symptoms -...
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Tomato brown rugose fruit virus (ToBRFV)
ToBRFV is a newly described plant virus that affects tomatoes, capsicums and chilies. It causes yellow and brown spots on fruit rendering it unmarketable. Leaves show yellowing, mosaic and mottling. ToBRFV is not known to be in Australia. ToBRFV is a biosecurity risk to the Australian tomato and capsicum industries.
SYMPTOMS
TomatoesToBRFV on leaves causes yellowing, mosaic patterns (Fig. 1), mottling and occasionally leaf narrowing, while necrotic spots may appear on peduncles, calyces and petioles (Fig. 2). Fruit infected with ToBRFV show brown (Fig. 3) or yellow (Fig. 4) spots, may be deformed and have irregular maturation. Fruit is unmarketable. Incidence of ToBRFV disease on fruit can range from 10% to 15% or even up to nearly 100%.
Symptoms can vary depending on variety. Tomatoes with the Tm-22 resistance gene (used against other Tobamoviruses) are susceptible to ToBRFV.
Figure 1. Mosaic pattern of ToBRFV on a tomato leaf. Photo courtesy of Luria et al., 2017.
Figure 2. Necrotic spots of ToBRFV on peduncles and calyces. Photo courtesy of Luria et al., 2017.
Figure 3. Necrotic spots of ToBRFV on green fruit. Photo courtesy of EPPO and Diana Godinez.
Figure 4. ToBRFV on mature fruit. Photo courtesy of Dr Aviv Dombrovsky.
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© The State of Victoria Department of Jobs, Precincts and Regions 2019
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 Australia licence. You are free to re-use the work under that licence, on the condition that you credit the State of Victoria as author. The licence does not apply to any images, photographs or branding, including the Victorian Coat of Arms and the Victorian Government logo. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/au/deed.en
ISBN UPDATE WITH NEW ISBN
Accessibility
If you would like to receive this publication in an alternative format, please telephone the DJPR Customer Service Centre on 136 186, email [email protected] or via the National Relay Service on 133 677 www.relayservice.com.au. For Translating and Interpreting Service, phone 131 450 and ask them to phone the Exotic Plant Pest Hotline on 1800 084 881. This document is also available on the internet at www.agriculture.vic.gov.au
Disclaimer This publication may be of assistance to you but the State of Victoria and its employees do not guarantee that the publication is without flaw of any kind or is wholly appropriate for your particular purposes and therefore disclaims all liability for any error, loss or other consequence which may arise from you relying on any information in this publication.
CapsicumsToBRFV on leaves causes deformation, yellowing and mosaic patterns. Fruit infected with ToBRFV are deformed with areas of yellow, brown or green stripes.
SPREAD
ToBRFV can be transmitted though propagation materials such as seed, plants for planting, grafts and cuttings. It can persist in seeds, plant debris and contaminate soil for months. Additionally, it can be transmitted through contact with equipment and clothing.
DISTRIBUTION OF TOBRFV
ToBRFV was first reported in 2014 on tomatoes in Israel. It has since spread to Jordan (2015), Mexico (2018), Germany (2018), USA (California) (2018), Italy (Sicily) (2019) and Northern Palestine (2019). The wide distribution of ToBRFV has been attributed to the global movement of seed.
MANAGEMENT OPTIONS
The Federal Department of Agriculture (formerly DAWR) has introduced emergency measures for the importation of tomato and capsicum seed. See Australian Biosecurity Import Conditions (BICON) and http://www.agriculture.gov.au/import/goods/plant-products/seeds-for-sowing/emergency-measures-tobrfv#what-evidence-exists-for-tobrfv-spread-through-the-movement-of-tomato-and-capsicum-seed.
To prevent ToBRFV in your crop:
HYGIENE is vital to avoid and control ToBRFV
Source seed, seedlings and graft material that is free of virus and from a reliable supplier
Test a proportion of seed and seedlings for ToBRFV
Ensure staff and visitors adhere to on farm biosecurity and hygiene practices
Avoid contact with equipment and clothing
Disinfect tools, propagating material and equipment with sodium hypochlorite (1% solution of a 12% concentrate of pool chlorine)
Remove volunteer or wild tomato plants, which could otherwise ‘act’ as reservoirs for the virus. Other potential reservoir plants are fat hen (Chenopodium murale), quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa), Petunia hybrids (garden plants) and black nightshade (Solanum nigrum).
REFERENCES AND FURTHER INFORMATION
Anon (2019) How horticulture responds to ToBRFV threat. https://www.hortidaily.com/article/9102578/how-horticulture-responds-to-tobrfv-threat/ .
EPPO Alert List – Tomato brown rugose fruit virus (Tobamovirus - ToBRFV). https://www.eppo.int/ACTIVITIES/plant_quarantine/alert_list_viruses/tomato_brown_rugose_fruit_virus.
Keys N (2019) How horticulture responds to ToBRFV threat. Webinar. https://www.hortidaily.com/article/9102578/how-horticulture-responds-to-tobrfv-threat/.
Luria N, Smith E, Reingold V, Bekelman I, Lapidot M, Levin I, Elad N, Tam Y, Dela N, Abu-Ras A, Ezra N, Haberman A, Yitzhak L, Lachman O, Dombrovsky A (2017) A new Israeli Tobamovirus isolate infects tomato plants harboring Tm-22 resistance genes. PLOS ONE. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0170429
Wilstermann A, Ziebell H (2019) Expree PRA for tomato brown rugose fruit virus – occurrence. Julius Kuehn-Institute, Institute for National and International Plant Health. [Translated by Elke Vogt-Arndt]. https://pflanzengesundheit.julius-kuehn.de/dokumente/upload/ToBRFV-expPRArev1_en.pdf.
Please report any suspect detections of ToBRFV to the Exotic Plant Pest Hotline on 1800 084 881 (toll-free) or email [email protected] with photographs and a contact phone number. For further information phone 136 186.
To arrange for virus testing, phone Crop Health Services on (03) 9032 7515.
© The State of Victoria Department of Jobs, Precincts and Regions 2019
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 Australia licence. You are free to re-use the work under that licence, on the condition that you credit the State of Victoria as author. The licence does not apply to any images, photographs or branding, including the Victorian Coat of Arms and the Victorian Government logo. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/au/deed.en
ISBN UPDATE WITH NEW ISBN
Accessibility
If you would like to receive this publication in an alternative format, please telephone the DJPR Customer Service Centre on 136 186, email [email protected] or via the National Relay Service on 133 677 www.relayservice.com.au. For Translating and Interpreting Service, phone 131 450 and ask them to phone the Exotic Plant Pest Hotline on 1800 084 881. This document is also available on the internet at www.agriculture.vic.gov.au
Disclaimer
This publication may be of assistance to you but the State of Victoria and its employees do not guarantee that the publication is without flaw of any kind or is wholly appropriate for your particular purposes and therefore disclaims all liability for any error, loss or other consequence which may arise from you relying on any information in this publication.