Syllabus of AutoCAD AutoCAD

Requirement of computer graphics

CAD

Screen structure

Toolbar in AutoCAD

Coordinate system

Drawing Limit

Units

Practice of following command 1) Line command 2) Coordinate absolute 3) Incremental 4) Polar command 5) Polygon command 6) Circle (3P,2P,TTR) 7) Arc command 8) Ellipse command

Using of geometrical command for making figure 1) Triangle 2) Rectangle 3) Hexagonal 4) Pentagonal 5) parabola

Editing command 1) Scale command 2) Erase command 3) Copy command 4) Stretch command 5) Lengthen command 6) Explode command

Use of SNAP, GRID and ORTHO mode for selection of point quickly.

Use of these mode while picking point in Line, Circle, Pline, Arc, Ellipse command

AUTOCAD

Computer Aided Design (CAD) is simply, design and drafting with the aid of a computer.

Design is creating a real product from an idea. Drafting is the production of the drawings that are used to document a design. CAD can be used to create 2D or 3D computer models. A CAD drawing is a file that consists of numeric data in binary form that will be saved onto a disk.

CAD (Computer Aided Design) It is a software to use to create and fastly two dimensional and

three dimensional model. CAD is also known as CADD (computer aided design and drafting). The design is a real product from an idea and drafting is the production of the drawing that are used to document a design.

Use of CAD

To produce details engineering design through 2D and 3D drawing of physical component of manufacturing product.

To create design, product layout, strength and dynamic analysis of assembly and the manufacturing process.

To prepare environmental impact report in CAD.

AutoCAD is computer aided design software developed by Autodesk Inc. AutoCAD was first introduced in 1982. By the year 2000, it is estimated that there were over 4 million AutoCAD users worldwide. What this means to you is that many employers are in need of AutoCAD operators. In addition, learning AutoCAD will give you the basics for learning other CAD packages because many commands, terms and concepts are used universally.

It is use to create conceptual design, product layout, strength and dynamic analysis of assembly and the manufacturing processes themselves.

It is produce detailed engineering design through two dimensional and three dimensional drawing of the physical components of the manufacturing product.

Advantage of CAD

1) Time saving advantage of computer modeling over traditional drafting model is that the former can be quickly corrected or manipulated by changing a model’s parameters.

2) The CAD software have so revolutionized the industry that manual drawing is finding less and less use.

3) CAD eliminates waste by ensuring that all important design parameters of the product can be studied on the computer screen before proceeding to fabrication.

Application of Computer graphics

1) Computer Aided Design for engineering and architectural system. 2) Presentation graphics To produce illustration which summarize various kind of data

except 2D, 3D graphics are good tool. 3) Computer Art Painting packages are available. Photorealistic techniques, animation are

very useful in commercial art. 4) Entertainment Motion picture, music videos and TV show computer game education

training with computer generation models of specialized system such as training of ship captain and aircraft pilots.

5) Visualization For analyzing scientific, engineering, medical and business data or behavior. Converting data to visual form can help to understand mass volume of data very efficiently.

6) Image processing Images processing is to apply techniques to modify or interpret existing picture. It is widely use for medical application.

7) Graphical User Interface multiple window, Icon, menus allow a computer setup to be utilized more efficiently.

Screen structure 1. Title bar 2. Menu bar 3. Toolbar 4. Document window or Drawing area 5. Command bar 6. Status bar 7. UCS 8. Cursor

Title bar: Title bar along of the top of the window show the name of the program Menu bar: menu bar located directly below the title bar, provides pull down menus from which you can choose commends. Tool bar: In which you can find there related tool in bar. Documents window: The name of current drawing appears in the title bar of the document window. Command bar: It is provided in the lower most part of the screen. Commands are entered in this line from the keyboard. Status bar: It provides the status report of grid, snap. Ortho and layer properties. UCS: It is User Coordinate System show by two or three arrows. Cursor: It is a cursor used to draw and select entities.

Hardware Requirement of Computer Graphics

Toolbar in AutoCAD The AutoCAD toolbar contains a group of command icon with a common heading.

Standard Toolbar

Object Properties Toolbar

Draw Toolbar

Modify Toolbar

Object Properties Toolbar Midpoint

End point

Intersection

Extension

Center

Quadrant

Tangent

Perpendicular

Parallel

Insert

Node

Draw Toolbar Line Command

Polyline Command

Circle Command

Arc Command

Rectangle Command

Polygon Command

Hatch Command

Elliptical Arc Command

Construction Line command

Spline command

Helix command

Modify Toolbar Erase Command

Copy Command

Mirror Command

Offset Command

Array Command

Move Command

Rotate Command

Scale Command

Stretch Command

Lengthen Command

Trim Command

Extend Command

Break Command

Chamfer Command

Fillet Command

Explode Command

Coordinates System:

Rectangular coordinates System Polar coordinates System

1. Rectangular coordinates System X-Distance (Left/Right) and Y-Distance (Up/Down). It is

normally used to grid position. a. Absolute coordinates System (X,Y)

b. Relative coordinates System (@X,Y)

2. Polar coordinates System (@D<A) It is used when you know the exact angle or direction

of movement between two point, along with direction.

Absolute Cartesian coordinates : Example 7, 3 Relative Cartesian coordinates : Example@ 7, 3 Absolute Polar coordinates : Example 6<45 Relative Polar coordinates : Example@6<45

Coordinate system Angle Direction

Drawing Limit

When drawing with a computer you must “set up your drawing area”. You must decide what size your paper will be, what type of scale will be use( feet, inches or decimal). CAD these decisions are called Drawing Limit. There have lower left corner is 0, 0

Specify lower left corner or [ON/OFF] <0.0000,0.0000>: ON

Method of Entering Command

From Keyboard From Toolbar From Screen Menu From Cursor Menu

Units The Units (inches, millimeters and feet) used to draw object in the drawing Area can be selected using UNITS Commands. The format, precision, and other setting used to display coordinates, distance and angle are set through the dialog box and are save in the current drawing.

Click: Menu> Format> Drawing Unit. Shortcut Key: UN<enter>

Line Command Line command is used to create a series of attached line segments.

Procedure to Access Command LINE Press Enter Shortcut Key L Press Enter Ribbon Menu Home > Draw panel > Line Access from Menu bar > Draw > Line

Polyline Command (Pline) A polyline is a connected sequence of line or arc segment that is created as a single object.

Pline command draws a series of separate line segments.

Procedure to Access Command PLINE Press Enter Shortcut Key PL Press Enter Ribbon Menu Home > Draw panel > Polyline Access from Menu bar > Draw > Polyline

Circle Command Circle command used to create a circle by using various methods suitable for different situation. Procedure to Access Command Circle Press Enter Shortcut Key C Press Enter Ribbon Menu Home > Draw panel > Circle Access from Menu bar > Draw > Circle

3P Define the circle with 3 non-collinear point. 2P Define the circle with the point on either end of the circle diameter. TTR Define the circle by specifying two other object that are tangent to the circle and the

radius of the circle.

Spline Command Spline command is used to create a smooth curve that passes through a set of fit point or define by the control vertices. The curve create with spline command is called as non- uniform rational B- Spline.

Procedure to Access Command SPLINE Press Enter Shortcut Key SPL Press Enter Ribbon Menu Home > Draw panel > Spline Access from Menu bar > Draw > Spline

Ellipse Command Ellipse command is used to create the ellipse or elliptical arc entity for different work situation. An ellipse is defined by a Major (long) axis and a minor (short) axis. These axes determine the ellipse length, width and degree of curvature. An Elliptical arc is an arc cut from the ellipse.

Procedure to Access Command ELLIPSE Press Enter Shortcut Key EL Press Enter Ribbon Menu Home > Draw panel > Ellipse Access from Menu bar > Draw > Ellipse

Ellipse -centre method, Ellipse by axis end point, Ellipse by rotation

Elliptical arc

Arc Command Arc command used to create the Arc entity for different work situation. Procedure to Access Command Arc Press Enter Shortcut Key A Press Enter Ribbon Menu Home > Draw panel > Arc Access from Menu bar > Draw > Arc

Polygon Command The polygon command use to create equilateral closed Polyline. You specify any value between 3 and 1024 for number of sides for a polygon. Procedure to Access Command POLYGON Press Enter Shortcut Key POL Press Enter Ribbon Menu Home > Draw panel > Polygon Access from Menu bar > Draw > Polygon

Inscribed circle and Circumscribed circle

Construction Line Command Construction line command is used to create a line of infinite length. Such lines are useful for creating construction and reference line and for trimming boundaries. Procedure to Access Command XLINE Press Enter Ribbon Menu Home > Draw panel > Construction line Access from Menu bar > Draw > Construction line

Helix Command Helix command is used to create a 2D spiral or 3D spring. Use a helix as a sweep path for the sweep command to create spring, threads and circular stairways. Procedure to Access Command HELIX Press Enter Ribbon Menu Home > Draw panel > Helix Access from Menu bar > Draw > Helix

Erase Command Erase command is used to remove the object based on certain criteria. In 3D environment you can erase sub objects like faces, meshes and vertices. Instead of selecting object manually, you can enter option such as L to erase the last object drawn, P to erase the previous selection set and all to erase all objects.

Procedure to Access Command ERASE Press Enter Ribbon Menu Home > Modify panel > Erase Access from Menu bar > Modify > Erase

Copy Command Copy command is used to create a copy of any of any object and locate in specified distance. With the COPYMODE system variable. You can control whether multiple copies are created automatically. You can use the Ctrl+C to copy and Ctrl+V to paste object in AutoCAD. Procedure to Access Command COPY Press Enter Shortcut Key CO Press Enter Ribbon Menu Home > Modify panel > Copy Access from Menu bar > Modify > Copy

Move Command Move command is used to relocate the object in a specified distance in a specified direction. You can use coordinates, grid snaps, object snaps, and other tool to move object with precision. Procedure to Access Command MOVE Press Enter Shortcut Key M Press Enter Ribbon Menu Home > Modify panel > Move Access from Menu bar > Modify > Move

Stretch Command Stretch Command is used to elongate the selected object along the stretched direction. You need to select the objects using cross selection for stretching them.

Procedure to Access Command STRETCH Press Enter Shortcut Key S Press Enter Ribbon Menu Home > Modify panel > Stretch Access from Menu bar > Modify > Stretch

Lengthen Command Lengthen Command to used to increase or decrease the length of the object. You can specify changes as a percentage, an increment, or as a final length or angle. You can use this command as an alternative to TRIM or EXTEND commands.

Procedure to Access Command LENGTHEN Press Enter Shortcut Key LEN Press Enter Ribbon Menu Home > Modify panel > Lengthen Access from Menu bar > Modify > Lengthen

Sub tool of lengthen command are: Delta, Percent, Total, Dynamic. 1. DELTA This command used for extends or remove length of object. If we are giving value in

positive then the length are extend and if we are giving value in negative then the length are remove of object.

Shortcut Key DE 2. PERCENT This command is used to extend the value of object according to percent.

Shortcut Key P 3. TOTAL This command we maintain the line. If we want to extend or shrink line then we are

use Total Command. Shortcut Key T

4. DYNAMIC In this command we modify or maintain the object. In this command we are giving the object new point and end point and this command will remove the object in between new and end point.

Shortcut Key DY

Explode Command

Explode is an important command which help to break an object like blocks, polyline and regions into multiple sub components. It is used to break a grouped object into sub component which can be control individually.

Procedure to Access Command EXPLODE Press Enter Shortcut Key X Press Enter Ribbon Menu Home > Modify panel > Explode Access from Menu bar > Modify > Explode

Extend Command Extend command is used to extend the object to meet the edges of the other objects.

Procedure to Access Command EXTEND Press Enter Shortcut Key EX Press Enter Ribbon Menu Home > Modify panel > Extend Access from Menu bar > Modify > Extend

Rotate Command Rotate command is used to rotate the object around a base point at specified angle.

Procedure to Access Command ROTATE Press Enter Shortcut Key RO Press Enter Ribbon Menu Home > Modify panel > Rotate Access from Menu bar > Modify > Rotate

Mirror Command

Mirror command is useful to create symmetric objects easier and quicker. You can create object that represent half of a drawing, select it and mirror its across a symmetry line to create the other half. You can either retain or erase the original object during mirror operation.

Procedure to Access Command MIRROR Press Enter Shortcut Key MI Press Enter Ribbon Menu Home > Modify panel > Mirror Access from Menu bar > Modify > Mirror

Array Command Array command is used to create child entities for the selected parent object in a particular order.

Procedure to Access Command AARAY Press Enter Shortcut Key AR Press Enter Ribbon Menu Home > Modify panel > Array Access from Menu bar > Modify > Array

Align Command Align command is used to orient the selected object towards another object in expected alignment. Procedure to Access Command ALIGN Press Enter Shortcut Key AL Press Enter Ribbon Menu Home > Modify panel > Align Access from Menu bar > Modify > Align

Scale Command Scale commands enlarge or reduce the size of the selected objects, keeping the proportion of the same. Procedure to Access Command SCALE Press Enter Shortcut Key SC Press Enter Ribbon Menu Home > Modify panel > Scale Access from Menu bar > Modify > Scale

Trim Command Trim command is used to delete the unwanted part of the object. Procedure to Access Command TRIM Press Enter Shortcut Key TR Press Enter Ribbon Menu Home > Modify panel > Trim Access from Menu bar > Modify > Trim

Break Command Break command is used to delete a portion of an object specified by a starting point and ending point, line, arc, circle, polyline, ellipse, spline, donuts and several other object can be split into two object. Procedure to Access Command BREAK Press Enter Shortcut Key BR Press Enter Ribbon Menu Home > Modify panel > Break Access from Menu bar > Modify > Break

Join Command Join command is used to join the endpoint of linear and curved objects to create a single object. Procedure to Access Command JOIN Press Enter Shortcut Key J Press Enter Ribbon Menu Home > Modify panel > Join Access from Menu bar > Modify > Join

Fillet Command Fillet command is used to make curve by removing sharp corner create by two entities. Procedure to Access Command FILLET Press Enter Shortcut Key F Press Enter Ribbon Menu Home > Modify panel > Fillet Access from Menu bar > Modify > Fillet

Chamfer Command Chamfer command is used to create bevel at the corner of two 2D objects or the adjacent faces of 3D solid. Procedure to Access Command CHAMFER Press Enter Shortcut Key CHA Press Enter Ribbon Menu Home > Modify panel > Chamfer Access from Menu bar > Modify > Chamfer

Blend Curves Command Blend curves command is used to create a spline between two selected line and curve maintaining proper continuity with both the object. Procedure to Access Command BLEND Press Enter Ribbon Menu Home > Modify panel > Blend curve Access from Menu bar > Modify > Blend curve

Offset Command Offset command is use to create concentric circles, parallel line and parallel curves from the existing curve geometry. Procedure to Access Command OFFSET Press Enter Ribbon Menu Home > Modify panel > Offset Access from Menu bar > Modify > Offset

Drafting Setting Snap and Grid

Polar Tracking

Object Snap

3D Object Snap

Some important detail with related computer

Microprocessor The complex procedure that transforms raw input data into useful information for output

is called “processing”. The processor is the “brain” of the computer. The processor Interprets and carries out instructions. In personal computers the processor is a single Chip plugged into a circuit board. This chip is called a microprocessor.

Central Processing Unit (CPU) The CPU is the term used for the computer’s processor. The CPU contains the intelligence of

the machine. It is where the calculations and decisions are made.

Memory (RAM) Your CPU needs memory to hold pieces of information while it works. While this information

remains in memory, the CPU can access it directly. This memory is called random access memory (RAM). RAM holds information only while the power is on. When you turn off or reset the computer, the information disappears. The more RAM a computer has, the quicker it works and the more it can do. The most common unit of measurement for computer memory is the byte. A byte can be described as the amount of memory it takes to store a single character. A kilobyte (KB) equals 1,024 bytes. A Megabyte (MB) equals 1,024 kilobytes, or 1,048,576 bytes. So a computer with 64 MB of memory actually has (64 X 1,048,576) 67,108,864 bytes. This is equal to approximately 1024 pages of information.

Input / Output devices Input devices accept data and instructions from the user. The most common input devices are

the keyboard, mouse and scanner. Output devices return processed data back to the user. The most common output devices are the monitor, printer and speakers.

Storage The purpose of storage is to hold data that the computer isn’t using. When you need to work

with a set of data, the computer retrieves the data from storage and puts it into memory. When it no longer needs the data, it puts it back into storage. There are 2 advantages to storage. First, there is more room in storage and second, storage retains its contents when the computer is turned off. Storage devices include: Hard disks (inside your computer), floppy disks (3-1/2) , zip disks, CDR/W, etc.

SOFTWARE Operating Systems

When you turn on the computer, it goes through several steps to prepare itself for use. The first step is a self-test. This involves:

1) Identifying the devices attached to it (such as the monitor, mouse and printer). 2) Counts the amount of memory available. 3) Checks to see if the memory is functioning properly.

The second step is searching for a special program called the Operating System. When the computer finds the operating system, it loads it into memory (remember RAM). The operating system enables the computer to:

1) Communicate with you. 2) Use devices such as the disk drives, keyboard and monitor.

The operating system is now ready to accept commands from you. The operating system continues to run until the computer is turned off. Examples of operating systems are: Windows 98, Windows NT, ME, 2000, XP, OS/2, Unix and more.

FUNCTION KEYS

F1 Help Explanations of Commands. F2 Flipscreen Toggles from Text Screen to Graphics Screen. F3 Osnap Toggles Osnap On and Off. F4 Tablet Toggles the Tablet On and Off. F5 Isoplane Changes the Isoplane from Top to Right to Left. F6 Coordinate Display Changes the display from ON / Off /. F7 Grid Toggles the Grid On or Off. F8 Ortho Toggles Ortho On or Off. F9 Snap Toggles Increment Snap on or off. F10 Polar Toggles Polar Tracking On or Off. F11 Otrack Toggles Object Snap Tracking On and Off.

CAD Computer Aided Design CAD Computer Aided Drafting CAM Computer Aided Manufacturing CAE Computer Aided Engineering

FOR Triangle Command: _line Specify first point: Specify next point or [Undo]: @10<0 Specify next point or [Undo]: @10<120 Specify next point or [Close/Undo]: cl

FOR Rectangle

Specify first point: Specify next point or [Undo]: @20<0 Specify next point or [Undo]: @10<90 Specify next point or [Close/Undo]: @20<180 Specify next point or [Close/Undo]: cl

FOR Hexagonal Command: _polygon Enter number of sides <3>: 6 Specify center of polygon or [Edge]: Enter an option [Inscribed in circle/Circumscribed about circle] <I>: I Specify radius of circle: 5

FOR Pentagon Command: _polygon Enter number of sides <6>: 5 Specify center of polygon or [Edge]: Enter an option [Inscribed in circle/Circumscribed about circle] <I>: I Specify radius of circle: 5

FOR parabola LINE Specify first point: 10,10 Specify next point or [Undo]: @100<0 Specify next point or [Undo]: @60<90

Specify next point or [Close/Undo]: @100<180 Specify next point or [Close/Undo]: c Command: _arrayrect Select objects: Type = Rectangular Associative = No Command: _offset Current settings: Erase source=No Layer=Source OFFSETGAPTYPE=0 Specify offset distance or [Through/Erase/Layer] <Through>: Specify second point: Select object to offset or [Exit/Undo] <Exit>: Specify through point or [Exit/Multiple/Undo] <Exit>: 15 Select object to offset or [Exit/Undo] <Exit>: Specify through point or [Exit/Multiple/Undo] <Exit>: 15 Select object to offset or [Exit/Undo] <Exit>: Specify through point or [Exit/Multiple/Undo] <Exit>: 15 Select object to offset or [Exit/Undo] <Exit>: *Cancel* Command: _line Specify first point: Specify next point or [Close/Undo]: Command: LINE Specify first point: Specify next point or [Close/Undo]: Command: LINE Specify first point: Specify next point or [Close/Undo]: Command: _SPLINE Current settings: Method=Fit Knots=Chord Specify first point or [Method/Knots/Object]: _M Enter spline creation method [Fit/CV] <Fit>: _FIT Current settings: Method=Fit Knots=Chord Specify first point or [Method/Knots/Object]: Enter next point or [start Tangency/toLerance]: Enter next point or [end Tangency/toLerance/Undo]: Enter next point or [end Tangency/toLerance/Undo/Close]: Enter next point or [end Tangency/toLerance/Undo/Close]: Enter next point or [end Tangency/toLerance/Undo/Close]: Enter next point or [end Tangency/toLerance/Undo/Close]: Enter next point or [end Tangency/toLerance/Undo/Close]: Enter next point or [end Tangency/toLerance/Undo/Close]: Enter next point or [end Tangency/toLerance/Undo/Close]: