swimming pools design (the scottish sports counsil)

8/3/2019 Swimming Pools Design (the Scottish Sports Counsil)

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PageCONTENTS 1. Introd uction 2

2 . User Requirements 23. Layout Requirements 34. Main Pool Size 105 . Learner Pool Size 106 . Fixtures, Fittings and Equipment_ 107 . Planning Features 148 . Detailed Design Requirements __ 149 . Environmental Requirements __ 2010. References 21

These digests are part of a series prepared to offer guidance on the planning, design andmanagement of sports buildings. They aim to promote value for money and quality in new andupgraded facilities. The Scott ish Sports Council . Apri l 1995


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SWIMMING POOLS - SMALL POOL DESIGN

1. IntroductionThis technical digest gives information on the design,planning, construction and building services of small, publicindoor pools. The information is primarily intended fornew, stand-alone pools, although it may also be usefulwhere pools are being added to existing facilities, such ascommunity centres or educational sports buildings.It should be emphasised that swimming pool buildingsare expensive to build and operate; client groups andtheir professional advisers, should consider their needsvery carefully and aim to get the most economical layout(including water area) possible to serve theircommunity's needs.

2. User RequirementsThere are a number of questions that need to be asked inmaking the preliminary - but important - decisions aboutthe sort of pool to be planned.

Who Will be the Main Users?This is likely to be a combination of the local community,school, and specific user groups from within thecommunity, for example swimming clubs and disabled usergroups.

What Activities and What Priority for Each?The main types of swimming participation in small poolswil l be: learning to swim - school groups, adult and otherlessons

swimming for fun and enjoyment swimming for fi tness, particularly lane swimming andaqua-aerobics

swimming for competition, including training, waterpolo and diving practice basic life saving practice.In many cases, learning to swim, family recreationalswimming and fitness swimming and exercise will bethe main activities; these, then, will have priority use ofthe pool.

What Level of Play is Expected for Each Activity?This will depend on the length, width and depth of thepool, i.e. whether it is 12.5m, 16.67m, 20m or 25m inlength; 8.5m or 10.5m in width; and if it has a shallowwater depth of not lessthan 900mm.

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Club-level swimming needs a pool length of only 16.67mor 20m. For sizes of 20m x 8.5m and above, the poolshould be suitable for school galas.

How Many People are Likely to Use the Pool atAny One Time?This will vary according to the activity and will bedetermined by the available water area and the capacity ofthe pool water treatment plant. For recreational swimming,it is recommended that a minimum water area of 2m' perbather is allowed for physical safety. So a water area of160m' (i.e. 20 x 8m) would allow a maximum of 80bathers, although it is extremely unlikely that this numberwould be allowed in the pool at the same time, as it couldresult in uncomfortable bathing conditions.

1.Although the spectator area is not overly generous in sizeatthis pool, it issufficient to accommodate a reasonable number ofpeople during busy periods.

Spectator Space?No fixed seating will be required, but i f school or local galasare to be held, there should be space for one or two rowsof chairs. These would be along the length of the pool, soone of the long pool surrounds would need to be increasedin width (say 2.5 - 3m) to accommodate them, including acirculation route between the pool edge and the front rowof spectators. To minimise the dirt carried onto the poolsurrounds by footwear, access to pool surround spectatorseating should be as direct as possible - for example, fromthe social viewing area. Consideration should also be givento the location of fire exits for these areas.Space for casual viewing can be provided as part of thepool hall, or as part of the social area overlooking the poolhall. There are no specific requirements for the number ofspectators to be accommodated; 10 to 20 spaces shouldbe adequate for a pool size of up to 20 x 8.5m.


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3. Layout Requirements

The amount of accommodation needed will vary with thesize and type of pool. Accommodation and planningfeatures for 'basic' and 'top-level' small pool projects areshown in Table1.The list includes accommodation and design features foundin most small pools, irrespective of their size and type,although they may vary, depending upon localcircumstances. There are also a number of commonfeatures which need to be considered: a draught lobby at the main entrance; accessfor people in wheelchairs; a first aid room adjacent to the pool surround and withexternal access;

Table 1: Small Public PoolsBasic ProvisionMinimal vending cateringocial provision


a poolside store for pool hall equipment; this mayinclude space for cleaning equipment and materials;

a plant room with internal and external access; securestore for chemicals; safety equipment; laid out for easymaintenance;

pool water flow and return pipework in accessducts; concealed pipework in public areas; fixed shower headswith percussion control and remote temperaturecontrol;

main natural light from a high-level diffused source;any daylighting must be accommodated so astominimise glare;

small, low-level windows to provide external views fromand into the pool hall;

a pitched roof with an internal, exposed roof structure;the pool hall ceiling should follow the roof slope toeliminate any concealed voids.

Poolside recessand bench spacefor spectators

Desirable Provision

Disabled toilet and changing Male and female WCsdoubling up as spectators' toilet including disabled access----------~----Reception Reception desk doubling as office Independent reception desk

--------,-------------------~Office and staff accommodation OfficeStaff room

Public toilets

Minimal with poolsidebag/clothes storage

Changing and clothes storage

Pre-/post-swim showers and toilets Minimal poolside showersMale and female toilets

Pooltype and size

Pool edge detail

Manually operated (subject tostaff availability to operate)

Underwater lighting-----------+--

Pool cover

Main pool12.5 or 16.67 x 8.5m;0.9 to 1.5m depth

Deck level

Other featuresOther accommodation

Combination of group andmixed sex cubicle changingLocker clothes storage------------+--Separate male and femaleshowers plus poolside showersMale and female toiletsincluding disabled access

------~--------Main pool20x 10.5m;1 to 1.8m depthSeparate learner pool--------------f- Main pool: deck level orconventional overflowLearner pool: deck level-----------1Mechanical

Poolside spectator viewingwith tables and chairsFranchise cafeteria

SaunaSolariumFitness suite

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The list of accommodation can be arranged into threedistinct areas: the pool hall; plant spaces for accommodating the heating, venti lationand water treatment; ancillary accommodation, including the entrance hal l,public toilet(s), reception/office, changing/clothesstorage, toilets and showers, poolside storage and a firstaid room.

These areas can be envisaged as three separate boxes,which can be combined in a variety of different ways asshown in Figure 1.The most cost-effective solution is to have the plant andancillary accommodation close together. But there may beother factors which will determine the relationship of thesethree boxes to each other - the size of the site, the location

Figure 1: Typical relationships for the pool hall, ancil-lary and plant areas. The most economical solutiongroups these areas together in a simple 'box' form.

P lant Pool ha ll Anollary

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of any existing buildings/roads/services, etc. Irrespective ofhow the boxes are grouped, they need to be considered inrelation to:

Pedestrian AccessDirect and safe access for pedestrians will be required fromthe site boundary to the main entrance. Ideally, pedestrianroutes should be separated from car parking areas,although they may be linked to them. This is normally amore complex problem where the facility is on an existingschool or college campus; the route(s) children or studentswill take from the existing buildings to the facility will needto be considered.

Access for People with a DisabilityIt is essential that access is provided for people with adisability, including wheelchair users. Ramps and grab-railsshould be provided at any changes in ground level. There isa separate Technical Digest, Building in Ability, that dealswith this in detail.

Vehicle Access and Car ParkingVehicle access should be provided to the public car parkingarea, the plant room and to a hard-standing area forambulances - ideally, accessible from the first aid room.Access may also be required to a service yard for thedelivery of goods, maintenance and refuse collection. Thisaccess should be separated from the public car parkingarea and the main entrance.The public car parking area should allow easy and safeaccess to the main entrance. If the pool is located on aschool site, it is worth considering the use of theplayground for parking in the evenings and at weekends.Coach parking spaces may also be required where childrenfrom neighbouring schools are transported to the pool.Again accessfor people with a disabil ity is important.

Main Entrance Approach and ProtectionThe main entrance to the building should be visible andclose to the main pedestrian and vehicle approaches to thesite. Where this is difficult or impossible to achieve - onexisting school and college sites for example - there shouldbe clear signs giving directions to the building and relatedcar parking areas. All pedestrian routes should be well litand the landscaping should not conceal a person in hiding.Visual emphasis can be given to the main entrance byproviding a canopy and recessing the main entrancedoor(s) from the face of the building. A canopy will alsoprovide protection during bad weather.

Linkage to Existing BuildingsWhere the pool building is located on an educational site,there are advantages in linking it with existing


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recreational/sports facilities - with shared management anduse of the facilities.Figure 2 shows the ideal planning relationship of thevarious areas within each of the three boxes with eachother. Circulation from the main entrance to the pool hallshould be clear and direct; the normal sequence will bemain entrance - reception desk - changing/clothes storage- toilets - showers - pool hall.

Figure 2: Notional layout of a small pool building, withthis arrangement, staff in the central reception/officehave good visual control of the main public areas.

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Table 3: list of Planning/Design Features Recommended for a Small Pool Building.----

No location Planning Feature Essential Desirable---- ~

la Main entrance Canopy over lb A good sized draught lobby with matwel l 2a Social area Clear views of the pool hall 2b Separation of spectators from the pool hall by a glazed screen 2c Direct access between the social area and the pool hall for staff, wheelchair users and spectators i.e. assuming the pool is used

for galas2d Space for vending machines and vending machine storage 2e Public toilet provision, including a wheelchair users' WC

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-----3a Reception/office Located to give staff clear views of the social area, unisex I changing and the pool hal l

3b Reception/office Direct access for staff to the pool hall and changing area ! 4a Changing/c lothes storage Changing layout offers the possibil ity of vary ing the rat io of male area and female changing/Clothes storage spaces4b No hidden areas allowing easier supervision 4c Eliminating, as far as possible, repetitive and/or cross circulation 4d Disabled changing possible in group changing rooms 4e School changing/clothes can be contained and secured in group changing rooms (or "buffer" rooms, i f an open plan arrangement)4f Door widths sized for wheelchair users access 5a Pre-/post-swim showers Toilet and shower areas allowing easy supervision and toilets5b I Disabled toi let and showering provision provided as part of the

I shower and toilet areas ( i .e. assuming a separate toilet and showerisnot provided for wheelchair users)

6a Pool hall The entry to the pool hall is near to the shallow end of the pool tank. If the water depth is greater than 1.2m barrier rails will berequired

6b The width of the pool surrounds meets the recommended minimum of l.5m (for sides of pool) and 2m-3m (for endsurrounds)

6c No hidden areas allowing easier supervision 6d No wall projections reducing the width of surrounds or creating a potential hazard to bathers6e The provision of windows to allow bathers to see out and also, for people who are interested, to seewhat ishappening in the

pool hall.6f Fire exit positions 7a Pool tank The overall dimensions, including tolerances, meet the ASA's requirements7b The pool tank bottom does not exceed the maximum recommended gradient of 1 in 157c Recessedaccesssteps located at each end of the tank allowing easy acces5/egress-------------- ~ ----------------8a Plant room Located close to the deep end of the pool 8b Access to plant room separated from main entrance pedestrian approach8c Close vehicular access possibly via a service yard 1 9 First aid room Directly accessible from pool hall with external access to hard

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standing area for ambulance parkinglOa Poolside store/ Directly accessible from poolside I lOb Cleaner's store Space included for cleaning equipment and materials

i

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The need to withstand a warm, moist, potentiallycorrosive atmosphere in all wet areas: inadequateconstruction/detailing will quickly fail.

Figure 5 shows a typical section through the pool hall andplant room of Melbourn Village College Pool, highlightingthe main performance requirements. The detaileddesign/specification for a small public indoor pool mustmeet these requirements. The following notes indicate the

minimum level of specification which would be acceptablefor a basic small pool building.Roof Construction Plastic-coated, profiled, metal-insulated, compositepanel deck system. Panelson galvanised z purlins at approximately 2mcentres on steel lattice beams.

Figure 5: Key section through the pool hall and plant room at the pool at Melbourn Village College.The numbers on the section relate to the main performance requirements for the building enclosure.

o D - - - - 00Pool tank O.9m - 15m

1. The roof construction must be: designed to eradicate interstitial/surface condensation; protected from corrosion, decay or rot; detailed to eliminate dirt and dust pockets; capable of supporting any services; considered for sound absorption; designed so that the colour of the roof finish does notaffect the colour of the pool water.

able to withstand ball impact if the pool is used forwaterpolo.

2. The external wall construction must be: designed to eradicate as far as possible,interstitial/surface condensation;

constructed to be durable, attractive and able towithstand wilful abuse.

3. The internal wall construction/finishes must be: able to withstand body impact and ball impact if thepool is used for waterpolo;

capable of being easily cleaned and at their lower level,withstand frequent hosing down;

detailed to eliminate dirt and dust pockets; resistant to staining by and absorption of body fats; detailed to be smooth with no sharp edges/cornerswhich may cause injuries;

unaffected by a warm, moist potentially corrosiveatmosphere;

designed so that the colour of the wall finish does notaffect the colour of the pool water;

considered for sound absorption; capable of supporting any services, for exampleductwork.

Plant

4. The structure/frame must be: protected from corrosion, decay or rot; able to meet the same performance requirements l istedfor the internal/external wall construction;

5. The windows/roof glazing must be: considered in relation to reducing heat lossand solar gain; detailed to eradicate surface condensation.6. The pool tank construction must be: resistant to moisture penetration; watertight; able to withstand any ground water pressure.7. The 'wet' floor finishes must be: slip resistant at a 1 in 35 maximum fall; safe to use in wet bare feet and footwear; impervious, unaffected by warm water and cleaningagents containing chemicals;

easy to clean; resistant to impact from poolside equipment and otherobjects such as canoes.

8. The fixtures and fi ttings must be: able to withstand a warm, moist and potentiallycorrosive atmosphere;

easyto clean without any recessesor pockets wheredirt/moisture can collect;

able to withstand heavy wear, robust use and possiblevandalism;

qble to withstand hosing down water and cleaningchemicals;

safe to use without any sharp edges, corners orprojections which are a potential hazard to bathers.

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Rooflight of the double glazed diffusing type, not morethan five per cent of the total roof area.

Examples of critical detailed design factors which needto be checked include: the risk of condensation; a warm roof assembly withouta suspended ceiling is recommended for the pool hall;

the effectiveness of any vapour barriers; for example,how the junctions between insulated metal deck roofingpanels are sealed against moisture penetration;

cold bridging at parapets and roof light kerbs; stagnant air in spaces which are not reached by supplyair movement;

loading by ventilation ductwork; where the roof deck is penetrated by pipes and otherfixings, moisture must not penetrate the vapour barrier;

accessto suspended ceilings for maintenance inspectionshould not be impeded by the routing of ducts behindthe ceiling;

the detailing of rooflights to prevent condensation dripsand/or pockets where moisture can collect.

External Wall Construction Non-Ioadbearing cavity masonry; external leaf offacing brick.

75mm wide cavity with 50mm thick rigid board cavityinsulation held against the external face of the inner leafwith retaining clips on wall ties to BS 1243.

Inner leaf 1OOmm thick insulating fair-face mediumdense block or equivalent.

Internal surfaces finished with a proprietary paint system.Internal Wall Construction Generally 100mm non-load bearing fair-facedblockwork; finished with a proprietary paint system.

Mezzanine floor supported on blockwork walls withfloor slab thickened locally.

Examples of critical detailed design factors which needto be checked include: shrinkage cracking, particularly of internal blockworkwalls including finishes; consider need and location ofmovement joints;

corrosion of structural steelwork concealed within thewall thickness;

the junction of structural members with the walls inrelation to cracking caused by movement;

the junction of the wall with the floor finish to alloweasy cleaning and the elimination of moisture/dirt traps;a covered junction is recommended;


the risk of condensation; the procedure for calculation isset out in BS5250: 1989

cold bridging, particularly at the junction of thewall with the roof and at door and windowopenings.

integration of electric cables and conduits; althoughthese can be routed inside the wall construction, it ismore economical to run them on the surface. It isimportant that their routing is carefully considered, ifthey are not to look unsightly.

Structure/Frame Latt ice steel beams supported on steel frame protectedby proprietary paint system.

Examples of critical detailed design factors which needto be checked include: protection system against corrosion/decay/rot; concreteshould have at least 40mm thick cover to avoid spalling;timber will need to be suitably treated and steelwork,given a protective paintwork system;

shrinkage cracking between the frame and adjoiningmaterials;

corrosion/decay/ rot of concealed structural elements; junction of the structurelframe with the finished floorsurface; moisture penetration can, in time, break downthe protective system;

stress corrosion cracking of supporting rods/cables tosuspended ceilings over wet areas, ductwork, or anyother features supported from the main structure.

Pool Tank Construction Reinforced concrete tank to structural engineer's details.Examples of critical detailed design factors which needto be checked include: the overall pool tank dimensions; these must allow for afinish with or without a screed/render coat that wil lresult in a pool sizewhich will meet the SASA's finishedtolerances of -Omm + 20mm;

the tolerances required for the surface of the tank toallow a ceramic tiled finish to be applied direct (ifrequired). The finished tolerances required for the pooltank (+ or -3mm under a 3m straight edge) are notlikely to be compatible with those required for a tiledfinish. This will result in surface imperfections having tobe ground off or filled in with an epoxy cement;

the dimensional tolerances of pre-cast overflow channelunits and their vertical alignment with the finishedsurface of the pool tank walls;

connection of the outlet pipes to the overflow channelswith the main water filtration pipework;

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5. In this example the light fitt ings are positioned too close tothe underside of the ductwork, which prevents an even distributionof light.

structural movement joints; contraction joints; t il ing stress relief joints; the earthing of steel reinforcement as required by thelEEWiring Regulations (Part 6 of the 16th edition).

Ground Floor Construction (Wet Areas) Slip-resistant ceramic tiles (to pool surrounds) fixeddirectly to power floated reinforced concrete slab withproprietary fixing adhesive.

Examples of critical detailed design factors which needto be checked include: slip resistance of the floor finish; manufacturers shouldbe asked for details including the maximum gradient atwhich it will provide good slip resistance when the finishiswet or dry;

slip resistance of different floor surfaces used in wetareas; changes in finish should be avoided;

all wet areas should be laid to falls to drain away pool,shower and hosing down water; falls should be awayfrom benches lockers and door openings;BS5385 part 4: 1992, A Code of Practice for tiling andmosaic in specific conditions recommends gradients nosteeper than 1 in 35;

draining all wet areas, including the positioning of floordrainage channels and outlets; if continuous drainagechannels with plastic or stainless steel grilles are usedinstead of individual f loor gullies, large areas of floorcan be designed with constant falls;

the location of ti le movement joints, if required; the junctions of floor and wall finishes to allow easycleaning;

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the useof corrosion-resistant metals for manhole coverframes and floor service ducts;

dark coloured tiled finishes (for example black, darkbrown) can look dirty when wet, even when they areclean;

the finished tolerances required for t iled floor finisheswhen laid direct on to the floor slab;

drainage outlet apertures should not be so smallthey will clog with hair; nor large enough to traptoes.

Fixtures and Fittings Lockers and cubicles - solid laminate, withmanufacturer's standard assembly components.

Bench seating - timber slats treated with apreservative; cantilevered from walls by metalsupports.

Hat and coat hooks - stub nosed, vandal-resistant metalhooks fixed to treated timber rail.

Doors - proprietary, solid-core, moisture-resistant with aplastic laminate facing and hardwood edges, suitablefor a swimming pool environment.

Door frames and glazed screens - timber, with asuitable preservative treatment and a protective surfacefinish.

Examples of critical detailed design factors which needto be checked include: The location of sockets in the pool surrounds for fixingpool equipment such as lane and division ropes, poolcovers, water polo goals, etc.

Cleaning beneath lockers and bench seating; ideally,these should be cantilevered off the walls or, in thecase of lockers, placed on a solid concrete plinth witha coved skirt ing tile facing.

Moisture penetration of duct and/or cover panels,particularly at their edges.

The secure fixing of hat and coat hooks. Mis-use of shower heads, controls and associatedpipework; the pipework should be concealed inaccessible ducts and should be rigidly fixed so that itcannot work loose, or leak, if the shower head/controlsare tampered with.

Windows Stained timber windows, double glazed.


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Figure 6: Light fittings must be accessible for maintenance from the pool surrounds. If wall mounted fittingsare to be provided, consideration should be given to achieving a uniform spread of light, particularly if thefittings are to be located on one side of the pool hall only.

Plant

Pool tank 0.9m - 1.5m

Flg.6aExample of light fittings loca ted on both sides of the pool hall. Light is bounced off the underside of the roof deck to providea reasonable dist ribution of l ight across the width of the pool.

Plant

Pool tank 0.9m - 1.5m

Fig.6bExample of light fittings located on one side of the pool only. The spread of l ight from the fittings must be sufficient to providethe minimum average recommended illumination level of 300 lux across the full wid th of the poo l.

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9. EnvironmentalRequirements

Table 4 lists the main environmental conditionsrecommended for the pool hall , changing and other areas.Examples of environmental factors which need to beconsidered include:Pool Hall The type, number and location of fittings should bechosen in relation to the sectional profile of the poolhall , particularly where l ight isto be reflected off theunderside of the roof deck. Enough space must beprovided between the l ight source and roof deck toachieve a good spread of light. See Figure 6.

The light fittings and air handling ductwork need to beconsidered together, so that the light distribution fromlight fittings located close to any ductwork is notadversely affected.

The appropriate temperature gradients across the poolhall, and temperature differences between the poolwater and the pool hal l air, need to be achieved.

Warm air must be smoothly distributed and extractedfrom the pool hall, so that it does not create anydraughts on the pool surrounds.

The recommended noise levels must be met during peakperiods. Noise generated in the pool hall can distractstaff working in adjacent off ices.

Table 4: Recommended Environmental Conditions.


Moisture from the pool hall must not passto adjoiningspaceswhere servicesand ductwork passthrough walls.Any such gaps should be sealed.

Changing/Clothes Storage Areas The recommended level of venti lation should beprovided, and air f low should removes smells,particularly where people are changing and intoilet areas.

Heating coils should be located so that heat is notwasted and their supports are not corroded by hosingdown water.

Plant Room Safe accessshould be provided to all plant/equipmentrequiring regular inspection; there should be no hazardswhich prevent this - eg circulation pump sump pitspositioned in front of equipment which needs to beregularly checked.

Natural ventilation should be provided to internallylocated chemical stores. Any fumes from chemicals,spills or leakage should be prevented from passingto any public areas, whether internally or externally.

The existing foul water drainage system must be able tocope with the amount of backwash water from thefilters; if not, a holding tank will be needed, either in theplant room or near it.

Environmental Conditions Pool Hall Changing/Showers Other Areas Air temperature 28-29 degrees C 24 degrees C 20 degrees C approx Pool water temperature 27- 28 degrees C Humidity 60% approx 50-60% Mechanical ventilation/ 5 - 10 approx 10 fresh air min

air changes per hour.. Artificial lighting 300 lux min overall 100-200 luxilluminance at water level;

uniformity ratio of 0.8 Design noise level NR50 NR40

I Reverberation time 2 seconds at 500 Hertz "Pre-swim" showers Pool water temperaturei.e. 28 degrees C approx "Post-swim" showers 35-40 degrees C approxwith centralised thermostatic

valves to prevent scalding

Showers rate of flow 10 - 20 litres per minute

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10. ReferencesSCOTTISH SPORTSCOUNCIL

Technical Digests:No.l00 Building in Ability - Provisionfor Peoplewith a

Disability B.OONo. 301 Swimming Pools -Improvements and

Alterations B.OONo. 302 Swimming Pools - Changing Accommodation

B.OONo. 303 Swimming Pools - Building Services B.OOInformation Digests:FP19 Small Pools Information Digest B.OOFP20 The Flexible Pool: Loch Leven Leisure, Kinross

2.00Seminar Report:FP22 Advances in Swimming Pool Provision 5.00Information Packs:Small Pools 25 (or for hire)The Flexible Pool 20 (or for hire)


SPORTS COUNCIL16 Upper Woburn Place, London WC1HOOPHandbook of sports and recreational building design Vol III2nd Edition Icerinks and swimming poolsSmall public indoor pools 25Small public indoor pools - manitoring report 10Small public indoor pools - technical report 15HSC/SPORTSCOUNCIL Safety in swimming pools 4.50Study of movable floors and bulkheads for swimmingpools 10

OthersASA Information Literature, obtainable from the ASAPOOL WATER TREATMENT ADVISORY GROUP (0379783678) Pool water guide. The treatment and quality ofswimming pool water 24

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swimming pools design (the scottish sports counsil)

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