sustainable intensification?: implications for the emergence of diseases
TRANSCRIPT
Sustainable intensifica.on?: Implica.ons for the emergence of diseases Delia Grace, Bernard Be., Fred Unger and Hung Nguyen
Currently new diseases are emerging at the rate of one every four months and three out of four of these diseases jump species from other animals. Many of these diseases are associated with agriculture. ILRI led two systema=c reviews of disease emergence and burden to help in priori=sa=on.
Pictures
Understanding the rela=ons between agricultural intensifica=on and disease emergence has prac=cal implica=ons: • Targe=ng hotspots: Iden=fica=on of hot spots for emergence and increasing surveillance in these areas • Disease proofing: Iden=fica=on of risk factors and avoiding them as far as possible • Cos=ng intensifica=on: Factoring in the costs of emerging disease control and preven=on
Delia Grace [email protected] ● P.O. Box 30709-‐00100 Nairobi Kenya ● +254 20 422 3000 hYp://aghealth.wordpress.com ● www.ilri.org Acknowledgements: The CGIAR Research Program on Agriculture for Nutri=on and Health (A4NH) and the Interna=onal Livestock Research Ins=tute (ILRI) Funding: The Department for Interna=onal Development, UK
This document is licensed for use under a Crea=ve Commons AYribu=on –Non commercial-‐Share Alike 3.0 Unported License September 2014
There are strong associa=ons with environmental change and disease emergence. Increased disease is associated with habitat fragmenta=on and ecotones, reduced wildlife biodiversity, and encroachment of humans and agriculture into natural ecosystems.
There are complex associa=ons with agricultural intensifica=on and disease emergence.
• Socie=es with intensified agriculture bear a much lower burden of zoono=c disease.
• Since 1930s most disease emergence has been reported from countries with intensive systems.
• In the last ten years, propor=onally more emergence events are reported from developing countries.
The objec=ve of our studies was to synthesise best available scien=fic knowledge about zoono=c disease transmission through direct or indirect domes=c livestock-‐wildlife interac=on, with emphasis on risk factors, drivers and trajectories of transmission, and promising interven=ons for controlling important zoonoses based on managing livestock-‐wildlife interac=on.
A systema=c review was carried out by a mul=-‐disciplinary team with exper=se in zoonoses, epidemiology, socio-‐economics and wildlife.
Introduc=on
Materials and methods
Results
Research into use
Expanded range of JEV in Southeast Asia associated with: -‐ Increasing human popula=on -‐ increasing irrigated rice produc=on and pig farming
Increased habitat for vectors and reservoir hosts è increased popula=on density Efficient secondary host – amplifica=on è human infec=on (dead end host)
Based on Pfeffer and Dobler, 2010, Hurk et al., 2009
Iden=fica=on of themes and search terms
Database search; PubMed & CAB Direct, 2006-‐2010
Screening by =tle
Review of abstracts
Review of full papers; evaluate, capture
Summary of findings by theme
Tsetse fly density and fragmenta=on of natural habitat in eastern Zambia – density lowest where greatest fragmenta=on – likely to
disappear (Ducheyne et al., 2009). in tsetse-‐infested areas of sub-‐Saharan Africa, clearance of natural
vegeta=on, loss of large wildlife led to near-‐disappearance of tsetse in some areas (Bossche et al., 2010)
Animal suffering from trypanosomosis
September 2014