swat valley physiography and climate by mohammad alam

SWAT VALLEY Past, Future and Prospects

A realm of beauty An ideal destination

1



2

SWAT VALLEY (Past, Future and Prospects)

A realm of beauty

An ideal destination

by

MOHAMMAD ALAM



3

COPYRIGHT © MOHAHHAD ALAM

Title: SWAT VALLEY Past, Future and Prospects

(a realm beauty an ideal destination)

1st edition; March 2005

Revised Edition 2005

Copies: 1000

Thanks to all Friends and Swat lovers for their supports and suggestions.

The presented material in this book do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the

part of the department or departments.

This publication is Computed, deigned, layout, and cartographic work by Mohammad Alam

Price @PKR: 150/-

All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced or transmitted in any

form or by means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying. Recording or

by any information storage and retrieval system without permission from the

author.



4

FAREWORD

SAIDU SHARIF SWAT 22 Dec 2004

Mr. Mohammad Alam has made a good attempt, in producing “Swat valley”. This book

gives a tourist a good general knowledge of Swat valley, its past and present, places to visit and many other details. He has spent much time and efforts in collecting details and then compiles them in to this book.

People like Mohammad Alam should be encouraged by both Government and private people in producing such documentary books in Pakistan.

Best Wishes

MIANGUL AURANGZEB

Wali Ahad of former Swat State



5

PREFACE

The book titled “Swat valley; a realm of beauty an ideal destination” written by Mohammad Alam provides a very useful information and recent data for its readers regarding

the varied aspects of Swat valley. Swat valley has remained an area of major interest for travellers, archaeologist as well as earth, natural and social scientists. As a result, a number of studies have been carried out generating considerable published materials as travel accounts, books, thesis, articles, government reports etc which can be used for future professional research works.

This book on Swat valley is a very valuable contribution towards knowledge. The author has very successfully attempted the physical, social and economic aspects of the study area. The book will prove an asset for travellers, planners, researchers, decision makers and general media in the forthcoming developmental and research studies.

The present volume need addition and subtraction of some contents, which I hope, the author will rectify in the next volume. On the whole, the book is the outcome of a very hard

work of the author and is very informative, explorative and descriptive in nature. It is one of the best publications written on Swat valley. PROFESSOR DR.. USMAN ALI

Ph.D. Geography

Charmin Department of Geography

Govt; Post Graduate Jehanzeb College

Saidu Sharif, Swat. NWFP Pakistan.



6

ABOUT SWAT VALLEY

A few general aspects of Swat Valley are organized in this book. This does

not mean that the remaining aspects are ignored. I shortened the information, the basic idea was to provide short and general aspects of Swat Valley. I

formatted the region “SWAT VALLEY” consisting of district Swat a part of Swat Ranizai (Malakand Protected Area) and a very small portion of Adenzai (district Lower Dir) where the river Swat flows and forms a continuous plain between the mountains, eventually leaves the region and enters in to a new zone when coupled with Panjkora river near a small village known as kulangai. This is not the only similarity but in fact this is a uniformal region where more similar features are persistent.

I could not arrange the detail data for the part of Swat Ranizai and then I supported that from estimated conclusion. The data that I have collected although covers 96% of the total area of swat valley, even then I believe it to be enough to describe swat valley comprehensively by and at the same time in a shortest possible way.The valley of Swat is a treasure land of natural gifts, varied climatic conditions, landscapes, fauna & flora and excellent man made historical development. The lofty mountains, the gushing meandering river, gorgeous alpine lakes, the fruit laden orchard, the adventurous water of river swat and its tributaries, a good site of mountain sports, the traditional Pathan hospitality are all unmatched attractions of Swat valley.

The valley of Swat is unique in natural landscape and ancient archaeological sites make it distant from any well-known and widely visited health resorts. Swat is rightly been named as the Switzerland of the East.

It is imperative that the Government of Pakistan pays attention to the neglected part of the valley, to preserve the heritage of the valley, to explore the potential of the valley in



7

preplanned process and Provides more facilities by maintaining the existing deteriorated and dilapidated roads. More roads should be constructed in order to make access to all the scenic areas easy, maintain the archaeological site and provide the necessary facilities so that tourism can be promoted which will prove a source of great strength for the valley as well for the fragile economy of the country.

MOHAMMED ALAM

M.Sc Geography, DTH, TGS,

[email protected]

mailto:[email protected]



8

ACKNOWLEDGMENT

This book is an introduction to a part of the country, which is most diverse, frequently

visited and attractive in the sense of natural beauty and historical significance. These distinctive attractions is the two in one combination are the realm of beauty of the Swat valley gradually it is becoming an ideal destination for the domestic and international tourism. In this book the attractions of past history and the present developments are discussed for the future prospects.

The book is written for the tourists and students who are concerned analytically in Swat valley. In this book I tried to present some basic knowledge about the Geography, sociology, archaeology, economy and tourism of the valley supported by statistical data to project the

in-depth of valley. This book covers the surface view of the valley to provide some basic knowledge about Swat, when a tourist arrives in swat what he observes here generally while for students the aspects of tourism in Swat valley. In this revised edition I tried to correct the mistakes categorically happeneds due to different reasons, but the revised edition will also gives you some other additional information about swat valley.

I again say thanks and appreciate the contribution, cooperation suggestions of all people, colleagues and friends in the successful printing of the frist edition and would like to gratefully acknowledge all forms of assistance / support for book. I hope that the reader of this edition will find the book more attractive and informative. I would like to share your comments and send me the suggestions, information about swat to rectify my short coming.

(MOHAMMED ALAM)



9

CONTENTS

11.. FFAARREEWWOORRDD ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ 44

22.. PPRREEFFAACCEE .......................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 55

33.. AABBOOUUTT SSWWAATT VVAALLLLEEYY .................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................. 66

44.. AACCKKNNOOWWLLEEDDGGMMEENNTT .......................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 88

55.. SSWWAATT VVAALLLLEEYY .............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................. 1144

66.. GGEEOOGGRRAAPPHHYY .................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 1177

2.1 LOCATION AND BOUNDARIES ............................................................................................................................ 17 2.2 PHYSIOGRAPHY.................................................................................................................................................. 18 2.3 RIVER SWAT ...................................................................................................................................................... 24 2.4 STREAMS/ TRIBUTRIES ....................................................................................................................................... 27 2.5 PASSES ............................................................................................................................................................. 27 2.6 ALPINE LAKES .................................................................................................................................................... 29

77.. CCLLIIMMAATTEE ...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 3311

3.1 PRECIPITATION .................................................................................................................................................. 32 3.2 CLIMATIC REGIONS ............................................................................................................................................ 35

88.. TTRREEKKKKIINNGG RROOUUTTEESS ...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... EERRRROORR!! BBOOOOKKMMAARRKK NNOOTT DDEEFFIINNEEDD..

4.1 TO NORTHERN AREAS ................................................................................................ ERROR! BOOKMARK NOT DEFINED. 4.2 SWAT KOHISTAN & UPPER SWAT TRAILS .................................................................... ERROR! BOOKMARK NOT DEFINED.

99.. PPLLAACCEESS OOFF IINNTTEERREESSTTSS ...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... EERRRROORR!! BBOOOOKKMMAARRKK NNOOTT DDEEFFIINNEEDD..

5.1 SWAT RANIZAI .......................................................................................................... ERROR! BOOKMARK NOT DEFINED. 5.2 LOWER SWAT VALLEY ................................................................................................ ERROR! BOOKMARK NOT DEFINED.



10

5.3 UPPER SWAT VALLEY ................................................................................................. ERROR! BOOKMARK NOT DEFINED. 5.4 SWAT KOHISTAN ....................................................................................................... ERROR! BOOKMARK NOT DEFINED.

1100.. AACCCCOOMMMMOODDAATTIIOONN .......................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... EERRRROORR!! BBOOOOKKMMAARRKK NNOOTT DDEEFFIINNEEDD..

6.1 HOTEL ACCOMMODATION ........................................................................................... ERROR! BOOKMARK NOT DEFINED. 6.2 WEDDING HALL FACILITIES ........................................................................................ ERROR! BOOKMARK NOT DEFINED. 6.3 REST HOUSES ........................................................................................................... ERROR! BOOKMARK NOT DEFINED. 6.4 PAITHOM, THE TRAINING INSTITUTE ........................................................................... ERROR! BOOKMARK NOT DEFINED.

1111.. AASSPPEECCTT OOFF TTOOUURRIISSMM .............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................. EERRRROORR!! BBOOOOKKMMAARRKK NNOOTT DDEEFFIINNEEDD..

7.1 BENEFITS FROM TOURISM .......................................................................................... ERROR! BOOKMARK NOT DEFINED. 7.3 FEATURE OF DOMESTIC TOURISM ............................................................................... ERROR! BOOKMARK NOT DEFINED. 7.4 NEW ASPECTS OF ATTRACTION ................................................................................... ERROR! BOOKMARK NOT DEFINED. 7.5 MARKET SOURCE FOR THE TOURISM PRODUCT ............................................................. ERROR! BOOKMARK NOT DEFINED. 7.6 SWAT HOTEL ASSOCIATION ........................................................................................ ERROR! BOOKMARK NOT DEFINED. 7.7 ROLE OF THE MINISTRIES .......................................................................................... ERROR! BOOKMARK NOT DEFINED. 7.8 ROLE OF DONORS & NGO’S IN SWAT ............................................................................ ERROR! BOOKMARK NOT DEFINED. 7.9 ECOTOURISM IN SWAT VALLEY ................................................................................... ERROR! BOOKMARK NOT DEFINED. 7.10 PROS AND CONS OF TOURISM INDUSTRY ................................................................... ERROR! BOOKMARK NOT DEFINED.

1122.. TTIIPPSS FFOORR TTHHEE VVIISSIITTOORRSS .................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... EERRRROORR!! BBOOOOKKMMAARRKK NNOOTT DDEEFFIINNEEDD..

1133.. HHIISSTTOORRYY ...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... EERRRROORR!! BBOOOOKKMMAARRKK NNOOTT DDEEFFIINNEEDD..

9.1 PERIOD FROM PRE-HISTORIC PROTO-HISTORIC TO 10TH CENTURY AD. ........................... ERROR! BOOKMARK NOT DEFINED. 9.2 AFTER 11TH

CENTURY AD. ........................................................................................... ERROR! BOOKMARK NOT DEFINED.

1144.. HHIISSTTOORRIICC TTRREEAASSUURREE .............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................. EERRRROORR!! BBOOOOKKMMAARRKK NNOOTT DDEEFFIINNEEDD..

10.1 ARCHAEOLOGICAL TREASURE ................................................................................... ERROR! BOOKMARK NOT DEFINED. 10.2 WHO WAS BUDDHA (563-483 BC) .............................................................................. ERROR! BOOKMARK NOT DEFINED. 10.3 GANDHARA CIVILIZATION AND ART & UDDIYAN (2ND

BC- 10TH AD) ................................. ERROR! BOOKMARK NOT DEFINED.

10.4 PADMASAMBHAVA (730AD - 804 AD) .......................................................................... ERROR! BOOKMARK NOT DEFINED. 10.5 ARCHEOLOGICAL SITE ............................................................................................. ERROR! BOOKMARK NOT DEFINED. 10.6 ROCK CARVING ....................................................................................................... ERROR! BOOKMARK NOT DEFINED. 10.7 WOODEN MOSQUE ................................................................................................... ERROR! BOOKMARK NOT DEFINED. 10.8 WOOD WORK IN SWAT VALLEY .................................................................................. ERROR! BOOKMARK NOT DEFINED.



11

1155.. PPOOPPUULLAATTIIOONN .................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................. EERRRROORR!! BBOOOOKKMMAARRKK NNOOTT DDEEFFIINNEEDD..

11.1 STRUCTURE OF POPULATION .................................................................................... ERROR! BOOKMARK NOT DEFINED. 11.2 EDUCATIONAL DEVELOPMENT ................................................................................... ERROR! BOOKMARK NOT DEFINED.

1166.. SSOOCCIIAALL SSEETTUUPP ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ EERRRROORR!! BBOOOOKKMMAARRKK NNOOTT DDEEFFIINNEEDD..

1177.. HHEEAALLTTHH && HHEEAALLTTHH CCAARREE ........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ EERRRROORR!! BBOOOOKKMMAARRKK NNOOTT DDEEFFIINNEEDD..

IMPORTANT TO TOURIST ................................................................................................. ERROR! BOOKMARK NOT DEFINED.

1188.. NNAATTUURRAALL VVEEGGEETTAATTIIOONN .................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... EERRRROORR!! BBOOOOKKMMAARRKK NNOOTT DDEEFFIINNEEDD..

14.1 TYPE OF FOREST ...................................................................................................... ERROR! BOOKMARK NOT DEFINED. 14.2 MUSHROOMS / MORELS ............................................................................................ ERROR! BOOKMARK NOT DEFINED. 14.3 MEDICINAL PLANTS ................................................................................................. ERROR! BOOKMARK NOT DEFINED.

1199.. AAGGRRIICCUULLTTUURREE ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ EERRRROORR!! BBOOOOKKMMAARRKK NNOOTT DDEEFFIINNEEDD..

15.1 CEREAL CROPS ........................................................................................................ ERROR! BOOKMARK NOT DEFINED. 15.2 PULSES .................................................................................................................. ERROR! BOOKMARK NOT DEFINED. 15.3 VEGETABLE ............................................................................................................. ERROR! BOOKMARK NOT DEFINED. 15.4 FRUITS ................................................................................................................... ERROR! BOOKMARK NOT DEFINED. 15.5 HORTICULTURE ....................................................................................................... ERROR! BOOKMARK NOT DEFINED. 15.6 CASH CROPS ........................................................................................................... ERROR! BOOKMARK NOT DEFINED. 15.7 MUSHROOM ............................................................................................................ ERROR! BOOKMARK NOT DEFINED.

2200.. LLIIVVEESSTTOOCCKK ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ EERRRROORR!! BBOOOOKKMMAARRKK NNOOTT DDEEFFIINNEEDD..

2211.. WWIILLDD LLIIFFEE AANNDD FFIISSHH CCUULLTTUURREE...................................................................................................................................................................................................................... EERRRROORR!! BBOOOOKKMMAARRKK NNOOTT DDEEFFIINNEEDD..

17.1 SPECIES OF WILD LIFE ............................................................................................. ERROR! BOOKMARK NOT DEFINED. 17.2 FISH & FISH CULTURE .............................................................................................. ERROR! BOOKMARK NOT DEFINED.

2222.. MMIINNEERRAALLSS WWEEAALLTTHH .................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... EERRRROORR!! BBOOOOKKMMAARRKK NNOOTT DDEEFFIINNEEDD..

18.1 MINERALS AVAILABLE ............................................................................................. ERROR! BOOKMARK NOT DEFINED.

2233.. IINNDDUUSSTTRRIIEESS ...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... EERRRROORR!! BBOOOOKKMMAARRKK NNOOTT DDEEFFIINNEEDD..

19.1 COTTAGE INDUSTRIES ............................................................................................. ERROR! BOOKMARK NOT DEFINED.



12

19.2 MILL, FACTORIES & INDUSTRIES ............................................................................... ERROR! BOOKMARK NOT DEFINED.

2244.. TTRRAANNSSPPOORRTTAATTIIOONN AANNDD CCOOMMMMUUNNIICCAATTIIOONNSS ............................................................................................................................................................ EERRRROORR!! BBOOOOKKMMAARRKK NNOOTT DDEEFFIINNEEDD..

20.1 ROAD TRANSPORT ................................................................................................... ERROR! BOOKMARK NOT DEFINED.

20.2 AIR TRANSPORT ...................................................................................................... ERROR! BOOKMARK NOT DEFINED.

20.3 COMMUNICATIONS AND OTHERS ............................................................................... ERROR! BOOKMARK NOT DEFINED.

PROMINENT INSTITUTIONS OF SWAT VALLEY ..................................................................... ERROR! BOOKMARK NOT DEFINED.

VALLEY VISIT ITINERARY ................................................................................................. ERROR! BOOKMARK NOT DEFINED.

TOUR COMPANIES .......................................................................................................... ERROR! BOOKMARK NOT DEFINED.

2255.. BBIIBBLLIIOOGGRRAAPPHHYY .......................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 3377



13

(A)

THE REGION

AND

ITS OUTLOOK



14

CHAPTER 1

SWAT VALLEY

wat valley is the ancient Uddiyana (Royal Garden) of the river Suas (fair dwelling). The Historians of Alexander, the great wrote down and linked this land with river SWADISTU means pure, white water. Later

on the word changed in to SWAD and then SWAT. Some writers link this land with the SWATI PATHAN when they were accompanied with the MOHMOOD ARMY in 11th century AD and settled on this land, accordingly the swat was named after them. Some of the tourists found Swat like paradise on earth and they considered it the Switzerland of the East. The patriots pronounce it as Swat Zar Land (the land which sprinkles gold). The word Swat can be summarized as the land of Snow, Water, Air (pleasant weather), and Trees (forest). Swat is definitely one of the most fertile regions of Pakistan producing seasonable crops of Rice, Wheat, Maize, vegetables and Fruits. Cultivation is carried out on every possible bit of land, even on the top of the enclosing hills is done through specialized terrace farming.

The valley is sprawled on 5937 sq. kms with the average elevation of 2800 feet above the sea level. Malakand is the southern boundary of swat valley located at a distance of 91 Km

S

Fig:1 Glimpse of

Bahrain



15

from Peshawar, 211 km from Islamabad. The Physiology of the valley changes from south to north as elevation increases. River swat is flowing in the axis of the valley. Swat is known historical and scenic tourist destination all over the world. It is one of the most beautiful, green and fertile than other valleys further north. Lower Swat valley including Swat Ranizai is wide and the fields are on the either side of the river, the villages are prosperous and surrounded by fruits laden orchards. In the upper swat valley, the river flows through respectively narrow valley while Swat Kohistan is the northern mountainous part of the valley where alpine forests are in abundance in snow capped mountains. The highest peaks in these mountains are Mt Falaksir, Mt Chokial and Mt Mankial. Swat offers some of the outstanding walking and hiking in Pakistan, as well as excellent ground for skiing, fishing, trekking, rafting, gliding, and climbing.

In short description Swat is nature gifted land of fascinating landscapes, clear healthy climate, gushing crystal white water torrents, beautiful flora and fauna, welcoming people, historical sites, mesmerizing alpine lakes, modern resorts and attractive tourist destination in Pakistan. The valley is of great historical significance as it includes the remains of the Buddhist Gandhara civilization and Uddiyana. Gandhara was a geographical region extended from south of Sind to Swat in north, where Buddhism was at its peak. The type of art developed in Gandhara is known as Gandhara Art. This area was specialized in settlement

architecture, stone cutting and stone carving while Uddiyana was a kingdom within Gandhara consisting of the present day Malakand division. This geographical region remained like a sandwich between the great powers of the past throughout the history from one period to another; this part lies in the corridor from west to east. Among the foreign intruders central Asia in the west, china and Tibet in the north, Iran from the south and India in the east were chief exponents. The region was not only located ion the main route but also a very beautiful, wealthy region and home to prosperous peoples in flourishing towns. In this motive the



16

region was invaded from time to time and different ethnic groups arrived here using different routes by subduing the invaded population.



17

CHAPTER 2

GEOGRAPHY

The physical features and location of a particular region are generally known as geography of the region avoiding the technical definition. Swat valley is located in the mountainous north of the country from where the mountain ridge of above 18000 feet begins. The region is encircle by high mountains of Hindukush. This is the most green and fertile and accessible valley in

the north where water, mountains and dissected plains are the main physical features.

2.1 LOCATION AND BOUNDARIES

Swat valley consists of 5937Km2 (estimated). Politically it is the part of Malakand division in NWFP, comprises of district Swat (Swat subdivision having 7 Tehsil including, Barikot, Babozai, Kabal, Charbagh, khwazakhela, Bahrain and Kalam and Matta subdivision having

two Tahsil of Matta and Sabognai Matta), a part of Swat Ranizai (a sub division of Malakand protected area) and small portion of Adanzai (district lower Dir). The valley gradient is from northeast and northwest to south like a basin surrounded from all side by mountains.

The elevation of the valley is 2000 to 20000 feet while the average elevation is 2800 feet. The valley is located on map having 34˚32΄-35˚55΄N latitude & 71˚38΄-72˚05΄E longitudes. Gilgit Agency and Chitral bound the valley in the north, upper and Lower Dir lies in west. Sam Ranizai (Malakand protected area) touches to the South. In the South East district Buner and



18

in the East district Shangla is located. The maximum length of the valley from north to south is 150 km and the maximum width is 50 Km while the minimum width is 13 km.

2.2 PHYSIOGRAPHY

Physiography means the physical features of that particular area it includes the mountains, plains, rivers etc. Some 50 million years ago when Indian landmass collided with

the Eurasian continent forming the mountains of Himalayas and Hindu kush, the geologist term this area the Kohistan arc. The physiographic region of Swat valley entirely consists of the great Hindu Kush mountains system running north to south-eastwards. The northern ridges reach the altitudes of 18000 feet while in south diminish in Peshawar Plain. The mountains of Swat are the offshoots of Hindu Kush branch called Hindu Raj Mountains also known as Shandur OR Mashabar Ranges produced by mountain building movement occurred in tertiary era.

The valley of Swat can be classified in to the following physical regions, (you can read the Maps prepared by Survey of Pakistan and Survey of India, The Map Series U502 sheet NI43-

1& 43-5 edition 1-AMS is available on web and the division and figures used here is based on Maps published in Pakistan)

1. High Altitude Mountains i. Swat Kohistan Mountains

ii. Shangla Mountains

iii. Dir-Swat Mountains

2. Low Altitude Mountains i. Malakand Hills

ii. Buner Hills

3. Swat Plain



19

Map: 1

The Map shows

general territorial

division of Swat valley.



20

High Altitude Mountains

The high altitudes mountains spread in the northern part of the valley in the vicinity of Swat Kohistan. The average altitude touches 4500 meters. The mountains of this region are plutonic including Gabbroitic, sedimentary, and volcanic.

i. Swat Kohistan Mountains

These mountains lie in the north of Mankial valley. Mankial Tsukai, Chukial kandao is the separating knot lies in Swat Kohistan. These high altitude mountains form bow on the north-

northeast of swat valley and serve as a physical barrier separate district Chitral and Gilgit Agency from swat in the north. They also act as a border between Swat Kohistan and Indus Kohistan. These mountains receive the highest snowfall and give birth to the main tributaries of Swat River. The Ushu Gol and river Gabral gain considerable part of water from these mountains. The highest peaks are Mt Falaksir 20450' north of Kalam in Ushu sub-valley and Mt Mankial 19250' lies in Kolali sub valley between Madyan and Kalam are the highest peaks. The region bless with the highest peaks in the valley having more than a dozens unnamed peaks of above 15000 feet. Most of the alpine lakes are located in these ranges. The average altitudes of these ranges are above 4500 meters. The 25.5 km long Karanbar glacier lies in the vicinity of these mountains. snout of the glacier lies at height of 10,237 feet. These mountains are source

of valuable coniferous forests and medicinal plants.

i. Shangla Mountains

The Shangla mountains are extended south of Mankial, forming the eastern boundary between swat valley and Shangla. The average elevation is 3000 meter. These Mountains run north to south with decreasing the altitude and ultimately joining the Buner Mountains in south. The summer resort of Madyan, Miandam and Malam Jabba are located in these mountains. The forests in these mountains is most accessible so it has been ruthlessly cut off by timber mafia. The charming lake of Bishigram located in these mountains.



21

Map: 2 The Map shows

Physical division

of Swat valley by

altitude from sea

level.



22

ii. Dir-Swat Mountains

These mountains stretches from the crest of Shandur range in a south-easterly direction and submerge in to Mohmand Mountains. They separate western border of Swat valley from

district upper Dir and district lower Dir. These mountains spread in the upper and lower Swat valley denudated and dissected by river swat. They are subsequently named after the location where they lie and most of these mountains are named according to the locality of hills. Like Kundal, Daral, Lalko, Manrai,

Chaprai, Adenzai and Shamozi ranges. A number of beautiful alpine lakes are present in these mountains like Saidgai lake, Kandolo Lake, Daral lake etc both regions are connected through passes mostly used by the local people.

Low altitude Mountains

These mountains spread in the less mountainous part of the valley forming the south-

eastern and southern boundaries separated by river swat and dissected by torrents and streams. The Mountains of lower swat are geologically consisting of Schist, Siliceous, Limestone, Marble, and Dolomites.

i. Malakand Hills

Malakand hills farming the southern limit of the valley with average altitude of 1200 meter. These mountains run from east to southwest and merged with the mohmand hills, forming the southern boundary of the Swat valley. These mountains once covered with forest



23

now look barren but small shribs can be seen on the mountains. In the west Dir-Swat mountains are separated from Malakand Mountains by river Swat.

ii. Buner Hills

Buner hills lay in the front of lower Swat in the vicinity of Mingora. These hills penetrated in to Shangla mountains located on the south east of the valley. The average altitude is 1800 meter while Mount Elum 9222' is the highest and sacred mountain in Buddhism, Hinduism and also in the local muslim population as a place used by sofia for adoration. The hill faces towards Swat are green and forested during winter season snow accumulated on the high peaks but welts quickly in the early summers.

Swat Plain

The gradient of the plain is from northeast and northwest to southwest, in which the river

crossing it the middle splitting the valley in to two east and west halves. The whole plain of Swat valley is sprinkled by the running water, and is made up of fine alluvial soil with gravel, boulders are embedded. River swat and other tributaries, streams and torrents bring the alluvial soil. This alluvium is spread on the valley floor during seasonal flooding from May to August when the river swells. The other type of soil is residual soil of the piedmont.

The valley is gorge like above Madyan while the real plain started south of Baghderi a town where river swat pass through a slender gorge, the valley broadens down stream with

average from 3-7 Km. The widest view is offered at, khwazakhela Gulibagh, Thana, and Barikot villages. This part constitutes the richest and most populous part of the valley. The rainfall is 32" to 35 inches spread over the twelve months, vast majority of people live by agricultural activities. Most of them are in the richly fertile soil in small or large villages in clusters surrounded by fields. The two-thirds of the arable land are irrigated. The uses of modern methods of agriculture are increasing so per hector production is also increasing. The main crops of the valley are Wheat, Maize, and Rice (Bigami) while other crops, fruits and



24

vegetables grow in abundance. The main valley of Swat can be divided in to the following sub-valleys, which are farmed between the mountains, are also locally called as dara. These sub valleys are important for its climatic variations. Sub-valley Amluk dara; Lies on Barikot route via karakar pass. Sub-Valley Murghazar; south east of Mingora located on a distance of 3 Km. Sub-valley Jambil; Located east of Mingora. Sub-Valley Manglawar; lies on Kalam road deep in to Malam and Jabba. Sub-Valley Khwazakhela; from khwazakhela to Shangla pass. Sub-Valley Miandam; starting from Fatehe pur on east.

Sub-Valley Chail; Located east of Madyan. Sub-valley Mankial; lies to ward east Sub-Valley Ushu; North east of Kalam. Sub-Valley Gabral; North west of kalam. Sub-Valley Sakhra; located west of Fatehe pur on the right Bank of river Swat. Sub-valley Harunai ;North west of Matta. Sub-Valley Shahderi; Lies North of Kabal Sub-valley Shamuzai; the area in front of Barikot Sub-Valley Tutakan; Most southern part of Swat valley. 2.3 RIVER SWAT

River Swat is the third important river of the province, the most important tributary of Kabul River and the backbone of Swat valley. Swat river watershed consists of 13491 Km2 comprising of district Swat, lower Dir, Sam Ranizai and

Fig: 2 River Swat in open valley near Khwazakhela.



25

adjacent Tribal areas up to the point where it becomes a tributary of river Kabal. The main tributaries of the River Swat rises from the Shandur or Mashabar range of northern mountains. The River Swat rises in Kalam where it’s two arms river Ushu and river Gabral unite at approximately 6600 feet. The river and its tributary network comprising of Gabral, Batal khwar, Ushu river, Kedam river, Daral river, Bishigram river, Harnuai river etc. River Gabral (43%) is the chief tributary in water and sediments having the catchments area of 715 Km2. These jointly flow in the southern in the narrow valley (Gorge) of Swat kohistan or northern Swat. At Bahrain river Daral combines with river Swat while about 24 miles journey to Madyan lies at 4300 feet dropping in to 100 feet / mile. Down stream from Madyan the valley broadens considerably. The river again enters in to a very narrow Gorge at Baghderi and let mountainous journey comes to an end. From here on wards the area covered by the river widens from 1-2 Km flowing in the network of ever changing, branching and reuniting forming braided stream. Both monsoon rain and the ever-melting snow influence the water in

the river. The river carries a tremendous amount of sediment during summer flooding. A seasonal discharge at Kalam is 4488 cusec (cubic feet per second) that reduced to 932 cusec in winters. After passing Charbagh the river turns towards southwest during this journey the river engulfs other seasonal streams Or Khwars and Nallas. Further South crossing the district swat the river enters in to Tuta Kan sub valley at kulangi (right at BOSAQ a small village near the newly constructed bridge) immediately from west the river is joined by river Panjkora. Here it turns abruptly southwards and again enters in to a narrow gorge in to the tribal areas of Arang Barang and Mohmand Agency. The river moves southwards travelling in the Hills of Mohmand enters in to Charsadda district. After covering some distance, bifurcates in to River khiali and Jundi. Both rivers fall in to river Kabal near Jungle and Chak Nisatta respectively. The total distance from Kalam to Madyan is 35 Km while 80-Km further south ward up to the junction where Panjkora and river swat meet. Where the course is steeper, there the erosion is frequent particularly in the summer season when all the tributaries are over flooded. The



26

boulders and stones are rolled, dragged along the riverbed that ultimately causes valley deepening, widening and disintegrating of rocks. The upper riverbed is rocky consisting of boulder up to Madyan. The course below consists of relatively scattered boulders, gravel, pebbles, and debris, sand and fine clay. The river is active every year the river erodes the riverbanks, engulfs large patches of agricultural land to become the part of the riverbed, in every season 2-3 tourists become the victims of powerful, swift and chilling water of the river. Upper Swat canal is taken out of the left bank passing through Benton tunnel and newly parallel constructed 3 Km long auxiliary tunnel at Dargai where two hydel power stations were established in 1935 and 1953 the third power station is under construction on the same canal. This canal irrigates 121,400-hector land in Peshawar valley while the whole of Sam Ranizai is bless with this water other wise it was deserted land of Acacia, thrones bearing shrubs and cactus.

In the River swat about 1544 billion cubic meter water is present around the year, in

winter it is reduced to 1288 cusec while in summer 5632-cusec water is flowing at Amandara Head works, mean annual discharge of river swat at Chakdara is 172 m3s-1. About 70% of the arable land in the valley is irrigated through civil canal taken out of the river swat. River swat playing the role of blood artery, it irrigates, nourishes the soil, providing scenic beauty, opportunity of fishing ground and opportunities for water sports. The river Swat plays an important role in the economy of the valley. The river provides aesthetic value to the valley, water for irrigation and domestic use, recharging water for wells and springs, as a habitat for various fish and bird species and important source of construction materials for the new developments in the valley. But from last decade river Swat face threats of contamination due to rapid



27

population growth, encroachments and construction activities (residential and commercial) along the riverbank e.g., Kalam, Bahrain, Madyan and Mingora City. Sewerage from commercial and villages, residential buildings along the river is directly drained into the river, resulting in the contamination and degradation of its water quality and threatening its biodiversity. There is no proper dumping / treatment of Municipal solid waste, some time waste are dumped on the riverbanks (near Ayub Bridge, Charbagh etc), which ultimately finds its way into the River.

2.4 STREAMS/ TRIBUTRIES

There are many streams and hill torrents, which increase the volume of river swat as the river continues the journey towards south. They exerted considerable efforts on the hydrology of the valley. These streams or khwars which ultimately giving shape, size and volume to river Swat are generally perennial but most of Khwar are dry or may carry small

amount of water during dry season but after heavy rainfall, they are usually flooded.

Right bank tributaries: River Ushu (Ushu gol+ Paloga gol) is the important right bank tributary forming river Swat at Kalam. The Seri and Jabba streams join at kolali as kolali river (Lubu khwar). Bishigram bella and Bishigram streams as Bishigram river join it in Madyan, Miandam stream (Musa Khwar) near Fatehe pur, Khwazakhela khwar, Manglawar Khwar (Ugad khwar), Jambil khwar, Saidu khwar and Barikot Khwar are other right bank tributaries.

Left Bank tributaries: The streams of Battal, Utror combine with river Gabral and jointly pure their water as Gabral river in kalam to shape river swat. Kedam river near Kedam and River Daral pure the water in Bahrain is important left bank tributaries. Harunai khwar, shawar khwar share the water with river swat at Matta. Deoli khwar, Hashpanr khwar etc are important right bank tributaries.

2.5 PASSES



28

Pass is the narrow passage, road, pedestrian trek between the hill and mountains. These physical barriers are cutted in modern techniques to construct the modern day’s road to facilitate communications between the regions. These are the check points are strategically important all times. Except the three main passes other passes are usually use as pedestrian trek mostly in the use of Ajar. Swat valley is connected with other valleys with a number of Passes few of them, 1. Malakand Pass; (2705’) connects swat valley with Peshawar valley via Dargai. 2. Kulangai pass; connects Swat valley with Peshawar valley via Charsadda or Dargai via Kot.

3. Gabral pass/Badwai Pass; Connects Swat valley with Kumrat valley of District upper Dir

via Gabral (Jamra).

4. Shangla Pass; (7000') connects Swat Valley with Bisham via Alpuri. 5. Kalail Pass; connects swat through Jambil with District Buner via Pir Baba. 6. Karakar Pass; (4384') connects Swat valley with dust Buner via Jawar.

7. Dadarili Pass; connects Gilgit with swat via Mahodand (Trekking route). 8. Kachikani Pass; (15637') connected to Chitral valley in northwest from Mahodand. (Trekking route). Shahkot pass, Charhat pass, Jawari pass, and Kamraney pass are some of the other passes.

Fig:5 Majestic view of Kundol Lake

Fig: 6 Mt Speen sar houses Saidgai lake.



29

2.6 ALPINE LAKES

Lakes are the inland water bodies, which comes to be formed in rock basin of various shape and size by different agents. Swat valley is located in the mountain region of Hindu Kush, which remains under the ice sheet during glacial periods and by the time these lakes are shaped due to various geological and weathering consequence, We can see amore

than a dozens of Alpine lakes /Glacial lakes in spread in these mountains. These lakes are not only a source of water reservoir for the river Swat but also can become very important site of attraction to boost tourism in the valley while they are located faraway from the main tourist route that is why remains hidden and virgin but provide best site for camping in wilderness of mountain landscape. This only can be expedited by trekking with average distance of three to seven hours from the last village on the road. The blue green water, attractive environment and fascinating landscape give one unmatchable memories for adventure tourist. The best

seasons for trekking in to these lakes are from June to August.

Some of the well-known alpine Lakes are Kandolo Lake is located in upper Swat in Dir Swat Mountains. You can reach there via Matta, Rodingar to Sulatanr and on trekking to Kandolo. The name is given for its circular shape. Saidgai Lake is another lake located further high on the same vicinity about one hour from Kandolo on the Mt Shago sar and Speen sar. This lake is on the top of the mountain. The attractive and majestic view is long lasting memories. Daral lake lies northeast and about two and half-hours from Saidgai. This

is the reservoir of Daral River. You can come down to Bahrain. Kandol Lake is located in ladu banda, Swat kohistan on Utror road with the two hours trekking. This Lake is one and half Km long and a Km wide and 100 feet deep. The beauty lies in its location at a very high altitude and surrounded by mountains. One distant feature of this lake is that its water doesn’t flow directly from lake it self while flows from the toe of the hill. Peri (Khapiro) Lake is located in the area of Utror in Ismiss banda. Kharkhari lake in Gujaro Gabral. Gudar lake and Speen Khwar lake in Dassan Banda. Gidar Baik lake in Anakar. Mahodand lake is located in



30

Ushu sub-valley. Mahodand is the only accessible lake and a unmetalled road is extended from Matiltan. This excursion takes your full day travelling in 4x4 vehicle available from kalam. Kandal Shai lake and Massgal lake further north of Mahodand. Bishigram Lake located in the sub-valley of Chail, you can access to via 4x4 vehicle up to Chail then at least 3 hours hiking to the lake or you can also trek via Miandam.

All these charming Lakes of various sizes in swat valley are waiting for their turn to be

fully explored and provide additional site of visits for tourists and hikers.



31

-5

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

CELS

US

J F M A M J J A S O N D

MONTHS

MAX/MINI TEPRATURE SAIDU

SHARIF 1997

CHAPTER 3

CLIMATE

Climate is the over all condition of weather for long duration of a particular region.

The Climate of swat valley is influenced by various factors, i.e. altitude, direction of wind,

vegetation covers are the main contributors. Climate of Swat valley is dominated by mountain intertwined by narrow sub-valley. The valley Bottom is 600 meter while the surrounded mountains are 4000 to 4500 meters in elevation. Swat valley having five seasons, having its own charm and splendour. The climate varies from sub-

tropical to alpine type. The summer season is short and moderate, Mountain and Valley breeze are the frequent contributor to adjust to weather. It is warm in the Swat ranizai and lower Swat valley but cool and refreshing in the Upper Swat and Swat Kohistan. The valley may be experiencing mild summer and cool winter while the mountains top experiences the temperature below Freezing



32

-5

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

CELS

US


MONTHS

MAX/MINI TEMPRATURE DIR

1961-1997

point. January is the coolest month with the mean monthly Temp at Saidu sharif is as lower as -1ºC to the maximum to 19ºC is at the hottest part of the Valley. July is the hottest month, when the temperature rises above 35ºC while June, July and August are the sister hottest months. The precipitation comes during summer by eastern depression as well as in winter mainly from western depression. i.e. in winter (December to March) but this part of the country also

receives tail of the monsoon in July and August some time prolonged in to the middle of September. The rainfall from local depression in April-June is more than October-November. TABLE: 1 MAX/MIN TEMPERATURE 1997 Tem J F M A M J J A S O N D Max 19 25.5 26 29 35 38 39.5 37 34.5 32 25 18 Min -1 0.5 4 5 9 16 18 16 14 8 4 1

Source: Metrological Station Saidu Sharif. TABLE: 2 MAX/MIN TEMPERATURE AT DIR STATION 1961-1990 Tem J F M A M J J A S O N D MAX 11.2 17 16.2 22.4 27.6 32.5 31.4 30.2 29 25.1 19.9 13.8 MIN -2.4 -1.3 3.09 7.67 11.6 15.7 19.3 18.5 13.6 7.62 2.55 -0.9

Source: Data Processing Centre Pakistan Metrological Dep’t Karachi

3.1 PRECIPITATION Precipitation is any form of water vapours including rainfall,

snow fall, hailstorms etc. Swat valley lies in north western zone of

the country and has been influvenced by the monsoon wind and also

by the western wind. We can say that the perception in Swat valley is

distributed from three sources:

1) Western depression (Winter Rain) 2) Local depression (Local rain)

3) Eastern Depression (Monsoon Rain)

1). Western depression (Winter Rain)



33

Western depression is the influence of weather changes from west.i.e. when temperature fall in Mediterranean and Siberia region. This rainy season starts from the end of December to February or March. In this season a continuous rainfall occurs some time continue for weeks locally this is known as Jarai. In this type of rain usually small raindrops with slow showers for longer duration. The first rain brings snowfall on the mountains while the plain area (up to Mingora) receives snowfall once or more after January. The snowfall on mountains between December to mid February are long lasting locally called Speena salie and the snow after mid February melt quickly and known as Tora salie.

TABLE: 3 MEAN MONTHLY PRECEPETATION 1997


86.36

116.7

217.7

151.9

78.72

78

84

144

29

58

50

15

Source: Metrological Station Saidu Sharif.

When this is associated with mountain and valley breeze, it brings chill in the valley and the mountains summits looking like white painted. The rainfall in winter months of February and March is more than summer season. The average rainfall for the months of December, January, February and

March is 108.94mm. 2). Local depression

Due to local depressions the weather changes cause rain fall. This rainy season intervened by monsoon or winter rain and occurred in April-May after winter and in October-November after



34

monsoon. The rainfall in April-May (115.3mm average) is more than October-November (54mm average). This rain is associated with lightning and thunderstorms which causes demages. The hailstorm is other phenomenon with local depression some time cause heavy damages to the crops and fruit tress.

3). Eastern Depression (Monsoon Rain)

Summer rainfall also known as pashakal occurred following a short dry period after spring rain. The summer torrential rains begin in June and July and end in September when the tail of monsoon winds enters in to Himalayan and western Hindu Kush region of northern Pakistan. In Swat valley, in the

month of August recives maximum rainfall during this season which starts raining from July in upper and lower swat while Swat Kohistan receives rain in August, average rainfall for these months is 102mm. The monsoon rain in Mahodand prevails after the mid August. This is an Orographic rain with quick showers. In this type of rain a quick showers associated with large drops of rainfall on the

ground cause flooding in the streams and rivers.

TABLE: 4 MEAN MONTHLY PECEPETATION 1961-1990


111 172 242 168 88 51 146 160 82 54 51 91

Source: Data Processing Centre Pakistan Metrological Dep’t Karachi.



35

3.2 CLIMATIC REGIONS

When combine the data, overlap with the country classification and the condition prevails in the area. The area can be divided in to the following three simple climatic regions on the basis of the conditions exist.

1. Humid mesothermal with hot summer (Cfa)

2. Humid mesothermal with cool summer (Cfb)

3. High land climate (H)

1). Humid mesothermal with hot summer.

This type of climate prevails over the southern part of the valley including the lower Swat valley and swat Ranizai from Malakand Mountains to khwazakhela. The summer season is short and hot. It is warm in the swat Ranizai and lower Swat valley but cool and refreshing in

the Upper swat valley. The Hottest month is June with mean maximum and minimum Temperatures 38 ºC and 18 ºC respectively.

2). Humid Mesothermal with cool summer.

This type of climate is found in upper swat north of khwazakhela, and sub-valleys. Winter is long and cool in the north extends from November to March. In winter the temperature falls bellow freezing point. The summer temperature does not increase more

than 32ºC. Miandam, Madyan, Bahrain, Baghderi, Sakhra are the stations included in this type of climate. 3). High land type of climate.

The northern Swat valley i.e. Swat kohistan and a part upper swat dominated by high mountains. These mountains have sub valleys up to 2000 meter high while the Surroundings Mountains are 4500 meter high. Therefore the climate changes vertically. These valleys enjoying the mild summer and cool winter, Kalam, Gabral, Matiltan, Mahodand, Chail, Malam



36

Jabba while the mountain’s tops experience lowest temperature. The daily range of temperature is high.



37

THIS PART IS AVILIABLE IN THE

PRINTED EDITION



38

BIBLIOGRAPHY

ABDUL HALIM ASAR AFGHANI ROHANI TARON AU ROHANI RABITA DARUL ASHAAT BAJAWAR (MKD AGENCY) PAKISTAN 1966 ARCHAEOLOGICAL RECONNAISSANCE IN GANDHARA,

DEPTT. OF ARCHEOLOGY, 1996 AMIN-WILLETTS-FARROW PAKISTAN FROM MOUNTAIN TO SEA

CAMERAPIN PUBLISHER INTERNATIONAL NAIROBI

ASHRAF ALTAF HUSSIAN STORY OF SWAT AS TOLD BY THE FOUNDER ASIL ZADA TAIB HASEEN WADI SWAT, AUSTRIAN SYMPOSIUM DEDICATED TO THE MEMORY OF ALOYS

SPRENGER BY AUSTRIAN EMBASSY ISLAMABAD PAKISTAN.

BADSHAH SARDAR BUDDHIST ROCK CARVING IN THE SWAT VALLEY BACHA LALA(2005)

CHARMING SWAT, BOOK SERVICE LAHORE CHUCHY.GEE AND WORLD TOURISM ORGANIZATION INTERNATIONAL TOURISM A GLOBAL PERSPECTIVE

DIRECTORY OF INDUSTRIES NWFP DEC 2002 DICHTER, D (1967) THE NORTHWEST FORENTER OF WEST PAKISTAN A STUDY IN REGIONAL GEOGRAPHY. DR FAZAL KARIM KHAN

GEOGRAPHY OF PAKISTAN, ECONOMY AND PEOPLE OXFORD UNIVERSITY PRESS

DR M.ASHRAF KHAN, BUDDHIST SHRINES IN SWAT, ATIC PRINTER, LAHORE, 1993.

FAZLI RABI RAHI, SWAT TAREEKH KI AEENE MI, SHOIB SONS, SWAT DISTRICT STATISTICAL REPORT 1998 DISTRICT SWAT DISTRICT STATISTICAL

REPORT 1998 MALAKAND PROTECTED AREA UNDP, WTO AND GOVT OF PAKISTAN HUMAN RESOURCES DEVELOPMENT PLAN OCTOBER 2000. GERD KELLERMANN MOUNTAIN HIKING IN UPPER SWAT VALLEY, MAINKIAL, KALAM 1989 PESHWAR.

GEORGE GETLEY SWAT- SWATIZAR LAND OF THE EAST



39

GEOLOGICAL REPORT ON MINGORA EMERALD DEPOSITE SWAT

EXPOLRATION AND EVALVATION OF EMERALD DEPOSITE IN THE BELT BETWEEN SHAMOZAI & ALPURI AREAS, SWAT & SHANGLA DISTRICT NWFP,NOVEMBER,

2001 INAM-UR-RAHMAN, ALAIN VIARO

SWAT AN AFGHAN SOCIETY IN PAKISTAN CITY PRESS 2002 JAN VAN HARSSEL TOURISM AN EXPLORATION PRENTICE HALL CAREER & TECHNOLOGY 1994

JOHANNES KALTER

THE ARTS AND CRAFTS OF SWAT VALLEY AND HINDUKUSH THOMOS & HUDSON LTD LONDON JOHN MOCK AND KIMBERLEY O’NEIL.

TREKKING IN THE KARAKURAM & HINDUKUSH LONELY PLANET PUBLICATION MAKIN KHAN; ARCHAEOLOGICAL MUSEUM, SAIDU SHARIF, SWAT

MIAN MOHAMMAD ANWAR GEOGRAPHY OF PAKISTAN BOOK-WORLD ISLAMABAD, LAHORE 1993 MINISTRY OF TOURISM

FOREIGN TOURISM IN PAKISTAN SURVEY.2000 REPORT

MINISTRY OF TOURISM

DOMESTIC TOURISM IN PAKISTAN SURVEY.2000 REPORT

MINISTRY OF TOURISM

LODGING INDUSTRY IN PAKISTAN

MINISTRY OF TOURISM

TOURISM IN PAKISTAN 2002

MINISTRY OF TOURISM

CULTURAL TOURISM IN PAKISTAN 2002

MOHAMMAD ASIF KHAN

TAREKH RIYASAT SWAT AND BIBLOGRAPHY OF THE FOUNDER OF SWAT MIAN GUL ABDUL WADUD.

MOHAMMAD AMJAD SABIR

EVALVATION OF SURFACE WATER RESOURCES AND SEDIMENT LOAD IN INDUS AND SWAT KOHISTAN.

MUHAMMAD HAMAYUN AND MIR AJAB KHAN

THESES PAPER ON COLLECTION AND MARKETING OF MORCHELLA (MORELS) OF UTROR-GABRAL VALLEYS, DISTRICT SWAT, PAKISTAN

M. SAEEDULLAH YOUSAFZAI,

ATTRACTION OF SWAT, AKRAM PRINTING PRESS, SWAT 1996

M.YAQOOB

PRODUCTION AND CULTURE OF TROUT IN THE NORTHWEST FRONTIER PROVINCE AND NORTHERN AREAS OF PAKISTAN, A REVIEW.

PARWAIZ SHAHEEN

MASHRIQ kA SWATIZAR LAND, SHUIB SONS, SWAT.



40

SANAULLAH KHAN, MUKHTAR AHMAD

HIGH ALTITUDE PASTURAL SYSTEM IN MALAKAND DIVISION (NWFP) – PAKISTAN: A CASE STUDY

SEMA – METRA TOURISM IN PAKISTAN BOOK III

PROGRAMME OF ACTION BY UN DEC 1974 SHAMSUR RAHMAN SHAMS GUSTODIANS OF MALAKAND

SHAW ISOBEL PAKISTAN HAND BOOK, LOCAL CLOUR LTD 1998 STACUL, GIORGOI;

EAST AND WEST, ISIDO, VOL.46, 1996. SULTAN-ROOM PHD

FORESTRY IN FRINCELY STATE OF SWAT & KALAM (NORTH WEST PAKISTAN) TONY HOLLIDAY INSIGHT GUIDES PAKISTAN

APA PUBLICATION 1997

UNO DEVELOPMENT PROGRAME/WTO ASSISSTANCE ON TOURISM DEVELOMENT AND MANAGEMENT ON PAKISTAN ZAFARULLAH SADDIQUI TOURISM MARKETING PAKISTAN UK’S CONTEST



41

INDEX

A

A. STEIN, 99

ABDUL GHAFOOR, 83 ACTINOLITE, 137

ADANZAI, 15 AHABARATA, 81 AJJAR, 110, 129

AJJAR, 128 ALEXANDER THE GREAT, 81

ALIGRAMA, 80 ALPINE FORESTS, 118 ALPINE LAKES, 23

ALPINE PASTURES, 117, 129 AMANDARA, 22

ANGLING, 44, 45, 64 APICULTURE, 141

ARCHEOLOGICAL MUSEUM, 96

ARYAN, 81 ARYAN PERIOD, 89

ASSAKENOI, 81

AUXILIARY TUNNEL, 21 AYOUB BRIDGE, 134

B

BACTRAIN, 81

BADSHAH SAHIB, 84 BAGHDERI, 21 BARIKOT, 94

BATKHELA, 37, 38 BAZIRA, 81, 94

BENTON TUNNEL, 21



42

BIHA VALLEY, 41

BISHEGRAM LAKE, 24

BRAKAKUR, 110

BROWN BEAR, 132

BROWN TROUT, 45, 133

BUDDHIST PERIOD, 89

BUNER, 15

BUNER HILLS, 19

BUTKARA, 61, 89, 95, 96, 145

C

CHAIR LIFT, 40

CHAKDARA MUSEUM, 93

CHANDRA GUPTA MAURYAIN, 81

CHEAL, 20, 24, 28, 43, 65

CHINA CLAY, 136

CHROMDRAVITE, 137

CHURCHILL PICKET, 93

CLIMATE, 25

CLIMATIC REGIONS, 28

COMMUNICATION, 40, 147, 149

CONIFEROUS FORESTS, 118

COTTAGE INDUSTRY, 140

CROPS, 122

D

DADARILI PASS, 23

DARAL LAKE, 19, 24

DARGAI, 93

DEHQAN, 110

DISTRICT SWAT, 15

DOMESTIC TOURISM, 62, 63

E

ECOTOURISM, 69

EDUCATION, 107

ELUM MOUNTAIN, 97

EMBROIDERY, 141

EMERALD MINE, 136

ENDANGERED MAMMALS, 131

F

FACTORIES, 142

FAE-HIEN, 88

FAQIR, 111

FAUNA, 65, 131, 132

FELDSPAR, 136

FIZA GHAT PARK, 132

FLORA, 6, 14, 56, 119, 141

FOREST, 118

FRESH WATER FISH, 133

FRUITS, 123

FUCHSITE, 137



43

G

G. TUCCI, 99

GABINA JABBA, 41, 42, 65, 73

GABRAL, 17, 20, 23, 28, 32, 45, 53, 63, 77, 110, 159

GAHAZNAVIED, 82

GARNET GROUP, 138

GERSDORFFITE, 137

GHALEGAI, 94

GANDHARA, 14, 38, 70, 80, 81, 97

GANDHARA ART, 14, 80

GILGIT AGENCY, 15

GIRA MONARCH, 95

GLIDING, 65, 76

GOGDARA ROCK, 99

GORGE, 20

GRANITE, 138

GREAT STUPA, 95

GREEK PERIOD, 89

GUJAR, 109, 110,128

GULIBAGH, 54

GULKADA, 95, 158

GURIED, 82

H

HANG-GLIDING, 65

HIMALAYAN IBEX, 65, 132

HINDU KUSH, 17, 23, 27, 40, 141

HINDU RAJ, 17

HINDU SHAHI PERIOD, 89

HISTORIC SITES, 88

HOTEL ACCOMMODATION, 46,67

HOTEL CLASSIFICATION SYSTEM, 47

HSUEN TSANG, 88

I

IJARAGAR, 110

INDUS KOHISTAN, 17

INTERNATIONAL TOURISM, 60

IRRIGATION, 122

J

JAHAN ABAD, 99

JARAI, 26

JEHANZEB COLLEGE, 107

JIRJA, 110

K

KABAL, 39

KACHIKANI PASS, 23

KALAM, 17, 20, 21, 22, 28, 30, 31, 32, 40, 44, 48, 51,

52, 53, 60, 62, 63, 64, 68, 69, 71, 74, 76, 77, 100, 117, 118, 141, 147, 153, 154, 159

KANDOLO LAKE, 19, 23, 33

KANJU TOWNSHIP, 39

KAOLIN, 136



44

KARAKAR PASS, 23

KARAKORAM HIGHWAY, 33,41

KHWAZAKHELA, 20, 28, 41, 119, 144

KHWAZAKHELA, 40

KING DARIS, 81

KOLALAI, 31,,32 43

KULANGI, 21

KUSHAN, 81

L

LAKES TRAIL, 64

LIME STONE, 136

LIVESTOCK, 127

LOWER SWAT VALLEY, 13

M

MAD MULLAH, 83

MADAYAN, 17

MADRASA, 107

MADYAN HATCHERY, 133

MAGNESITE, 137, 138

MAHODAND, 23, 24, 27, 28, 31, 44, 52, 62, 63, 65, 73,

147, 153, 159

MAHODAND LAKE, 62

MAHSEER, 133

MAIN TREKKING, 31

MAINDAM, 17, 42, 48, 49, 51, 53, 62, 118, 154, 159

MALAKAND, 13, 93

MALAKAND FORT, 93

MALAKAND HILLS, 19

MALAM JABBA, 17, 28, 31, 33, 40, 48, 51, 53, 54, 58, 62, 63, 64, 69, 89, 97, 99, 118, 136, 153, 159

MALIK AHMAD, 82

MANKIAL TRACK, 32

MARBLE, 136

MARGHAZAR, 39

MARKOR, 132

MASHABAR RANGE, 21

MASHROOM, 119

MENANDER, 81

MENGCHILI, 38

MIANDAM, 20, 24, 28, 33, 42, 51, 58, 69, 141, 159

MIANGUL JEHANZEB, 84

MIANGUL SHAHZADA ABDUL WADOOD, 83

MICA, 138

MILLS, 142

MINERAL, 135, 139, 146

MINGORA, 38

MINGORA CITY, 22, 142, 150

MINISTRY OF TOURISM, 67

MOHMAND AGENCY, 21

MOHMAND MOUNTAINS, 19

MORAL, 119

MOSQUE, 100

MOUNT ELUM, 19, 61, 88, 97

MOUNTAINEERING, 64

MT FALKSIR, 17



45

MT MANKIAL, 14, 17, 32

MULLAH, 112

MUSHROOMS, 125

MUSLIM PERIOD, 89

MUSLIM SHRINES, 102

MUSTARD, 124

O

ORA, 81, 95

P

PAITHOM, 6, 31, 47, 54, 67, 68, 69, 70, 158

PAKHTUN, 109

PANJKORA RIVER, 6

PANR SITE, 96

PARTHIAN, 81

PASSES, 23

PATHAN, 109

PATHAN UPRISING, 83

PHYSIOGRAPHY, 15

PIR KHUSHAL BABA, 82

POPULATION, 105

POULTRY, 129

PRECIPITATION, 26

PTDC, 68

PULSES, 122

PYROXINE GROUP, 139

PYRRHOTITE, 137

Q

QOUM, 109

QUARTZ, 137, 139

R

RAFTING, 65

RAMACHANDRA, 97

RELIGIOUS INSTITUTE, 107

REST HOUSE, 53

RIVER DARAL, 21

RIVER KABAL, 21

RIVER PANJKORA, 21

RIVER SUAS, 13

RIVER SWAT,20 21, 22, 57, 64, 78

RIVER USHU, 21

ROAD TRANSPORT, 147

ROCK CARVING, 89, 98

S

S.W .A. STEIN, 89

SAIDGAI LAKE, 19,23

SAIDU BABA, 39, 61, 76, 83

SAIDU SHARIF, 38

SAM RANIZAI, 15, 129

SANDAKI MULLAH, 83

SARHAD TOURISM CORPORATION, 68

SAYED AKHBAR SHAH, 83



46

SAYYED ABDUL JABBAR SHAH, 83

SEYTHIAN, 81

SHAHDERI, 136

SHANGLA MOUNTAINS, 17

SHEIKH MALI, 82

SHEIKH MALI, 109

SHINGARDAR STUPA, 94

SKI RESORT, 40

SKIING, 64

SNOW LEOPARD, 132

STUPAS, 57, 67, 81, 88, 89, 95, 96, 97

SUB-VALLEY, 17, 25

SUB-VALLEYS, 20

SULTAN MAHMOOD GHAZNAVI, 82

SULTAN OWAS, 82

SUMMER RAINFALL, 27

SUNGYUN, 88

SWADISTU, 13, 82

SWAT KOHISTAN, 14,17, 21, 24,25,27, 28, 29, 31, 57,

60,63, 64, 65, 68,,76, 100, 107, 110, 117, 118, 119, 121, 123, 127, 129, 132, 133, 141, 151

SWAT MUSEUM, 38,95, 96, 97, 99

SWAT RANIZAI, 6, 15, 106

SWAT RIVER, 17, 20, 65, 95, 133

SWAT SERENA HOTEL, 50

SWAT VALLEY, 0, 6, 15, 48, 64, 69, 100, 101, 105,107, 118, 137, 146, 157, 163

SWATI PATHAN, 13

SWAT-KOHISTAN MOUNTAINS, 17

SYED MUBARIK SHAH, 83

T

TAL LAMUTAI, 45

TEA PLANTATION, 124

TOURISM, 56

TRAINING INSTITUTE, 54

TRANSPORTATION, 60, 147

TREKKING, 23, 29, 30, 41, 64, 75, 78, 160

TROUT FISH, 133

TUTA KAN, 21

U

UDIGRAM, 95

UDYANA, 13,101

UPPER SWAT, 21, 31

UPPER SWAT CANAL, 21

UPPER SWAT TRAILS, 30

UPPER SWAT VALLEY, 14

URGYAN-PA, 88

USHU, 17, 20, 24, 32, 44, 52, 53, 65, 77, 133

V

VEGETABLES, 123

VERMICULITE, 137, 138



47

W

WESH SYSTEM, 109 WHITE HUNS, 81

WHITE PALACE, 39 WILD LIFE, 132

WINTER RAIN, 26 WOOD CARVING, 100

WOODEN MOSQUE, 100

Y

YOUSAFZAI PAKHTUNS, 82

Z

ZAMINDAR, 109



48

PERSONAL NOTES

swat valley physiography and climate by mohammad alam

Documents