sustainable development, smart growth · smart growth “in general, smart growth invests time,...
TRANSCRIPT
Sustainable Development, Smart Growth & What’s In a Name?
Presentation byEd Braddy
American Dream CoalitionFebruary 13, 2012
American Dream Coalition• Founded in 2002• Non-profit 501(c)(3)• Freedom, Mobility & Affordable
Homeownership• The American Dream
Gainesville City Commission, 2002-2008
“Outsider on the Inside”
Extremely Persuasive
Wake up, Mr. Manager
Exceptional Service 2002-2008
UF National Championships
Football2006, 2008Basketball2006, 2007
What’s in a Name?• Smart Growth• New Urbanism• Compact Cities• Resilient Cities• Traditional Neighborhoods• Livable Communities• Growth Management• Sustainable Development
The Trend Line on a Buzzword
U.N. Agenda 21
Sustainable Development
“meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future
generations to meet their own needs”- World Commission on
Environment and Development
What is Livability?
• “When I was growing up, I could walk to my grade school … we would bike everywhere we went. We could walk to the grocery store. We had streetcars and buses, which people used to get to downtown.… I used to take a bus to my dad's business.”
• “Where you can live without a car.”-- Ray LaHood, US Transportation Secretary
National Press Club, May 2009
• Moderator on the Livability Initiative: “Is this an effort to make driving more torturous and to coerce people out of their cars?”
• Ray LaHood: “It is a way to coerce people out of their cars.”
Ray LaHood, Secretary of Immobility
Smart Growth
“In general, smart growth invests time, attention, and resources in restoring community and vitality to city centers and older suburbs.”
(Why Smart Growth: A Primer)---------------------------------------------------------
• Increased Densities• Mixed Uses & Compact Development
• Pedestrian & Transit Orientation• Open Spaces & Urban Infill
Smart Growth Regulations
• Increase underlying land costs• Increase planning costs• Increase construction costs• Increase financing costs• Encourage the building of high-end homes• Encourage land banking• Encourage land and housing speculation
Growth Management & Affordability
8th Annual Demographia International Housing Affordability Survery, 2012
Housing Bubbles“We find that cities that are more regulated or have less
developable land experienced greater price gains between January 2000 and June 2006, and greater price declines between June 2006 and July 2009. Furthermore, the supply constraints in the housing market amplified the boom-and-bust consequences of the subprime expansion in the mortgage market.”
• Haifang Huang, H., Tang, Y., 2010. Residential land use regulation and the US housing price cycle between 2000 and 2009. Working Paper No. 2010-11.
Bursting the Bubble
Smart Growth Cities
Unspoken Trade-offs– Chronic
Underemployment– Declining Minority
Populations– Fewer Minority-Owned
Businesses– Less Family Formation– Higher Transit-
Dependency
Family Un-Friendly
• Portland boasted 43,419 elementary students … in 1927.
Source: Portland Public SchoolsEnrollment Forecast 2006-2015
When They Say …
“Sustainability/Smart Growth is About Livability”
They Really Mean …
“Smart Growth is About DENSITY.”
It’s All About Density
Place Metro Urbanized DensityBoston 11.8% 13.0% 12,793Chicago 11.2% 12.4% 11,841Baltimore 6.0% 7.5% 7,672Seattle 8.1% 8.8% 7,250Honolulu 8.7% 9.6% 5,572Pittsburgh 5.6% 7.5% 5,521
Pop / Square Mile
2010 Transit Market Shares
It’s All About DensityPlace Transit Share Density
Orlando 3.1% 2327 people/sq mileJacksonville 1.3% 1100 people/sq mileTampa 3.6% 2960 people/sq milePortland 7.1% 4375 people/sq mileOcala 1.3% 1200 people/sq mile
Growth Management in Florida1985 Growth Management Act
• Evaluation & Appraisal Reports (EARs)• 10-year Comprehensive Plans• Significant Regulatory Oversight• Smart Growth Substructure
State Mandate Local ImplementationHeavily
RegulatedLightly
Regulated
Ocala Comprehensive Plan
• Plans for the impacts of growth and development
• Provides a framework for local governments
• Provisions adequate roads, schools, water, parks and sewer facilities for residents
• Retains the character that made your community such a desirable place
A Closer Look at the EAR
Marion County Comprehensive Plan• Establishes the
“Community’s Vision”• Four workshops
averaging 50 people• “The responses echo
many of the principles of smart growth.”
• “Sustainable growth, growth management, urban services boundary, and creating mixed-use developments were mentioned frequently.”
OcalaComprehensive Plan
Page 26: “There was consensus among community members that the accepted paradigm of continually widening roadways to accommodate increased vehicular traffic was not sustainable.”
A “mandate” to provide …
•Complete Streets•Road Diets
People With Visions
Visualizing Density
Visualize Calcutta
Density: 63,000 people per square mile
Vision of Smart Growth
Dom Nozzi• “The car is the
enemy of the city”– Gainesville Sun, 18 May
2008
James Kunstler• “The project of suburbia is over. We
will build no more of it.”New York Times, 12 Aug 2008
• Richard Florida“Homeownership is Overrated”
-- Wall Street Journal, 7 June 2010
Density and the Single Family Home
US 2,300 sf
France 1,216 sf
UK 818 sf
“Study calls Maryland smart growth a flop”
• “An innovative policy to fight suburban sprawl catapulted Maryland into the national spotlight a decade ago.”
• “Scholars at the National Center for Smart Growth Research and Education found that over a decade, smart growth has not made a dent in Maryland's war on sprawl.”
Washington Post, Nov. 2, 2009
Think Outside the Bus
Sources: National Transportation Statistics; National Transit Database, “Energy Consumption” spreadsheet; Transportation Energy Data Book
The European Model
• Paris, France• Light Rail-T3
• Avg trip length per car has increased 4 km
• Congestion worsened• Carbon emissions
increased by 3,115 tons(Source: Objectif Liberté, Vincent Benard)
Bus Subway
Walk Car
50% 33% 9% 2.7%
The Law of Unintended Consequences
Australian Conservation Foundation & Residential Development Council
October 2007
• “GHG emission estimates from the recently published Australian Conservation Foundation Consumption Atlas, indicate virtually the opposite of the generally held perceptions.”
Housing Form in Australia& Its Impact on Greenhouse Gas Emissions
• “The data shows that lower density areas, which rely more on automobiles, tend to produce less in GHG emissions than the high density, more public transport dependent areas that are favored by urban consolidation policies.”
Ignoring Emerging Technology Advances
Strategic Misrepresentation
“Planners and promoters purposefully spinscenarios of success and gloss over the potential for failure. Again, this results in the pursuit of ventures that are unlikely to come in on budget or on time, or to deliver the promised benefits.”
Strategic Misrepresentation
• “An audit report found that HRT knowingly hid the costs of light rail from the city of Norfolk.”
– WAVY-TV 10December 15, 2010
Strategic Misrepresentation– Elected officials, planners, and
sustainability advocates
• A Predictable Pattern:1. Blame congestion on preferred
choices (dispersed, suburban and auto-oriented
2. Pitch multi-modal Smart Growth strategies as viable alternative to reduce congestion
3. But fully implemented, Smart Growth plans will increase congestion by design
Smart Growth ’s Congestion• “Recognizes that congestion is accepted in growing
urban areas”– Mobility: Alachua County’s Plan to Effectively Link Land-
Use & Transportation, 2011MODE LEVEL OF SERVICE
(LOS)PEDESTRIAN B
BICYCLE B
EXPRESS TRANSIT B
MOTOR VEHICLE D
MOTOR VEHICLE (SIS)
C
2011 Community Preference Survey
2011 Community Preference SurveySuburban Development Livable Community
44% 56%
Americans Do Not Prefer Smart Growth
• “The 2011 Community Preference Survey reveals that, ideally, most Americans would like to live in walkable communities where shops, restaurants, and local businesses are within an easy stroll from their homes and their jobs are a short commute away; as long as those communities can also provide privacy from neighbors and detached, single-family homes.”
How is policy made … locally?
• The Structure of Local Governments
How is policy made … locally?
• The Substructure of Local Governments
Substructure of Urban Policy
Substructure of Urban Policy• American Planning Association
• Center for Livable Communities
• Congress for the New Urbanism
• Florida Sustainable Communities
• International City/County Management Association (ICMA)
• Urban Land Institute
Smart Growth is the Dominant Paradigm
Smart Growth Leadership Institute
• Case Studies in Smart Growth Implementation• “Leadership in smart growth came largely
from the County planning staff and, to a lesser extent, from the development community.”
• “The staff was enthusiastic and knowledgeable about smart growth.”
Smart Growth as Clever Marketing
Rhetorical Appeal
Catchy Slogans
Nostalgic Promises
Heroic Purpose
Envy
Fear
H. L. Mencken (1880-1956)
“The whole aim of practical politics is to keep the populace alarmed (and hence clamorous to be led to safety) by menacing
it with an endless series of hobgoblins, all of them
imaginary.”
Beware of Hobgoblins Sprawl
1000 Friends of Florida
Unless They Are Exaggerating
Source: U.S. Geological Survey
Inconvenient Truths• “All urbanized areas of
2,500 people or more occupy just 2.6 percent of the United States.”– U.S. Census Bureau
• “If every family in the U.S. built a home on a ¼acre lot, they could all fit comfortably in Ohio.”– Randal O’Toole, Cato Institue Source: U.S. Geological Survey
Graphic Design Gimmicks
Maryland Scare Tactics Florida Scare Tactics
Portland, Oregon & Envy Urbanism
The Mecca of Smart GrowthActual Google Street Cam
In Portland, Everyone Bikes …
… or Takes Light Rail
On the Portland MAX
Portland, OregonImage Reality
Nation’s 23rd worst traffic congestion & 27th in “Most Wasted Fuel per Traveler” Source: TTI-UMR
Mother Nature NetworkJan 24, 2011
• “scrubbed nearly 700 million tons of carbon from the atmosphere”
• “Depopulation over such a large swathe of land meant that countless numbers of cultivated fields eventually returned to forests.” History’s First Smart Growther
Genghis Khan
How to Fight Back
• Run Good Candidates• Educate Activists• Dig Into Documents
Mass Transit in the 20th Century
Transportation Choice in Practice
Mobility Vouchers forLow Income Families
2010 Transit Market Shares
Place Metro Urbanized DensityCleveland 3.6% 4.3% 5,107Norfolk 1.7% 1.9% 4,486Denver 4.1% 4.6% 3,922San Bernardino
1.7% 2.0% 3,546
Bremerton 7.7% 8.4% 1,328Pop / Square Mile
Best Ridership Associated With Highest Densities … Usually
Right-size the Fleet
Kitsap Transit Bremerton, WA
1,328 People / Square Mile8.4% Transit Market Share
Right-size the Fleet
Mobility Machines for Individual-Family Decision-making
• Private transportation– Commute times lower– Frees up time– Greater flexibility for jobs– Wider geographic search
net– Limits duration of
unemployment
Source: Raphael & Rice, “Car Ownership, Employment, and
Earnings,” UC-Berkeley
The Vital Role of Mobility• A half-hour commute at an average speed of
30 mph can access about 700 sq. miles.• A half-hour commute at an average speed of
42 mph increases the opportunity zone to almost 1,400 sq. miles.
• Tory Gattis, “Opportunity Urbanism Policy Framework,”2007
The Vital Role of Mobility• Low income workers who received cars through such
programs reveal that improved mobility brought them better jobs and higher wages
• Auto-ownership could cut the black-white unemployment gap nearly in half
• Lisa M. Brabo, et al. “Driving out of Poverty in Private Automobiles,” in Rediscovering the Other America: The Continuing Crisis of Poverty and Inequality in the United States, 2003
Auto-mobility IS Livability
• Smart Growth goal is to reduce vehicle miles traveled (VMTs)
• Each trip is a transaction
• A car is a “tool” used in the “pursuit of happiness”
Economic SocialRecreational CulturalEducational Religious
Defend Property Rights
“There are more instances of the abridgment of the freedom of the people by gradual & silent encroachments of those in power than by violent & sudden usurpations.”
James Madison
“Anti-Sprawl Laws, Property Rights Collide in Oregon”
• “The nation's strongest laws against sprawl are beginning to buckle here in Oregon under pressure from an even stronger, voter-approved law that trumps growth restrictions with property rights.”
Washington Post, February 28, 2005
Parris N. Glendening
• "The incentives are not strong enough, … but property rights are a heated issue. I don't believe the political realities allow you to go to a [stronger] system.“– Washington Post,
November 2, 2009
Property Rights Under Assault• “We don’t believe that
sound planning is anathema to individual property rights.”– PlanMaryland
• “Quality of Life and Sustainability: a high quality of life is achieved through universal stewardship of the land, water, and air resulting in sustainable communities and protection of the environment;”– PlanMaryland
Define Property Rightsin Comp Plan & Visioning Documents
• “The moment the idea is admitted into society that property is not as sacred as the law of God, and that there is not a force of law and public justice to protect it, anarchy and tyranny commence.”– John Adams
To Secure Property Rights
• Definable• Defendable• Divestible
The Missing Reform: Regulatory Tax Credits
Goldwater Institute Report
“require the government to pay just compensation when regulations prohibit peaceful and productive uses of land”
“force policymakers to carefully consider the costs of new regulations and ensure they are truly designed to protect public health and safety”
Defend Suburbia
• Suburbanization is a common and ancient phenomenon all over the world.
• “As cities have become economically prosperous, they have spread outward at decreasing densities.”
• “The preferred settlement pattern everywhere in the world where there is a certain measure of affluence and where citizens have some choice in how they live.”– Robert Bruegmann, Sprawl: A Compact History
Prosperous Future Requires Replacing the Ideology of Urban Form with a
Culture of Property Rights• County/City Managers Manage Their Departments,
Not Free People• Recognize Property Owners as Best Stewards of the
Environment• Mitigate Impacts instead of Prohibiting Uses• If It’s Your Property, You Build By Right• Every Square (Mile) is an Innovation Square• Covert Overlay Districts into No-Zone Zones
Should We Cheer for Smart Growth & Sustainable Development?
We’re Here to Help!• Website: americandreamcoalition.org• ADC Blog: www.adcblog.org/blog/• Email: [email protected]• Sign Up: ADC Communicator (email)