swastika - wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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SwastikaFrom Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
For other uses, see Swastika (disambiguation).
This article needs additional citations for verification. Pleasehelp improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources.Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (July 2012)
The swastika () (Sanskrit: ) is an equilateral cross with four arms
bent at 90 degrees. The earliest archaeological evidence of swastika-
shaped ornaments dates back to the Indus Valley Civilization, Ancient
Indiaas well as Classical Antiquity. Swastikas have also been used in
various other ancient civilizations around the world. It remains widely
used in Indian religions, specifically in Hinduism, Buddhism, and
J ainism, primarily as a tantric symbol to evoke shaktior the sacred
symbol of auspiciousness. The word "swastika" comes from the
Sanskrit svastika - "su" meaning "good" or "auspicious," "asti" meaning
"to be," and "ka" as a suffix. The swastika literally means "to be good".
Or another translation can be made: "swa" is "higher self", "asti"meaning "being", and "ka" as a suffix, so the translation can be
interpreted as "being with higher self".
In East Asia, the swastika is a Chinese character, defined by Kangxi Dictionary, published in 1716
as "synonym ofmyriad, used mostly in Buddhist classic texts",[1] by extension, the word later
evolved to represent eternity and Buddhism.
The symbol has a long history in Europe reaching back to antiquity. In modern times, following a
brief surge ofpopularity as a good luck symbol in Western culture, a swastika was adopted as a
symbol of the Nazi PartyofGermanyin 1920, who used the swastika as a symbol of the Aryanra
After Adolf Hitler came to power in 1933, a right-facing 45 rotated swastika was incorporated into
the Nazi party flag, which was made the state flag of Germany during Nazism. Hence, the swastikhas become strongly associated with Nazism and related ideologies such as fascismand white
supremacismin the Western world, and is now largely stigmatizedthere due to the changed
connotationsof the symbol. Notably, it has been outlawed in Germany and other countries if used
a symbol of Nazism. Many modern political extremists and Neo-Nazi groups such as the Russian
National Unityuse stylized swastikas or similar symbols.
Contents [hide]
1 Name
2 Geometry
3 Origin hypotheses
4 Archaeological record5 Historical use in the East
5.1 J ainism
5.2 Hinduism
5.3 Buddhism
5.4 East Asian traditions
5.5 Armenia
5.6 Iran
5.7 Ural
6 Native American traditions
Right-facing swastika inthe decorative form, used t
evoke sacred force
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7 African Traditions
8 Historical use in the West
8.1 Antiquity
8.1.1 Greco-Roman antiquity
8.1.2 Celtic antiquity
8.1.3 Germanic antiquity
8.1.4 Illyrian antiquity
8.2 Pre-Christian Europe and folk culture
8.2.1 Baltic
8.2.2 Slavic
8.2.3 Sami
8.3 Medieval and early modern Europe
9 Western use in the early 20th century
9.1 Ireland
9.2 Finland
9.2.1 Folklore
9.2.2 Swedish-origin swastika in military
9.3 Latvia
10 As the symbol of Nazism
11 Post-WW II stigmatization in Western countries
11.1 Germany
11.2 European Union
11.3 Legislation in other European countries
11.4 Latin America
11.5 Media
11.6 Satirical use
11.7 Controversies over Asian products
12 Contemporary use in Asia
12.1 South Asia
12.2 East Asia
12.3 Central Asia13 New religious movements
14 See also
15 References
16 Bibliography
17 External links
The word swastika came from the Sanskrit word, meaning any lucky or auspicious object, and in
particular a mark made on persons and things to denote auspiciousness, or any piece of luck or w
being.It is composed ofsu- meaning "good, well" and asti "to be". Suasti thus means "well-being." The
suffix -ka either forms a diminutive or intensifies the verbal meaning, and suastika might thus be
translated literally as "that which is associated with well-being," corresponding to "lucky charm" or
"thing that is auspicious."[2] The word in this sense is first used in the Harivamsa. The Ramayana
does have the word, but in an unrelated sense of "one who utters words of eulogy".
The most traditional form of the swastika's symbolization in J ainism is that the four arms of the
swastika remind us that during the cycles of birth and death we may be born into any one of the fo
destinies: heavenly beings, human beings, animal beings, (including birds, bugs, and plants) and
hellish beings. Our aim should be the liberation and not the rebirth. To show how we can do this, t
[eName
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swastika reminds us that we should become the pillars of the four fold J ain Sangh, then only can w
achieve liberation. The four pillars of the J ain Sangh are sdhus, sdhvis, shrvaks, and shrviks
This means that first, we should strive to be a true shrvaks or shrviks, and when we can
overcome our social attachments, we should renounce the worldly life and follow the path of a sd
or sdhvi to be liberated.
The most traditional form of the swastika's symbolization in Hinduism is that the symbol represent
the purusharthas: dharma (that which makes a human a human), artha (wealth), kama (desire), an
moksha (liberation). All four are needed for a full life. However, two (artha and kama) are limited a
can give only limited joy. They are the two closed arms of the swastika. The other two are unlimiteand are the open arms of the swastika.
The Mahabharata has the word in the sense of "the crossing of the arms or hands on the breast".
Both the Mahabharata and the Ramayana also use the word in the sense of "a dish of a particular
form" and "a kind of cake". The word does not occur in Vedic Sanskrit. As noted by Monier-William
in his Sanskrit-English dictionary, according to Alexander Cunningham, its shape represents a
monogram formed by interlacing of the letters of the auspicious words su-ast (svasti) written in
Ashokan characters.[3]
The Sanskrit term has been in use in English since 1871, replacing gammadion
(from Greek). Alternative historical English spellings of the Sanskrit
phonological words with different meanings to include suastika, swastica, andsvastica.
Other names for the shape are:
crooked cross, hook cross or angled cross (Hebrew: , German:
Hakenkreuz).
cross cramponned,~nne, or ~nny, in heraldry, as each arm resembles a
Cramponor angle-iron (German: Winkelmakreuz).
fylfot, chiefly in heraldry and architecture. The term is coined in the 19th
century based on a misunderstanding of a Renaissance manuscript.
gammadion, tetragammadion (Greek: ), or cross gammadion
(Latin:crux gammata; French: croix gamme), as each arm resembles theGreek letter (gamma).
tetraskelion (Greek: ), literally meaning "four legged", especially
when composed of four conjoined legs (compare triskelion (Greek:
)).
The Tibetan swastika () is known as g.yung drung
The Buddhist sign has been standardized as a Chinese character (pinyin: wn) and as such
entered various other East Asian languages such as J apanese where the symbol is called
(manji). The swastika is included as part of the Chinese script in the form of the character ""
(pinyin:wn) and has Unicode encodings U+534D (left-facing) and U+5350 (right-facing);[4]
the latter has a mapping in the original Big5 character set,[5]
but the former does not (although it'Big5+[6]). In Unicode 5.2, four swastika symbols were added to theTibetan block: U+0FD5 (right
facing), U+0FD6 (left-facing), U+0FD7 (right-facing with dots) and U+0FD8 (left-facing with dots)
Geometrically, the swastika can be regarded as an irregular icosagon or 20-sided polygon. The
proportions of the Nazi swastika were fixed based on a 5 5 diagonal grid. [7]
Characteristic is the 90 rotational symmetry and chirality, hence the absence of reflectional
symmetry, and the existence of two versions of swastikas that are each other's mirror image.
Hindu child withhead shaven andred Svastikapainted on it.Upanayanais a
very popularHindu-tradition, aSamskara orSanskar(consecration).
[eGeometry
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The mirror-image forms are often described as:
clockwise and anti-clockwise;
left-facing and right-facing;
left-hand and right-hand.
"Left-facing" and "right-facing" are used mostly consistently
referring to the upper arm of an upright swastika facing either to
the viewer's left () or right (). The other two descriptions are
ambiguous as it is unclear whether they refer to the arms as
leading or being dragged or whether their bending is viewedoutward or inward. However, "clockwise" usually refers to the "right-facing" swastika. The terms ar
used inconsistently in modern times, which is confusing and may obfuscate an important point, tha
the rotation of the swastika may have symbolic relevance, although ancient vedic scripts describe t
symbolic relevance of clock motion and counter clock motion.[citation needed] Less ambiguous terms
might be "clockwise-pointing" and "counterclockwise-pointing."
Nazi ensigns had a through and through image, so both versions were present, one on each side
but the Nazi flag on land was right-facing on both sides and at a 45 and 90 angle. [8]
The name "sauwastika" is sometimes given to the left-facing form of the swastika ().[9]
Among the earliest cultures utilizing swastika is the neolithic
Vina culture of South-East Europe (see Vina symbols). More
extensive use of the Swastika can be traced to Ancient India,
during the Indus Valley Civilization.
The swastika is a repeating design, created by the edges of
the reeds in a square basket-weave. Other theories attempt to
establish a connection via cultural diffusion or an explanation
along the lines ofCarl Jung's collective unconscious.
The genesis of the swastika symbol is often treated inconjunction with cross symbols in general, such as the sun
cross of pagan Bronze Age religion. Beyond its certain presence in the "proto-writing" symbol
systems emerging in the Neolithic,[10] nothing certain is known about the symbol's origin. There a
nevertheless a number of speculative hypotheses. One hypothesis is that the cross symbols and t
swastika share a common origin in simply symbolizing the sun. Another hypothesis is that the 4 ar
of the cross represent 4 aspects of nature - the sun, wind, water, soil. Some have said the 4 arms
cross are four seasons, where the division for 90-degree sections correspond to the solstices and
equinoxes. The Hindus represent it as the Universe in our own spiral galaxy in the fore finger of Lo
Vishnu. This carries most significance in establishing the creation of the Universe and the arms as
'kal' or time, a calendar that is seen to be more advanced than the lunar calendar (symbolized by t
lunar crescent common to Islam) where the seasons drift from calendar year to calendar year. Theluni-solar solution for correcting season drift was to intercalate an extra month in certain years to
restore the lunar cycle to the solar-season cycle. The Star of David is thought to originate as a
symbol of that calendar system, where the two overlapping triangles are seen to form a partition o
12 sections around the perimeter with a 13th section in the middle, representing the 12 and
sometimes 13 months to a year. As such, the Christian cross, J ewish hexagram star and the Mus
crescent moon are seen to have their origins in different views regarding which calendar system is
preferred for marking holy days. Groups in higher latitudes experience the seasons more strongly,
offering more advantage to the calendar represented by the swastika/cross. (Note relation to the s
cross.)
A right-facing swastika might bedescribed as "clockwise" or "countclockwise".
[eOrigin hypotheses
Swastika Seals from the IndusValley Civilizationpreserved at theBritish Museum.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_neededhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ensignhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Through_and_throughhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nazi_flag#Nazi_Germanyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sauwastikahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sauwastikahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vin%C4%8Da_culturehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vin%C4%8Da_symbolshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Indiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indus_Valley_Civilizationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cultural_diffusionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carl_Junghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carl_Junghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Collective_unconscioushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cross_symbolhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sun_crosshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sun_crosshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prehistoric_religionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proto-writinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neolithichttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neolithichttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sunhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sunhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solsticehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Equinoxhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crescenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lunisolar_calendarhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intercalation_(timekeeping)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Star_of_Davidhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_symbol#Four-fold_symmetryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_symbol#Four-fold_symmetryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Swastika&action=edit§ion=3http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indus_Valley_Civilizationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indus_Valley_Civilizationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indus_Valley_Civilizationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Museumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Museumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Museumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indus_Valley_Civilizationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indus_Valley_Civilizationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:IndusValleySeals_swastikas.JPGhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Swastika&action=edit§ion=3http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ccw_right-facing_swastika.ant.svghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Cw_right-facing_swastika.ant.svghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_symbol#Four-fold_symmetryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_symbol#Four-fold_symmetryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Star_of_Davidhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intercalation_(timekeeping)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lunisolar_calendarhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crescenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Equinoxhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solsticehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sunhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neolithichttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proto-writinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prehistoric_religionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sun_crosshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sun_crosshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cross_symbolhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Collective_unconscioushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carl_Junghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cultural_diffusionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indus_Valley_Civilizationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Indiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vin%C4%8Da_symbolshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vin%C4%8Da_culturehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sauwastikahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nazi_flag#Nazi_Germanyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Through_and_throughhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ensignhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed -
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Carl Saganin his book Comet (1985) reproduces Han period
Chinese manuscript (the Book of Silk, 2nd century BC) that
shows comet tail varieties: most are variations on simple
comet tails, but the last shows the comet nucleus with four
bent arms extending from it, recalling a swastika. Sagan
suggests that in antiquity a comet could have approached so
close to Earth that the jets of gas streaming from it, bent by
the comet's rotation, became visible, leading to the adoption of
the swastika as a symbol across the world.[11] Bob Kobres in
Comets and the Bronze Age Collapse (1992) contends that
the swastika like comet on the Han Dynasty silk comet atlas
was labeled a "long tailed pheasant star" (Di-Xing) because of
its resemblance to a bird's foot or track. Kobres goes on
to suggest an association of mythological birds and comets
also outside China.
In Life's Other Secret (1999), Ian Stewart suggests the
ubiquitous swastika pattern arises when parallel waves of
neural activity sweep across the visual cortexduring states of
altered consciousness, producing a swirling swastika-like
image, due to the way quadrants in the field of vision aremapped to opposite areas in the brain.[12]
Alexander Cunninghamsuggested that the Buddhist use of the
shape arose from a combination ofBrahmicharacters
abbreviating the words su ast.[3]
The earliest swastika known has been found fromMezine,
Ukraine. It is carved on late paleolithic figurine of mammoth
ivory, being dated as early as about 10,000 BC. It has
been suggested this swastika is a stylized picture of a
stork in flight.[14]
In India, Bronze Age swastika symbols were found at
Lothal and Harappa, Pakistanon Indus Valleyseals.[15] In
England, neolithic or Bronze Age stone carvings of the
symbol have been found on Ilkley Moor.
Swastikas have also been found on pottery in
archaeological digs in Africa, in the area ofKushand on
pottery at the J ebel Barkal temples,[16] in Iron Age designs
of the northern Caucasus (Koban culture), and in Neolithic
Chinain the Majiabang,[17]Dawenkouand Xiaoheyan
cultures.[18] Other Iron Age attestations of the swastika
can be associated with Indo-European cultures such as
the Indo-Iranians,Celts,Greeks,Germanics and Slavs.
The swastika is also seen in Egypt during the Coptic period. Textile number T.231-1923 held at th
V&A Museum in London includes small swastikas in its design. This piece was found at Qau-el-
Kebir, near Asyut, and is dated between AD300-600.
The Tierwirbel (the German for "animal whorl" or "whirl of animals"[19]) is a characteristic motive in
Bronze Age Central Asia, the Eurasian Steppe, and later also in Iron Age Scythianand European
Ancient Roman mosaics ofLa
Olmeda, Spain.
Mosaic swastika in excavatedByzantine(?) church in Shavei Tzion(Israel)
[eArchaeological record
TheSamarra bowl, at the
Pergamonmuseum, Berlin. The swastika the center of the design is areconstruction.[13]
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(Baltic[20] and Germanic) culture, showing rotational symmetric arrangement of an animal motive,
often four birds' heads. Even wider diffusion of this "Asiatic" theme has been proposed, to the Pac
and even North America (especially Moundville).[21]
The swastika is a historical sacred symbol both to evoke 'Shakti' in tantric rituals and evoke the go
for blessings in Indian religions. It first appears in the archaeological record here around[22] 2500
in the Indus Valley Civilization. It also appears in the Bronze and Iron Age cultures around the Bla
Sea and the Caspian Sea. In all these cultures the swastika symbol does not appear to occupy an
marked position or significance, but appears as just one form of a series of similar symbols of vary
complexity. In the Zoroastrian religion of Persia, the swastika was a symbol of the revolving sun,
infinity, or continuing creation.[23][24][25] It rose to importance in Buddhismduring the Mauryan
Empireand in Hinduism with the decline of Buddhism in India during the Gupta Empire. With the
spread of Buddhism, the Buddhist swastika reached Tibet and China. The symbol was also
introduced to Balinese Hinduismby Hindukings. The use of the swastika by the Bn faith ofTibet
well as later syncretic religions, such as Cao Dai of Vietnam and Falun Gong of China, can also b
traced to Buddhist influence.
J ainism gives even more prominence to the swastika as a tantra than Hinduism does. It is a symb
of the seventhTirthankara,Suparshvanath. In the Svetambara tradition, it is also one of the symb
of the ashtamangala. All derasars and holy books must contain the swastika and ceremonies typic
begin and end with creating a swastika mark several times with rice around the altar. J ains use ric
to make a swastika in front of statues in a temple. J ains then put an offering on this swastika, usu
a ripe or dried fruit, a sweet (Hindi: , Mih), or a coin or currency note.
The swastika is recognized as a Hindu symbol in most parts of the
world. In Hinduism, the swastika is at times in certain sects considered
a symbolic representation ofGanesha. In Hindu rites, Ganesha isoffered first offerings in every pooja. The swastika is made with
Sindoorduring Hindu religious rites.
Among the Hindus ofBengal, it is common to see the name "swastika"
(Bengali: shostik) applied to a slightly different symbol, which has the
same significance as the common swastika, and both symbols are
used as auspicious signs. This symbol looks something like a stick
figure of a human being.[26] Right-facing swastika in the decorative
Hindu form is used to evoke "shakti".
Buddhismoriginated in the 5th century BC and spread throughout the Indian subcontinent in the 3
century BC (Maurya Empire). Known as a "yungdrung"[27] in ancient Tibet, it was a graphical
representation of eternity.[28]
The paired swastika symbols are included, at least since the Liao
Dynasty, as part of the Chinese writing system ( and) and are
variant characters for or (wn in Mandarin, man in Korean,
Cantonese and J apanese, vn in Vietnamese) meaning "all" or
[eHistorical use in the East
[eJainism
Swastika on the doorstepof an apartment inMaharashtra, India.
[edit]Hinduism
[eBuddhism
[eEast Asian traditions
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"eternity" (lit. myriad). The swastika marks the beginning of many
Buddhist scriptures. In East Asian countries, the left-facing characte
often used as symbol for Buddhism and marks the site of a Buddhis
temple on maps.
In Chinese and Japanese the swastika is also a homonym of the
number 10,000, and is commonly used to represent the whole of
Creation, e.g. 'the myriad things' in the Dao De J ing. During the
ChineseTang Dynasty, Empress Wu Zetian (684-704) decreed that
the swastika would also be used as an alternative symbol of the Sun
In J apan, the swastika is called manji.
Since the Middle Ages, it has been used
as a coat of arms by various J apanese families such asTsugaru clan,
Hachisuka clan or around 60 clans that belong toTokugawa clan.[29]
OnJ apanese maps, a swastika (left-facing and horizontal) is used to
mark the location of a Buddhist temple. The right-facing manji is often
referred to as the gyaku manji (, lit. "reverse manji") or migi manji
(, lit. "right manji"), and can also be called kagi jji(literally "hook
cross").
In Chinese andJ apaneseart, the swastika is often found as part of a
repeating pattern. One common pattern, called sayagata in J apanese,
comprises left- and right-facing swastikas joined by lines.[30] As the
negative space between the lines has a distinctive shape, the sayagata pattern is sometimes calle
the "key fret" motif in English.
As a pottery graph of unknown provision and meaning the swastka-like sign is known in Chinese
Neolithic culture (2400-2000 BCE, Liu wan , Qinghaiprovince).
In Armenia sawstika is called "vardan", "arevakhach" and "ker khach" and is the ancient symbol of
eternal light (i.e. God). Swastikas in Armeniawere founded on petroglyphs. Among the oldest
petroglyphs is the seventh letter of the Armenian alphabet - "E" (which means "is" or "to be") -
depicted as half-swastika.
Swastikas can also be seen on
early Medieval churches and
fortresses, including the
principal tower in Armenia's
historical capital city ofAni. Thesame symbol can be found on
Armenian carpets, cross-stones
(khachkar) and in medieval
manuscripts.
In Iran, a golden necklace of three swastikas found in Marlik, Gilan province Iran, dates back to fir
millennium BC. There is a Swastika on the hip of a lion in the Golden cup of Hasanlu(1200 BC) a
the Golden Cup of Kelardasht[31]
Manji sign on Saisen boxin Buddhist temple Sens-ji,Asakusa, Tait, Tokyo,J apan.
Hachisuka family crest iscalled Hachisuka Manji
(?).
[eArmenia
The swastika mark on the tower ofArmenian fortress Ani (10th centuryAD)
Iranian necklace
[edit]Iran
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In the South Ural Mountains the swastika motif is found in archaeological barrows associated with
early Metal Age culture known as Bashkir.
The swastika motif was used by some Native
American groups. It has been found in
excavations ofMississippian-era sites in theOhioand Mississippi Rivervalleys. It is
frequently used as a motif on objects
associated with the Southeastern Ceremonial
Complex (S.E.C.C.). It was also widely used
by many southwestern tribes, most notably the Navajo. Among
various tribes, the swastika carried different meanings. To the Hopi
it represented the wandering Hopi clan; to the Navajo it was one
symbol for a whirling log (tsil no'oli), a sacred image representing a
legend that was used in healing rituals.[32] A brightly colored First
Nations saddle featuring swastika designs is on display at the
Royal Saskatchewan Museumin Canada.[33]
A swastika shape is a symbol in the culture of the Kuna people ofKuna Yala, Panama. In Kuna
tradition it symbolizes the octopus that created the world, its tentacles pointing to the four cardinal
points.[34]
In February 1925 the Kuna revolted vigorously against Panamanian suppression of their culture, a
in 1930 they assumed autonomy. The flag they adopted at that time is based on the swastika shap
and remains the official flag of Kuna Yala. A number of variations on the flag have been used ove
the years: red top and bottom bands instead of orange were previously used, and in 1942 a ring
(representing the traditional Kuna nose-ring) was added to the center of the flag to distance it from
the symbol of the Nazi party.[35]
The swastika is also a motif used by certain African groups. One of the
oldest recorded uses of the swastika is in the adinkra artwork of the Akan
people in Ghana. Referred to as nkotimsefuopua The swastika was used in
akan goldweightsas early as 1400. In 1927, Scottish anthropologist Robert
Sutherland Rattray noted servants in Ashanti Empire wearing the image on
their dresses.
In Bronze Age Europe, the "Sun cross" (a
three- or four-armed hooked cross in a circle)
appears frequently, often interpreted as a
solar symbol. Swastika shapes have been
found on numerous artifacts from Iron Age
Europe (ArmenianArevakhach), Greco-
Roman, Illyrian, Etruscan, Baltic, Celtic,
Germanic, Slavic and GeorgianBorjgali). This prehistoric use
seems to be reflected in the appearance of the symbol in various
folk cultures of Europe.
[eUral
[eNative American traditions
S.E.C.C.
Chilocco Indian AgriculturalSchoolbasketball team in 1909
[eAfrican Traditions
Swastikagoldweights fromGhana[edit]Historical use in the West
A borjgaliSwastika on a Greek silverstater coin fromCorinth, 6thcentury BC.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ural_Mountainshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bashkirshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bashkirshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mississippian_culturehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mississippian_culturehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ohio_Riverhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ohio_Riverhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mississippi_Riverhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mississippi_Riverhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southeastern_Ceremonial_Complex#Motifshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southeastern_Ceremonial_Complex#Motifshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southeastern_Ceremonial_Complex#Motifshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southwestern_United_Stateshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Navajo_Nationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hopihttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Whirling_log&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Nationshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Nationshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Saskatchewan_Museumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Saskatchewan_Museumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuna_(people)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuna_Yalahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuna_Yalahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adinkrahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akan_peoplehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akan_peoplehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghanahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akan_goldweightshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akan_goldweightshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Sutherland_Rattrayhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Sutherland_Rattrayhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ashanti_Empirehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bronze_Age_Europehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sun_crosshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iron_Agehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armeniahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arevakhachhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greco-Romanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greco-Romanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greco-Romanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Etruscan_civilizationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Celthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Celthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germanic_peopleshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slavic_peopleshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgia_(country)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Borjgalihttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Swastika&action=edit§ion=12http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Swastika&action=edit§ion=13http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chilocco_Indian_Agricultural_Schoolhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chilocco_Indian_Agricultural_Schoolhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chilocco_Indian_Agricultural_Schoolhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Swastika&action=edit§ion=14http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Swastika&action=edit§ion=15http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Swastika&action=edit§ion=15http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Borjgalihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Staterhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Corinthhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Corinthhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Staterhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Greek_Silver_Stater_of_Corinth.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Borjgalihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:BORJGALI.pnghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:BORJGALI.pnghttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Swastika&action=edit§ion=15http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:GhanaSwastika.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Swastika&action=edit§ion=14http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chilocco_Indian_Agricultural_Schoolhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chilocco_Indian_Agricultural_Schoolhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Native_American_basketball_team_crop.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Chromesun_4_uktenas_design.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Chromesun_4_uktenas_design.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Swastika&action=edit§ion=13http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Swastika&action=edit§ion=12http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Borjgalihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgia_(country)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slavic_peopleshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germanic_peopleshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Celthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Etruscan_civilizationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greco-Romanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greco-Romanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arevakhachhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armeniahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iron_Agehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sun_crosshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bronze_Age_Europehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ashanti_Empirehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Sutherland_Rattrayhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Sutherland_Rattrayhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akan_goldweightshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghanahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akan_peoplehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akan_peoplehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adinkrahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuna_Yalahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuna_(people)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Saskatchewan_Museumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Nationshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Nationshttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Whirling_log&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hopihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Navajo_Nationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southwestern_United_Stateshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southeastern_Ceremonial_Complex#Motifshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southeastern_Ceremonial_Complex#Motifshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mississippi_Riverhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ohio_Riverhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mississippian_culturehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bashkirshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ural_Mountains 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Ancient Greek architectural, clothing and coin designs are replete
with single or interlinking swastika motifs. There are also found gold
plate fibulae from the 8th century BC decorated with an engraved
swastika.[36] Related symbols in classical Western architecture
include the cross, the three-legged triskele or triskelion and the
rounded lauburu. The swastika symbol is also known in these
contexts by a number of names, especially gammadion,[37] or
rather the tetra-gammadion. The name gammadion comes from the
fact that it can be seen as being made up of four Greek gamma ()
letters. Ancient Greek priestesses would tattoo the symbol, along
with the tetraskelion, on their bodies. Ancient Greek architectural
designs are replete with the interlinking symbol.
In alchemy, the gammadion was used to symbolise the four
cardinal corners of the world and the guardianship of this world.
In Greco-Roman art and architecture, and in Romanesqueand
Gothic artin the West, isolated swastikas are relatively rare, and
the swastika is more commonly found as a repeated element in a
border or tessellation. The swastika often represented perpetual
motion, reflecting the design of a rotating windmill or watermill. A
meander of connected swastikas makes up the large band that
surrounds the AugustanAra Pacis. A design of interlocking
swastikas is one of several tessellations on the floor of the
cathedral ofAmiens, France.[38] A border of linked swastikas was
a common Roman architectural motif,[39] and can be seen in more
recent buildings as a neoclassical element. A swastika border is
one form ofmeander, and the individual swastikas in such a borderare sometimes called Greek keys. There have also been swastikas
found on the floors ofPompeii.[40]
The bronze frontspiece of a ritual pre-Christian (c. 350-50 BC)
shield found in the River Thamesnear Battersea Bridge (hence
"Battersea Shield") is embossed with 27 swastikas in bronze and
red enamel.[41] An Ogham stone found in Anglish, Co Kerry,
Ireland (CIIC141) was modified into an early Christian gravestone,
and was decorated with a cross patteand two swastikas.[42] The
Book of Kells(ca. 800) contains swastika-shaped ornamentation. Atthe Northern edge ofIlkley Moor in West Yorkshire, there is a
swastika-shaped pattern engraved in a stone known as the
Swastika Stone.[43] The figure in the foreground of the picture is a
20th century replica; the original carving can be seen a little farther
away, at left of center.
Main article: Swastika (Germanic Iron Age)
The swastika shape (also called a fylfot) appears on various
[eAntiquity
Bronze Age Mycenaean"doll"with human, solar andtetragammadion (swastika)symbols. Louvre Museum
Greek helmet with swastikamarks on the top part (circled),350-325 BC fromTaranto, founat Herculanum. Cabinet desMdailles, Paris.
Two sauwastikas (opposite-facing swastikas) on an ancienGreek Kantharos, Attica, ca. 78BC.
[edit]Greco-Roman antiquity
[edit]Celtic antiquity
[edit]Germanic antiquity
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Greekhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fibula_(brooch)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crosshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crosshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Triskelionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lauburuhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gammadionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Art_in_Ancient_Greecehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romanesque_architecturehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romanesque_architecturehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gothic_arthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gothic_arthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Augustushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ara_Pacishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ara_Pacishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tessellationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amienshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amienshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meander_(art)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meander_(art)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pompeiihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/River_Thameshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/River_Thameshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battersea_Bridgehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battersea_Shieldhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battersea_Shieldhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oghamhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Co_Kerryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Co_Kerryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irelandhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CIIChttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CIIChttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cross_patt%C3%A9ehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cross_patt%C3%A9ehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Book_of_Kellshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Book_of_Kellshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ilkley_Moorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Yorkshirehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Yorkshirehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swastika_Stonehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swastika_(Germanic_Iron_Age)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fylfothttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Swastika&action=edit§ion=16http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mycenaean_Greecehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mycenaean_Greecehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louvre_Museumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tarantohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tarantohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herculanumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cabinet_des_M%C3%A9dailleshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cabinet_des_M%C3%A9dailleshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sauwastikahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kantharoshttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Swastika&action=edit§ion=17http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Swastika&action=edit§ion=18http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Swastika&action=edit§ion=19http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Swastika&action=edit§ion=19http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Swastika&action=edit§ion=18http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Swastika&action=edit§ion=17http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kantharoshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sauwastikahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Geometric_kantharos_Staatliche_Antikensammlungen_8501.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cabinet_des_M%C3%A9dailleshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cabinet_des_M%C3%A9dailleshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herculanumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tarantohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:GreekHelmetSwastika_marked.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louvre_Museumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mycenaean_Greecehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Swastika_symbol_in_ancient_greek_doll.JPGhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Swastika&action=edit§ion=16http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fylfothttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swastika_(Germanic_Iron_Age)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swastika_Stonehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Yorkshirehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ilkley_Moorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Book_of_Kellshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cross_patt%C3%A9ehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CIIChttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irelandhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Co_Kerryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oghamhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battersea_Shieldhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battersea_Bridgehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/River_Thameshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pompeiihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meander_(art)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meander_(art)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amienshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tessellationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ara_Pacishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Augustushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gothic_arthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romanesque_architecturehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Art_in_Ancient_Greecehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gammadionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lauburuhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Triskelionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crosshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fibula_(brooch)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Greek -
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Germanic Migration Period and Viking Age artifacts, such as the
3rd century Vrlse Fibula from Zealand, Denmark, the Gothic
spearhead from Brest-Litovsk, today in Belarus, the 9th century
Snoldelev Stone from Rams, Denmark, and numerous Migration
Period bracteates drawn left-facing or right-facing.[44]
The paganAnglo-Saxonship burial atSutton Hoo, England,
contained numerous items bearing the swastika, now housed in the
collection of the Cambridge Museum of Archaeology and
Anthropology.[45] The Swastika is clearly marked on a hilt and
sword belt found at Bifrons in Kent, in a grave of about the 6th
century.
Hilda Ellis Davidson theorized that the swastika symbol was
associated withThor, possibly representing his hammer Mjolnir -
symbolic of thunder - and possibly being connected to the Bronze
Age sun cross.[45] Davidson cites "many examples" of the swastika
symbol from Anglo-Saxon graves of the pagan period, withparticular prominence on cremation urns from the cemeteries of
East Anglia.[45] Some of the swastikas on the items, on display at
the Cambridge Museum of Archaeology and Anthropology, are
depicted with such care and art that, according to Davidson, it must
have possessed special significance as a funerary symbol.[45] The
runic inscription on the 8th-century Sb sword has been taken as
evidence of the swastika as a symbol of Thor in Norse paganism.
Swastika was wide spread among the Illyrians, symbolizing the
Sun. The Sun cult was the main Illyrian cult, and the Sun was
represented by a swastika in clockwise motion, and it stood for the
movement of the Sun.[46]
See also:Auseklis
The swastika is one of the most common symbols used throughout Baltic art. In Latvianthe symbo
is known as either Ugunskrusts, the "Fire cross" (rotating counter-clockwise), or Prkonkrusts, the
"Thunder cross" (rotating clock-wise), and was mainly associated with Prkons, the god of Thundeand justice. It was also occasionally related to the Sun, as well as Dievs (the god of creation), Laim
(the goddess of destiny and fate). It was believed that the god of Thunder (Prkons) was the only
god which was feared by the devil. The swastika is featured on many distaffs, dowry chests, cloths
and other artisanal items.
Currently, Slavic neo-pagansand neo-Nazis frequently use the standard and eight-pointed
("kolovrat") swastika. They believe that swastika and kolovrat are ancient Slavic pagan
symbols.[47][48][49][50][51]
Etruscan pendant withswastika symbols, Bolsena, Ita700-650 BC. Louvre Museum
A comb with a swastika foundin Nydam Mose, Denmark.
Swastika symbols on the
Church of Christ Pantocrator(13th-14th century) in Nesebar
[edit]Illyrian antiquity
[ePre-Christian Europe and folk culture
[eBaltic
[eSlavic
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Migration_Periodhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viking_Agehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%C3%A6rl%C3%B8se_Fibulahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gothshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brest-Litovskhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brest-Litovskhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belarushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belarushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Snoldelev_Stonehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rams%C3%B8http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bracteatehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anglo-Saxon_paganismhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anglo-Saxonshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ship_burialhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sutton_Hoohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sutton_Hoohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Museum_of_Archaeology_and_Anthropology,_University_of_Cambridgehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Museum_of_Archaeology_and_Anthropology,_University_of_Cambridgehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Museum_of_Archaeology_and_Anthropology,_University_of_Cambridgehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bifronshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hilda_Ellis_Davidsonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mjolnirhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sun_crosshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sun_crosshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Funerary_arthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Funerary_arthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Runic_inscriptionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%A6b%C3%B8_swordhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norse_paganismhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Illyrianshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Auseklishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latvian_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latvian_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C4%93rkonshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slavic_Neopaganismhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slavic_Neopaganismhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kolovrathttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kolovrathttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Etruscan_arthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bolsenahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bolsenahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louvre_Museumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nydam_Mosehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nydam_Mosehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Church_of_Christ_Pantocratorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nesebarhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Swastika&action=edit§ion=20http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Swastika&action=edit§ion=21http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Swastika&action=edit§ion=22http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Swastika&action=edit§ion=23http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Swastika&action=edit§ion=23http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Swastika&action=edit§ion=22http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Swastika&action=edit§ion=21http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Swastika&action=edit§ion=20http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nesebarhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Church_of_Christ_Pantocratorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Sunny_Beach_Nesebar_centre_2.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nydam_Mosehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Nydam.8.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louvre_Museumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bolsenahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Etruscan_arthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Etruscan_pendant_with_swastika_symbols_Bolsena_Italy_700_BCE_to_650_BCE.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kolovrathttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slavic_Neopaganismhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C4%93rkonshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latvian_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Auseklishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Illyrianshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norse_paganismhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%A6b%C3%B8_swordhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Runic_inscriptionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Funerary_arthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sun_crosshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mjolnirhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hilda_Ellis_Davidsonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bifronshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Museum_of_Archaeology_and_Anthropology,_University_of_Cambridgehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Museum_of_Archaeology_and_Anthropology,_University_of_Cambridgehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sutton_Hoohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ship_burialhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anglo-Saxonshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anglo-Saxon_paganismhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bracteatehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rams%C3%B8http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Snoldelev_Stonehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belarushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brest-Litovskhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gothshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%C3%A6rl%C3%B8se_Fibulahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viking_Agehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Migration_Period -
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An object very much like a hammer or a double axe is depicted among the magical symbols on th
drums ofSamishamans, used in their religious ceremonies before Christianity was established. Th
name of the Sami thunder god was Horagalles, thought to be derived from "Old Man Thor" (rr
karl). Sometimes on the drums, a male figure with a hammer-like object in either hand is shown, a
sometimes it is more like a cross with crooked ends, or a swastika.[45]
In Christianity, the swastika is used as a hooked version ofthe Christian Cross, the symbol of Christ's victory over
death. Some Christian churches built in the Romanesque
and Gothic eras are decorated with swastikas, carrying
over earlier Roman designs. Swastikas are prominently
displayed in a mosaic in the St. Sophia church ofKiev,
Ukraine dating from the 12th century. They also appear as
a repeating ornamental motif on a tomb in the Basilica of
St. Ambrose in Milan.
A ceilingpainted in 1910 in the church of St Laurent in
Grenoblehas many swastikas. It can be visited todaybecause the church became the archaeological museum of
the city. A proposed direct link between it and a swastika
floor mosaic in the Cathedral of Our Lady of Amiens,
which was built on top of a pagan site at Amiens, France
in the 13th century, is considered unlikely. The stole worn
by a priest in the 1445 painting of the Seven Sacraments
by Roger van der Weyden presents the swastika form
simply as one way of depicting the cross. Swastikas also
appear on the vestments on the effigy of Bishop William Edington(d. 1366) in Winchester Cathed
In the Polish First Republic the symbol of the swastika was
also popular with the nobility. According to chronicles, the Rus'
prince Oleg, who in the 9th century attacked Constantinople,
nailed his shield (which had a large red swastika painted on it)
to the city's gates.[49] Several noble houses, e.g. Boreyko,
Borzym, and Radziechowski from Ruthenia, also had
Swastikas as their coat of arms. The family reached its
greatness in the 14th and 15th centuries and its crest can be
seen in many heraldry books produced at that time. The
Swastika was also a heraldic symbol, for example on the
Boreyko coat of arms, used by noblemen in Poland and
Ukraine. In the 19th century the swastika was one of theRussian empire's symbols; it was even placed in coins as a
background to the Russian eagle.[50][51]
An unusual swastika, composed of the Hebrew letters Aleph
and Resh, appears in the 18th century Kabbalistic work "Parashat Eliezer" by Rabbi Eliezer Fischl
Strizhov, a commentary on the medieval European J ewish eschatological book "Karnayim", ascrib
to Rabbi Aharon of Kardina. The symbol is enclosed by a circle and surrounded by a cyclic hymn
Aramaic. The hymn, which refers explicitly to the power of the Sun, as well as the shape of the
symbol, shows strong solar symbolism. According to the book, this mandala-like symbol is meant
help a mystic to contemplate on the cyclic nature and structure of the Universe. The letters are the
[eSami
[eMedieval and early modern Europe
A ceiling painted with small swastikas inGrenoble Archaeological Museum
A swastika composed of Hebrew
letters as a mystical symbol from theJ ewishKabbalisticwork "ParashatEliezer."
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initial and final characters of the Hebrew word, , or "light".[citation needed]
Freemasonsalso gave the swastika symbol importance. In medieval Northern European Runic Scr
a counter-clockwise swastika denotes the letter 'G,' and could stand for the important Freemason
terms God, Great Architect of the Universe, or Geometry.[52]
Main article: Western use of the swastika in the early 20th century
In the Western world, the symbol experienced a resurgencefollowing the archaeological work in the late 19th century of
Heinrich Schliemann, who discovered the symbol in the site of
ancientTroyand associated it with the ancient migrations ofProto-
Indo-Europeans, whose proto-language was not incidentally termed
"Proto-Germanisch" by German language historians. He connected
it with similar shapes found on ancient pots in Germany, and
theorized that the swastika was a "significant religious symbol of
our remote ancestors", linking Germanic, Greek and Indo-Iranian
cultures.[53][54] By the early 20th century, it was used worldwide
and was regarded as a symbol of good luck and success.
The work of Schliemann soon became intertwined with the vlkischmovements, for which the swastika was a symbol of the "Aryan
race", a concept that came to be equated by theorists such as
Alfred Rosenbergwith a Nordicmaster raceoriginating in northern
Europe. Since its adoption by the Nazi Party ofAdolf Hitler, the
swastika has been associated with Nazism, fascism, racism (white
supremacy), the Axis powers in World War II, and the Holocaust in
much of the West. The swastika remains a core symbol ofNeo-
Nazi groups, and is used regularly by activist groups.
The Benedictine choir school at Lambach Abbey, Upper Austria,
which Hitler attended for several months as a boy, had a swastikachiseled into the monastery portal and also the wall above the
spring grotto in the courtyard by 1868. Their origin was the
personal coat of arms of AbbotTheoderich Hagnof the monastery
in Lambach, which bore a golden swastika with slanted points on a
blue field.[55] The Lambach swastika is probably of Medieval origin.
The Danish brewery company Carlsberg Groupused the swastika
as a logo[56] from the 19th Century until the middle of the 1930s
when it was discontinued because of association with the Nazi
Party in neighbouring Germany. However, the swastika carved on elephants at the entrance gates
the company's headquarters in Copenhagen in 1901 can still be seen today.
[57]
The Swastika Laundry was a laundry founded in 1912, located on Shelbourne Road, Ballsbridge,
district ofDublin, Ireland. In the fifties Heinrich Bllcame across a van belonging to the company
while he was staying in Ireland, leading to some awkward moments before he could realize the
company was older than Nazism and totally unrelated to it. The chimney of the boiler-house of the
laundry still stands, but the laundry has been redeveloped.[58][59]
[eWestern use in the early 20th century
The aviatrix Matilde Moisant(1878-1964) wearing a swastikmedallion in 1912; the symbolwas popular as a good luckcharm with early aviators.
Carlsberg's Elephant Tower.
[eIreland
[eFinland
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In Finland the swastika was often used in traditional folk art products, as a decoration or magical
symbol on textiles and wood. The swastika was also used by the Finnish Air Force until 1945, but
still used in air force flags.
The tursaansydn is used by scouts in some instances[60] and a student organization.[61] The
village of Tursa uses the tursaansydn as a kind of a certificate of authenticity on products made
there.[62] Traditional textiles are still being made with swastikas as parts of traditional ornaments.
The Finnish Air Force uses the swastika as an emblem, introduced in 1918.
The type of swastika adopted by the air-force was the symbol of luck for the
Swedish count Eric von Rosen.
The swastika was also used by the women's paramilitary organization Lotta
Svrd, which was banned in 1944 in accordance with the Moscow Armistice
between Finland and the alliedSoviet Union and Britain.
The President of Finland is the grand master of the Order of the White Rose.
According to the protocol, the president shall wear the Grand Cross of the
White Rose with collar on formal occasions. The original design
of the collar, decorated with 9 swastikas, dates from 1918, andwas designed by the artist Akseli Gallen-Kallela. The Grand
Cross with the swastika collar has been awarded 41 times to
foreign heads of state. To avoid misunderstandings, the
swastika decorations were replaced by fir crosses at the
decision of president Urho Kekkonen in 1963 after it became
known that the President of FranceCharles De Gaulle was
uncomfortable with the swastika collar.
Also a design by Gallen-Kallela from 1918, the Cross of Liberty
has a swastika pattern in its arms. The Cross of Liberty is
depicted in the upper left corner of the standard of the Presidentof Finland.[63]
In December 2007, a silver replica of the WWII period Finnish
air defence's relief ring decorated with a swastika became available as a part of a charity
campaign.[64]
The original war time idea was that the public swap their precious metal rings for the State air
defence's relief ring, made of iron.