switched mode power supply with high efficiency and best...
TRANSCRIPT
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2017 V.1.0 | Lorandt Fölkel | Public / Confidential | EMC Seminar 2017
© All rights reserved by Würth Elektronik eiSos GmbH, also in the event of industrial property rights. All rights of disposal such as copying and redistribution rights with us. www.we-online.com
Switched Mode Power Supply with high
efficiency and best EMI design
Speaker:
Lorandt Fölkel M.Eng
Field Application Engineer &
Business Development Manager
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2017 V.1.0 | Lorandt Fölkel | Public / Confidential | EMC Seminar 2017
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!!! Questions ???
Do you think that …
… a DC/DC converter “generate Conducted Emission” ?
… the EMC of a DC/DC converter is “affected only by the PCB layout” ???
… an “oscilloscope can help you to carry out any EMC tests” ???
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Agenda
EMC Requirements for DC/DC Converter
EMI Noise Consideration from Power Source
Filter Topologies
Filter design
PCB layout recommendations
Shielded vs. Unshielded Inductor
Storage Inductor selection
Design tools
Live EMC Demonstration
Energy Harvesting
Wireless Power Charging Live Demonstration
Power Modules
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REQUIREMENTS IN EMC
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EMC - Standards
• EN 61000-3-2 Limits for harmonic current emissions (equipment input current up to and
including 16 A per phase)
• EN 61000-3-3 Limitation of voltage changes, voltage fluctuations and flicker in public low-
voltage supply systems
• EN 55011 ISM Equipment (Industrial, Scientific and Medical) also known as CISPR-11
• EN 55013 Audio and Broadcast receiver equipment
• EN 55014-1 House hold appliances, electric tools and similar apparatus
• EN 55015 Limits and methods of measurement of radio disturbance characteristics of
electrical lighting and similar equipment
• EN 55022 ITE (Information Technology Equipment), also known as CISPR-22
• EN 61000-6-1 Generic immunity standard for residential, commercial and light industry
environments
• EN 61000-6-2 Generic immunity standard for industrial environments
• EN 61000-6-3 Generic emission standard for residential, commercial and light industry
environments
• EN 61000-6-4 Generic emission standard for industrial environments
• EN 61000-4-2 Electrostatic discharge immunity test (ESD)
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CE Marking
With the formation of the single European market,
standardization was required to remove technical
barriers to trade.
New Approach Directives were introduced to remove
these barriers to trade
20 regulations and directives:
LVD - Low Voltage Directive 2014/35/EU
EMC - Electromagnetic Compatibility 2014/30/EU
R.E.D. - Radio Equipped Directive 2014/53/EU
MD - Machinery Directive 2014/90/EU
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What is the meaning of EMC ?
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What’s all the fuss about EMC?
In Europe, we have a mechanism called CE Marking
It is applicable to any electrical/electronic product
EMC Directive , regulation to ensure that intentional RF
transmission signals are not interfered with
Ensures that Electrical/Electronic devices continue to operate as
intended in a Electro Magnetic Environment
Failure to comply with the law can be an offence, either
criminal, civil or both
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What is the meaning of the CE logo ?
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Other International EMC approval marks
Federal Communications Commission
Voluntary Control Council for
Interference
Australian Communications and
Media Authority
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Conducted Emission
Conducted emission over wideband
Caused by ripple current at input lines (common mode - / differential mode noise)
EMC requirements for „Conducted Emission“ according ETSI, CEN, CENELEC
E.g.: EN 55013 : 2006 (Radio & TV broadcast receivers and associated equipment)
66 - 56dBµV @ 150<KHz<500KHz (QP)
56 - 46dBµV @ 150<KHz<500KHz (Av)
56dBµV @ 0,5<MHz<5 (QP)
46dBµV @ 0,5<MHz<5 (Av)
60dBµV @ 5<MHz<30 (QP)
50dBµV @ 5<MHz<30 (Av)
0
1 0
2 0
3 0
4 0
5 0
6 0
7 0
8 0
Pe g e l [ d Bµ V]
1 5 0 k 3 0 0 k 5 0 0 k 1 M 2 M 3 M 5 M 7 M 1 0 M 3 0 M
F r e q u e n z [ Hz ]
+ ++++
+
++
+ + + +
x xx x
x
x
xx
xx
xx
x M ES wü r t h _ 0 3 _ f in Q P + M ES wü r t h _ 0 3 _ f in AV
M ES wü r t h _ 0 3 _ p r e PK M ES wü r t h _ 0 3 _ p r e AV L I M EN 5 5 0 1 1 _ 2 2 V Q P B L I M EN 5 5 0 1 1 _ 2 2 V AV B
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Radiated Emission
Radiated emission over wideband
Caused by:
– Power traces on PCB
– Power choke of DC/DC converter
EMC requirements for „Radiated Emission“ according ETSI, CEN, CENELEC
EN 61000-6-3 : 2007 (Home)
30dB @ 30MHz~230MHz µV/m
37dB @ 230MHz~1GHz µV/m
EN 61000-6-4 : 2007 (Industrial)
40dB @ 30MHz~230MHz µV/m
47dB @ 230MHz~1GHz µV/M
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Design phase for EMC
• Economical point of view:
• Depends on you when will start to design EMC conform
Cost
Development Prototyping Production Time
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How can we check the EMC ?
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EMC Standards and tests are seen by customers as
HUGE PROBLEMS
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Electromagnetic Compatibility
Emission Immunity
Conducted Radiated Conducted Radiated
EMC – Basic Test
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What causes EMI in a product?
Clock frequencies. E.g Crystal 25MHz,
CPU 2.6GHz
Data rates. E.g USB 2.0 480Mbps,
SATA II 300Mbps
DC/DC convertors and Switch mode
power supplies (SMPS) E.g 135kHz, 2MHz
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Magnetic and Material Basics
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NORTH
S OUTH
Magnetic field H
Current I
The magnetic field – Field Model
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R
IH
2
R
INH
2
l
INH
Straight wire
Toroidal core
l
R
R
Rod core
The magnetic field strength is
dependent from:
• No. of turns
• current
• dimension
• and
NOT FROM MATERIAL
Magnetic field- Magnetic field strength
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averageR
IHHH
221 1B 2B?
Current I
)( iaaverage RRR
Ra
Ri
averageR
1H2H
averageR
Magnetic field- Magnetic field strength
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HB r 0
Induction in air: Induction in a ferrite:
The relative permeability is a:
HB 0
frequency-
temperature-
material-
current- -dependant parameter
pressure-
linear function, because µr = 1 => constant!
The magnetic field
Air (Ceramic)
Rod core ferrite Ring core ferrite
N
O
R
T
H
S
O
U
T
H
N
O
R
T
H
S
O
U
T
H
N
O
R
T
H
S
O
U
T
H
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-50 50 150 250
1000
T / °C
500 540
670
770 +15 %
-20 %
- The magnetization depends from the temperature
T therm. movement Alignment Alignment of elementary
magnets
Ferromagnetic change to
Paramagnetic
µr = ? 1
-40°C 23°C 85°C
Curie-temperature
Temperature influnce
µr
Permeability – Core material parameter
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Permeability – complex permeability
=1 turn
Core material-Parameter
XL(NiZn)
R(NiZn)
Z
X L__22
Z RR
X L
Z
Replacement circuit
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Frequency f/MHz 0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
80%
90%
100%
0,01 0,1 1 10 100 1000
XL(NiZn) XL(MnZn) XL(Fe)
Imp
ed
ance
Z / %
1-200kHz 1-10MHz 1-40MHz
Which switching frequency do you use?
Core materials - Inductors (Energy storage)
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0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
80%
90%
100%
0,01 0,1 1 10 100 1000
Frequency f/MHz
R (NiZn) R (MnZn) R (Fe)
Imp
ed
ance
Z /
%
200kHz-4MHz 3-60MHz 20-2000MHz
Noise frequency range must be known
Core materials- Chokes (filtering)
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Core Losses
Electro Magnetic energy cannot disappear, it will be just transformed into other energy
form energy conservation law
e.g. electrical energy transformed into thermal energy
the core losses from ferrite transform the noise energy into heat
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Transmission Modes & Filter Topologies
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EMC - Coupling
Primary procedure
…to aim at source a low noise
Secondary procedure
… eliminate the noise thru interrupting the coupling way
Tertiary procedure
… increase the noise immunity at load
Noise source Load
Coupling way
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Recognizing the coupling mode
common mode noise ?
differential mode noise ?
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Common mode or differential mode?
Take a Snap Ferrite and fix it on the cable
(both lines e.g. VCC and GND)
if noise is reduced or
noise immunity increase
you have Common Mode Interference
If not
you have Differential Mode Interference
e.g. Common mode
choke
e.g. chip bead ferrite
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12 1
10
23 100
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
1400
1600
1800
2000
1 10 100 1000f/MHz
Increase the no. of turns
means:
Star FIX LFS Star TEC
2 Turns
Snap on ferrite – typical behavior
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Snap on ferrite - Construction
Snap on ferrite acts as an CMC
Absorbs common mode Interferences
Comparable with bifilar winding CMC
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36
It is a Bi-directional filter
• From device to outside environment
• From outside environment to inside
device
Conclusion:
Common Mode Filter – How it works
Intended Signal - Differential mode
Interference Signal (noise) – Common Mode
• “almost” no affect the signal - Differential mode
• high attenuation to the interference signal (noise) – Common Mode
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37
• Impedance BA
BFA
ZZ
ZZZA
log20
• System attenuation
BABA
A
FZZZZZ
2010
)(dBin
)(in
Insertion loss – Mathematical Definition
Load Source
ZA ZF
ZB U1 U0 U2
Coupling way
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• Practical values for source and load impedances:
Ground planes
Vcc distribution
Video- /Clock- /Data line
long data lines
Load
Source
LC-Filter
<1 … 2 Ω
10 … 20 Ω
50 … 90 Ω
90 … >150 Ω
Inductor
Insertion loss - Definition
Capacitor
Eqivalent circuit:
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0
10
20
30
40
50
60
Level [dBµV/m]
30M 40M 50M 70M 100M 200M 300M 400M 600M 1G
Frequency [Hz]
Measuring the emission and compare with the solution
Check the results in the EMC lab
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Insertion loss – recommended filter topology
Pay attention to:
SRF of used components
small C = higher SRF
Choose ferrite bead or
inductors L which
= build no resonance with C
= broadband filter
Source Impedance Load Impedance
low
low low
high
high
high
high or
unknown
low or
unknown
low or
unknown
C
L C C
L
L
C
L
high or
unknown
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Ferrite can be destroyed, might not fail directly => “creeping process”
Io = Uo/ (RDC ferrite +R ESR capacity)
= 12V / (0.05Ω+0.5Ω) = 22A
11 times higher current
Ferrite is destroyed due to over current/in-rush current
RL
Iconst= 1000mA
74279022
Uo=12V 10uF
RDC 0,05Ω
Chip bead ferrite – peak current behavior
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at 22A…you can smell it!
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EMI NOISE SOURCES
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Representative noise sources
Cin Cout
Iin Iout
Radiated EmissionConducted Emission
VoutVinVsup
Conducted Emission
Input current caused by voltage ripple „Conducted Emission“
Power traces and choke radiate EMI „Radiated Emission“
Output current caused by voltage ripple „Conducted Emission“
Radiated emission will increase by using long input / output lines(cables)
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Conducted noise at converter input
Conducted Emission is generated by voltage drop across RSup and ESRL
𝑉𝑁𝑜𝑖𝑠𝑒 = 𝑅𝑠𝑢𝑝 ∗ 𝐼𝑖𝑛 + 𝐸𝑆𝑅 ∗ 𝐼𝐶𝑎𝑝
VNoise = Rsup * Iin + ESR*ICap
Resonance circuit is formed by Lsup, Cin and ESLCin
f0= 1 / 2Π√(Lsup-ESL)*Cin
Different harmonics due to fundamental frequency from fDC/DC and fResonance Circuit
R sup
I in
V in V sup
C
ESL
ESR
DC
DC
V out
C in
L sup
I Cap
I C
I L
I R
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Conducted noise at converter output
Conducted emission is generated by voltage drop at ESRC
𝑈𝑁𝑜𝑖𝑠𝑒 = 𝐸𝑆𝑅𝐶𝑜𝑢𝑡 ∗ 𝐼𝐶𝑜𝑢𝑡
Resonance circuit is formed by CDconverter , COut, LConverter , and ESLCout
𝑓0 =
1
2𝜋 𝐸𝑆𝐿𝐶𝑜𝑢𝑡
∗𝐶𝑂𝑢𝑡
Different harmonics due to fundamental frequency from fDC/DC and fResonance Circuit
I out
V out
ESR
D C
ESL
ESR
C Out
I C
I L
I R
C
I Cap
D Converter
L Converter
R e
s o n a
n t C
i r c u i t L
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53
Radiation of PCB traces
Power and signal loops have antenna characteristics
Radiation can occur over the entire power and signal loops
Field strength depends on spanned loop, peak value of alternating current, frequency,
distance between noise source and noise receiver
Design recommendations:
Keep power and signal traces as short as possible
Keep power and signal loops as small as possible
Route the trace over GND plane
u1
x2
x1
DC/DC
u1
x2
x1
DC/DC
not recommended loop antenna
better
0V
0V
u1
x2
x1
DC/DC
GND plane
recommended
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FILTER DESIGN
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„L“ Input filter (minimal recommend filter)
Simple L-Filter
Input filter reduce current ripple on input line
Input filter reduce differential mode noise on input line
Input filter reduce radiated emission via input traces
Attention!!! This filter is not efficient to reduce common mode noise on input lines
Cin
DC
DC
Vout
Vsup
Lin
Vin
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Calculating input inductance
ESR = Effective series resistance of
input capacitor
DC = Converter duty cycle
Icon = Peak-to-peak input ripple current
Isup = Required peak-to-peak ripple current
for buck converters Icon ≈ Iout
Rf = “Damping” resistor (for lower Q)
For better filter performance choose
next higher standard inductance value
Example:
Vout = 5.0V
Iout = 4.0A
f = 2.5MHz
ESR = 0.08Ω
DC = 0.5 (%50)
Icon ≈ Iout
Isup = 0.1A
Rf = 0 (∞)
Choose 1µH (closest standard value)
e.g.: WE-LQ “744 045 001”
or: WE-PD2 “744 773 0”
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02.04.2012 V4.1 | eiSos Academy | For Internal Use | Integration Training – 04 – eiSos EMC Basics
Calculating rated current IL
𝐈𝑳 =𝑽𝒐𝒖𝒕 (𝑰𝒐𝒖𝒕)
(𝑽𝒊𝒏)(𝑬)
Vout =Output Voltage
Iout= Output Current
Vin= Input Voltage
E= Efficiency (/100)
For Example:
𝐈𝑳 =𝟓𝑽 (𝟒𝑨)
(𝟐𝟎𝑽)(𝟎,𝟖)= 𝟏, 𝟐𝟓𝑨
To avoid overload considerations choose a choke with higher rating current
To avoid losses in efficiency choose a choke with low DCR
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Wideband input filter
(recommended filter solution)
T-filter recommend for wideband filtering
Lin for low frequency filtering (DC/DC converter switching frequency)
Ferrite for high frequency filtering
Cfilter shorting ACnoise to GND (220pF < Cfilter < 1nF, low ESR)
Attention!!! This filter is not efficient to reduce common mode noise on input lines
Cin
DC
DC
Vout
Vsup
Lin
Vin
Cfilter
FerriteT - filter
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„L / C“ output filter (minimal recommended filter)
Simple L/C Filter
Output filter reduce voltage ripple on output traces (Conducted Emission)
Output filter reduce radiated emission via output traces (Radiated Emission)
No optimal solution for radio power devices
Attention!!! This filter is not efficient to reduce common mode noise on output lines
DC
DC
Vout
Cfilter
Vout
Lfilter
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Calculating „L / C“ output inductor
Example:
(1) Choose capacitor e.g. 1µF, Electrolytic, low ESR
(2) Determine switching frequency of DC / DC converter
(3) Calculate inductor
(4) Choose next larger inductance value
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„T“ - output filter (recommended filter solution)
DC
DC
Vout
Cfilter
Vout
LfilterFerrite
T-filter recommend for wide bandwidth filtering
Lfilter for low frequency filtering (DC/DC converter switching frequency)
Ferrite for high frequency filtering
This kind of output filter is for powering radio devices high recommended
Attention!!! This filter is not efficient to reduce common mode noise on output line
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62
Decoupling common mode noise
For common mode rejection use common mode chokes
For supplying over long distance common mode chokes are recommended
Additional capacitor reduce differential mode noise
Small value for ceramic capacitor is recommended
Capacitor and common mode choke act as a LC - filter for differential mode noise
Can be used for input and output lines
Cin
DC
DC
Vout
Vsup
Lcom
Vin
Cfilter
Icom
Icom
Idiff
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PCB - LAYOUT RECOMMENDATIONS
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PCB-Layout recommendations
Keep PCB traces as short as possible
Avoid indirect trace routing
Avoid any kind couplings “capacitive”, “inductive”
AC-current should flow across capacitor
Short way for AC-current direct to GND (place double vias to GND)
not recommended recommended
T-filter
coupling path
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PCB-Layout recommendations
Avoid indirect routing of power traces
Avoid any kind of couplings “capacitive”, “inductive” … etc …
AC-current should flow across common mode choke
Route power traces on component layer
Do not use vias
not recommended recommended
common mode noise filter
coupling path
not recommended
V+
V-
V+
V-
V-
V+
V+
V-
V+
V-
V+ V-
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66
PCB-Layout recommendations
Avoid GND planes under inductor (between inductor pads)
Don’t route any kind of signals (analog, clock) under the inductor
Fill out unused space on PCB with GND (flood)
not recommended recommended
DC/DC buck converter
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67
PCB-Layout recommendations
PCB-design of at least 4 layers is recommended
Place a solid ground plane below the power component layer
Minimize loops for power components
Keep power traces as short as possible
Establish good GND connections using low impendence vias
not recommended recommended
Layer 1: power componentsLayer 2: pure GND layer
power circuit
Layer 4: small signal / controller components
Layer 3: smal signal
GND layer
power components
small signal layer
Layer 1: power components
Layer 3: pure GND layer
powercircuit
Layer 4: small signal / controller components
Layer 2: small signal
capacitive coupling
small signal layer
GND layer
power components
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2017 V.1.0 | Lorandt Fölkel | Public / Confidential | EMC Seminar 2017
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68
SHIELD VS. UNSHIELD
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2017 V.1.0 | Lorandt Fölkel | Public / Confidential | EMC Seminar 2017
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69
Magnetic field leakage
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Magnetic Field – Shielded vs. Unshielded
shielded unshielded
Magnetic field
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71
Radiation by inductor
WE - PD2 unshielded
10µH, 2MHz Clock, 1A
WE – PD shielded
10µH, 2MHz Clock, 1A
19dBm difference
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unshielded shielded
Magnetic leakage shielded vs. unshielded
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73
Magnetic Fields – Conducted Emission Measurement
Buck Converter ST L4960/2.5A/fs 85-115KHz
Power supply V 1.0
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74
Magnetic Fields – Conducted Emission Measurement
Power supply V 1.1
PCB
Schematic
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2017 V.1.0 | Lorandt Fölkel | Public / Confidential | EMC Seminar 2017
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75
Magnetic Fields – Be Aware!
Select the right parts for your application.
Do not always look on cost.
Choke before Choke after
or
Very easy solution with a dramatic result!
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2017 V.1.0 | Lorandt Fölkel | Public / Confidential | EMC Seminar 2017
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76
Boost converter Bad Example
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77
Boost converter Bad Example
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78
Boost converter Bad Example no filter
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79
Boost converter Bad Example with filter
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81
Boost converter Good Example
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82
Boost converter Good Example
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83
Boost converter Good Example
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84
STORAGE INDUCTOR SELECTION
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85
Example: Step down converter fswitch=200kHz Uin=15V Uout =5V
Iout =1A
33,015
5
V
V
U
UDC
in
out1
AII outrated 12
AII outripple 4,0...2,0%40%...20 3
AE
sVV
Irf
UUDCL
outswitch
outin
12,03200
)515(33,0)(
4
µHL 33....83
2,0r 5,0r
(practical values)
choose average value 56µH to begin
optimization
Inductor selection
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0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
110
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35
ind
ucta
nce L
/Lo
[ %
]
∆L= - 10%
Saturation Current I [A]
Definition
Würth Elektronik:
e.g. WE-PD
• the saturation current always refers to a certain inductance drop and is individually
Definition of saturation currents
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93
Induktivität vs. Strom (typ.)
Inductance vs. Current (typ.)
0,00
1,00
2,00
3,00
4,00
5,00
6,00
7,00
8,00
9,00
10,00
11,00
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14
Current (A)
L (
µH
)
WE-SI
WE-PD
WE-SD
WE-HCI
What is saturation current?
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2017 V.1.0 | Lorandt Fölkel | Public / Confidential | EMC Seminar 2017
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94
LIVE EMC DEMONSTRATION
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95
AC/DC CONVERTER EMI
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2016 V.1.0 | Lorandt Fölkel | Public / Confidential | EMV Messago Düsseldorf 2016
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Transformers for EMC – What to choose?
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98
Transformers for EMC – No external gaps
Center leg gap only
– Windings shield
No gaps in outer legs
– Nothing to shield
No Gaps here
Gap here
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99
Transformers for EMC – No drum cores
Drum core style
Very large gap
Much radiation
Not a good solution!
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100
Transformers for EMC – No rod cores
Rod core style
Huge gap – much radiation
This is an AM antenna
Not a good solution! So where is the gap?
What is this?
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101
Transformers for EMC – No EI core
EI core style
Mylar or tape used for gap
Three unshielded gaps
Not a good solution!
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102
Transformers for EMC – Gap
Gap must be perpendicular to flux lines
– Here only one side is gapped
Uneven gaps are inefficient. => Why?
– Core saturates at minimum gap.
– Requires a larger gap
Also larger gap – More potential EMI
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103
Transformers for EMC – Internal shields
Internal
shield
Shield both conducted and radiated noise
Copper foil or wound magnet wire?
Copper foil shields – Expensive, => Why?
– Must build shield
– Must be covered with tape
– Winding machine stopped to apply
All shields take away space from winding area
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104
Transformers for EMC – External shields
How do external shields differ from
internal shields?
Shield radiate noise only!
As expensive as internal shields
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105
Transformers for EMC – Y-Cap termination
Noise couples through the transformer via Cww
• Noise seeks path to primary circuit
• Without path, noise may become conducted emissions
Y-Cap across transformer reduces noise
• Tune the capacitor for optimum loss vs. noise reduction
• Capacitor usually in the 470pF to 4.7nF range
• Y-Caps to transformer terminals not on switch nor on diode
• Close to transformer as possible
What Can We Do?
What Else Can We Do?
Decrease Cww?
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106
Transformers for EMC – Reducing Cww
High Cww causes conducted emissions
May reduce Cww, but what happens?
Leakage inductance increases
LLKG can be controlled by Snubber but efficiency and cost suffer
Balance between Cww and Lleakg
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107
Transformers for EMC – No varnish or potting
Radiated Emissions
Without Potting
Material Passes at
All Frequencies
With potting material
fails at three different
frequencies
![Page 92: Switched Mode Power Supply with high efficiency and best ...lpvo.fe.uni-lj.si/fileadmin/files/Ostalo/Delavnice/... · Field Application Engineer & Business Development Manager lorandt.foelkel@we-online.de](https://reader034.vdocuments.site/reader034/viewer/2022052011/60268d9f5425c13278605789/html5/thumbnails/92.jpg)
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108
Transformers for EMC - Small designs
Build smaller more compact transformers
Smaller transformers have less parasitic
– Less capacitance
– Smaller leads (e.g. smaller antennas)
– Smaller gaps
– Less leakage inductance
Less conducted and less radiated noise
Why build smaller designs?
![Page 93: Switched Mode Power Supply with high efficiency and best ...lpvo.fe.uni-lj.si/fileadmin/files/Ostalo/Delavnice/... · Field Application Engineer & Business Development Manager lorandt.foelkel@we-online.de](https://reader034.vdocuments.site/reader034/viewer/2022052011/60268d9f5425c13278605789/html5/thumbnails/93.jpg)
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109
Transformers for EMC – Power Supply
CMC WE-FC Transformer
Output filter
WE-TI
Switch IC
Y-Cap Snubber
![Page 94: Switched Mode Power Supply with high efficiency and best ...lpvo.fe.uni-lj.si/fileadmin/files/Ostalo/Delavnice/... · Field Application Engineer & Business Development Manager lorandt.foelkel@we-online.de](https://reader034.vdocuments.site/reader034/viewer/2022052011/60268d9f5425c13278605789/html5/thumbnails/94.jpg)
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110
Transformers for EMC – Example 1
EMC- Test Failed
Peak
Avg.
QPeak
Avg.
• Without common mode
choke
• With adjusted Snubber
• Without adjusted Y-Cap
![Page 95: Switched Mode Power Supply with high efficiency and best ...lpvo.fe.uni-lj.si/fileadmin/files/Ostalo/Delavnice/... · Field Application Engineer & Business Development Manager lorandt.foelkel@we-online.de](https://reader034.vdocuments.site/reader034/viewer/2022052011/60268d9f5425c13278605789/html5/thumbnails/95.jpg)
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111
Transformers for EMC – Example 2
Peak
Avg.
QPeak
Avg.
• With common mode
choke
• With adjusted Snubber
• Without adjusted Y-Cap
EMC- Test Failed
![Page 96: Switched Mode Power Supply with high efficiency and best ...lpvo.fe.uni-lj.si/fileadmin/files/Ostalo/Delavnice/... · Field Application Engineer & Business Development Manager lorandt.foelkel@we-online.de](https://reader034.vdocuments.site/reader034/viewer/2022052011/60268d9f5425c13278605789/html5/thumbnails/96.jpg)
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112
Transformers for EMC – Example 3
EMC- Passed
Peak
Avg.
QPeak
Avg.
• With common mode choke
• With adjusted Snubber
• With adjusted Y-Cap
![Page 97: Switched Mode Power Supply with high efficiency and best ...lpvo.fe.uni-lj.si/fileadmin/files/Ostalo/Delavnice/... · Field Application Engineer & Business Development Manager lorandt.foelkel@we-online.de](https://reader034.vdocuments.site/reader034/viewer/2022052011/60268d9f5425c13278605789/html5/thumbnails/97.jpg)
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113
Transformers for EMC – Example 4
EMC- Passed
Peak
Avg.
QPeak
Avg.
• With common mode choke
• Without adjusted Snubber
• With adjusted Y-Cap
![Page 98: Switched Mode Power Supply with high efficiency and best ...lpvo.fe.uni-lj.si/fileadmin/files/Ostalo/Delavnice/... · Field Application Engineer & Business Development Manager lorandt.foelkel@we-online.de](https://reader034.vdocuments.site/reader034/viewer/2022052011/60268d9f5425c13278605789/html5/thumbnails/98.jpg)
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114
Transformer for EMC – Conclusion for this power supply
Necessary to pass EMI:
– Common Mode Choke
(CMC)
– Y-Cap
Not necessary to pass EMI
– Optimized Snubber
![Page 99: Switched Mode Power Supply with high efficiency and best ...lpvo.fe.uni-lj.si/fileadmin/files/Ostalo/Delavnice/... · Field Application Engineer & Business Development Manager lorandt.foelkel@we-online.de](https://reader034.vdocuments.site/reader034/viewer/2022052011/60268d9f5425c13278605789/html5/thumbnails/99.jpg)
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Common Mode Noise Suppression
WCAP-FTXX
WE-SAFB
WCAP-FTXX
WCAP-FTXX
![Page 100: Switched Mode Power Supply with high efficiency and best ...lpvo.fe.uni-lj.si/fileadmin/files/Ostalo/Delavnice/... · Field Application Engineer & Business Development Manager lorandt.foelkel@we-online.de](https://reader034.vdocuments.site/reader034/viewer/2022052011/60268d9f5425c13278605789/html5/thumbnails/100.jpg)
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116
Radiated Emissions made by AC-DC Converter
No Filter- no Y -Cap
30MHz 3GHz Frequency (MHz)
-30
100
dBµV/m
0
Uin: 230Vac Uout: 24Vdc
Iout: 1,5A fsw: 100kHz
Polarization: Horizontal
Norm: EN55022A
![Page 101: Switched Mode Power Supply with high efficiency and best ...lpvo.fe.uni-lj.si/fileadmin/files/Ostalo/Delavnice/... · Field Application Engineer & Business Development Manager lorandt.foelkel@we-online.de](https://reader034.vdocuments.site/reader034/viewer/2022052011/60268d9f5425c13278605789/html5/thumbnails/101.jpg)
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117
30MHz 3GHz Frequency (MHz)
-30
100
dBµV/m
0
w/o Y-Cap
with Y-Cap
Radiated Emissions made by AC-DC Converter
No Filter- using Y -Cap
Uin: 230Vac Uout: 24Vdc
Iout: 1,5A fsw: 100kHz
Polarization: Horizontal
Norm: EN55022A
![Page 102: Switched Mode Power Supply with high efficiency and best ...lpvo.fe.uni-lj.si/fileadmin/files/Ostalo/Delavnice/... · Field Application Engineer & Business Development Manager lorandt.foelkel@we-online.de](https://reader034.vdocuments.site/reader034/viewer/2022052011/60268d9f5425c13278605789/html5/thumbnails/102.jpg)
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118
Input Filter
Radiated Emissions made by AC-DC Converter
Use Input Filter & Y -Cap
Y- Cap
![Page 103: Switched Mode Power Supply with high efficiency and best ...lpvo.fe.uni-lj.si/fileadmin/files/Ostalo/Delavnice/... · Field Application Engineer & Business Development Manager lorandt.foelkel@we-online.de](https://reader034.vdocuments.site/reader034/viewer/2022052011/60268d9f5425c13278605789/html5/thumbnails/103.jpg)
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119
30MHz 3GHz Frequency (MHz)
-30
100
dBµV/m
0
w/o Input filter
with Input filter
EVB von MPS
Radiated Emissions made by AC-DC Converter
With Input Filter & Y -Cap
Uin: 230Vac Uout: 24Vdc
Iout: 1,5A fsw: 100kHz
Polarization: Horizontal
Norm: EN55022A
![Page 104: Switched Mode Power Supply with high efficiency and best ...lpvo.fe.uni-lj.si/fileadmin/files/Ostalo/Delavnice/... · Field Application Engineer & Business Development Manager lorandt.foelkel@we-online.de](https://reader034.vdocuments.site/reader034/viewer/2022052011/60268d9f5425c13278605789/html5/thumbnails/104.jpg)
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INPUT FILTER
![Page 105: Switched Mode Power Supply with high efficiency and best ...lpvo.fe.uni-lj.si/fileadmin/files/Ostalo/Delavnice/... · Field Application Engineer & Business Development Manager lorandt.foelkel@we-online.de](https://reader034.vdocuments.site/reader034/viewer/2022052011/60268d9f5425c13278605789/html5/thumbnails/105.jpg)
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121
150kHz 30MHz Frequency (MHz) -50
100
dBµV
0
Conducted Emissions made by AC-DC Converter
without Input Filter with Y-Cap
Uin: 230VAC, Uout: 24VDC
Iout: 1,5A, fsw: 100kHz
Measured: L to PE
Norm: EN55022A
![Page 106: Switched Mode Power Supply with high efficiency and best ...lpvo.fe.uni-lj.si/fileadmin/files/Ostalo/Delavnice/... · Field Application Engineer & Business Development Manager lorandt.foelkel@we-online.de](https://reader034.vdocuments.site/reader034/viewer/2022052011/60268d9f5425c13278605789/html5/thumbnails/106.jpg)
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122
150kHz 30MHz Frequency (MHz) -50
100
dBµV
0
Uin: 230VAC, Uout: 24VDC
Iout: 1,5A, fCLK: 100kHz
Leitung: L nach PE
Norm: EN55022A
Conducted Emissions made by AC-DC Converter
with Input Filter & Y-Cap
![Page 107: Switched Mode Power Supply with high efficiency and best ...lpvo.fe.uni-lj.si/fileadmin/files/Ostalo/Delavnice/... · Field Application Engineer & Business Development Manager lorandt.foelkel@we-online.de](https://reader034.vdocuments.site/reader034/viewer/2022052011/60268d9f5425c13278605789/html5/thumbnails/107.jpg)
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OTHER EMC SITUATION
FOR AC/DC CONVERTER
![Page 108: Switched Mode Power Supply with high efficiency and best ...lpvo.fe.uni-lj.si/fileadmin/files/Ostalo/Delavnice/... · Field Application Engineer & Business Development Manager lorandt.foelkel@we-online.de](https://reader034.vdocuments.site/reader034/viewer/2022052011/60268d9f5425c13278605789/html5/thumbnails/108.jpg)
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Uin: 230VAC
Uout: 12VDC
Iout: 4,16A
fsw: 90kHz
Top
30MHz 1GHz Frequency (MHz)
-30
100
dBµV/m
0
Bottom
Radiated Emissions made by AC-DC Converter
without Ferrite bead and without Y -Cap
With Input Filter no Shielding
![Page 109: Switched Mode Power Supply with high efficiency and best ...lpvo.fe.uni-lj.si/fileadmin/files/Ostalo/Delavnice/... · Field Application Engineer & Business Development Manager lorandt.foelkel@we-online.de](https://reader034.vdocuments.site/reader034/viewer/2022052011/60268d9f5425c13278605789/html5/thumbnails/109.jpg)
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125
Ferrite bead selection:
– Check noise frequency
– NiZn Ferrite bead
– use WE-SAFB 4x2 mm, 250Ohm @ 90 MHz
Ni-Zn Ferrite bead
1
10
100
1000
1 10 100 1000
Imp
ed
an
ce
[Ω
]
Frequency [MHz]
1 turn
250 Ohm
Top
Radiated Emissions made by AC-DC Converter
with Ferrite bead and without Y -Cap
Ni-Zn Ferrite bead
![Page 110: Switched Mode Power Supply with high efficiency and best ...lpvo.fe.uni-lj.si/fileadmin/files/Ostalo/Delavnice/... · Field Application Engineer & Business Development Manager lorandt.foelkel@we-online.de](https://reader034.vdocuments.site/reader034/viewer/2022052011/60268d9f5425c13278605789/html5/thumbnails/110.jpg)
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126
30MHz 1GHz Frequency (MHz)
-30
100
dBµV/m
0
w/o Ferrite bead
with Ferrit bead
Uin: 230VAC, Uout: 12VDC
Iout: 4,16A, fsw: 90kHz
Polarization: Horizontal
Norm: EN55022A
Radiated Emissions made by AC-DC Converter
with Ferrite bead and without Y -Cap
![Page 111: Switched Mode Power Supply with high efficiency and best ...lpvo.fe.uni-lj.si/fileadmin/files/Ostalo/Delavnice/... · Field Application Engineer & Business Development Manager lorandt.foelkel@we-online.de](https://reader034.vdocuments.site/reader034/viewer/2022052011/60268d9f5425c13278605789/html5/thumbnails/111.jpg)
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127
Y-Cap with NiZn Ferrite bead
Al cooler Diode
Selection of Y Cap
– High freq. type
– High Voltage
– Low ESR
– Small package
– Example: WCAP-CSSA 1nF
Selection of Ferrite bead:
– NiZn Ferrite bead
– Small size bead
– Example: WE-SAFB 4x2 mm, 250Ohm @ 90
MHz
Radiated Emissions made by AC-DC Converter
with Ferrite bead and with Y -Cap
![Page 112: Switched Mode Power Supply with high efficiency and best ...lpvo.fe.uni-lj.si/fileadmin/files/Ostalo/Delavnice/... · Field Application Engineer & Business Development Manager lorandt.foelkel@we-online.de](https://reader034.vdocuments.site/reader034/viewer/2022052011/60268d9f5425c13278605789/html5/thumbnails/112.jpg)
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128
30MHz 1GHz Frequency (MHz)
-30
100
dBµV/m
0
w/o Y-Cap & w/o Ferrite bead
with Y-Cap & Ferrite bead
Uin: 230VAC, Uout: 12VDC
Iout: 4,16A, fsw: 90kHz
Polarization: Horizontal
Norm: EN55022A
Radiated Emissions made by AC-DC Converter
with Ferrite bead and with Y -Cap
![Page 113: Switched Mode Power Supply with high efficiency and best ...lpvo.fe.uni-lj.si/fileadmin/files/Ostalo/Delavnice/... · Field Application Engineer & Business Development Manager lorandt.foelkel@we-online.de](https://reader034.vdocuments.site/reader034/viewer/2022052011/60268d9f5425c13278605789/html5/thumbnails/113.jpg)
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129
30MHz 1GHz Frequency (MHz)
-30
100
dBµV/m
0
w/o Snap Ferrite
with Snap Ferrite
Uin: 230VAC, Uout: 12VDC
Iout: 4,16A, fsw: 90kHz
Polarization: Horizontal
Norm: EN55022A
Radiated Emissions made by AC-DC Converter
with Ferrite bead and with Y –Caps + Snap Ferrite
![Page 114: Switched Mode Power Supply with high efficiency and best ...lpvo.fe.uni-lj.si/fileadmin/files/Ostalo/Delavnice/... · Field Application Engineer & Business Development Manager lorandt.foelkel@we-online.de](https://reader034.vdocuments.site/reader034/viewer/2022052011/60268d9f5425c13278605789/html5/thumbnails/114.jpg)
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130
30MHz 1GHz Frequency (MHz)
-30
100
dBµV/m
0
w/o Shielding
with Shielding
Schielding
Uin: 230VAC, Uout: 12VDC
Iout: 4,16A, fsw: 90kHz
Polarization: Horizontal
Norm: EN55022A
Radiated Emissions made by AC-DC Converter
with Ferrite bead and with Y –Caps + Shielding
![Page 115: Switched Mode Power Supply with high efficiency and best ...lpvo.fe.uni-lj.si/fileadmin/files/Ostalo/Delavnice/... · Field Application Engineer & Business Development Manager lorandt.foelkel@we-online.de](https://reader034.vdocuments.site/reader034/viewer/2022052011/60268d9f5425c13278605789/html5/thumbnails/115.jpg)
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OTHER EMC SITUATION
FOR A DC/DC CONVERTER
![Page 116: Switched Mode Power Supply with high efficiency and best ...lpvo.fe.uni-lj.si/fileadmin/files/Ostalo/Delavnice/... · Field Application Engineer & Business Development Manager lorandt.foelkel@we-online.de](https://reader034.vdocuments.site/reader034/viewer/2022052011/60268d9f5425c13278605789/html5/thumbnails/116.jpg)
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DC/DC Converter with galvanic separation
![Page 117: Switched Mode Power Supply with high efficiency and best ...lpvo.fe.uni-lj.si/fileadmin/files/Ostalo/Delavnice/... · Field Application Engineer & Business Development Manager lorandt.foelkel@we-online.de](https://reader034.vdocuments.site/reader034/viewer/2022052011/60268d9f5425c13278605789/html5/thumbnails/117.jpg)
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DC/DC Converter with galvanic separation
Bad Example
Good Example
![Page 118: Switched Mode Power Supply with high efficiency and best ...lpvo.fe.uni-lj.si/fileadmin/files/Ostalo/Delavnice/... · Field Application Engineer & Business Development Manager lorandt.foelkel@we-online.de](https://reader034.vdocuments.site/reader034/viewer/2022052011/60268d9f5425c13278605789/html5/thumbnails/118.jpg)
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DC/DC Converter with galvanic separation 18V input
no filter
![Page 119: Switched Mode Power Supply with high efficiency and best ...lpvo.fe.uni-lj.si/fileadmin/files/Ostalo/Delavnice/... · Field Application Engineer & Business Development Manager lorandt.foelkel@we-online.de](https://reader034.vdocuments.site/reader034/viewer/2022052011/60268d9f5425c13278605789/html5/thumbnails/119.jpg)
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DC/DC Converter with galvanic separation 24V input
no filter
![Page 120: Switched Mode Power Supply with high efficiency and best ...lpvo.fe.uni-lj.si/fileadmin/files/Ostalo/Delavnice/... · Field Application Engineer & Business Development Manager lorandt.foelkel@we-online.de](https://reader034.vdocuments.site/reader034/viewer/2022052011/60268d9f5425c13278605789/html5/thumbnails/120.jpg)
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DC/DC Converter with galvanic separation 32V input
no filter
![Page 121: Switched Mode Power Supply with high efficiency and best ...lpvo.fe.uni-lj.si/fileadmin/files/Ostalo/Delavnice/... · Field Application Engineer & Business Development Manager lorandt.foelkel@we-online.de](https://reader034.vdocuments.site/reader034/viewer/2022052011/60268d9f5425c13278605789/html5/thumbnails/121.jpg)
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DC/DC Converter with galvanic separation 24V input
with input filter
![Page 122: Switched Mode Power Supply with high efficiency and best ...lpvo.fe.uni-lj.si/fileadmin/files/Ostalo/Delavnice/... · Field Application Engineer & Business Development Manager lorandt.foelkel@we-online.de](https://reader034.vdocuments.site/reader034/viewer/2022052011/60268d9f5425c13278605789/html5/thumbnails/122.jpg)
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MEASURMENT TECHNIQUES
![Page 123: Switched Mode Power Supply with high efficiency and best ...lpvo.fe.uni-lj.si/fileadmin/files/Ostalo/Delavnice/... · Field Application Engineer & Business Development Manager lorandt.foelkel@we-online.de](https://reader034.vdocuments.site/reader034/viewer/2022052011/60268d9f5425c13278605789/html5/thumbnails/123.jpg)
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Measuring voltage ripple
Example:
UOut : 5 V
Zout : 50 Ω
IOut : 100 mA
IGND : 20 mA
RGND : 1 Ω
𝑈𝐷𝑟𝑜𝑝 = 𝑅𝐺𝑁𝐷 ∗ 𝐼𝐺𝑁𝐷 = 20𝑚𝑉
DC
DC
AC
AC
DC
Phase
Neutral
Protected Earth
100mA
80mA
20mA
Oscilloscope
Avoid incorrect voltage amplitude caused by GND / PE loops
Higher currents causes higher voltage drop
Use isolation transformer
Don’t use probes with ground clips to reduce spikes
Inductive coupling by ground clip
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Conducted Emission test setup
LISN: „Line Impedance Stabilization Network“
Create known impedance on power lines for DUT
Filter mains voltage and cut higher frequency
Transfer conducted emission noise to EMC-Receiver
• EMC-chamber is recommended but not required
AC
EMC-Receiver
LISN DUT
Phase „L“
Neutral „N“
Protected Earth „PE“
L
N
PE
50Ω
150Ω
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DC-LISN
DC-LISN allow measurement of conducted emission at DC/DC converters
Decouple the DC from the EMC receiver
Creates 50Ω impedance for EMC-receiver
Just differential noise measureable
DC
UNoise
UDC
5µH
1µF
100nF
50R
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• for a clean external connection
Ripple-Measurement
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EXAMPLES FOR BAD DESIGN
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Example for Bad Design
Schematic for AC/DC
converter
No Input Filter
Bad Layout
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High Emissions for
Conducted
QP & AV limits
exceed
Example for Bad Design
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Example for Bad Design
No Input Filter
Simple Pi Filter Layout mistake!
Wrong positioned Filter
Simple 2 Layer
Bad routing
1
2
3
4
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Un insolated DC/DC converter
No input filter
Bad Layout
Example for Bad Design
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High emissions for
radiated
Limits over shooted
Example for Bad Design
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No input filter
Simple 2 layer
Wrong position for output capacity
Bad Ground routing
Example for Bad Design
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DESIGN TOOLS
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157
WE Component Selector
WE Component Selector
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www.we-online.com/redexpert
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Simulation – WEBENCH
• http://www.we-online.de/web/de/electronic_components/toolbox_pbs/webench.php
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Simulation – LTSpice IV
• http://www.linear.com/designtools/software/#LTspice
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Energy Harvesting to Go kit
Environment energy captured and converted into
electricity for small autonomous devices making them
self-sufficient.
Thermo Electric Generator (heat) Piezo Electric (vibration/strain)
Photovoltaic (light) Galvanic (chemical) Induction (motion)
Energy Management &
Storage Regulated Voltage
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WE WPCC Demo Kit
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Wireless Power Coils WE-WPCC- Tx/Rx coils
Fully compliant to WPC Qi standard
Efficiency up to 85%
Supreme shielding characteristics for low leakage
inductance
Outstanding performance due to usage of Litz wire:
lowest RDC
highest Q values
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MagI³C Power Module DC/DC Step Down Converter with integrated inductor
Branch:
– Industrial
– Communication
– Audio/Video equipment
– Test & Measurement equipment
– Medical
Application area:
– Voltage supply
– Multi-Voltage Systems
– Software developers with no hardware knowledge
5 types with variable output voltage 2 types with variable output voltage
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Lead frame
Power Module Concept
Controller
IC
MagI³C Power Module DC/DC Step Down Converter with integrated inductor
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171 021 501
MagI³C Step-Down Regulator Power Module Family
171 032 401
171 0
20 6
01 171 0
12 4
01
VIN [V]
42
36
6
1 2 3 6
171 050 601
0.5
18
IOUT [A]
171 0
12 402
1.5
Output Range:
5-24V
0.8-6V
2.5-15V
0.8-3.6V
3.3V / 5.0V @0.5A
50
7.5
17
3 9
50
37
8
17
3 9
50
57
8
28
2.5
QFN TO263
SIP
171 020 302
5
171 040 302
4
171 060 302
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Trilogy of Magnetics
• 1. LTspice Book
How to use and build spice models
• 2. Trilogy of Magnetics
Design Guide for EMI Filter Design, SMPS & RF Circuits
• 3. Trilogy of Connectors
Basic Principles and Connector Design Explanations
• 4. ABC of Power Modules
Functionality, Structure and Handling of a Power Module
• 5. ABC of Capacitors
Basic principles, characteristics and capacitor types
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!!! Questions ???
Do you still think …
… that a DC/DC converter “does not generate Conducted Emission” ???
… that the EMC of a DC/DC converter “isn’t affected by the PCB layout” ???
… that an “oscilloscope can’t help you to carry out any EMC tests” ???
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Don’t give up !!!
If you still have questions?
Just call us: we try to help you
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Globally available. Locally present!
Headquarter in Germany
Factories
Own offices
Distribution
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Würth Elektronik eiSos GmbH & Co.KG
You can reach us:
+49 7942-945-0
+49 7942-945-5000
www.we-online.com
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