1.SWPBS Workbook 1 School-wide PositiveBehavior SupportGetting Started Workbook1 Center on Positive Behavioral Interventions and Supports University of Oregon & ConnecticutVer. April 27, 20101 This document is supported in part by the OSEP Center on Positive Behavioral Interventionsand Supports (http://pbis.org). The Center is supported by a grant from the Office of SpecialEducation Programs, US Department of Education (H326S98003). Opinions expressed herein arethose of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the position of the US Department ofEducation, and such endorsements should not be inferred.

2. SWPBS Workbook 2School-Wide Positive Behavior SupportOSEP Center on Positive Behavioral Interventions and Supports2 University of Oregon & Connecticutwww.pbis.org The OSEP Center on Positive Behavioral Interventions and Supports is grateful tothe students, educators, administrators, families, support providers, researchers, andteacher trainers who have worked tirelessly to improve educational outcomes for allstudents and who have contributed to our understanding of the critical practices andsystems of school-wide positive behavior support.These training materials have been developed to assist schools in their efforts toimprove school climate and school-wide positive behavior support for all students. Anindividual personal copy may be made without permission and by citing Center on PBISas source. Multiple copy photocopying, use, and/or sale of these materials areforbidden without expressed written permission by the OSEP Center on PositiveBehavioral Interventions and Supports. For additional information about use of thesematerials, contact the Center at www.pbis.org.2 The Center is supported by a grant from the Office of Special Education Programs, USDepartment of Education (H326S980003). Opinions expressed herein are those of the authorsand do not necessarily reflect the position of the US Department of Education, and suchendorsements should not be inferred. 3. SWPBS Workbook 3How Should I Use this Workbook?What is the Purpose of this Workbook?To provide implementers of a School-wide Positive Behavior Support (SWPBS)approach with supplemental, user-friendly information to supporton-going training andimplementation.Who Should Use this Workbook? Trainers, Coaches, Facilitators to support efforts to implement SWPBS at the school level Coordinators and Administrators to provide an overview of and reference to the content and process of SWPBS to others School and District Implementation Leadership Teams to support and guide development, implementation, and monitoring of SWPBS implementationHow is this Workbook Organized? Each chapter generally has the following organizational features: Organizingintroduction (green) that provides rationale, definitions, big ideas, etc. Implementation guidelines (blue) that are used to support training, self- assessment, and action planning. Generic activity worksheets (yellow) that guide contextualized implementation and product development. Generic action planning (red) that structures commitments to follow-up activities and tasks.The Table of Contents serves as a summary and roadmap to the organization ofthe content and process of SWPBS. Generally, the chapter sequence approximates thetypical order in which SWPBS trainers, coordinators, and coaches guide SchoolLeadership Teams through the practices and processes of SWPBS. Appendices include (a) tools and instruments, (b) supporting stand-aloneinformation and activities, and (c) materials referenced in workbook sections. 4. SWPBS Workbook 4 Table of ContentsPage Chapter Appendices Description 5 7 1 Overview of School-Wide Positive Behavior SupportWhat is SWPBS?Why not get tough with problem behavior?What principles guide implementer use of SWPBS?What operational elements define SWPBS?What evidence-based behavioral interventions are included in SWPBS?What is the school-wide continuum of behavior support?o Responsiveness-to-interventiono Practices and systems by prevention tiero Developing a SW continuum of PBSWhat is the SWPBS team-based implementation process?o Basic action planning41 2 Getting Started with School-Wide Positive Behavior SupportPrimary prevention tierStep 1 Establish team membership Conducting leadership team meetings worksheetStep 2 Develop brief statement of behavior purposeStep 3 Identify positive school-wide behavior expectationsStep 4 Develop procedures for teaching school-wide expectationsStep 5 Develop procedures for teaching classroom-wide behaviorexpectationsStep 6 Develop continuum of procedures for encouraging andstrengthening student use of school-wide behavior expectationsStep 7 Develop continuum of procedures for discouraging studentbehavior violations of school-wide behavior expectationsStep 8 Develop data-based procedures for monitoring implementationof SWPBS (primary tier)75 3 SWPBS Practices and Systems in Non-Classroom Settings84 4 Classroom Management Practices and Systems 5. SWPBS Workbook 5AppendicesAppendix DescriptionA School-Wide PBSAn example of one schools implementation of SWPBS isImplementation Example provided: leadership team, behavior purpose statement, school-wide and classroom-wide behavioral expectations, teaching matrices, encouragement procedures, behavior expectation violation procedures, and progress monitoring and data systemsB Committee/Group/Team This standalone activity gives leadership teams aSelf-Assessment and Action structure for identifying what behavioral initiatives,Planning programs, and interventions are in place, and evaluating how SWPBS fits with these efforts. The specific goal is to develop an effective, efficient, and relevant continuum of positive behavior support practices and processes for all studentsC Effective Behavior Support This self-assessment is used by leadership teams toSelf-Assessment Survey determine staff perceptions about the status of the social and behavioral climate of the school. Perceptions about supports for school-wide, classroom, nonclassroom, and individual students are assessed.All school staff are usually included.D Team ImplementationLeadership teams and coaches use this self-assessmentChecklist (TIC)to monitor their initial and on-going SWPBS implementation. As such, leadership teams self-manage their implementation efforts.E SWPBS Team Monthly This organizational tool is used by leadership teams,Planning Guide coaches, coordinators teams to supplement their review and action planning efforts, especially at the beginning and end of the school year. Emphasis is on first year implementation of primary intervention tierof SWPBS.The pF Detention and Suspension:This FAQ has been developed to provide a generalFrequently Asked Questions summary of the implementation considerations and features of detention and suspension consequences. A question/answer format is used.G Functional Assessment andTwo self-assessment checklists are provided to enableBehavior Support Planreview of the components and processes of completing aChecklists functional behavioral assessment and developing a behavioral intervention plan. 6. SWPBS Workbook 6H Functional Assessment The FACTS is an instrument used to guide the completionChecklists for Teachers and of a functional behavioral assessment and facilitate theStaff development of a behavior intervention plan.I Emergency Prevention andThis primer provides general guidelines andResponseconsiderations for being prepared, preventing, andresponding to crises and emergency situations.J Teaching Social SkillsA basic and general lesson plan and examples forteaching social behavior are provided.K SWPBS and RtI A brief overview of the similar and different features ofschool-wide positive behavior support andresponsiveness to intervention.L Selected References These references provide additional and supportinginformation for the contents of this workbook.M Data-based Decision MakingGuidelines and examples for establishing efficient andand Office Discipline effective data-based decision making systems. EmphasisReferrals is on formalizing and enhancing office disciplinaryprocedures.N Restraint and Seclusion Guidelines and considerations for the appropriate andConsiderations and SWPBSethical use of restraint and seclusion in the context ofthe implementation of SWPBS.O Planning for theWorksheet to guide planning for the beginning and endBeginning/Ending of the of the school year in a SWPBS school.School Year 7. SWPBS Workbook 7 CHAPTER 1Overview of School-Wide Positive BehaviorSupports 8. SWPBS Workbook 8 SWPBS MessageSuccessful individual student behavior support is linked to host environments or school climates that are effective, efficient,relevant, & durable for all students (Zins & Ponti, 1990) What is SWPBS? School-Wide Positive Behavior Supports (SWPBS) provides an organizationalapproach or framework for improving the social behavior climate of the schools andsupporting or enhancing the impact of academic instruction on achievement andincreasing proactive (positive/preventive) management. 9. SWPBS Workbook 9The SWPBS approach or framework is comprised of evidence-based behavioralinterventions and practices that can be implemented by real users to effectively addressand support the socially and educationally important behavioral needs of students andtheir families. SWPBS has its conceptual foundations in Behavioral Theory - Behavior is learned, lawful, and malleable Applied Behavior Analysis - Behavioral theory, principles, and practices are applied to sociallyimportant observable behaviors in the applied settings in which they are observed Positive Behavior Support Behavioral supports are considered in the larger context of improving quality of life 10. SWPBS Workbook 10Why Not Get Tough with Problem Behavior? When students display problem behavior that is unresponsive to our typicalconsequences or interventions, we often get stern or tough to see if the studentsbehavior will eventually improve. For many students this level of consequence worksbecause the student has strong alternative ways of responding that access successwithout having to use the problem behavior.The problem behavior of some students continues to be unresponsive, and weget tougher to get the students attention, make a clear statement or point about thebehavior, and minimize the likelihood of future occurrences. A few students respond tothis level of consequence but the improvement is often not long lasting.So, the problem behavior of a few students continues to be observed, and weresort to further intensifying the presumed aversiveness of our responses to forcecompliance and a halt to the problem behavior. 11. SWPBS Workbook 11 See below for example of Get Tough Sequence GET TOUGHBEHAVIOR RESPONSEInitial problem Given initial aversiveBehavior of many students improve;behaviorconsequence, e.g.,however, for some their problembehavior continuesSay no.Remove privilegeSend to think seatFurther Give additional and moreBehavior of a few more studentsoccurrences ofaversive consequence, e.g., improve; however, for a few individual problemstudents, their behavior continuesScream NO! louder behaviorMove closer and pointfingerComplete office disciplinereferralThreaten and establishbottom lineSend to in-school detention ContinuedIncrease intensity, frequency, andBehavior escalates in intensity,occurrences and duration of aversivefrequency, and duration to levels that increasing consequences, e.g., severely interfere with teaching andintensity oflearningEstablish and enforce zeroproblemtolerance policiesbehaviorIncrease monitoring andsecurityPhysically assist orinterveneGive out of schoolsuspension 12. SWPBS Workbook 12 Why do we get tougher when students behavior does not improve? Becausewe 1. Assume the student is inherently bad, and stubborn behaviors require muchmore intensive consequences. 2. Assume the student must learn to take responsibility for their own behavior,and prove that they deserve to be part of the classroom or group. 3. Assume aversive consequences teach the student to behave better. 4. The behavior of some students does improve.albeit short-lived; so, we gettemporary relief. 5. Learn tougher consequences remove the student with irritating behaviorwhich brings relief in the immediate environment, and the students behaviorwill be better tomorrow. 6. Experience an initial improvement in problem behavior, when the studentresponds.So, whats wrong with a get tough approach?The research is clear that if theonly thing we do is get tough and tougher when students display problem behavior, 1. Environments of control are fostered 2. Antisocial behavior is triggered and reinforced 3. Shared accountability is shifted away from school and to the student, family,and/or community 4. Child/youth-adult relationships are devalued and put at risk 5. Link between academic achievement and social behavior programming isweakened So, what should we do? The science on human behavior has taught us thatstudents. 1. Are not born with bad (or good) behavior 2. Do not learn through the sole use of aversive consequences 3. Learn better ways of behaving by being taught social skills directly and receivingpositive feedback about what they are doing correctly or appropriately. 13. SWPBS Workbook 13 In addition, results from research on the prevention of youth violenceconsistently indicates that preventing the development and occurrence of violent andbehavior is associated with the following:Youth Violence Prevention Sample Sources Positive, predictable school-wide Surgeon Generals Report on climateYouth Violence (2001) High rates of academic & social success Coordinated Social Emotional& Learning (Greenberg et al., Formal social skills instruction2003) Positive active supervision & reinforcement Center for Study & Preventionof Violence (2006) Positive adult role models White House Conference on Multi-component, multi-year school-School Violence (2006) family-community effort 14. SWPBS Workbook 14 What Principles Guide Implementer Use of SWPBS? Implementers of SWPBS use the following principles to guide their decisions andactions: 1. Use data to guide decision making 2. Establish school discipline as instrument for academic and behavior success 3. Make decisions that are linked to important and measurable outcomes 4. Utilize research-validated practices, interventions, and strategies 5. Emphasize an instructional approach to behavior management 6. Emphasize prevention 7. Integrate initiatives, programs, interventions that have common outcomes 8. Adapt products, activities, actions, etc. to align with cultural and contextualcharacteristics of local environment (e.g., family, neighborhood, community) 9. Build and sustain a continuum of behavior support 10.Consider and implement school-wide practices and systems for all students,all staff, and all settings 11.Evaluate continuously 12.Coordinate efforts with a school-wide leadership team 15. SWPBS Workbook 15 What Operational Elements Define SWPBS? Effective, efficient, and relevant school-wide discipline is based on a balance offour key and interactive elements: Social Competence &Academic AchievementOUTCOMESMS SupportingDA SupportingE STTADecisionStaff BehaviorSYMakingPRACTICESSupporting Student Behavior 16. SWPBS Workbook 16DATA: What do we currently see and know?Data-based decision making guides selection and modification of curricula andpractices, evaluation of progress, and enhancement of systems.OUTCOMES: What do we want to see?Clearly specified outcomes are related to academic achievement and socialcompetencePRACTICES: What practice could effectively, efficiently, and relevantly achieve whatwe want to see?Evidenced-based practices have a high probability of outcome achievement forstudents.SYSTEMS: What needs to be in place to support (a) practice adoption that is informed and (b) full implementation that is contextualized, accurate, and sustainable?Systems support adult adoption, high fidelity implementation, and sustained use ofeffective practices. 17. SWPBS Workbook 17 What Evidence-based Behavioral Interventions are Included in SWPBS?SWPBS emphasizes selection and implementation of the most appropriate,effective, efficient, and relevant practices and interventions that match the needs,resources, and competence of users. These practices and interventions are organized infive SWPBS subsystems:SUBSYSTEMSPRACTICES, PROCESSES, AND SYSTEMS FOR School-wideAll students and staff members, across all settings ClassroomSettings in which delivery of instruction is emphasizedSettings and contexts in which the emphasis is on supervision andNonclassroommonitoring, not instruction (e.g., sporting events, assemblies,lunchrooms, hallways, buses, field trips, etc.).Individual students whose behaviors are not responsive to school- Studentwide or primary tier prevention (secondary/tertiary tiers)Engaging and supporting family participation in the activities and Familyaccess to resources of the school. 18. SWPBS Workbook 18 Behavioral Interventions and Practices1. Leadership team2. Common behavior purpose & approach to discipline3. Clear set of positive expectations & behaviors School-Wide4. Procedures for teaching expected behavior school-wide & classroom- wide5. Continuum of procedures for encouraging expected behavior6. Continuum of procedures for discouraging inappropriate behavior7. Procedures for on-going data-based monitoring & evaluation1. All school-wide above.2. Maximum structure & predictability (e.g., routines, environment)3. Positively stated expectations posted, taught, reviewed, prompted, & supervised Classroom-Wide4. Maximum engagement through high rates of opportunities to respond, delivery of evidence-based instructional curriculum & practices5. Continuum of strategies to acknowledge displays of appropriate behavior , including contingent & specific praise, group contingencies, behavior contracts, token economies6. Continuum of strategies for responding to inappropriate behavior, including specific, contingent, brief corrections for academic and social behavior errors, differential reinforcement of other behavior, planned ignoring, response cost, and time out.1. Positive expectations & routines taught & encouraged/acknowledgedNon-Classroom2. Active supervision by all staff, emphasizing scanning, moving, & Settings interacting3. Precorrections, prompts, & reminders4. Positive reinforcement 19. SWPBS Workbook 19 1. Behavioral competence at school & district levelsIndividual Student 2. Function-based behavior support planning 3. Team- & data-based decision making 4. Comprehensive person-centered planning & wraparound processes 5. Targeted social skills & self-management instruction 6. Individualized instructional & curricular accommodations 1. Continuum of positive behavior support for all familiesEngagement 2. Frequent, regular, & positive contacts, communications, &Familyacknowledgements 3. Formal & active participation & involvement as equal partners 4. Access to system of integrated school & community resources 20. SWPBS Workbook 20 What is the PBS School-wide Continuum of Behavior Support?3 A relatively small proportion of students (1-15%) have learning histories thatcause general school-wide interventions to be ineffective (i.e., behavior not responsive),and these students require additional specialized and individualized interventions. Thus,school-wide discipline systems should not be abandoned because the behaviors of thesestudents are unresponsive.Instead, schools should think of school-wide discipline systems as beingimportant foundations for1. Supporting the majority of students2. Preventing the development of chronic problem behavior for students with high risk backgrounds and learning histories3. Identifying (screening) and providing more specialized and individualized behavior supports for students with high intensity, difficult-to-change problem behaviors.3Also referred to as RtI or Responsiveness-to-Intervention 21. SWPBS Workbook 21The three tiered prevention logic organizes practices and systems along acontinuum of increasing intensity and/or complexity. Student behavior responsivenessto intervention is used to match intervention intensity. Although the continuum isdynamic and blended, the three tiers are generally described as follows:PreventionGeneral Response Description Tier CriteriaPrimary Practices and systems for all students and staffBehaviors of 70-(Universal) implemented across all settings.90% of studentsMore intensive and specialized practices and systemsfor students whose behaviors have beendocumented as not responsive at the primary tier,Secondary and generally provided in a common or standardizedBehaviors of 10-(Targeted)manner in small student groupings, which provide30% of studentsmore regular supervision, monitoring, interactions,corrective feedback, and positive reinforcement withand by adults and peers.Most intensive and specialized practices and systemsfor students whose behaviors have beendocumented as not responsive at the primary orTertiary Behaviors of 1-secondary tiers, and generally are highly(Intensive)10% of studentsindividualized to the specific needs and strengths ofan individual student. Family and communityinvolvement is increased. 22. SWPBS Workbook 22 The following figure illustrates this important concept: Tertiary Prevention: CONTINUUM OFSpecializedSCHOOL-WIDE IndividualizedINSTRUCTIONAL & Systems for Students POSITIVE BEHAVIOR ~5% with High-Risk BehaviorSUPPORT Secondary Prevention: ~15% Specialized Group Systems for Students with At-Risk BehaviorPrimary Prevention:School-/Classroom- Wide Systems for All Students, Staff, & Settings~80% of Students The following figure illustrates the an applied continuum of support in whichsequencing and integration of practices and supports varies by setting (e.g., elementaryv. middle v. high school; alternative programming; rural v. urban) and individual studentstrengths and needs: 23. SWPBS Workbook 23 24. SWPBS Workbook 24How does SWPBS Relate to Responsiveness to Intervention?Responsiveness-to-Intervention (RtI) has been described as an approach forestablishing and redesigning teaching and learning environments so that they areeffective, efficient, relevant, and durable for all students, families, and educators.Specifically, RTI is shaped by six defining characteristics4:4 Brown-Chidsey & Steege, 2005; Christ, Burns, & Ysseldyke, 2005; Fuchs & Deschler, 2007; Fuchs& Fuchs, 2007; Fuchs, Mock, Morgan, & Young, 2003; Gresham, 2005; Gresham et al., 2005;Kameenui, 2007; National Association of State Directors of Special Education, 2006; Severson,Walker, Hope-Doolittle, Kratochwill, & Gresham, 2007; Sugai, 2007 25. SWPBS Workbook 25RtI Feature Description Learner performance and progress should be reviewed on a regular basis and in a systematic manner to identify students1. Universal who are (a) making adequate progress, (b) at some risk of screening failure if not provided extra assistance, or (c) at high risk of failure if not provided specialized supports. Information that directly reflects student learning based on2. Data-based measurable and relevant learning criteria and outcomes should decision making be used to guide decisions regarding instructional and problem effectiveness, student responsiveness, and intervention solving adaptations and modifications3. ContinuousStudent progress should be assessed on a frequent and regular progressbasis to identify adequate or inadequate growth trends and monitoringsupport timely instructional decisions. Priority should be given to early and preventive assessment and intervention so that (a) conditions that promote the4. Prevention & development of problem behavior are avoided and of prosocial Early behavior are established, and (b) triggering antecedent and Intervention maintaining consequence events of problem behavior are removed and of appropriate behavior are added An integrated and sequenced curriculum should be available such that a (a) core curriculum is provided for all students, (b) modification of this core is arranged for students who are identified as nonresponsive, and (c) specialized and intensive curriculum is developed for students whose performance is5. Continuum ofdeemed nonresponsive to the modified core. Elements of this evidence-basedcontinuum must have empirical evidence to support efficacy interventions (intervention is linked to outcome), effectiveness (intervention outcomes are achievable and replicable in applied settings), relevant (intervention can be implemented by natural implementers and with high fidelity), and durable (intervention implementation is sustainable and student outcomes are durable). Team-based structures and procedures are in place to ensure6. Implementationand coordinate appropriate adoption and accurate and fidelitysustained implementation of the full continuum of intervention practices. 26. SWPBS Workbook 26 27. SWPBS Workbook 27 Practices and Systems by Prevention Tier and SWPBS Working Elements Prevention TierPrimarySecondaryTertiary Office discipline Office disciplinary FACTS referrals (ODR) referrals FBA EBS Self- Points earned Academic Assessmenttoken economy competence SET AcademicCurriculum based Benchmarks of competencemeasurement Data Quality Curriculum based School Safety measurement SurveyFACTS Academic performance Curriculum based measurementSWPBS Working Elements ~80% of students~15% of studentsIndividualized Outcomes with 0-1 major ODRwith 2-5 majoracademic and ~1/500ODR behavior objectives students/day~5% of students with >6 major ODR Teach and Universal screening Function-based encourage small Group social skills Individualized number of school- instruction behavior support wide behavioral Daily performance plan expectations andfeedbackTargeted social behaviors Self-management skills instruction Practices Continuum ofinstruction Academic consequences forAt least hourly accommodations violations of positiveand supports behaviorreinforcement Family expectationsFamily engagement participation Active supervision Effective classroom management 28. SWPBS Workbook 28SW leadership teamBehavioralSpecializedFormative data- competencebehavioraland team-basedWeekly programcompetencedecision making reviewTeam-basedSystems and action planning Team basedcoordination andHigh priority coordination anddecision makingActivedecision making Daily programadministrator Direct link toreviewinvolvement school-wideprimary tierprevention system 29. SWPBS Workbook 29Developing a School-wide Continuum of Positive Behavior Support The development of a SW continuum of requires a careful consideration of localcontext (features and data), desired outcomes (data, priority needs, etc.), evidence-based practices, and systems capacities and supports.To enhance efficiency and relevance, the following steps for selecting practiceswithin a school-wide continuum of positive behavior supports should be considered:Steps for Selecting Practices within a School-Wide Continuum of Positive Behavior SupportStep 1: Identify what practices (e.g., interventions, programs, strategies) are available ateach prevention tier. (See Practices Evaluation Chart)Step 2: Evaluate each practice against the following evaluation criteria Evidence-based Does experimental research evidence exist to support the selection and use of a practice to achieve desired outcome? Outcome Data Are relevant data collected to measure effectiveness? Non-Responder Decision Rule Are data-based rules available and used to modify intervention for students who do not respond to practice? Implementation Fidelity Are data collected to assess and improve accuracy of practice implementation? Effectiveness Have data demonstrated that practice is effective in achieving desired outcomes?Step 3: Based on the above results, decide whether to (a) eliminate or discontinue, (b)integrate with other practices, (c) modify and continue or integrate, or (d) sustain asis.Step 4: Based on the above results, do new or different practices need to be considered andadopted to complete the continuum?Identify outcome that needs to be achieved.Evaluate practices that have experimental evidence of their effectiveness andare likely to produce desired outcome.Insert new practice into Practices Evaluation ChartStep 5: Complete display of continuum of behavior support practices (see followingContinuum of School-wide Behavior Support triangle continuum) 30. SWPBS Workbook 30Practices Evaluation ChartEvaluation Non- OutcomeImplem.PracticesEvidence- Responder DataFidelity Effective? DecisionBased?Decision Collected?Assessed? Rule?Y ? N5 Y ? NY ? N Y ? NY ? N E I M S6Y ? NY ? NY ? N Y ? NY ? N E I M SPrimaryY ? NY ? NY ? N Y ? NY ? N E I M SY ? NY ? NY ? N Y ? NY ? N E I M SY ? NY ? NY ? N Y ? NY ? N E I M SY ? NY ? NY ? N Y ? NY ? N E I M SPrevention TierSecondaryY ? NY ? NY ? N Y ? NY ? N E I M SY ? NY ? NY ? N Y ? NY ? N E I M SY ? NY ? NY ? N Y ? NY ? N E I M SY ? NY ? NY ? N Y ? NY ? N E I M SY ? NY ? NY ? N Y ? NY ? N E I M SY ? NY ? NY ? N Y ? NY ? N E I M STertiaryY ? NY ? NY ? N Y ? NY ? N E I M SY ? NY ? NY ? N Y ? NY ? N E I M SY ? NY ? NY ? N Y ? NY ? N E I M S5Yes ?No6Eliminate, Modify, Integrate, Sustain 31. SWPBS Workbook 31 Continuum of School-wide Positive Behavior SupportDirections: Insert evaluated and selected practices and strategies into this table toestablish a continuum of school-wide positive behavior supports.TertiarySecondaryPrimary 32. SWPBS Workbook 32Example: Continuum of School-wide Positive Behavior Support Function-based support Wraparound/person-centered planning Specialized & individualized instruction/intervention Tertiary Crisis prevention & intervention Check in/out Targeted social skills training Peer-based tutoring Secondary Social skills club Behavioral contracting Cognitive-behavioral counseling Teaching &rewarding positive school-wide behavioral expectations Proactive school-wide discipline Effective academic instruction/curriculum Primary Parent engagement Active supervision 33. SWPBS Workbook 33 What is the SWPBS Team-Based Implementation Process? SWPBS implementation process or approach is premised on the finding thatsporadic one-time or occasional high intensity training events are ineffective andinefficient at achieving system or organization-wide implementation of an interventionor practice that is sustainable and accurate. Typical school inservice or professionaldevelopment events are more likely to be train-and-hope (Stokes and Baer, 1977)events: 34. SWPBS Workbook 34 In contrast, the SWPBS approach adopts a continuous multi-component, multi-year organizational approach. The features of the general team based implementationprocess are summarized in the following:Team Agreements Data-based Action PlanEvaluation Implementation 35. SWPBS Workbook 35 When engaged in the general SWPBS implementation steps, consider thefollowing guidelines: GuidelinesYes No ? 1. Adequate representationYes No ? 2. Active administrator membership and involvement Form Team 3. Efficient means for communications within team and with facultyYes No ?as a wholeYes No ? 4. Capacity for on-going data-based decision makingYes No ? 5. Priority and status among committees and initiativesYes No ? 6. Behavioral capacity on teamYes No ? 1. Commitment to 3-4 years of priority implementationYes No ? 2. Use of 3-tiered prevention logic and continuum Establish AgreementsYes No ? 3. Administrator participation and membershipYes No ? 4. On-going coaching and facilitation supports 5. Dedicated resources and timeYes No ? 6. Agreement about operating procedures for roles, agenda,meeting times, action planning, etc.Yes No ? 7. Top three school-wide initiatives based on needYes No ? 1. Regular self-assessment Data-based Action PlanYes No ? 2. Review and use of existing discipline dataYes No ? 3. Multiple subsystems of evidence-based behavioral interventionsYes No ? 4. Team-based decision making and action planningYes No ? 5. Efficient system of data input, storage, and summarization 36. SWPBS Workbook 36 Yes No ? 1. Emphasis on evidence based practices and interventionsImplementation Action Plan with Fidelity and Develop Procedures and Supports for Yes No ? 2. Active administrator participation Yes No ? 3. Continuous staff involvement in planning4. Efficient and effective support for staff training andDurability Yes No ?implementation5. Continuous monitoring of fidelity of implementation and Yes No ?progress6. Regular and effective staff acknowledgements for participation Yes No ?and accomplishments Yes No ? 7. Team coordinated and managed implementation Yes No ? 1. Team- and data-based decision making and planningContinuous Evaluation Fidelity of Implementation and Outcome Yes No ? 2. Relevant and measurable outcome indicators Yes No ? 3. Efficient input, storage, and retrieval of data Progress Yes No ? 4. Effective, efficient, and informative visual displays Yes No ? 5. Regular data review6. Continuous monitoring of fidelity of implementation and Yes No ?progress 37. SWPBS Workbook 37 Basic Action PlanningAction planning is a process of organizing and using resources to enableindividuals to engage in activities designed to achieve specific and important outcomes.The process is guided by the following principles:Process Principles 1. Align with district goals. 2. Focus on measurable outcomes. 3. Base and adjust decisions on data and local characteristics. 4. Give priority to evidence-based programs. 5. Invest in building sustainable implementation supports. 6. Consider effectiveness, efficiency, relevance, and efficacyin decision making The action planning process can be facilitated by considering the followingquestions: Facilitating Questions Question Notes 1. What need (problem,issue, concern, etc.) arewe trying to address? 2. What evidence do wehave to confirm,understand,characterize, etc. theneed? 38. SWPBS Workbook 383. What factors seem to be contributing to the need?4. How high of a priority is addressing this need?5. What would the solution (data, strategy, policy, etc.) look like to address the need?6. What existing activities also are addressing this need?7. What would we see if we have been successful in addressing this need in 3 months, 1 year, 2 years, etc.?8. What would a 1-3 year action plan look like to address this need?9. What factors ($, roadblocks, agreements, capacity, leadership, etc.) need to be considered to support and maximize the successful implementation of this action plan? 39. SWPBS Workbook 39The following flowchart has been designed to improve decisions related toselection and use of instructional and behavioral interventions. Start Review questionsDoes problemSpecify features of & data on regularYes exist? need/problem basis No Identify practicethat addresses need/problemIs practice Is evidence ofConsider another research No effectiveness Nopracticebased?available? YesYes Can practice No be adapted? Yes No Implement & monitor effects Is adequate progressobserved? YesImprove efficiency& sustainability of practice implementation 40. SWPBS Workbook 40Generic Action Planning Worksheet Example #1Action Plan Outcome (measurable, achievable, priority):Due Date: Activity Persons DueOutcomeNotes 1. 41. SWPBS Workbook 41GENERAL PLANNING WORKSHEET Example #2 Planning Questions Planning1. What did we propose to accomplish?2. What have we done so far? Data?3. How much have we accomplished? Are we satisfied?4. What do we need to accomplish next?5. What do we need to do WhatWhoWhen next?1.2.3.4.5.6.7.8.9. 42. SWPBS Workbook 42 Actions Needed for Using SWPBS Basic Information and ConceptsActionPerson(s) Date1.2.3.4.5.6.7.8. 43. SWPBS Workbook 43 CHAPTER 2Getting Started with School-Wide PositiveBehavior Supports 44. SWPBS Workbook 44 GETTING STARTED WITH SWPBS:PRIMARY PREVENTION TIERIn the following sections, planning steps for getting started with the implementation ofSWPBS are described. Examples of outcomes for each step are provided in the Appendices. GuidelinesYes No ?7STEP 1 - Establish Leadership Team MembershipYes No ? STEP 2 - Develop Brief Statement of Behavior PurposeYes No ? STEP 3 - Identify Positive School-wide Behavioral ExpectationsYes No ? STEP 4 - Develop Procedures for Teaching School-wide Behavior ExpectationsYes No ? STEP 5 - Develop Procedures for Teaching Classroom-wide Behavioral ExpectationsYes No ? STEP 6 - Develop Continuum of Procedures for Encouraging and Strengthening Student Use of School-wide Behavior ExpectationsYes No ? STEP 7 - Develop Continuum of Procedures for Discouraging Student Behavior Violations of School-wide Behavior ExpectationsYes No ? STEP 8 - Develop Data-based Procedures for Monitoring Implementation of SWPBS (Primary Tier)Descriptions for each step (pink) includeGuidelines (blue) for improving the completion of each stepSample worksheets (yellow) for completing each stepAction planning (red) forms to organize and manage next activities7Uncertain, unknown, more information needed 45. SWPBS Workbook 45STEP 1 - Establish Team MembershipWhen establishing a school-wide PBS leadership team, consider the followingguidelines:GuidelinesYes No ?8 1. Representative of demographics of school and communityYes No ?2. 1-2 individuals with behavior/classroom management competenceYes No ?3. Administrator active memberYes No ?4. Schedule for presenting to whole staff at least monthlyYes No ?5. Schedule for team meetings at least monthlyYes No ?6. Integration with other behavior related initiatives and programsYes No ?7. Appropriate priority relative to school and district goalsYes No ?8. Rules and agreements established regarding voting, confidentiality andprivacy, conflict/problem solving, record-keeping, etc.Yes No ?9. Schedule for annual self-assessmentsEBS Self-Assessment SurveyReview Office Discipline ReferralsBenchmarks of QualitySchool-wide Evaluation ToolYes No ?10. Coaching support (school and/or district/region)8? = uncertain, unknown, more information needed 46. SWPBS Workbook 46Team Profile and AgreementsSchoolName: ___________________________ Level: El, Md/Jr, Sr, other_________City: _____________________________ State: ________________________District: __________________________Team Member Name by RolePrincipal: _______________________ Teacher: ______________________Teacher: _______________________ Teacher: ______________________Teacher: _______________________ Teacher: ______________________Counselor: _____________________ Parent: _______________________Classified: ______________________ Classified9: _____________________Special Educator: ________________ Student10: _______________________Other: _________________________ Other: ________________________Other: _________________________ Other: ________________________CoachingName: ________________________Email: ________________________Contact Telephone: ______________Agreements for Getting StartedDates for next two team meetings: ______________ ________________Date for next presentation to whole staff: ______________Date for completion of EBS Self-Assessment Survey: ________________Date for collection and summarization of office discipline data: ______________Date for completion/review of action plan: ______________9 Representatives from non-classroom settings (e.g., office staff, cafeteria and hallwaysupervisor, bus driver, school resource officer, custodian, community member)10Students are recommended particularly for secondary level school teams. 47. SWPBS Workbook 47Conducting Leadership Meetings WorksheetHow did we do? PreparingH M L na11Review agreements/tasks from previous minutes H M L na Identify/review/develop agenda items H M L na Invite/remind/prepare participants H M L na Prepare/review materials H M L na Check/confirm logistics (e.g., room, location, time) H M L na Other: Beginning H M L na Acknowledge/introduce participants H M L na Review purpose H M L na Review/assign roles H M L na Review/modify agenda items (e.g., discussion, decision, information) H M L na Assign # of minutes for each agenda item H M L na Set/review meeting rules/routines (Routines below) H M L na Other:Conducting H M L na Follow agenda items H M L na Stay within timelines H M L na Follow/review rules/routines H M L na Restate/review/remind of purpose/outcomes H M L na Other:11 H = high, M = medium, L = low, na = not applicable 48. SWPBS Workbook 48ConcludingH M L na Review purposeH M L na Review/summarize agreements/products/assignmentsH M L na Review/evaluate extent to which agenda items addressedH M L na Review new agenda itemsH M L na Review compliance with rules/routinesH M L na Acknowledge/reinforce participation/actions/outcomesH M L na Indicate next meeting date/time/placeH M L na Other: Following-UpH M L na Distribute minutesH M L na Complete agreements/products/assignmentsH M L na Contact/remind participantsH M L na Prepare for next agendaH M L na Other:Other Notes/Observations 49. SWPBS Workbook 49Routines for Conducting Effective and Efficient Meetings1. How are decisions made?2. How are problems/conflicts/disagreements resolved and processed?3. How are roles/responsibilities (e.g., leadership, facilitation, recording minutes, reporting) assigned and conducted?4. How is participation encouraged and reinforced? 50. SWPBS Workbook 50Actions Needed for Establishing Team Membership and Agreements Action Person(s) Date1.2.3.4.5.6.7.8. 51. SWPBS Workbook 51STEP 2 - Develop Brief Statement of Behavior Purpose Each school has or should develop a brief statement of purpose relative to thedevelopment and support of the social and behavioral climate of the school.When reviewing or developing this purpose statement, consider the followingguidelines: GuidelinesYes No ?1. Positively statedYes No ?2. 2-3 sentences in lengthYes No ?3. Supportive of academic achievementYes No ?4. Contextually/culturally appropriate (e.g., age, level, language)Yes No ?5. Comprehensive in scope (school-wide ALL students, staff, and settings)Yes No ?6. Agreement by >80% faculty and staffYes No ?7. Communicated to stakeholders (e.g., families, community members, district administrators)Yes No ?8. Included in school publications (e.g., handbook, posters, newsletters) School-wide Behavior Purpose Statement 52. SWPBS Workbook 52Actions Needed for Developing Brief Statement of Behavior Purpose ActionPerson(s) Date1.2.3.4.5.6.7.8. 53. SWPBS Workbook 53STEP 3 - Identify Positive School-wide Behavior Expectations When identifying 3-5 positive school-wide behavior expectations (a.k.a., rules,character traits, values), consider the following guidelines:GuidelinesYes No ? 1. Linked to social culture of school (e.g., community, mascot).Yes No ? 2. Considerate of social skills and rules that already exists.Yes No ? 3. 3-5 in numberYes No ? 4. 1-3 words per expectationYes No ? 5. Positively statedYes No ? 6. Supportive of academic achievementYes No ? 7. Comprehensive in scope (school-wide ALL students, staff, andsettings)Yes No ? 8. Mutually exclusive (minimal overlap)Yes No ? 9. Contextually/culturally appropriate (e.g., age, level, language)Yes No ? 10. Agreement by >80% faculty and staffYes No ? 11. Communicated to stakeholders (e.g., families, community members, district administrators)Yes No ? 12. Included in school publications (e.g., handbook, posters, newsletters) 54. SWPBS Workbook 54 School-wide Behavior Expectations1.2.3.4.5. 55. SWPBS Workbook 55Actions Needed for Identifying Positive School Wide BehaviorExpectationsAction Person(s) Date1.2.3.4.5.6.7.8. 56. SWPBS Workbook 56 STEP 4 - Develop Procedures for Teaching School-wide BehaviorExpectations Teach Social Behavior Like Academic SkillsA frequent misrule is that social behavior is learned and encouraged through theuse of aversive consequences (especially, for errors). However, these types ofconsequences do little to promote desired social skills, except to signal that an error hasoccurred.A behavior is a behavior regardless of whether it is an academic or a social skill.As such, whether teaching an academic skill or concept, a social skill, or a character trait,the basic instructional process is the same. The following figure illustrates those basicinstructional steps, beginning with define the skill. ADJUST forDEFINEEfficiency Simply MONITOR & ACKNOWLEDGE MODELContinuously PRACTICE In Setting Like academic skills that have been learned initially, social skills must bepracticed regularly and acknowledged/reinforced frequently for mastery, sustained use,and generalized applications to be realized. If a student has a firmly learned problembehavior, then formally and continually prompting, practicing, and reinforcing thedesired alternative becomes especially important and necessary. 57. SWPBS Workbook 57SETTINGTeachingLibrary/ Matrix AllHallways Playgrounds Cafeteria Computer Assembly BusSettingsLabBe on task. Eat all your Give your food.Study,RespectSit in one Watch forbest effort.Walk. Have a plan.Select read, Ourselves spot.your stop.Be healthy compute. prepared.foods.Expectations Be kind.Use normalPlay safe.Hands/feet Listen/watch. Use a quietvoiceIncludePractice Whisper. Respectto self.Use voice. volume. others. good tableReturn Others Help/shareappropriateStay in your Walk toShare mannersbooks.with applause.seat.right. equipment. others. Pick up Use ReplacePush inWipe your Recycle.litter.equipment trays & chairs. Pick up. Respect feet. Clean upMaintainproperly. utensils. TreatTreat chairs Property Sit after self. physical Put litter inClean up booksappropriately. appropriately.space. garbage can. eating area. carefully.High School Example ROUTINE/SETTINGLibrary & Cafeteria Common AreaHallways Parking LotActivities ClassroomComputer Lab Respect RULE/EXPECTATION ResponsibilityCommunity 58. SWPBS Workbook 58RAH AthleticsRAHPractice Competitions EligibilityLetteringTeam TravelRespectListen to coachesShow positiveShow up on timeShow up on timeTake care of your directions; push sportsmanship; for every practice for every practice own possessions yourself and Solve problems inand competition. and competition; and litter; be where encouragemature manner;Compete x%.you are directed to teammates to excel.Positive inter-be.actions with refs,umps, etc.AchievementSet example in the Set and reach forEarn passing DemonstrateComplete your classroom and in both individual andgrades; Attend academic assignments missed the playing field as team goals;school regularly;excellence.for team travel. a true achiever. encourage your only excusedteammates. absencesHonorDemonstrate good Suit up in clean Show team pride in Suit up for anyRemember you are sportsmanship anduniforms; Win with and out of the competitions you acting on behalf of team spirit. honor and integrity; school. Stay out ofare not playing. the school at allRepresent your trouble set a good Show team honor. times andschool with good example for others.Cheer fordemonstrate teamconduct.teammates. honor/pride.Teaching Matrix Activity ClassroomLunchroom BusHallwayAssembly Arrive on Use inside Eat your own Stay in your Respect Stay to right time to voice foodseat Others _________ speaker __________________ _________ __________ Respect Recycle Keep feet on Put trash in Take litter Return trays Environment paper __________ floor canswith you & Property___________________ ___________________ Wash your Be at stop on Use your Listen to Respect Do your best hands timewords speaker Yourself__________ __________ __________ __________ __________ Have Go directly Discuss topic Eat balanced Go directly Respect materials from bus to in class w/ dietto class Learningready class others __________ __________ __________ __________ __________ 59. SWPBS Workbook 59 The following worksheet provides a task analysis of the main steps involved indeveloping a teaching matrix for school-wide behavior expectations:Date Implementation WorksheetCompletedDevelop and list on the Teaching Matrix 3-5 positively stated rules orexpectations that support the schools mission/purpose. These rulesshould use common and few words (e.g., Respect Others, RespectYourself, Respect Property), and should apply to all students and staffmembers.Identify and list on the Teaching Matrix all school setting or classroomcontexts in which rules are expectedFor each rule or expectation, provide at least two positively stated,observable behavioral indicators or examples (e.g., Walk with handsand feet to self, return lunch tray to kitchen) for each settingDevelop a standard lesson plan for teaching each expectation (e.g.,Cool Tool).Develop a schedule for presenting each lesson plan.Develop a procedure for prompting, precorrecting, and encouragingappropriate displays of expectations.Develop a procedure for proactively correcting errors in displays ofexpectations.Develop system for determining the extent to which students (a)have acquired the rule or expectation and (b) are using theexpectation in natural school settings or classroom contexts. 60. SWPBS Workbook 60 When developing lesson plans for teaching school-wide behavior expectations,consider the following guidelines:GuidelinesYes No ?1. Considerate of main school settings and contexts (e.g., classroom, common areas, hallways, cafeteria, bus)Yes No ?2. Considerate of lessons that already exists.Yes No ?3. Specification of 2-3 positive observable behavior examples for each expectation and each setting/context.Yes No ?4. Teach social behavior like academic skills.Yes No ?5. Involvement by staff, students, families in developmentYes No ?6. Contextually/culturally appropriate (e.g., age, level, language)Yes No ?7. Schedule for initial instruction in natural and typical contextsYes No ?8. Schedule for regular review, practice, and follow-up instructionYes No ?9. Prompts, reminders, or precorrections for display of behaviors in natural contexts and settingsYes No ?10. Feedback (corrections and positive acknowledgements) for displaysof behaviors in natural contexts and settingsYes No ?11. Procedures for providing instruction to new faculty, staff, studentsYes No ?12. Procedures for informing others (e.g. families, community, districtadministrators, substitute teachers & staff)Yes No ?13. Agreement by >80% faculty and staffYes No ?14. Schedule for continuous evaluation of effectiveness, efficiency, andrelevance of teachingYes No ?15. Procedures in place for identifying and supporting students whosebehaviors do not respond to teaching school-wide behaviorexpectationsYes No ?16. Included in school publications (e.g., handbooks) 61. SWPBS Workbook 61 School-Wide Teaching Matrix Typical School-Wide Behavior ExpectationsSettings/Contexts1.2. 3.4.5. 62. SWPBS Workbook 62Actions Needed for Developing Plan for Teaching School-wide Behavior Expectations ActionPerson(s) Date1.2.3.4.5.6.7.8. 63. SWPBS Workbook 63STEP 5 - Develop Procedures for Teaching Classroom-wide BehaviorExpectations When developing lesson plan for teaching classroom-wide behavior expectations, theschool leadership teams goal is to increase consistency between school-wide and classroom-wide expectations and procedures. However, individual teachers should fit examples, activities,etc. to the context of their individual classrooms, students, and routines. GuidelinesYes No ? 1. School-wide action plan for classroom management practices and procedures based on results from Classroom Self-AssessmentYes No ? 2. Definitions and processes for responding to classroom versus office- managed (minor) or administrator-managed (major) violations of behavior expectations.Yes No ? 3. Teaching matrix, procedures, and schedules developed for teaching school- wide behavior expectations in typical classroom contexts and routines.Yes No ? 4. Data system in place to monitor office discipline referral from classroomsYes No ? 5. Procedures in place for obtaining behavior support for students whose behaviors are not responsive to classroom-wide managementYes No ? 6. Prompts (reminders and precorrections) for display of behaviors in natural contexts and routinesYes No ? 7. Feedback (corrections and positive acknowledgements) for displays of behaviors in natural contexts and routinesYes No ? 8. Involvement by staff, students, and families in developmentYes No ? 9. Contextually/culturally appropriate (e.g., age, level, language)Yes No ? 10. Schedule for initial instructionYes No ? 11. Schedule for regular review, practice, follow-up instructionYes No ? 12. Agreement by >80% faculty and staffYes No ? 13. Schedule for continuous evaluation of effectiveness, efficiency, and relevance of teachingYes No ? 14. Included in school publications (e.g., handbooks)Classroom-Wide Teaching Matrix 64. SWPBS Workbook 64 TypicalClassroom-Wide Behavior ExpectationsContexts/Routines1. 2.3.4.5. 65. SWPBS Workbook 65Actions Needed for Developing Plan for Teaching Classroom-wide Behavior Expectations Action Person(s) Date1.2.3.4.5.6.7.8. 66. SWPBS Workbook 66STEP 6 - Develop Continuum of Procedures for Encouraging and Strengthening Student Use of School-wide Behavior Expectations When developing continuum of procedures for encouraging and strengtheningstudent use of school-wide behavior expectations, consider the following guidelines:GuidelinesYes No ? 1. Easy and quick form of acknowledgement (e.g., object, event) for all staff members to use.Yes No ? 2. Considerate of strategies/processes that already exists.Yes No ? 3. Contextually appropriate name for acknowledgementsYes No ? 4. Culturally, developmentally, contextually appropriate/relevant form of acknowledgementYes No ? 5. Back- or follow-up acknowledgementsYes No ? 6. Schedule for daily, weekly, monthly, quarterly feedback to students and staffYes No ? 7. Use by all staff (e.g., office, security, supervisors, bus drivers)Yes No ? 8. Schedule for initial introduction of acknowledgements.Yes No ? 9. Schedule for regular boosters or re-implementation of acknowledgementsYes No ? 10. Procedures for providing orientation to new faculty, staff, studentsYes No ? 11. Procedures for informing others (e.g. families, community, district administrators, substitute teachers & staff)Yes No ? 12. Procedures in place for identifying and supporting students whose behaviors do not respond to school-wide acknowledgementsYes No ? 13. Agreement by >80% faculty and staffYes No ? 14. Included in school publications (e.g., handbooks)Yes No ? 15. Instructions and practice on how to pair acknowledgements with positive social acknowledgementsYes No ? 16. Means for keeping track of number of acknowledgements versus number of disciplinary or corrective actions for violations of behavior expectations.Yes No ? 17. Schedule and procedures for regular review and enhancement of acknowledgements. 67. SWPBS Workbook 67Acknowledgements WorksheetType of AcknowledgementConsiderationWhatWhenBy WhomHow OftenHow ManyWhere 68. SWPBS Workbook 68 Actions Needed forDeveloping Continuum of Procedures for Encouraging and Strengthening Student Use of School-wide Behavior ExpectationsAction Person(s) Date1.2.3.4.5.6.7.8. 69. SWPBS Workbook 69 STEP 7 - Develop Continuum of Procedures for Discouraging StudentBehavior Violations of School-wide Behavior Expectations When developing procedures for discouraging violations of school-wide behaviorexpectations, consider the following guidelines:Guidelines1. Specification of Definitions for Violations of School-wide Behavior ExpectationsYes No ?a. Contextually appropriate labels/namesYes No ?b. Definitions represent continuum of severity (e.g., minor, major, illegal)Yes No ?c. Definitions comprehensive in scope (school-wide)Yes No ?d. Definitions in measurable termsYes No ?e. Mutually exclusive (minimal overlap)2. Specification of Procedures for Processing Violations of School-wide Behavior ExpectationsYes No ?a. Agreement regarding office staff versus teacher/staff responsibilitiesYes No ?b. Office discipline form for tracking discipline events that specifies thefollowing:Who violated rule (name, grade)Who observed and responded to the violation of behaviorexpectationsWhen (day, time) the violation of behavior expectation occurredWhere the violation of behavior expectation occurredWho else was involved in the problem situationWhat was the possible motivation or purpose of the problem behaviorWhat school-wide behavior expectation was violatedYes No ?c. Agreement regarding options for continuum of consequencesYes No ?d. Data decision rules for intervention and support selection 70. SWPBS Workbook 70 3. Implementation of ProceduresYes No ?a. Use by all staff (e.g., office, security, supervisors, bus drivers)Yes No ?b. Schedule for teaching to students and staff membersYes No ?c. Schedule for regular review of use and effectivenessYes No ?d. Procedures for providing orientation to new faculty, staff, studentsYes No ?e. Procedures for informing others (e.g. families, community, district administrators, substitute teachers & staff)Yes No ?f. Agreement by >80% faculty and staffYes No ?g. Included in school publications (e.g., handbooks)Yes No ?h. Means for keeping track of number of acknowledgements versus number of disciplinary or corrective actions for violations of behavior expectations.Yes No ?i. Schedule and procedures for regular review and enhancement of acknowledgements.Yes No ?j. Schedule for daily, weekly, monthly, quarterly feedback to students and staffYes No ?k. Included in school publications (e.g., handbook, posters, newsletters)Yes No ?l. Procedures in place for identifying and supporting students whose behaviors do not respond to school-wide continuum of consequences for violations of behavior expectations. Pre-referral intervention or behavior support team Data-decision rule for initiating positive behavior support (e.g., 3 office discipline referrals for major rule violating infraction) Precorrection intervention to prevent future occurrences of problem behavior Formal procedures for teaching, practicing, and reinforcing positively prosocial behaviors to replace problem behavior Adult mentor/advocate 71. SWPBS Workbook 71 72. SWPBS Workbook 72Behavior Expectation ViolationsLevel I. II. III. IV.Name/LabelDefinitionExamplesProcedures 73. SWPBS Workbook 73 Actions Needed forDeveloping Continuum of Procedures for Discouraging Student Behavior Violations ofSchool-wide RulesActionPerson(s) Date1.2.3.4.5.6.7.8. 74. SWPBS Workbook 74 STEP 8 - Develop Data-based Procedures for MonitoringImplementation of SWPBSEstablishment of a data system is preceded by determination of what questionsyou want to answer. To guide this process, four steps should be considered:Steps for Selecting Practices within a School-Wide Continuum of Positive Behavior SupportStep 1: Develop evaluation questions.What do you want to know?Step 2: Identify indicators or measures for answering each question.What information can be collected?Step 3: Develop methods and schedules for collecting and analyzing indicators. How and when should this information be gathered?Step 4: Make decisions and action plan from analysis of indicators. How was the question answered and what should be done next?To ensure the effective, efficient, relevant, and sustained implementation of aschool-wide discipline system, school staff members must receive information that isaccurate, timely, and easily available to guide decision making. In general, a recordkeeping and decision making system must have (a) structures and routines for datacollection, (b) mechanisms for data entry, storage, and manipulation, and (c) proceduresand routines for review and analysis of data. In general, record keeping and datadecision making systems must be effective, efficient, and relevant.A readily availablesource of information about the disciplinary climate of a school is the office disciplinesystem. After a specific question has been answered and a specific outcome isdetermined, a practice or intervention must be selected to achieve that outcome. Ingeneral, an evidence-based practice should be identified. However, if an evidence-basedpractice is not identified, a promising practice can be carefully considered. See decision-making flowchart described previously. 75. SWPBS Workbook 75 Data and Evaluation Worksheet When do they Who needs the Data Indicators & Data Collection Evaluation Question need the information?Sources Methods & Schedule information?1.2.3.4.5.6. 76. SWPBS Workbook 76 Guidelines 1. General data collection proceduresYes No ? a. Data collection procedures that are integrated into typical routines(e.g., office discipline referrals, attendance rolls, behavior incidentreports).Yes No ? b. Data collection procedures regularly checked for accuracy of useYes No ? c. Data collection limited to information that answers important student,classroom, and school questionsYes No ? d. Structures and routines for staff members to receive weekly/monthlydata reports about the status of school-wide disciplineYes No ? e. Decision rules for guiding data analysis and actionsYes No ? f. Schedule for daily, weekly, monthly, quarterly feedback to studentsand staffYes No ? g. Data system managed by 2-3 staff membersYes No ? h. No more than 1% of time each day for managing data system.Yes No ? i. Efficient, timely, and graphic displays of data 2. Office discipline referral proceduresYes No ? a. Agreed upon definitions of violations of behavior expectationsorganized in a continuum of increasing intensity (see Step 7).Yes No ? b. A form for documenting noteworthy behavior incidents (e.g., officediscipline referral form, behavior incident report)Yes No ? c. School-wide procedures for processing or responding to violations ofbehavior expectations.Yes No ? d. Efficient and user-friendly procedures for inputting and storinginformationYes No ? e. Efficient and user-friendly procedures for summarizing and analyzinginformation.Yes No ? f. Efficient and user-friendly procedures for producing visual displays ofthe data.Yes No ? g. Procedures for presenting data to staff on routine basis.Yes No ? h. Procedures for making decisions and developing actions based on thedata. 77. SWPBS Workbook 77 Actions Needed forDeveloping Data-based Procedures for Monitoring Implementation of SWPBSAction Person(s) Date1.2.3.4.5.6.7.8. 78. SWPBS Workbook 78CHAPTER 3SWPBS Practices and Systems in Non- Classroom Settings 79. SWPBS Workbook 79Problematic Non-Classroom SettingsDevelopment and implementation of a formal, consistent, and continuoussystem of SWPBS in nonclassroom settings is important because behavior success (orfailure) in those settings can carry-over into the classroom, and vice versa. Considerthe following examples:Non-Classroom Behavior ExamplesStrategy? 1. An elementary school principal found that over 45% of their behavior incident reports were coming from the playground. 2. High school assistant principal reports that over 2/3 of behavior incident reports come from four corners. 3. A middle school secretary reported that she was getting at least one neighborhood complaint daily about student behavior on and off school grounds. 4. A high school nurse lamented that too many students were asking to use her restroom during class transitions. 5. At least 2 times/month, police are called to settle arguments by parents and their children in parking lot. 6. Dean of Students has made a request to the district school board to cancel all after school dances and pep rallies because student behavior is unruly, disrespectful, and unmanageable. 7. Cafeteria staff have filed a complaint to the school administration because transitions into and out of the lunchroom are plagued by student misbehavior and staff shouting and complaining. 80. SWPBS Workbook 80Definitions and Intervention Considerations Nonclassroom settings are characterized as particular times or places wheresupervision is emphasized, and where instruction is not available as a behaviormanagement tool.Cafeteria, hallways, playgrounds, bathroomsBuses & bus loading zones, parking lotsStudy halls, library, free timeAssemblies, sporting events, dances Compare and Contrast Classroom v. NonclassroomSettingsNonclassoom settingsClassrooms are V.areTeacher directedV. Student focused Instructionally focusedV. Socially focusedSmall # of predictableLarge # ofV.studentsunpredictable studentsBasic Management ConsiderationsBasic Management Practices Physical/environmental Teach directly expected arrangements behaviors and routines in Routines and expectationscontext Staff behavior and practicesActively supervise (scan, move,interact) Student behaviorPrecorrect and remindPositively reinforce expectedbehavior 81. SWPBS Workbook 81 When establishing a plan for implementing practices and systems in non-classroom settings, consider the following guidelines:GuidelinesYes No ?1. Implementation is school-wide by all staffYes No ?2. School-wide behavior expectations taught in contextYes No ?3. Administrator active memberYes No ?4. Context-specific expectations and routines taught directly and early in school year/termYes No ?5. Regular opportunities for review, practice, & positive reinforcementYes No ?6. Team based review, action planning, and implementation coordinationYes No ?7. Data-based progress monitoring and action planningYes No ?8. Regular review of accuracy of intervention implementation Self-Assessment of Non-Classroom Setting Practices The following self-assessment has been developed for teams and for multiplepurposes: (a) exposure to best practice, (b) determination of current practice, (c)teaching of best practice, and (d) evaluation of changes in practice. 82. SWPBS Workbook 82Supervision Self-Assessment12Name______________________________ Date_____________Setting Hallway Entrance Cafeteria Time Start_________ Playground Other_________________Time End _________Tally each Positive Student ContactsTotal # Ratio13 of Positives to Negatives: _____: 1Tally each Negative Student ContactsTotal # 1. Did I have at least 4 positive for 1 negative student contacts?Yes No 2. Did I move throughout the area I was supervising?Yes No 3. Did I frequently scan the area I was supervising?Yes No 4. Did I positively interact with most of the students in the area? Yes No 5. Did I handle most minor violations of behavior expectationsYes Noquickly and quietly? 6. Did I follow school procedures for handling major violations of Yes Nobehavior expectations? 7. Do I know our school-wide behavior expectations (positively Yes Nostated rules)? 8. Did I positively acknowledge at least 5 different students for Yes Nodisplaying our school-wide behavior expectationsOverall active supervision score: 7-8 yes = Super Supervision# Yes______ 5-6 yes = So-So Supervision