s

( A C F )

a n d c r o s s c o r r e l a t i o n

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h a v e

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b y

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Mody

[ 5 ]

as

i m p o r t a n t

sequence

c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s

i n

MIMO

s y n c h r o n i z a t i o n .

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t h e o r i g i n a l

paper

d i d

n o t

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t h e

m e t r i c s f o r m e d

b y

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l a - l i k e

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r e p e t i t i o n

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i t

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d e s i g n

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same m e t r i c s

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( 4 )

as

i n S I S O - O F D M

are u s e d .

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o f t h e

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SISO-OFDM.

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r e c e i v e d

s h o r t

t r a i n i n g

s y m b o l s

w i t h

two t r a n s m i t a n t e n n a s

ca n b e w r i t t e n

a s :

r m r

[ k ]

( s l n r

[ k ]

h l n r

[ k ]

+

S 2 n r

[ k ]

h 2 n r

[ k ]

e j 2 , x k f r T ,

+

v n r

[ k ]

u n d e r

t h e f l a t

f a d i n g

c h a n n e l

a s s u m p t i o n .

T h e

sequence d e s i g n

b e g i n s

w i t h

t h e

a n a l y s i s

o f

m e t r i c s

i n f l a t

f a d i n g

c h a n n e l .

T h e n

t h e c y c l i c

s h i f t

i n

t i m e d o m a i n i s i n t r o d u c e d

as

a u s e f u l

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f o l l o w e d b y

i t s a p p l i c a t i o n s t o

p r a c t i c a l t r a i n i n g

sequences.

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o f

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b l o c k f l a t

f a d i n g c h a n n e l

( h n t n r [ k ]

=

h n t n r ,

V

k ) i s

a s s u m e d .

I n

( 2 )

we s u b s t i t u t e

t h e

r e c e i v e d

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f r e q u e n c y m i s m a t c h

 fe=

) i n t o

t h e

m e t r i c .

U s i n g

t h e

f a c t

o f

s e q u e nce

r e p e t i t i o n ,

t h e

c o r r e l a t i o n

t e r m

c n r

[ k ] a t

r e c e i v e

a n t e n n a

n .

ca n b e

e x p a n d e d

as :

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c n r

[ k 5 ]

= ) l n

[k

i ] ( 1 2

l n r 1 2 [ 1 h 2 n r

1 2 h

L - 1

+

[ ( S l n r [ k

+

i ] ) * s ( 2 n r

[ k +

i ] ( h k l n r

*h

2nr

7 1 = o

+ , S l n r

[ k

 

i ]

  S 2 n r

[ k

+

i ]

) * h

l n r

( h

2 n ,

  * ]

L - 1

+

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[ V n - [ k

+

i ]

( , n -

[ k

+

i ] *

 

C e n - [ k

+

i ]

( V n - [ k

+

i

+

P j ) *

i=O

( 6 )

w i t h

a n r [ k ]

=

S l n ,

[ k ] h l n r  

s 2 n r [ k ] h 2 n r .

The new

power

t e r m

p n r

[ k ] ( 3 ) i s t h e

same

as t h e

c o r r e l a t i o n t e r m

c n r

[ k ]

( 6 )

e x c e p t

t h a t

t h e

t h i r d n o i s e t e r m i n ( 6 ) i s r e p l a c e d b y :

L - 1

[ v i [ k + i ]

( a n r [ k

+

i l ) * ± c n r [ k + i ]   v f r [ k

+

i * 1 l .

  7

A d d i t i o n a l l y ,

t h e e x p e c t a t i o n

v a l u e o f t h e m e t r i c

M n r

[ k ]

i s

a s s u m e d

t o

b e

1 .

2 )

F r e q u e n c y S y n c h r o n i z a t i o n :

T h e

m e t r i c

o f f re q u e n c y

s y n c h r o n i z a t i o n

w i t h

m u l t i p l e

t r a n s m i t a n t e n n a s

i g n o r i n g

n o i s e

i s

w r i t t e n

a s :

L - 1

n r f l [ k ]

={

E [ | S 1 l n r [ k

i ]

2

| h l n r

2

| s 2 f r [ k

i ] h 2 n r L l ]

[ ( S 1 n r

[k   ]

) * s 2 f l r

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+

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} e i - j 2 r P f A T

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T h e e s t i m a t e d

f r e q u e n c y

m i s m a t c h

i s

t h e

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i n

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m a x i m a l a s s e s s a b l e

f r e q u e n c y

m i s m a t c h

d e p e n d s

o n

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T 5 , t o o .

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S h o r t

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t h e

a s s u m p t i o n

o f

b l o c k f l a t

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we

l e a r n

t h a t

a )

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m i t

d i v e r s i t y

can

b e w e l l

e x p l o i t e d

b e c a u s e o n e

t r a n s m i t t e d

s i g n a l

i n

t h e f i r s t

t e r m

o f

e q u a t i o n

( 6 )

a n d

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can

s u p p o r t

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f a c i n g

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f a d i n g .

b )

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t i m e -

d o m a i n C C F w i t h

zero t i m e

s h i f t ,

w h i c h

m i n i m i z e

t h e

s e c o n d

t e r m i n

e q u a t i o n

( 6 )

a n d

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are c r u c i a l

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sequence

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su -

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w i t h

an y

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o f c h an n e l

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i n

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2 0 0 5

I E E E

1 6 t h

I n t e r n a t i o n a l

S y m p o s i u m o n

P e r s o n a l ,

I n d o o r a n d

M o b i l e

R a d i o

C o m m u n i c a t i o n s

m e t r i c s .

A c c o r d i n g

t o

e q u a t i o n

( 6 )

a n d

  8 ,

t h e

p e r f o r m a n c e

i n

f r e q u e n c y

s e l e c t i v e

f a d i n g

c h a n n e l

c a n

b e

o p t i m i z e d

b y

t r a i n i n g

s e q u e n c e s

w i t h g o o d t i m e - d o m a i n

A C F a n d

C C F

w i t h i n

a n y

t i m e s h i f t

s m a l l e r

t h a n

t h e m a x i m a l

C I R

l e n g t h .

C .

C y c l i c S h i f t

i n T i m e

D o m a i n

C y c l i c

s h i f t

i n t i m e d o m a i n

[ 6 ]

i s

a

p r a c t i c a l

a l g o r i t h m

t o

g e n e r a t e

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g r o u p

o f

s e q u e n c e s

w i t h

g o o d

t i m e - d o m a i n

C C F

b a s e d o n

a

' s e e d '

s e q u e n c e

w i t h

g o o d

A C F . T h e

u n i t

o f

c y c l i c

s h i f t

i n

t i m e d o m a i n

i s

P / N t .

T h e

p e r i o d

o f t h e

r e p e a t e d

b l o c k

P ,

t h e

c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s

o f

A C F ,

s u c h

a s

t h e F

f a c t o r

( N o r m a l i z e d

e n e r g y

o f c e n t r a l

l o b e

/

n o r m a l i z e d

e n e r g y

o f a l l

n o n - c e n t r a l

l o b e ) , a n d

PAPR

d o n o t

c h a n g e

a f t e r

c y c l i c

s h i f t

i n

t i m e

d o m a i n .

T h e t i m e - d o m a i n

C C F o f

g r o u p

s e q u e n c e s

i s t h e

s a m e

a s

t h e

o r i g i n a l

t i m e - d o m a i n

AC F

o f

t h e ' s e e d '

s e q u e n c e

w i t h

t i m e

s h i f t

P / N t ,

w h i c h

m u s t b e

l a r g e r

t h a n t h e

C I R

l e n g t h .

D . D i s c u s s i o n

o f P r a c t i c a l

T r a i n i n g

S e q u e n c e s

T h r e e

s e q u e n c e s :

I E E E 8 0 2 . 1

l a

s h o r t

t r a i n i n g

s y m b o l s ,

F r a n k - Z a d o f f - C h u

( F Z C )

[ 7 ]

c o d e s w i t h

t i m e - d o m a i n

c y c l i c

s h i f t

a n d

I T R I

s e q u e n c e s

[ 8 ]

a r e

d i s c u s s e d

r e s p e c t i v e l y .

1 )

I E E E 8 0 2 .

1 1 a

S h o r t

T r a i n i n g

S y m b o l :

T h e

I E E E 8 0 2 .

1 1

a

s h o r t t r a i n i n g

s y m b o l

i s

c o m p o s e d o f

1 0

r e p e a t e d

s e q u e n c e s ,

e a c h

o f

w h i c h

i s 1 6

s a m p l e s

l o n g . T h e

F

f a c t o r

f o r

AC F i s

0 . 7 4 9

b e t w e e n

[ - 8 : 8 1

c o n s i d e r i n g

t h e

m a x i m a l

C I R

l e n g t h o f

t h e

H 2 A

c h a n n e l

m o d e l . T h e

d i g i t a l PAPR

o f

I E E E 8 0 2 . 1

l a

s h o r t

t r a i n i n g

s y m b o l s w i t h

8 t i m e s

o v e r s a m p l i n g

i s

4 . 1 d B .

T h e

AC F a n d

C C F o f

I E E E 8 0 2 . 1 l a

s h o r t

t r a i n i n g

s y m b o l s

w i t h

8

s a m p l e s

c y c l i c

s h i f t

( f o r

M I S O

2 x l ) i s

s h o w n

i n

F i g .

6 .

0

0 _

- 0

- 2 0

10

0

10 20

3

3 0

- 2 0 - 1 0

0

1 0

2 0

30

- t 7

r e e l

2 1 X . l o -

e e

- 3 0

-2 0

- 1 0

0

10

2

3 0

-3 0

- 2 0 - 1 0

0

10

2 0 3 0

n e a g

m e a g

F i g .

6 .

T h e p e r i o d i c

a u t o c o r r e l a t i o n

f u n c t i o n s

  l e f t

a n d

c r o s s c o r r e l a t i o n

f u n c t i o n s

( r i g h t )

o f

I E E E 8 0 2 . 1 I a

s h o r t t r a i n i n g

s y m b o l

( P

=

1 6 )

w i t h 8

s a m p l e s

c y c l i c s h i f t

2 )

F r a n k - Z a d o f f - C h u

( F Z C )

C o d e :

T h e

d e f i n i t i o n

o f

F r a n k -

Z a d o f f - C h u

( F Z C ) c o d e s [ 7 ]

w i t h

i n d e x

5 a n d

t i m e - d o m a i n

p e r i o d

P

i s :

F Z C [ k ]

= ( - l ) 5 n e i k 2 / P

O<k<P-1

T h e

FZC c o d e w i t h f u l l

s p e c t r u m

i n

u s e

h a s

p e r f e c t

PAPR

( O

d B )

a n d

p e r f e c t

AC F

( F

f a c t o r

i s

o c )

r e g a r d l e s s

o f

P . T h e

ACF

a n d C C F

o f

FZC

c o d e s

w i t h

s p e c t r u m

m a s k

( 5 2

s u b c a r r i e r s

a v a i l a b l e ,

a n d 1 6

s a m p l e s

c y c l i c

s h i f t

( P

=

3 2

a n d

MISO

2 x l )

i s

s h o w n i n

F i g .

7 .

T h e

F

f a c t o r

f o r

A C F i s

0 . 8 4 5 b e t w e e n

O Q

-

0 . 5

- --

: O

: i

LO40

_

rw

4 1

l

°

-4 0

-200

20 40

4 0

l O

- 4 0 - 2 0

0

20 40

60

-

m e g

A 4

F i g .

7 .

T h e

p e r i o d i c

a u t o c o r r e l a t i o n

  l e f t

a n d

c r o s s c o r r e l a t i o n

  r i g h t

f u n c t i o n s o f

F r a n k - Z a d o f f - C h u

( F Z C )

c o d e s

w i t h

s p e c t r u m

m a s k

a n d

1 6

s a m p l e s c y c l i c

s h i f t

[ - 8 : 8 ]

a n d t h e

PAPR i s

4 . 0 5

d B .

3 )

I T R I

S e q u e n c e s :

T h e

M I S O 4 x l

s h o r t

t r a i n i n g

s y m b o l s

p r o p o s e d

b y

I T R I

[ 8 ]

h a v e

p e r f e c t

C C F ,

b u t w o r s e

A C F

( F

f a c t o r

0 . 5 6

b e t w e e n

[ - 8 : 8 ]

i n

a v e r a g e )

t h a n

FZ C

c o d e s

w i t h

s p e c t r u m

m a s k . I n

a d d i t i o n ,

t h e

PAPRs o f

I T R I

s e q u e n c e s

a r e

5 . 4 , 6 . 4 ,

4 . 5

a n d

7 . 0 d B

f o r

a n t e n a

1 , 2 , 3 ,

4 ,

r e s p e c t i v e l y .

E .

P e r f o r m a n c e

o f

WLAN

w i t h

T r a n s m i t

D i v e r s i t y

T h e

p e r f o r m a n c e

o f

I E E E 8 0 2 .

1

l a - l i k e WLAN

s y s t e m s w i t h

d i f f e r e n t

t r a n s m i t

a n t e n n a s ,

t r a i n i n g

s e q u e n c e s a n d

c h a n n e l

m o d e l s

i s

e v a l u a t e d

b y

s i m u l a t i o n .

U s i n g FZ C

c o d e s

( P

=

3 2 ,

H 2 A )

w i t h

s p e c t r u m m a s k ,

s y s t e m s

w i t h

t w o a n d f o u r

t r a n s m i t

a n t e n n a s

h a v e a n

a c q u i s i t i o n

i m p r o v e m e n t

o f

3 . 3

d B

o r

4 . 5

d B ,

i f

1

-

PD

=

1 0 - 3 a s

s h o w n i n

F i g .

8 .

T h e

f r e q u e n c y

s y n c h r o n i z a t i o n

p e r f o r m a n c e

c f

o f

( f e - f e )

i s

i m p r o v e d

b y

3 5 . 1 %

a s

w e l l

a

4 1 . 5 %

c o m p a r e d

t o

S I S O - O F D M ,

a s

s h o w n

i n

F i g .

9 . T h e

FZ C

c o d e s

w i t h f u l l

s p e c t r u m

h a v e

p e r f e c t

AC F

a n d

C C E f o r

t h e

H 2 A

c h a n n e l .

T h e i r

p e r f o r m a n c e

s h o u l d

s e r v e

a s t h e

l o w e r

b o u n d f o r

H 2 A

c h a n n e l .

F i g .

8

a n d

9

s h o w

a

0 .

( 9 )

I f

P

=

3 2 i s

c h o s e n ,

P / N t

=

3 2 / 4

=

8

s a m p l e s i s

a p p r o p r i a t e f o r

WLAN

w i t h

4

t r a n s m i t

a n t e n n a s

a n d t h e

H 2 A

c h a n n e l

( C I R

l e n g t h i s

8

t a p s ) .

S e c o n d l y ,

t h e

m a x i m a l

a s s e s s a b l e

f r e q u e n c y m i s m a t c h

( 3 1 2

k H z ) i s

s t i l l

l a r g e r t h a n

t h e

m a x i m a l l y s p e c i f i e d

o s c i l l a t o r

f r e q u e n c y

m i s m a t c h

( 2 1 2

k H z ) .

T h i r d l y ,

t h e

s p e c i a l l y

d e s i g n e d

p a c k e t

d e t e c t o r w i t h

P

=

3 2

i s

b a c k w a r d - c o m p a t i b l e t o

l e g a c y

I E E E 8 0 2 . 1

L a w i t h

P

=

1 6 .

S NR

F i g .

8 . T h e

p e r f o r m a n c e

o f

p a c k e t d e t e c t i o n

w i t h t r a n s m i t

d i v e r s i t y i n

c h a n n e l

m o d e l

H i p e r l a n / 2

A

( H 2 A :

8

c h a n n e l

t a p s )

a n d

H i p e r l a n / 2

E ( H 2 E : 3 5

t a p s )

t h a t

t h e

c h a n g e

o f

s e q u e n c e

p e r i o d

( P = 1 6 6 - + 3 2 )

i n c r e a s e s

t h e

p e r f o r m a n c e

o f b o t h

p a c k e t

d e t e c t i o n

( 1 -

P D ) a n d

f r e q u e n c y

s y n c h r o n i z a t i o n

o f ,

b u t

t h e

m a x i m a l

a s s e s s a b l e

f r e q u e n c y

9 7 8 - 3 - 8 0 0 7 - 2 9 0 9 - 8 / 0 5 / 2 0 . 0 0

© 2 0 0 5 I E E E

7 4 3

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2 0 0 5

I E E E

1 6 t h I n t e r n a t i o n a l

S y m p o s i u m

o n P e r s o n a l ,

I n d o o r

a n d

M o b i l e

R a d i o

C o m m u n i c a t i o n s

1

0

1 2 3 4

f e

[ H z ]

-1Tx l R x

( 1 6 )

H 2 A

-

2 Tx

I

R x F ZC ( 1 6 , S p e c t r u m

M a s k ) H2 A

-

  2 Tx

1

R x F ZC

( 3 2 , S p . c t r u m M a s k )

H2 A

4 T x

l R x F ZC ( 3 2 . S p e c t r u m

M a s k ) H2 A

----------

a 4 T x I R x F ZC

( 3 2 , S p e c t r u m

M a s k ) H2 E

4 T x 1 R x

I T R I

( 3 2 ) H2 A

4 T x 1 R x F ZC

  3 2 , F u W I

S p e c t r u m )

H2 A

--

- - I

w

_ am _________

-l

-

 

p

- - - -

- - - - - -- -  

1 0 6 F

T

1 0 4

0 t

 

f

3

4

f e

[ H z ]

6

7

x 10

F i g .

9 . T h e

p e r f o r m a n c e

o f f r e q ue n c y s y n c h r o n i z a t i o n

w i t h

t r a n s m i t

d i v e r s i t y

i n c h a n n e l m o d e l

H 2 A a n d H 2 E ( S N R = l O d B )

m i s m a t c h f e

,

i n d e p e n d e n t

o f t h e

n u m b e r

o f t r a n s m i t a n t e n -

nas,

is

halved

( 6 2 5

kHz

 

312

k H z ) .

The

transmit

diversity

g a i n w i t h o u t

e x t r a c o m p l e x i t y

a t t h e r e c e i v e r

i s

a c h i e v e d b y

s p e c i a l l y d e s i g n e d

t r a i n i n g

sequences,

s u c h as

FZ C c o d e s

w i t h t i m e - d o m a i n

c y c l i c

s h i f t a n d

I T R I sequences,

b u t t h e s e

sequences

p e r f o r m

s i m i l a r l y

i n

d i f f e r e n t

m u l t i p a t h

c h a n n e l s .

F o r

f r e q u e n c y

s y n c h r o n i z a t i o n ,

t h e

t r a n s m i t

d i v e r s i t y g a i n

i s

s m a l l e r

t h a n

t h e r e c e i v e

d i v e r s i t y

g a i n ,

s i n c e

i n

t h e

r e c e i v e r

t h e c o h e r e n c y g a i n

f r o m

n o i s e

a v e r a g i n g

can b e

e x p l o i t e d

a d d i t i o n a l l y .

W h e t h e r

m u l t i p l e

a n t e n n a s a r e

a p p l i e d

a t

t h e

t r a n s m i t t e r or r e c e i v e r

h a s

o n l y m a r g i n a l

i m p a c t

o n t h e p a c k e t

d e t e c t i o n ,

d u e

t o t h e

i n t r i n s i c s

o f

M

k ] .

T h e

n u m e r i c a l r e s u l t s

f o r

f r e q u e n c y s y n c h r o n i z a t i o n

agree

m a i n l y

w i t h t h e

a n a l y s i s

b y S c h e n k [ 9 ] .

V .

S Y N C H R O N I Z A T I O N

I N

M I M O - O F D M

T h e

p r o p o s e d

p a c k e t

d e t e c t i o n

a n d

f r e q u e n c y

s y n c h r o n i z a -

t i o n

a l g o r i t h m s

i n

MIMO

a r e

t h e

c o m b i n a t i o n

o f

S I M O

a n d

M I S O

a l g o r i t h m s

a b o v e .

T h e

n u m e r i c a l

e x a m p l e s

i n

F i g .

1 0

s h o w

t h a t 2 x 2 a n d

4 x 4

MIMO can

p r o v i d e

an

a c q u i s i t i o n

p e r f o r m a n c e

i m p r o v e m e n t

o f 4 . 5

dB a n d

6 . 5

dB

( 1

 

PD

=

1 0 - 3 ) ,

r e s p e c t i v e l y . F i g .

11 s h o w s t h a t

t h e

s t a n d a r d d e v i a t i o n

t Y f

O f

( f e

- f e )

can

b e

i m p r o v e d b y

5 1 . 1 %

o r

6 8 . 7 %

c o m p a r e d

t o

S I S O .

a

25

F i g .

1 0 . T h e

p e r f o r m a n c e

o f

p a c k e t

d e t e c t i o n

w i t h t r a n s m i t a n d

r e c e i v e

d i v e r s i t y

i n

c h a n n e l m o d e l

H 2 A

F i g .

11 .

T h e

p e r f o r m a n c e

o f f r e q ue n c y s y n c h r o n i z a t i o n w i t h

t r a n s m i t

a n d

r e c e i v e d i v e r s i t y

i n c h a n n e l m o d e l

H 2 A

( S N R = l O d B )

V I .

CONCLUSION

S y n c h r o n i z a t i o n ,

i . e .

i n i t i a l

a c q u i s t i o n a n d

f r e q u e n c y

s y n -

c h r o n i z a t i o n

can

b e

i m p r o v e d c o n s i d e r a b l y

u s i n g m u l t i p l e

a n t e n n a s

a t t h e

t r a n s m i t t e r

a n d

r e c e i v e r .

T h e

r e c e i v e d i v e r s i t y

g a i n

can b e e x p l o i t e d b y

m e t r i c c o m b i n i n g

m e t h o d s, w h e r e a s

usage

o f

t h e

t r a n s m i t

d i v e r s i t y

g a i n

r e q u i r e s

s p e c i a l l y

d e s i g n e d

t r a i n i n g

s y m b o l s ,

s u c h

as F r a n k - Z a d o f f - C h u

( F Z C )

c o d e s w i t h

t i m e - d o m a i n

c y c l i c

s h i f t . T h e

p e r i o d

P

o f

t r a i n i n g

sequences

i s a c r u c i a l

p a r a m e t e r

f o r b o t h

p a c k e t d e t e c t i o n a n d f r e q u e n c y

s y n c h r o n i z a t i o n .

D i f f e r e n t t r a i n i n g

sequences w i t h t h e

s a m e

p e r i o d

P

a n d

g o o d

a u t o c o r r e l a t i o n

f u n c t i o n s ( A C F ) a s

w e l l a s

c r o s s c o r r e l a t i o n

f u n c t i o n s

( C C F ) p e r f o r m

s i m i l a r l y i n

m u l t i -

p a t h c h a n n e l s .

O t h e r c r i t e r i a ,

l i k e PAPR r e q u i r e

f u r t h e r i n v e s t i -

g a t i o n .

T h e

c o m b i n i n g t e c h n i q u e s

w i t h e x t r a c o m p l e x i t y

a t

t h e

r e c e i v e r a c h i e v e m o r e

d i v e r s i t y g a i n t h a n

d i f f e r e n t

t r a i n i n g s e -

quences

f o r

f r e q u e n c y

s y n c h r o n i z a t i o n .

T h e

s y n c h r o n i z a t i o n

i n

M I M O

i s t h e c o m b i n a t i o n

o f

S I M O a n d

M I S O

a l g o r i t h m s .

O u r

M I M O 4 x 4 p r o p o s a l

a c h i e v e s 6 . 5 d B a n d

6 8 . 7 %

i m p r o v e m e n t

i n

p a c k e t

d e t e c t i o n

a n d

f r e q u e n c y

s y n c h r o n i z a t i o n

c o m p a r e d

t o

I E E E 8 0 2 . 1

l a ,

r e s p e c t i v e l y .

REFERENCES

[ 1 ]

T . - J . L i a n g

a n d G .

F e t t w e i s ,

 M I M O P r e a m b l e

D e s i g n

W i t h a

S u b s e t

o f

S u b c a r r i e r s

i n

O F D M - b a s e d

WLAN, i n P r o c . VTC

S p r i n g , 3 0 . M a y -

0 1 . J u n 2 0 0 5 .

[ 2 ]

T . S c h m i d l

a n d

D .

C o x ,

  R o b u s t

F r e q u e n c y

a n d

l i m i n g S y n c h r o n i z a t i o n

f o r OFDM,

I EEE

T r a n s a c t i o n s

o n

C o m m u t n i c a t i o n s ,

v o l .

4 5 ,

p p .

1 6 1 3 -

1 6 2 1 ,

D e c .

1 9 9 7 .

[ 3 ]

IEEE S t d 8 0 2 . 1 1 a ,

P a r t

J J : W i r e l e s s LAN M e d i u i m

A c c e s s

C o n t r o l ( M A C )

a n d

P h y s i c a l L a y e r ( P H Y )

S p e c i f i c a t i o n s , H i g h - S p e e d

P h y s i c a l

L a y e r

i n

t h e

S

GH z

B a n d .

1 9 9 9 .

[ 4 ]

J .

T e r r y

a n d

J .

H e i s k a l a ,

OFDM

WIRELESS

L A N s :

A

T h e o r e t i c a l and

P r a c t i c a l

G u i d e .

SAMS,

2 0 0 1 .

[ 5 ]

A . N .

Mody

a n d

G .

L.

S t u b e r ,

  S y n c h r o n i z a t i o n

f o r MIMO OFDM

S y s t e m s ,

i n

P r o c .

IEEE G l o b e c o m ,

v o l .

1 ,

p p .

5 0 9 - 5 1 3 ,

N o v .

2 0 0 1 .

[ 6 ]

M .

S i n g h

a n d

B .

E . e t

a l . ,

WWiSE

G r o u p

PHY a n d

MAC

S p e c i f i c a t i o n .

d o c . : I E E E 8 0 2 . 1 1 / 0 4 - 0 8 8 6 - 0 0 - O O O n ,

2 0 0 4 .

[ 7 ]

H . D .

L u k e ,

D i e

K o r r e l a t i o n s s i g n a l e .

B e r l i n ,

H e i d e l b e r g ,

New

Y o r k :

S p r i n g e r V e r l a g ,

1 9 9 2 .

[ 8 ]

W . - P .

C . W . - D . W .

Y u n g - Y i h

J i a n , P a n g a n

Tin

a n d C . - K .

C h e n ,

P a r t i a l

P r op o sa l f o r

8 0 2 . 1

I n :

I T R I

P r e a m b l e S p e c i f i c a t i o n .

d o c . : I E E E 8 0 2 . 1

1-

0 4 / 9 3 1 r l ,

2 0 0 4 .

[ 9 ]

T .

C .

S c h e n k

a n d

A .

van

Z e l s t ,

  F r e q u e n c y S y n c h r o n i z a t i o n

f o r MIMO

OFDM

W i r e l e s s

LAN

S y s t e m s ,

i n V TC

F a l l ,

v o l .

2 ,

p p .

7 8 1 - 7 8 5 ,

o c t

2 0 0 3 .

9 7 8 - 3 - 8 0 0 7 - 2 9 0 9 - 8 / 0 5 1 2 0 . 0 0

© 2 0 0 5 I E E E

10

N

z

0

1 0

 

- - - - - -

------

- - - - - -

.-

 

TxRx ( 1 6 )

- 4 -

2 T x

2 R x

F Z C   3 2 , S p e c t r u m

M a s k ) EGC

-

- e -

4 T x

4R x F Z C

( 3 2 ,

S p e c t r u m

M a s k ) E GC

1 0 -

5

6

x

1 0 l

w

i n l

1 1

2 g

3 4

ff -

-----------------

 

5

7 4 4

------------

- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -