switzerland energy overview

SwitzerlandCloser Look

The coat of arms of Switzerland

Switzerland population 2001-2015

6 000 000

6 500 000

7 000 000

7 500 000

8 000 000

8 500 000

9 000 000

2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015

Switzerland Energy Overview

Situation in early 2016

Switzerland is planning on voting for an accelerated nuclear closure - the so called “Green 45” -initiative.

The national 2050 energy plan is seriously lacking, dealing mostly with electricity, which is already very

clean due to plentiful hydro and five operating nuclear reactors.

There have been plans and general support for replacing the ageing reactor fleet in the near future, but the Fukushima accident has complicated these

plans politically.

Currently, more than 90 % of Swiss emissions come outside electricity and heat.

Switzerland electricity mix - 2015

7 %

33 %

60 %

Hydro Nuclear Thermal+other (including wind, solar, geothermal)

Source: Swiss Energy Authority


Switzerland electricity mix 2001-2015G

Whs

0

20000

40000

60000

80000

2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015

Hydro Nuclear Thermal+other

Switzerland per capita electricity production 2001-2015M

Whs

6

7

8

9

10

11

12

2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015


Switzerland electricity net exports (+) and imports (-) 2001-2015

GW

hs

-8000

-6000

-4000

-2000

0

2000

4000

6000

8000

10000

12000

2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015

Imports

Exports


Switzerland electricity imports and exports 2001-2015G

Whs

0

22500

45000

67500

90000

2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015

Imports Exports


Switzerland electricity imports, exports and net exports 2001-2015

GW

hs

-15000

0

15000

30000

45000

60000

75000

90000

2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015

Net Imports/exports Exports Imports


Switzerland electricity imports, exports and total production 2001-2015

GW

hs

0

15000

30000

45000

60000

75000

90000

2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015

Imports Exports Total production

Switzerland imports and exports annually almost as much as they use themselves, implying a big role as a demand/production stabiliser for

neighbouring countries (especially between 2010-2012)


Switzerland Emissions Overview

Switzerland emissions by sectorM

tons

CO

2-eq

v

0

5

10

15

20

2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012

Electricity/Heat Manufacturing/Construction TransportationOther Fuel Combustion Fugitive Emissions

Source: CAIT Climate Data Explorer.


Switzerland total emissions by sector (excluding LULUCF)M

tons

CO

2-eq

v

0

10

20

30

40

50

2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012

Electricity/Heat Manufacturing/ConstructionTransportation Other Fuel CombustionFugitive Emissions

Switzerland non-LULUCF emissions 2001-2012to

ns p

er c

apita

40

45

50

55

60

2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012

Switzerland total emissions have fallen by 4 % between 2001-2012, less than half a percent / year


Switzerland total non-LULUCF emissions per capita 2001-2012

tons

per

cap

ita

0

2,5

5

7,5

10

2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012

Switzerland per capita emissions have fallen by 13 % between 2001-2012, a bit over one percent / year


Switzerland electricity & heat emissions 2001-2012M

tons

CO

2-eq

v / y

ear

0

1,25

2,5

3,75

5

2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012


Switzerland electricity emissions gCO2-eqv / kWh 2001-2012

gCO

2-eq

v / k

Wh

0

25

50

75

100

2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012


Switzerland manufacturing & construction emissions per capita 2001-2012

tons

CO

2-eq

v / y

ear

0

0,25

0,5

0,75

1

2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012

Emissions have dropped by 23 %, almost 2 % per year


Switzerland transportation emissions / capita 2001-2012to

ns C

O2-

eqv

/ yea

r

1,5

1,7

1,9

2,1

2,3

2,5

2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012

Emissions have dropped by 4 %, less than half a percent per year


Switzerland other fuels emissions per capita 2001-2012to

ns C

O2-

eqv

/ yea

r

0

1

2

3

4

2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012

Emissions have dropped by 21 %, almost 2 % per year


Per capita emissions compared to other countriesto

ns C

O2-

eqv

/ cap

ita /

year

0

2

4

6

8

10

Switzerland Germany UK France Denmark Italy Austria

7,8

6,77,2

5,2

7,1

8,9

4,6

Source: World Bank - 2011

Switzerland emissions dynamics

Grid

ave

rage

gra

ms

CO

2-eq

v / k

Wh

0

100

200

300

400

500

600

700

800

Switzerland France Austria Denmark Germany Italy

410

510

401

145

6055

Switzerland France Austria Denmark Germany Italy

Swiss electricity exports often replace much dirtier power in other EU countries

Source: IEA and national energy agencies, data year varies from 2010 to 2015

Switzerland imports mainly from France and Germany, exports

mainly to Italy

gram

s C

o2-e

qv /

kWh

0

225

450

675

900

Nuclear Coal

820

12

IPCC 2014 median values

Although nuclear would be replaced often by marginal coal production, not average grid

production

kton

s C

O2-

eqv

/ yea

r

0

5

10

15

20

CO2 saved by nuclear Electricity&heat Manufacture&construct Transport Other fuels

Compared to coal burning, Swiss nuclear saves almost 20 million tons of CO2 each year

Data: CAIT Climate Data Explorer. Emissions are IPCC (2014) mean: 12 g CO2/kWh for nuclear, 820 g for coal

Saved emissions due to nuclear use are more than Swiss total transportation

emissions

Health consequences Mortality from nuclear compared to coal

Annual mortality prevented by nuclear compared to burning coal 2001 - 2015

0

200

400

600

800

2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015

Low High Historical

Sources: Swiss Energy Authority Low and High are estimates with modern coal plants

Historical rate is from Clean Air Task Force

Total mortality prevented by nuclear compared to burning coal 2001-2015

0

17500

35000

52500

70000

64 713

4 1261 860Low estimate High estimate Historical



Total mortality prevented by Swiss nuclear compared to burning coal 2001-2015 and Chernobyl estimate

0

17500

35000

52500

70000

4 000

64 713

4 1261 860Low estimate High estimate Historical Chernobyl



Dynamics of Swiss situation going forward

“Green 45” -initiative threatens to limit nuclear plant operative lives to 45 years

What effects would this have?

Switzerland is losing 20 TWhs (more than a quarter) of annual

production/imports by 2020

- Beznau 1 NPP (365 MW) will close in 2019 - Mühleberg NPP (373 MW) will close in 2019 - Mill Mountain hydro (355 MW) will close by 2020 - Import arrangement with France will phase out - Beznau 2 NPP (365 MW) will close in 2021

Source: world-nuclear.org

http://world-nuclear.org

Green 45 -initiative Effects on emissions compared to

50 or 60 year plant lifetime

Assuming 0.85 capacity factor for the NPP’s

Lost clean production due to Green 45 -initiative with assumed plant lifetimes of 50 and 60 years

TWhs

0

65

130

195

260

50 years 60 years Swiss total production in 2015

66 TWhs

245 TWhs

117 TWhs

Early nuclear closures would mean 2-4 years worth of clean

energy production lost

Total emissions saved by 50 or 60 year operative lifetimes compared to “Green 45” -initiative

Milli

on to

ns C

O2-

eqv

0

50

100

150

200

50 year lifetime 60 year lifetime

117 Mtons

56 Mtons

198 Mtons

95 Mtons

Compared to coal Compared to nat.gas

Source for emission values IPCC 2014

Total emissions saved by 50 or 60 year operative lifetimes compared to “Green 45” -initiative

Milli

on to

ns C

O2-

eqv

0

50

100

150

200

50 year lifetime 60 year lifetime Swiss total emissions in 2012

117 Mtons

56 Mtons42 Mtons

198 Mtons

95 Mtons

Compared to coal Compared to nat.gas

Nuclear plants could save up to 3-5 years worth of emissions if

they were operated for 60 years instead of 45, compared to burning natural gas or coal

Emissions data IPCC 2014, Swiss emissions 2012 from UNFCCC.int

Mortality prevented with 50 or 60 year lifetimes compared to “Green 45” initiative, compared to burning coal

TWhs

0

750

1500

2250

3000

50 years 60 years

2 678

1 280 1 207

577

Low estimate High Estimate

Gross value lost due to premature closing at electricity prices of 30 and 50 euros per megawatt hour

Milli

on e

uros

0

3250

6500

9750

13000


M€12 253

M€5 858

M€7 352

M€3 515

30 e/MWh 50 e/MWh

* 50 euros is often considered the minimum price for attracting any new investments

Switzerland has set a levy (KEV) for electricity to fund promoting renewable energy.

In 2016, the levy is 13 CHF per MWh (~12 euros)

The upper limit for KEV in Energy Strategy 2050 is at 23 CHF per MWh (~22 euros)

Source: alpiq.ch

http://alpiq.ch

Additional cost for replacing nuclear production with renewables with KEV levies set at 12 and 22 euros per MWh

Milli

on e

uros

0

1500

3000

4500

6000


M€5 636

M€2 695M€3 186

M€1 523

12 e/MWh 22 e/MWh

switzerland energy overview

Environment