sustainable phosphorus sources ready for the …...see scope newsletter 111 and 18 suez phosphogreen...
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Sustainable phosphorus sources ready for the European market
Chris Thornton European Sustainable Phosphorus Platform (ESPP) [email protected] www.phosphorusplatform.eu @phosphorusfacts
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Without mineral phosphate fertilisers we could feed maybe 1/5th of the current world population Adapted from Dawson et al., Food Policy 2011: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/journal/03069192
Without mineral nitrogen fertilisers we could support around 1/2 of world food production Fertilizers Europe 2018, based on Erisman, Sutton et al., Nature Geoscience 2008 DOI: 10.1038/ngeo325 https://www.researchgate.net/publication/248828433_ How_a_century_of_ammonia_synthesis_changed_the_world
https://phosphorusalliance.org
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200 – 260 million tonnes of phosphate rock are mined annually (17 - 24 Mt P) 95% of use is in agriculture: - fertilisers - animal feed
But phosphorus is also essential (in much smaller quantities) for: - fire safety - electronics, batteries … - water treatment - chemicals and pharmaceuticals …
See ESPP Phosphorus Fact Sheet www.phosphorusplatcorm.eu
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Phosphorus (P) is a major environmental challenge: eutrophication
• P is first cause of (non-morphological) quality status failure under the EU Water Framework Directive
• 55% of rivers, 74% of lakes exceed P level for good ecological status
3 July 2018
http://www.stockholmresilience.org Baltic Sea
eutrophication, source WWF
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EU policies to address phosphorus
• EU water policy - Urban Waste Water Treatment Directive 1991/271 - Nitrates Directive 1991/676 - Water Framework Directive 2000/2000 - Groundwater Directive 2006/118 (P on monitoring list 2014)
• Common Agricultural Policy - proposed FaST tool, 2019
• Critical Raw Materials list - phosphate rock 2014 - white phosphorus (P4) 2017
• Circular Economy Package - EU Fertilising Products Regulation, 2019
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Why recycle phosphorus?
• Synergies - reducing phosphorus losses to surface waters - reducing ammonia emissions - improving sewage works operation & biosolids management - manure management / Nitrates Directive - anaerobic digestion / renewable energy - return of organic carbon to soil - food waste - water reuse
• Circular economy - rural jobs - reduce dependency on imports - EU leadership in recycling
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National legislation
• Switzerland 2016 - P-recycling obligation from sewage and animal by-products
• Germany 2017 - P-recycling obligation
• Helcom 2017 - P-recycling strategy & reporting
• …
Scope Newsletter n°118 http://www.phosphorusplatform.eu/scope118 Scope Newsletter n°121 http://www.phosphorusplatform.eu/scope121
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Recycling potential
• European Commission 1 STRUBIAS recycled products could replace 25-40% of EU mineral phosphate fertilisers
• European Commission 2 Phosphorus recycling could replace 30% of EU mineral phosphate fertilisers
• i.e. market value of recycled phosphates of c. 600 M€ 3
1 = JRC STRUBIAS draft « Market » report 20/12/2017
2 = IP/18/6161 http://europa.eu/rapid/press-release_IP-18-6161_en.htm 3 = ESPP estimate
P recycling potential in EU-27 [kton P/year] Total Recycled Potential Sewage sludge 297 115 182 Biodegradable solid waste 130 38 92 Meat & bone meal 128 6 122 Total 427-555 153-160 274-396 Manure recycling = 1 736 Mineral fertiliser use = 1 448 Van Dijk et al. “Phosphorus flows and balances of the European Union Member States”, Science of the Total Environment Volume 542, Part B, 15 January 2016, Pages 1078-1093 http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2015.08.048
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Recycling routes today demonstrated /operational
• Manure / food industry by-products organic fertilisers • Sewage biosolids composting / digestion agriculture • Animal by-product incineration ash fertiliser • Sewage sludge incineration ash technical phosphates • Sewage sludge incineration ash fertiliser industry • Manure biochar fertiliser • Struvite precipitation from sewage fertiliser • Wastewater algae organic fertilisers
COOPERL / Brittany farmers’ cooperatives. 400 000 t/y manure processed to organic fertiliser product
ww.phosphorusplatform.eu/scope122
Géotexia, Saint Gilles du Mené, Brittany. Methanisation of 70 000 t/y pig manure. French fertiliser homologation
obtained for digestate 2013 https://www.anses.fr/sites/default/files/documents/FERTIXIA
NK_FSIM_2013-0856_Ans.pdf
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Véolia UK: fertilisers from wastes Pro-Grow: • 10 UK composting sites producing 200 000 t/year soil conditioners
from green & food wastes • All grades have “product” status and PAS100 certified Granulation factory at Livingstone, near Edinburgh Capacity 20 000 t/y Currently: fertilisers from food industry by-product ashes liming materials micro-nutrient fertilisers Under development: recycled fertilisers
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EasyMining Sweden Ash2Phos® • P-recovery from sewage sludge incineration ash & iron ore tailings CleanMAP® = technical grade MAP (mono ammonium phosphate) plus iron or aluminium salts & silica/cement by-product
• Pilot plant sewage sludge ash Helsingborg (2018) = up to 0,6t/h • Pilot plant iron mining tailings, underway (25 kg/h) • Full scale plant construction starting 2019
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Yara : nitrogen recovery from municipal waste, Oslo
• Ammonia stripping in VEAS municipal waste anaerobic digester 650 000 t/y municipal waste
• 12-15% of input nitrogen recovered as ammonium nitrate http://www.circulary.eu/project/yara-recovery/
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Thames Water – Ostara Pearl® • Slough municipal wastewater treatment plant, UK, since 2013 • 150 tonnes Crystal Green® fertiliser / year • High quality slow release fertiliser • Today also plants in Spain, Netherland. • 18 plants operational worldwide www.ostara.com and www.phosphorusplatform.eu/scope99
https://www.aljazeera.com/programmes/earthrise/2014/12/recycling-phosphorus-2014121693225616272.html
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Thames Water – Ostara Pearl® • Slough municipal wastewater treatment plant, UK, since 2013 • 150 tonnes Crystal Green® fertiliser / year • High quality slow release fertiliser • Today also plants in Spain, Netherland. • 18 plants operational worldwide www.ostara.com and www.phosphorusplatform.eu/scope99
https://www.aljazeera.com/programmes/earthrise/2014/12/recycling-phosphorus-2014121693225616272.html
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Timac - Roulier: struvite as maize starter fertiliser • Fertiliser industry added-value for recycled nutrients • NuReSys recovered struvite from potato processing • Non-burning, enabling “ultra localisation” next to roots • Micro-granulation • Ammonium addition for nutrient balance
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ICL fertilisers Amsterdam & Ludwigshaven • Use of secondary materials
in fertiliser production: - meat and bone meal ash - struvite
• Objective: 100% by 2025 • Pilot testing successful • Industrial installations
(storage, handling) planned www.icl-group.com
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Ecophos P-recycling from sewage sludge ash • Pilot plant operational Varna, Bulgaria • Production of DCP (Di Calcium Phosphate) for fertilisers, animal feed • Dunkerque, France • First line operational since 1/2018: 220 000 t/y DCP from low grade P-rock • Second line in authorisation phase:
100 000 t/y of sewage sludge incineration ash and other secondary raw materials
• Contract 60 000 t/y ash from Netherlands (SNB – HVC Groep)
See SCOPE Newsletter 111 and www.ecophos.com
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Suez Phosphogreen • Struvite recovery from sewage • Biological P removal sewage works
with anaerobic sludge digestion - 2013, Aby wwtp, Aarhus, 84 000 p.e. - 2015, Herning, Denmark, 150 000 p.e. - 2017, Marselisborg, Denmark 200 000p.e. • Advantages - struvite sale: 250€ - 300€ /tonne - reduced P-removal chemical costs - avoidance of nuisance deposits - reduced sludge volumes - reduced energy consumption for biological N removal
https://www.suezwaterhandbook.com/degremont-R-technologies/sludge-treatment/recovery/recycle-phosphorus-from-
effluent-to-produce-a-valuable-fertilizer-Phosphogreen
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Why the EU Fertilising Products Regulation (FPR) is essential - Open EU markets for recycled nutrient products - European market for organic fertilisers, biostimulants … - Open EU market for nutrient recycling technologies - Continuation of markets for ‘national’ fertilisers
Challenges to address : - Add STRUBIAS to FPR annexes (struvite, biochar, ashes) = products already on the market - Clarify Nitrates Directive status of recycled products (DG ENVI ‘SafeManure’ project) - Address consumer and food industry / supermarket concerns about contaminants European initiative? - Cost of recycling: transfer tax burden from labour to resources
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Sustainable phosphorus sources ready for the European market
Chris Thornton European Sustainable Phosphorus Platform (ESPP) [email protected] www.phosphorusplatform.eu @phosphorusfacts