sustainable refurbishment, retrofit, energy management in housing the initiatives for the local...
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SUSTAINABLE REFURBISHMENT, RETROFIT, ENERGY MANAGEMENT IN HOUSING
The initiatives for the local development with a bottom – up approach
[email protected] IP2013sLIDESlECTUREmb10
Regione Emilia-Romagna
Stato: ItaliaZona:Italia nord-orientale
Capoluogo: BolognaSuperficie: 22.451,29 km²
Abitanti: 4.354.455 (30/04/2009)
Densità: 193,95 ab./km²
Province:
BolognaFerrara
Forlì-CesenaModena
ParmaPiacenzaRavenna
Reggio EmiliaRimini
Comuni: Elenco dei 348 comuni
Зона: Северная ИталияСтолица: БолоньяПлощадь: 22 123 км²Население: 4 101 324 чел.Плотность: 181 чел./км²
Провинции:
Болонья, Феррара, Форли-Чезена, Модена, Парма, Пьяченца, Равенна, Реджо-Эмилия, Римини
Коммуны: 341Глава:
Васко Эррани с 4.4.05
Официальный сайт
Macro Sectors GDP % on Regional GDP
% on National GDP
Agriculture, fishing and wood € 2.642,6 2,05% 1,84%
Industrial sector € 30.834,0 23,94% 18,30%
Building € 6.867,6 5,33% 5,41%Commercial sector, hotels,restaurants, reparing, transport and communiucations
€ 24.444,8 18,98% 20,54%
Fiunancial brokerage, property and real estate companies
€ 30.830,4 23,94% 24,17%
Other services € 18.915,3 14,69% 18,97%
TVA and Taxes € 14.260,6 11,07%% 10,76%
GDP € 128.795,3
Ferrari Mod. CALIFORNIA
Parma Bacon
Two symbols of .ER Productions
The Return on Equity ( ROE )
Turnover Class FC ER ITA> 50 MillionEuro 9,8 9,3 8,3
10-50 ME 5,0 6,3 6,62-10 ME 6,1 3,0 7,0< 2 ME 1,8 1,9 3,8
The Return on Equity ( ROE )
Macro Sector FC ER ITA Agriculture 0,1% -1,2% -0,2% Manufacturing 7,5% 7,7% 6,3%
Building 7,6% 9,5% 12,0% Services 7,2% 4,3% 6,0%
Bottom up and Top Down Entrepreneurial Districts
To understand the development model of ER and Italy based on Small and Medium Enterprises ( SMEs) we have to consider th two main process of entrepreneurial districts creation : •The historical one that create ( as it happens mainly in the nothers regions of Italy ) entrepreneurial aggregation based on bottom up initiative in an integrated developemnt involving many dimension of local systems•The intervention to establish industrial territorial concentrations funded on a top down process trigged by government support and facilities in a planned perspective ( mainly in south regions )
Models,strategies and organization attitude
• ConcentrationComplex
• DiffusionUndefined
• Aggregation in a pattern
Strength
• Pole theory
• Rain system
• Structured interventions
Development models
Development strategies
Organization attitude
What model to support local system growth in a top down perspective ?• Pole theory
• Rain system
• Structured interventions
•Based on a concentration of intervention that would produce in surrounding areas an induced entrepreneurial initiative
•Deriving from micro or small credits distributed to many initiatives diffused in the territory
•Connected to Local Territorial Agreements among stakeholders and Territorial Areas on main initiatives to be undertaken within each own role
Results and lessons from Top Down Interventions
• Pole theory
• Rain system
• Structured interventions
•Industrial poles becomed as cathedrals in the desert without any induced development
•There was no control on the employment of resources distributed among a large amount of entrepreneurial activities
•There is a serious difficulty in individuating local stackeholders
EMILIA ROMAGNA
The district economy of Emilia Romagna
E.R. Balance among sectorsTurnover , employment and activity ratios.
• Agriculture 18 %
• Industry 32 %
• Commerce and services 35 %
• New economy business 15 %
+ 80%of the employment is
assured
- 30 employees
by enterprises with
In Italy : + 75% of employment in enterprises with - 70 employees
IN EMILIA ROMAGNA REGION
Bottom Up Development Modl in Mean features of Emilia Romagna economy
•High diversified social structure
•High diversified economic structure
•High networking activity
What’s the matter with italian S.M.E. and probably with the mediteranean way to the development ?
• Micro enterprise • less than 10 employees• Annual total turnover• Eur 200.000• Assets value Eur 100.000
• Small enterprise• From 11 to 49 employees• Annual turnover not
exceeding 1.000.000 Eur• Assets value ( Tangible )• 100.000 Eur
• Medium enterprise – 50-250 employees– Annual total turnover Eur– 10.000.000 Assets value
Eur 5.000.000
Regardless of the measure, one result is striking and needs to be emphasized - not only are most enterprises in Europe small, but they also account for a significant amount of European work experience and economic activity.For example, in 2003 there were more than 19 million enterprises in Europe-19 (Table 3.1), providing a job for almost 140 million people. By contrast, there are only about 40 000 large enterprises in existence, which account for only 0.2 % of all enterprises. So, the vast majority of enterprises in Europe-19 (99.8 %) are SMEs.Within the group of SMEs, the vast majority (over 90 %) are micro enterprises, employing fewer than 10 persons.
All firms 24,416,241 25,903,859 113,398,043 4,040,888,841
Nonemployer firms 18,649,114 18,649,114 n/a n/a
Employer firms 5,767,127 7,254,745 113,398,043 4,040,888,841
Firms with no employees as of March 12, but with payroll at some time during the year
770,299 772,325 0 38,404,329
Firms with 1 to 4 employees 2,734,133 2,738,027 5,768,407 158,836,735
Firms with 5 to 9 employees 1,025,497 1,037,709 6,732,132 187,418,785
Firms with 10 to 19 employees 620,387 655,427 8,329,813 246,561,569
Firms with 20 to 99 employees 515,056 687,107 20,186,989 635,269,094
Firms with 100 to 499 employees 84,829 331,496 16,430,229 552,003,350
Firms with 500 employees or more 16,926 1,032,654 55,950,473 2,222,394,979
Firms with 500 to 749 employees 5,678 66,672 3,432,914 121,816,473
Firms with 750 to 999 employees 2,730 42,137 2,354,268 84,346,542
Firms with 1,000 to 1,499 employees
2,721 57,395 3,312,888 123,432,170
Firms with 1,500 to 2,499 employees
2,246 73,668 4,314,523 167,423,764
Firms with 2,500 employees or more
3,551 792,782 42,535,880 1,725,376,030
Firms with 2,500 to 4,999 employees
1,758 107,722 6,057,167 249,655,966
Firms with 5,000 to 9,999 employees
910 115,433 6,389,355 269,455,186
Firms with 10,000 employees or more
883 569,627 30,089,358 1,206,264,878
U.S. Statistics 2003
N° firms establishments employees Annual payroll ( x 1000$ )
U.E. Policy support a strategy developed in cooperation with business associations and NGOs whose concrete application relies mostly on the local level, with local and regional authorities fully on board. The mission is to stimulate the interest of young people in entrepreneurship, to develop their entrepreneurial capacity, to increase the number of start-ups. Among the areas of action are primary and secondary education, university education and improving competence in businesses. Identified priorities include offering entrepreneurship education to all age groups, training for teachers, developing cooperation between schools , universities and enterprises.
The U.E. Approach
The Added Value per Occupied Person
The organizational dimension is strictly connected to the problem of labour constraints .
Management versus S.M.E.
Traditional theoriesS.M.E. are …• Undercapitalized• Hardly to change their
work methods• Oriented to local
market
New TheoriesS.M.E. are …• Supported by family
estate• Strongly innovative and
flexible• Easy moving in
globalization flows
Let’s have a look to the directory of a Small and Medium Enterprises Associations of Forlì (Italy )
*) MAF RODA ITALIA S.P.A. Via Consolare, 2952 - 47032 BERTINOROProduzione macchine per la lavorazione della frutta (18)
*) MAGAZZINI DRUDI Via Guarnieri, 81 - 47023 CESENACommercio articoli casalinghi e idee regalo (8)
*) MAR MOBILI ARR.TI RUBICONE SNCSede Legale: Via Verga, 2 - 47030 GATTEO Produzione mobili (22)
*) MGM MONDO DEL VINO S.R.L. Sede Legale: Via Vassura, 19 - 47100 FORLI' Import/Export vino (5)
*) MARTINI COSTRUZIONI NAUTICHE SRL Sede Legale: Via Tarcento, 130 - 47020 SAN GIORGIO DI CESENA Produzione di natanti da diporto in vetroresina (24)
*) NALDONI VITTORIO Via Zignola, 2 - 47100 FORLI' Costruzione apparecchi riscaldamento a gas (17)
*) RAMILLI GIOVANNI & C. S.N.C. Sede Legale: Via Emilia Ovest, 70 - 47039 SAVIGNANO SUL R. Costruzione, riparazione, installazione e noleggio impianti irrigazione (8)
( ) N° of employees at 31.12.2003
Basic territorial structures
•High diffusion of small business many of them individual
•Sturdy link of economic activities with the local culture supported by numerous cultural enterprises ( fairs, festivals, cultural heritage and events )
•Support of local municipalities in the development of territory and entrepreneurship
•University seats spreaded in the territory
•High interconnections with information and technological networks
•Settlements and industrial areas diffused in the territory with an especial attention to ecology
The Results : Emilia Romagna Industrial Clusters AUTOMATED MACHINES
• Packaging, • General use machinery
HEATH AND MEDICAL RESEARCH
•Biomedical and orthopedic equipment
•Medical research
LOGISTICS •Infrastructures •Value-added Services
MOTOR INDUSTRY
•Motorcycles and motobikes
•Automotive industry
FASHION •Leather and textile fashion production
FOOD INDUSTRY
• Food processing
EX
ISTIN
GC
LU
STER
SEM
ER
GIN
G
CLU
STER
S
•Publishing industry•Culture and entertainement
MULTIMEDIA
ELECTRONICS •Electric and electronic equipment
PiacenzaMachine
tools
ParmaFood industry (eg Barilla)
ModenaReggio Emilia
Agriculturalmachinery
CarpiTextile
MirandolaBiomedical
equipment and disposables
FusignanoS.MauroPascoli
Footwear
Sassuolo CastellaranoCeramic tyles
(world leaders) ForlìFurniture
RiminiWoodworking
machinery
BolognaPackaging
Motorcycles
The Results : Emilia Romagna Industrial Clusters
Education and Research Network
PIACENZA
PARMA
REGGIO EMILIA
MODENA
FORLI’
BOLOGNA
FERRARA
RAVENNA
RIMINIBologna University
ModenaUniversity
Parma University
La Cattolica University Ferrara University
CNR National ResearchCouncil (800 Researchersand Technicians)
5 UNIVERSITIES with 130,000 students, 1,369 full professors, 1,717 associated professors, 1,830 researchers(Bologna University: the oldest of Europe)
ENEA National Body for New Technologies, Energy and Environment (400 Researchers)
6,500 6,500 RESEARCHERSRESEARCHERS
AND PROFESSORSAND PROFESSORS
•ARTIFICIO (R&D for Art and Culture)•CENTRO CERAMICO (Ceramic tyles)•CERMET (Quality )•ECIPAR Emilia Romagna•GEMINI •ICIE (Cooperatiive Institute for Innovation)•QUASCO (Building )•QUASAP (Quality & Service for Public Tenders)•SCS (Services for Innovation)•SPINNER Technology Transfer and NTBF
PIACENZA
PARMA
REGGIO EMILIA
MODENA
FORLI’
BOLOGNA
FERRARA
RAVENNA
RIMINI
•API SERVIZI •CITER (Textile) •CONSOBIOMED (Biomedical)•DEMOCENTER (Industrial automation)•TECNOERA (Textiles and Garments)•R&S Engineering (Wood processing)•CRITTdi Spilamberto
•CONSORZIO FERRARA INNOVAZIONE•FERRARA RICERCHE
•SOPRIP•SSICA (Food processing)•TETA (Food)•PARMA TECNINOVA•AS ( Integrated services for)
enterprises•CENTRO SERVIZI PMI•Reggio Emilia Innovazione•COIMEX•CRPA (Dairy and meat
products)•LAB. D’IMPRESA (Injection
moulding)•LEGNO-LEGNO (Wood)•CRR Consorzio Reggio Ricerche
POLO CERAMICO Agency
•CENTURIA (Agro-industry and environment )•CERCAL (Footwear )•CRPV (Vegetables and fruit products)•CISE for Innovation & Economic Devolpment
•Consorzio Mobile 2000•CSR Research&Studies
Technological Transfer Centres NetworkTechnological Transfer Centres Network
An historical Reference to Local Bottom - Up Development 12th – 18th Cent.
The original Hanseatic League was a mercantile alliance of about 80 trading cities and their merchant guilds. The League founded and governed a trade cartel amongst cities along the coast of Northern Europe and inland trade routes from the 12th through the mid-17th century. Their reach extended along the Baltic Sea
A jump to XXI Cent. The case of European Big Waterways
Elements Rhein Po VolgaLength (km)
1.320 650 3.660
Drainage Area (km2)
185.000 74.000 1.380.000
Discharge (m3/s)
2.200 1.470 8.500
Population 50.000.000 17.000.000 61.000.000Sea at Mouth
North Mediterranean Caspian
Ramsar Sites
18 9 2
Governance and operative ManagementThe strategic and managerial control (Basic organizational chart)
STRATEGIC CONTROL
Purposes/Resources
(Adequacy )
MANAGERIAL CONTROL
Results / Purposes
(Efficacy)
Results/ Resources
( Efficiency )
Board of Directors
Board of Advisors
Stackeholderscommettee
General Manager
Executive StaffEvaluation Nucleous
ExecutiveManager
Sector Sector Sector
Service Unit ServceUnits Service Units Service Units Service Units Service Units
STRATEGIC CONTROL
Purposes/Resources
(Adequacy )
MANAGERIAL CONTROL
Results / Purposes
(Efficacy)
Results/ Resources
( Efficiency )
Board of Directors
Board of Advisors
Stackeholderscommettee
General Manager
Executive StaffEvaluation Nucleous
ExecutiveManager
Sector Sector Sector
Service Unit ServceUnits Service Units Service Units Service Units Service Units
Board of Directors
Board of Advisors
Stackeholderscommettee
General Manager
Executive StaffEvaluation Nucleous
ExecutiveManager
Sector Sector Sector
Service Unit ServceUnits Service Units Service Units Service Units Service Units
Territory based
River based
Levels of GovernanceThe levels of governance with the evaluation criteria
OIU Management DU Management Governance Unit. Level Standardization Program Reciprocal Adjustment Form of
Integration Operative Middle Strategic Quality of
Targets Short Medium Long Timing
dimension The operational units The departments The basin Field of
competency Realization Orientation and
impulse Coordination, negotiation Main activity
Efficiency Efficacy Adequacy Main evaluation criterion
Big River Basin Governance Authority
Departmental Unit (Generally on the basis of
Municipality administrative borders )
Operational Independent Units
A general survey on Governance Networking in European Big Waterways.
Different levels of performing structures
What About the Links with the territory ?
• Regions•Provinces•Municipalities•Prefectures•Chambers of Commerce•Associations among local governments•Public and private enterprises•Associations of Employiers•Citizen and customerAssociations•Local Networks•………….
Networking What is this ?
UIB
KSU
COU
UNIBO
Ministry of Education
and Science of the
Republic of Kazakhstan
ANKPU
Tempus Project
SVIMAP
SINFORM
Taraz
State
University
Bishkek
University
Samarcanda
Universit
y
UIB
Distance
Learning
Sub
Network
Taskent
Center for
Economic
Research (CER)
Italian
Ministry
for Foreign
Affairs
Ust-Kame
no
gorogorsk
Astana
Aklobe
Shymkenl
Italian
Ministry
for Foreign
Affairs
Tempus
Project
Brighton
Perting
Simulimpres
a
Microbusines
s
Lab
SmileGuard
Simulimpres
a
Microbusines
s
Lab
Haapajärvi
Simulimpres
a
Microbusines
s
Lab
The Differentiation of Network Links
Links Location around WaterwaysFrom linear approach to focal point action.
How to built a Network ?Top Down or Bottom Up ?
Clustering Versus Networking Approach
CLUSTERING : From the top to the bottom ( Top Down Processes )
NETWORKING : From Bottom to the Top ( Bottom up Processes)
An Example of bottom up economy :the Focal Points on Volga River
Moving people and focal points
Micro business and bottom up economy
Poor but effective premises
New perspectives
•Bottom Up economy
• SMES Creation and improvement
•Involvement of Local Stakeholders