SUSTAINABLE WASTE

MANAGEMENT : CASE STUDY

Jayant Joshi

Waste Classification

Municipal Solid Waste

Industrial Waste

Medical Waste

Domestic Waste

Bio-Degradable

Kitchen Waste

Vegetables,

Peels,

Garden Waste

(Tree Leaves)

Non-Bio-Degradable

Recyclable

Plastic,

Glass,

Metal Paper,

Non-Recyclable

Thermacoal,

Sanitary Napkins,

Diapers

Vegetable Market Waste

Construction Waste

Composition of MSW

~51% of Domestic Waste is Compostable

50

.89

51

.91

50

.41

52

.38

53

.41

50

.41

16

.28

19

.23

21

.44

16

.78

17

.02

21

.44

32

.82

28

.86

28

.15

30

.85

29

.57

28

.15

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

Metro OtherCities

East India NorthIndia

South IndiaWest India

Com

po

sition

of

MSW

Region/City

Composition of MSW in India & Regional Variation

Compostable (%)

Recyclables (%)

Inerts (%)

MSWM Comparison

Domestic Waste Generation

Mixing in House

Unsegregated Waste Collection

Collected by Municipal

Corporation (Trucks)

Transportation

Open Dumping AND/OR Burning

Segregation at Source

Sanitary Landfill

Or Incineration

Recyclable

Recycling Plant

Non-Bio-Degradable

Existing MSWM System Proposed MSWM System

Bio-Degradable

Composting At Source

Vermin-Compost Aerobic

Compost

Anaerobic

Biogas

India: Overview

~920m tons of MSW landfill or 843m tons Open Dump (91% of Total Waste Generated)

Inefficient handling of waste by municipalities

(50-60%) Receive Treatment : 10% of the collected waste

Scientific Disposal in Landfill: ~ 0%

No segregation, unsafe disposal

Discarded Composting Rejects : 60%

Utilized Mixed Waste : Only 6-7%

Non-organics and heavy metals reduced efficiency

Calorific Value of MSW-India: NOT suitable for Energy Generation Although LFG recovery reduces overall GHG emissions

Opportunity to produce 3.6m tons of waste compost

Produces 33.1 m TPY of RDF in the form of composting rejects

Insufficient information on performance of MSW composting facilities

Average Expenditure on SWM : 15 -20% of Total Budget

75% Salaries , 20% Transportation, Rest on other O&M costs

24.3.1 Prohibition Against Littering the Streets, Deposition of Solid Waste on

the Streets, Open Defecation, etc.

No person shall litter public streets or public places or deposit or cause or permit to be deposited or thrown upon or along any public street, public place, land belonging to the local body, State or Central Government or any unoccupied land or on the bank of a water-body any solid waste except in the receptacles

specified in 2, 6 and 8 above or resort to open defecation.

Mumbai: Existing Scenario

Population : ~1.3Crore

Budget for Waste Disposal: 2300 Crore/yr

Waste Generate: 11,000 TPD (2014-15 BMC Report)

~630 gm/per Family /Day

15-20% Waste remains uncollected

Almost 0% Gets Scientific Treatment

>80% of Domestic Waste is Bio-degradable

Waste is dumped on Deonar ,it’s capacity is ended 25 years

back,Hari om nagar Mulund it’s closer is declared ,the third is at

Kanjur it is not yet stared fully because of litigations.

The height of the waste tower at Deonar has reached about 55

meters or 165 feet equivalent , as against the 35-metre cap

mandated by the Airports Authority of India.

Kalyan Dombivali Corporation scenario

No scientific dumping ground allocated

Last two years all the new Housing projects are being

rejected

Unauthorized construction are in full swing

200 crore revenue loss

Day by day MSW quantity is on increase

Dirtiest city in India

24 Hrs garbage heaps are left burning

Thane and Mumbai are also on the same Path

SIT inquiry for 4087Cr.Rs And 4408

Cr Rs irregularities .

Carelessness of the citizens

Unscientific way of handling the waste

All the Rivers are polluted

Our all the water resources are polluted and not giving potable water

Mumbai –Malad beach is full of garbage thrown in the deep sea

,came back with high tide

Holy water to immerse Flower

Hazards of open dumping

Open Burning of Solid Wastes and Landfill Fires Emit 22,000 TPY

of pollutants

CO, HC,H2S , NOx , SOx, SO2 , dioxins, furans

Particulate Matter

Burning at Ground Levels

Upper Respiratory tract Disorders to the Locals

Mix Waste Compost Samples Fall Below QC standards

Exceeded Quantities of Heavy Metals

Soil, Air, Water Pollution

Physically Challenged Next Generation

Agenda

Understating Municipal Waste

Existing Methods of composting

Merits and Demerits

Case Studies

Proposed Solution

De-Centralization of Waste

Summary

Conclusion

Next Steps

Deonar Fire

Deonar:

Largest Garbage Dump in Mumbai, (possibly India)

132-Hectare Site Receives ~4000 to 5000Tons of waste/Day

Home to Thousands of Scavengers

Open Pit Toilet Leading to Health Hazards

Rs. 3,700-Crore contract for partial closure of dump and building an integrated waste management facility given to United Phosphorous (2009)

Disputes ->No Compost Plant Yet

Caught Severe Fire on Jan 28. 2016

Severity: Visible even from Space

Thick Smoke (Acrid smoke)That Bloated Out the Sun

Severe Threat to the health of those who live nearby

Fire lasted for more than four days

Possible Causes:

Self combustion of methane inside the dump

Misconduct ?

Irresponsibility ?

• http://www.cnn.com/2016/02/05/asia/mumbai-giant-garbage-dump-fire/

• http://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-news-india/a-fire-mumbai-finds-hard-to-douse/

Piles of Trash in Deonar ~30m Tall

9 Story Building..!! -NASA

NASA

Swacchs Bharat Abhiyan

Current Mentality

People’s Attitude

Innocence

Ignorance

Arrogance

Education on paper

The civic administration, in its 2014-15 budget,

has allocated around Rs 44 crore to increase

awareness among citizens regarding waste

management, to improve civic sense and also

streamline the role played by NGOs in this

process.

Decentralization :Experts opinion

The BMC needs to draw up a policy to micro-

manage organic waste,” said Dr.Shyam

Asolekar, professor, centre for science and

engineering, Indian Institute of Technology-

Bombay.

Estimates suggest that the Garbage treatment is

Rs 60,000-crore industry has the potential to grow

at 10-15 per cent a year

ComparisonMethods Merits Demerits

Recycle• Integral part of SWM

• Robust Collection and supply chain in large cities

• Informal Sectored,

• Successful only if segregation at source

follow ed

• Only ~20% to 35% Available in India

Aerobic Composting

• Suitable for Organic Waste (51%-India)

• Significant Reduction in Transportation Cost

• Fast and Cheap

• Low Space ,No Odor ,Most Eco-Friendly

• Proved to be the best if decentralized

• 100 Nitrogen is recovered

• Possibility of heavy metals entering into food

chain if used as Mixed .

• If it is done on centralized way it is costly affair

Small Scale

Bio-Gas/ Methanization

• High position on hierarchy of SWM

• Divert waste from landfills

• Only successful at small scale

• Low Efficiency

• Excessive Water Required

• Medium Space Required

• Slushy Slurry as bi-product

Vermi Compost • Gets good quality manure • Not advisable for Kitchen waste

• Slow process failure chances are more

Refuse Derived Fuel

(RDF)

• Potential Substitute for Coal

• Divert waste from landfills

• 5plants

• Many failures from case studies

• Severe problems during operation

• Lack of funding, logistics and

Waste to Energy

Combustion

(WTE)

• Potential Substitute for Coal

• Recommended after all possible recycling and

composting

• Low Efficiency due to lower Cal. Value

• GHG Emissions

• Inert Organic Bi-products

• Flyash is another waste generated

Segregation at Manchester

Segregation in UK At Food Joint

Key Concepts: Waste Reduction

National Level

Law must be implemented very strictly

promotion of consumer awareness.

promotion of producer responsibility for post-consumer wastes.

Required Change In Packing Material

Local Level

At Source Segregation .

recovery of materials from mixed waste.

Implementation of Three R

support of home composting, either centralized or small-scale.

Composting Levels

L1• Individual

• Inside Our House

L2• Small-Sized Groups

• 10-15 families prepare their own composting pit

L3

• Mid-Sized Groups

• A society of 100 members waste management. So that it will require mechanized mixing , sifting et.

Organic Discards:

Contribution to Greenhouse Gasses

GHG

Emission

Decomposition

Domestic Waste Organic Discards

Natural Aerobic Decomposition

CO2 Emission

No Methane

Not Considered in GHG

Computations

Anaerobic Environment

High Carbohydrates

CH4 Emission 21 times more dangerous than CO2

High in Nitrogen (Food Scrap,

Manure, Glass)

N2O 300Times

more dangerous than CO2

Fish Bone diagram

People are not cultured

People are to be educated

Corporaters are inefficient

Dry and wet Garbage is

not segregated at source

There is no enough

space for composting

Metropolitan cities

are growing

uncontrolled

There is no

punishment for

misbehavior

No enough funds

Dumping ground is the

only solution of this

problem

City garbage

problem is going

out of control

Sustainable solution Composting basket

L1: Kitchen Kompost

Compost Basket

It converts all the kitchen waste in to good compost inside the kitchen

without any smell

Gives good quality compost useful for organic Garden

Very Economical, Last for many years

No recurring cost

Makes the citizen aware of their duties

Converts Food waste ,Fruit waste , Flowers

Tea powder, Fish bones ,Prawn , Egg shells

in to compost

Very fast and Robust

L1 Scaled to L2

Common box made up of M.S mesh with Netlon inside of 2X3X2 size of 325 Lts capacity

Easily assembled, Good mobility

Highly recommended for 15-20 families , hotels , Canteens and Garden waste

Can be kept open no civil structure is required

Low Capital cost or running cost

No emission of Methane .

Useful for about 25 kg waste /day

L2 Example: Up’Grade- Bangalore Self Sustaining Zero Waste Community

In-house Bulk Composting Solution

Up’Grade Mix + Food Waste = Compost (25-30 Days)

Primary Segregation into Dry and Wet by Residents

~78kg of wet waste /day/complex 780Kg/month

Beneficial Microbes Isolated from Tropical Agricultural Soils

Blended with Coco peat as Carrier Material

Enhance Aerobic Decomposition

Low Cost

Shredder (Rs. 30,000) + Crates (Rs.400/unit) by Society

Worm Free and Odor Free

Case Studies

White Coal (RDF/WTE)

Gorai Dumping Ground Closure

First Housing Society: No Waste to Landfills

White Coal

Converting Fallen Trees Into White Coal ( Briquettes )

Cheaper than firewood and black coal

Replaces traditional coal, lignite, gas etc.

Application: Boiler Fuel in Maharashtra, Gujarat, Tamil Nadu and Rajasthan

India : Leading Manufacturer and Consumer -Wikipedia

Not the Ideal Way

Wastage of Biomass (Organic Material)

Required Infrastructure consumes more energy than the

Need to convert into compost for efficient utilization

Emits Co2 ,which is trapped by Plants

Zero garbage Society in Parel :

No Waste to Landfills

Marathon Era Co HSC- Parel, Mumbai

36 Storey Complex

236 flats Generate 300kg/day

No Impact on Environment

1500sqft Waste Sorting Area

Section 1: Bio-degradable or wet Waste is Composted

Wet Waste, Kitchen Refuse

Section 2: Recycle 9 Categories

(Plastic, Glass, Paper, Electronics)

Awareness in Residents..!!

600kg of ‘Organic Fertilizer’ per month

Manure is used in society garden

Excess is distributed among residents

Bio-Digester: Green Project by BMC

(Bio-Methanization)

Parel-Mumbai, Mumbai University Canteen

Wet Garbage, Cow dung, non-potable Water

Peels, Vegetables ,Waste/ Extra food

Biogas

Cost 25000/Rs

5kg Waste ,4 hours supply of gas

1m3 in 24 hours

Residue is used as Organic manure in the Garden

Remains slushy

Requires a lot of water and space

Low Efficiency

Effective

But

NOT

IDEAL

Merits and Demerits L1 composting

Your own Property

Simple Maintenance

The out put of this is valuable

compost for your garden.

This will eliminate the waste

transportation from

Kitchen to dumping ground

Being aerobic process it is

faster.

Very Economical

You have to pay from your

own pocket

It occupies space in your

house

If the user is not willing to

follow the procedure the

process fails .

Its very difficult to change the

mindset of person .NIMBY

syndrome

Merits Demerits

Merits And Demerits of L2 composting

Less Space

Very Economical

No Odor

Significant Reduction in

Transportation Cost

Easy Maintenance

Fast Conversion

Aerobic Decomposition

No GHG

Require Cooperation of all

No Control Over Team

Members

Everyone Need to be Aware

Shared Responsibility

System Fails if anyone Fails

to segregate at source

If not operated properly

Anaerobic decomposition

GHG

Merits Demerits

How do organic discards contribute to greenhouse gases?

By definition, all organic discards contain carbon. When they

decompose naturally under aerobic conditions the CO2 they

give off is part of the natural short-term carbon cycle6. Since

this is part of the natural flux of CO2 it is not considered in

GHG computations. However, when those organic discards are

placed in an anaerobic environment the decomposers will

convert and release the carbon as methane and other volatile

organic compounds which can contribute to global climate

change. Organic discards that are high in nitrogen, such as

food scraps, manures and grass clippings, under wet and

oxygen-limited conditions, can also produce N2O during

decomposition, roughly 300 times worse than carbon dioxide.

Gorai Dumpsite Closure

19.6 Hectare : 2200TPD since 1972

Total Waste ~2.34 million tons (26m high)

Scientific Closure on July 25, 2009 by United Phosphorus

Covering of Reformed Slopes with Soil

Relocation and Reformation of Existing Waste

Landscaping and Compound Wall Construction

Systems Installed Include

Landfill Gas Collection and Venting system

Leachate collection system

Flaring System

Incinerate the Landfill Gasses

Flare Burner with 12m High Chimney

Maintenance Period 15years

Power Generation from Methane : for 10 years..!!

Toxins are still seeping into the ocean

Fish are getting infected

Inherently WE are consuming toxins via Fish

Original Proposal - Dr. S. R. Maley

Only 3 Crore

Proposed Step 1 : Sanitization using Bacteria and flies

Essentially Composting..!!

Proposal was Denied and Given to United Phosphorous..!!

Dr. Maley Recommends Segregation @ Source

Low Cost

Composting : Naturally Recommended (90%)

Gain :90L Ton of Compost for Organic Farming

Equivalent to Rs. 27,000 crore per year

Can make baron land fertile

90L ton food in India.!!!

Healthy Food and NO MORE Rejects from EU/ UK

http://www.downtoearth.org.in/news/eu-rejects-indian-grapes-290

Promote Organic Farming

Recycle -> ReUSE

Recyclable

Waste

Recycling of even pet bottle waste

In India recycle of PET material is not used.

In USA bottle is made of 50% recycle bottle.

Recycle -> Reuse

Dr.John Bryer Nobel Laureate

Dr.John Bryer Nobel Laureate

Dr.John Bryer’s Students

“Paryavaran Mitra” Award from TJSB

Vocational Excellence Award from Rotary

Last but not the least

Everybody Blames

Somebody When Nobody

Does It

What Anybody can Do it