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Sustainable Development Goals andChildren in Tanzania

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SuStainable Development GoalS anD ChilDren in t a n z a n i a

DeCember 2019

“Sustainable Changes start with Children”


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SuStainable Development GoalS anD ChilDren in t a n z a n i a

DeCember 2019

“Sustainable Changes start with Children”


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table of

ContentS

abbreviations9

preface12

introduction14

117

122

ANNEX 1: List of References

ANNEX 2: Statistical Annex

Goal 1: End poverty in all its forms everywhere

31

37Goal 2: End hunger, achieve food security and improved nutrition and promote sustainable agriculture

43 Goal 3: Ensure healthy lives and promote well-being for all at all ages

53Goal 4: Ensure inclusive and equitable quality education and promote lifelong learning opportunities for all

69 Goal 5: Achieve gender equality and empower all women and girls

75 Goal 6: Ensure availability and sustainable management of water and sanitation for all

83Goal 8: Promote sustained, inclusive and sustainable economic growth, full and productive employment and decent work for all

89 Goal 10: Reduce inequality within and among countries

93 Goal 11: Make cities and human settlements inclusive, safe, resilient and sustainable

101 Goal 13: Take urgent action to combat climate change and its impacts

107Goal 16: Promote peaceful and inclusive societies for sustainable development, provide access to justice for all and build effective, accountable and inclusive institutions at all levels

112 towards 2030: Conclusion and Recommendations

117 anneXeS

figure 1 Prevalence of Stunting (%) among children under 5 years of age in

2018 by region

figure 2 Trends in nutritional status of children under age 5 according to WHO

Growth Standards 2006, from 1991 to 2018, Tanzania

figure 3 Anaemia (blood haemoglobin level <11.0 g/dl) in children aged 6–59

months by region

figure 4 Trends in child mortality rates (deaths per 1,000 live births) in Tanzania

figure 5 Proportion of children dying before 28 days and 12 months in the

under-5 deaths (per cent)

figure 6 Child mortality rates (deaths per 1,000 live births) in the Mainland and

Zanzibar, for the period 2006–2015

figure 7 Trends in maternal mortality ratios (maternal deaths per 100,000 live

births) in Tanzania

figure 8 HIV prevalence among adults 15 years and older, by region,

Tanzania, 2016/17

figure 9 Education Structures in Mainland and in Zanzibar

figure 10 Gross and net enrolment rates by education levels (per cent),

Tanzania Mainland, 2016–2018

figure 11 Gross and net enrolment rates by education levels (per cent),

Zanzibar, 2016–2018

figure 12 Percentage of out-of-school children, by age group, in the Mainland,

Zanzibar and Tanzania

figure 13 Disparities in the pupil-qualified teacher ratios at region and council

levels in government pre-primary schools, Mainland, 2018

figure 14 Gaps in the number of qualified teachers in government and non-

government pre-primary schools, Mainland, 2018

figure 15 Pupil-teacher ratio by school type and level, Zanzibar, 2018

figure 16 Pupil-teacher ratios in government schools by district and level,

Zanzibar, 2018

liSt of fiGureS

figure 17 Percentage of qualified science teachers by school type and level,

Zanzibar, 2018

figure 18 Percentage of schools with basic water services, basic sanitation

services and basic hygiene services, 2018

figure 19 Female genital mutilation by region

figure 20 Female genital mutilation by age at circumcision of women

aged 20–24 years

figure 21 Proportion of households having access to improved and non-

improved drinking water sources, Tanzania, 2015/16

figure 22 Proportion of households having access to sanitation facilities by type

figure 23 Proportion of children aged 5–17 years engaged in child labour (%) by

sex, Mainland and Zanzibar 2014

figure 24 Percentage of children of age 5–17 years in child labour by different

characteristics, Mainland

figure 25 Percentage of children of age 5–17 years in child labour by different

characteristics, Zanzibar

figure 26 Trends in Gini index, Tanzania Mainland

figure 27 Percentage of population at mid-year residing in urban areas,

United Republic of Tanzania, 1990–2050

figure 28 Trends in the share and size of population at mid-year residing in urban

areas, United Republic of Tanzania, 2015–2030

figure 29 Average annual rate of change of urban agglomerations with 300,000

inhabitants or more, United Republic of Tanzania, 2015–2030 (per cent)

figure 30 Climate change-relevant allocations and as a share of the total budget,

Tanzania, 2009/10–2012/13

figure 31 Prevalence of physical and sexual violence among male and female

population aged 13–24 years

figure 32 Birth registration in Tanzania

table 1 Gender Parity Index (GPI) of selected education indicators, Mainland, 2018

table 2 Gender Parity Index (GPI) of selected education indicators, Zanzibar, 2018

table 3 Pupil-qualified teacher ratios and gaps in the number of qualified teachers in

government and non-government pre-primary schools, Mainland, 2018

table 4 Pupil-qualified teacher ratios and gaps in the number of qualified teachers in

government and non-government primary schools, Mainland, 2018

table 5 Percentage of qualified teachers in government schools by district and level,

Zanzibar, 2018

liSt of tableS

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59

64

62

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9

abbreviationS

AIDS Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome

ART Antiretroviral Therapy

ARV Antiretroviral

CEDAW Convention on the Elimination of all forms of Discrimination Against Women

CHF Community Health Fund

CHRGG Commission for Human Rights and Good Governance

CRC Convention on the Rights of the Child

DAC Development Assistance Committee

DRR Disaster Risk Reduction

ESDP Education Sector Development Programme

ETP Education and Training Policy

EWURA Energy and Water Utilities Regulatory Agency

FAO Food and Agriculture Organization

FGM/C Female Genital Mutilation/Cutting

FYDP II Five-Year Development Plan II

GDP Gross Domestic Product

HBS Household Budget Survey

HIV Human Immunodeficiency Virus

HMIS Health Management Information System

HRHSP Human Resource for Health Strategic Plan

HSSP IV Health Sector Strategic Plan IV

ILFS Integrated Labour Force Survey

LGAs Local Government Authorities

MDAs Ministries, Departmentals and Agencies


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MDGs Millennium Development Goals

MoFP Ministry of Finance and Planning

MoHCDGEC Ministry of Health, Community Development, Gender, Elderly and Children

MIJCA Ministry of Justice and Constitutional Affairs

MKUZA Mkakati wa Kukuza Uchumi na Kupunguza Umaskini Zanzibar

MLHHSD Ministry of Lands, Housing and Human Settlements Development

MNRT Ministry of Natural Resources and Tourism

MoHSW Ministry of Health and Social Welfare

MVCs Most Vulnerable Children

NAWAPO National Water Policy

NBS National Bureau of Statistics

NCD Non-Communicable Diseases

NECTA National Examination Council of Tanzania

NGO Non-Governmental Organisation

NHIF National Health Insurance Fund

NMNAP National Multisectoral Nutrition Action Plan

NPS Tanzania’s National Panel Survey

NSSF National Social Security Fund

NWSDS National Water Sector Development Strategy

ODA Official Development Assistance

PHC Population and Housing Census

PMO Prime Minister’s Office

PMTCT Prevention of Mother-to-Child Transmission

PO–RALG President’s Office–Regional Administration and Local Government

PPP Public Private Partnership


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PPRA Public Procurement Regulatory Authority

RITA Registration of Insolvency and Trusteeship Agency

RGOZ Revolutionary Government of Zanzibar

SADC Southern Africa Development Community

SDGs Sustainable Development Goals

SSRA Social Security Regulatory Authority

TACAIDS Tanzania Commission for AIDS

TASAF Tanzania Social Action Fund

TB Tuberculosis

TDHS Tanzania Demographic and Health Survey

TDV Tanzania Development Vision

THIS Tanzania HIV Impact Survey

TIE Tanzania Institute of Education

TSED Tanzania Social Economic Database

TZS Tanzanian Shilling

UNFCCC United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change

UNICEF United Nations Children’s Fund

UNSD United Nations Statistics Division

USD United States Dollar

VACS Violence Against Children Survey

WASH Water Sanitation and Hygiene

WHA World Health Assembly

WHO World Health Organization

ZIHHTLP Zanzibar Integrated HIV, Hepatitis, Tuberculosis and Leprosy, Programme


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In September 2015, the United Republic of Tanzania was among the 193 United

Nations member states that endorsed the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable

Development and its accompanying 17 Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs).

The SDGs reflect the call for shared action “for people, planet and prosperity”

as well as for “partnerships and peace” to be implemented by all countries.

In 2017, the Government of the United Republic of Tanzania acknowledged the

importance of Agenda 2030 by releasing a national SDG baseline report, which

allows the country to monitor progress towards the achievement of SDGs. The

Government released a National SDG Data Road Map to facilitate SDG monitoring

and is currently strengthening its SDG coordination architecture. In 2019, the

United Republic of Tanzania participated and presented its Voluntary National

Review (VNR), which highlights progress made on SDGs, at the annual High Level

Political Forum (HLPF) of the United Nations.

The United Nations family in Tanzania stands ready to support the Government

in its efforts to strengthen SDG monitoring and coordination. The ongoing United

Nations Development Assistance Plan for 2016-2021 is fully SDG-proof and

aligned with national development priorities. Within this overall approach, UNICEF

places a specific focus on children in line with its mandate to support Tanzania

with the implementation of the Convention on the Rights of the Child.

UNICEF is pleased to present this report that establishes a child-specific SDG

baseline for Tanzania. It highlights areas where progress towards achieving

child-specific SDG targets has been strong as well as areas where efforts need

to accelerate. Tanzania has achieved remarkable progress in bringing down the

under- five child mortality rate, reducing malnutrition, improving pre-school and

primary school enrolment, and in bringing down the number of new HIV infections

in children up to the age of 5.

Yet, challenges remain – for example 320 children under 5 years die every day

due to preventable causes mainly, one in every three children is not nourished

adequately. Among children of older age groups – only 74 per cent of boys and

68 per cent of girls transition from primary to secondary school, 27 per cent of

girls aged 15–19 have given birth or were pregnant with their first child, and 30 per

centyoung women got married before their 18th birthday.

prefaCe


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More than half of Tanzania’s population are children. The number of children is

projected to double by 2050, reaching 59 million. This young population could

be a tremendous asset if – and only if – we all invest in them, and in all of them.

UNICEF strongly believes that leaving no child behind today helps fulfil the rights

of all children, allowing them to develop into their full potential as healthy and

productive adults. Investing in children and reducing inequality is critical to the

realization of Tanzania’s ambitious development goals.

The child-specific SDGs addressed in this report guide the type of child-focused

investments that are required. UNICEF is highly committed to continue to support

the Government with this agenda.

Finally, no one entity alone can take on this task. Partnerships are central to

progress and UNICEF – as part of the broader UN Country Team – is grateful for

the excellent partnerships it enjoys in Tanzania – with the Government, Members

of Parliament, Civil Society Organisations, religious leaders, academia, the private

sector, development partners, and the children themselves. One of the great

things about partnerships is the diversity they bring and the innovations that

emerge to solve problems that affect children. The Sustainable Development

Goals, which Tanzania has officially adopted, envisage a better world for future

generations. Children and young people must be part of creating that better

world – it is going to be their world after all.

In short, this report is a contribution to Tanzania’s efforts to operationalize and

localise SDGs. It puts the spotlight on the status of SDG indicators and targets

related to children to complement the Government’s efforts to implement Agenda

2030 and to achieve the SDGs – leaving no child behind.

UNICEF would like to express its gratitude to the National Bureau of Statistics and

the Children Development Department under the Ministry of Health, Community

Development, Gender, Elderly, and Children for their important contributions.


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In 2015, the 193 member states of the United Nations agreed on the

2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development consisting of 17 Sustainable

Development Goals (SDGs) and 169 targets. The new agenda builds on the

progress achieved towards the Millennium Development Goals between 2000

and 2015. The SDGs are an ambitious and universal “plan of action for people,

planet and prosperity” and represent a historic opportunity to advance the

rights and well-being of every child. Sustainable development is, by definition,

development that can be carried on and sustained by future generations;

making the right choices for children is critical to the SDG agenda. There can be

no sustainable development, prosperity or peace without reaching all children.

Tanzania actively participated in the formulation of SDGs by hosting two

rounds of national consultations on what the focus should be of the post-

2015 development agenda and its implementation. The Government of the

United Republic of Tanzania also made contributions to the inter-governmental

discussions on SDGs, the means of implementation and measuring SDGs.

Compared with their predecessors, the Millennium Development Goals, SDGs go further in addressing the root causes of poverty and take a stronger stance on equity. Equity – a fair chance for every child to access the tools, services and skills they need to reach their full potential – needs to be a guiding principle in the implementation of the SDGs for children. Eliminating poverty remains the overarching goal while recognizing the critical importance of promoting equity to achieve this. The goals are linked by a pledge “that no one will be left behind…and we will endeavour to reach the furthest behind first.” In fact, the new targets cannot be achieved unless we make the most disadvantaged children a priority, adapting policies, programmes and public spending to promote greater equity1 .

introDuCtion

1 State of the World Children 2016


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2 UNICEF Briefing Note Series on SDG global indicators related to children

Children are central to the 2030 Agenda and the SDGs: the importance of investing in children and their roles as agents of change have been explicitly referenced, encouraging countries to think holistically and consider the linkages between different policies and investments that impact children. Although all of the 17 goals and 169 targets of the agenda touch the lives of children in one way or another, 14 goals and 95 targets are either directly (48 targets) or indirectly (47 targets) relevant to children.

This report focuses on 8 goals (1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 8, and 16) that include commitments directly related to children, while also touching on goals that do not explicitly concern children, but which bear relevance to their direct living environment (10, 11 and 13). This report will also focus on 17 of the 232 global indicators2 for which UNICEF has been identified as the official custodian or co-custodian for purposes of global reporting, with the key indicators, which are crucial in the local context in Tanzania. The analysis of the general trends and status of goals addressed in this report are framed by targets relevant to children’s well-being and their corresponding indicators that are both globally defined and country specific, depending on the data available. Data from different sources, including government reports, national surveys, administrative reports and global databases have been used to capture a comprehensive snapshot of where Tanzania’s children are at the start of Agenda 2030. The report begins with an overview of SDGs and their relevance for children, continues with an analysis of their status and national response to each of the 11 SDGs that are relevant for children and concludes with key conclusions and recommendations on the way forward.


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Source: Adapted from “Is Every Child Counted? Status of data for children in the SDGs, UNICEF (2017)”

SDGs impact every aspect of a child’s life every Child

Number of targets relevant

for children

Survives and

Thrives

Learns Is Protected from

Violence and Exploitation?

Lives in a Safe and Clean

Environment

Has an Equitable Chance in

Life?

Goal 1: No Poverty 7

Goal 2: Zero Hunger 2

Goal 3:Good Health and Well-being

13

Goal 4: Quality Education 10

Goal 5: Gender Equality 9

Goal 6:Clean Water and Sanitation

6

Goal 7:Affordable and Clean Energy

1

Goal 8:Decent Work and Economic Growth

4

Goal 9:Industry, Innovation and Infrastructure

1

Goal 10:Reduced Inequality

6

Goal 11:Sustainable Cities and Communities

8

Goal 12:Responsible Consumption and Production

2

Goal 13: Climate Action 4

Goal 14: Life Below Water 0

Goal 15: Life on Land 0

Goal 16:Peace and Justice Strong Institutions

11

Goal 17:Partnerships to achieve the Goal

11


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The Sustainable Development Agenda is unique in that each country has greater

space to determine its own development targets and the indicators by which it

will measure progress. In Tanzania, Agenda 2030 and SDGs align well with the

Tanzania Development Vision 2025, the Zanzibar Development Vision 2020, the

national development plans including the Second Five-Year Development Plan

(FYDP II) and MKUZA III’s in Zanzibar for 2016–2020. The preparation of these

development plans benefited from the experience and recommendations from

the global, regional and national consultations that led to the Agenda 2030 for

Sustainable Development. The localised SDG performance can be tracked as

part of the overall monitoring of FYDP II and MKUZA III’ in Zanzibar for 2016–

2020.

Tanzania made good progress towards achieving the Millennium Development

Goals. More than a decade of sustained economic growth has contributed

to a reduction in poverty and significant progress in a number of human

development dimensions. This is evidenced by a reduction in the proportion of

stunted children by more than one third between 1992 and 2018, an impressive

40 per cent decrease in under-5 child mortality since 2005 and more than 30

per cent reduction in new HIV infections among children between 2005 and

2017.

However, this has not resulted in better lives for everyone as many children are

left behind. Inequities persist that affect the well-being of a large percentage of

Tanzania’s children by denying them access to basic services and opportunities.

At present, more than a third of children in Tanzania still grow up stunted,

attendance in primary school is falling and neonatal and maternal mortality rates

remain stubbornly high. The country is home to more than 1.4 million people

living with HIV, including 160,000 adolescents and young people. The national

adult HIV prevalence is stabilizing at 4.7 per cent in 2016/2017; however, there

are vast geographical variations with some regions having HIV prevalence

of over 10 per cent. Prevalence of HIV among women aged 15–49 is twice in

comparison with the prevalence among men (6.2 per cent vs. 3.1 per cent).

Majority of Tanzanian children face multiple deprivations. Human development

outcomes differ substantially between rural and urban areas, across regions and

districts, between boys and girls, and between income groups.

Equitable development requires investment in children. Addressing continued

deprivation and disparities that affect children matters more than ever in

eradicating poverty as Tanzania is experiencing demographic changes.

Tanzania’s population has doubled in the last 25 years, from 25.5 million in

1990 to 49.4 million in 2015 and is projected to reach 77.5 million by 2030. This

projection includes an increase of 13 million in child population between 2015

and 2030, taking the number of children from 24.9 million to 37.9 million. In

addition, there will be a significant increase in the share of the urban population,

from 31.6 per cent in 2015 to 42.4 per cent in 20303. Over the next 10–15 years,

3 Source: World Population Prospect 2018


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the largest ever youth population will enter their economically productive

years. When the country is on the verge of reaching middle-income status with

a strong political will to achieve rapid industrialization, a large share of the

future workforce required to achieve this vision – that is a large share of today’s

children – continues to be affected by multiple deprivations and vulnerabilities.

Current inequities not only put at risk the future of these children, they also

undermine the likelihood of Tanzania achieving its vision.

The nature of the SDGs and the underlying principles of 2030 Agenda provide

a clear, strategic direction for the type of investment needed to fulfil the rights

of today’s children and of the future generation. The SDGs call for investments

in children across their life cycle, from early childhood development to

adolescence and for an integrated approach to investments in children, given

the principles of universality, interdependence and indivisibility of child rights.

And finally, 2030 Agenda calls for investing with domestic resources to ensure

sustainability. This investment is not only right in principle, it is also right in

practice. International evidence on the returns to investing in children and on

the cost of inaction is strong. Recent studies have shown how malnutrition,

exposure to violence and toxic environments, and lack of early childhood

stimulation can result in a loss of about a quarter of average adult income per

year4.

As Tanzania sets out on a parallel and inter-linked mission to achieve the

Tanzania Development Vision 2025, Zanzibar Vision 2020 and the SDGs, it is an

opportune time to take stock of where the country stands with respect to SDGs

that are directly relevant to children so that strategic investment decisions can

be informed and progress monitored.

The purpose of this report is to provide a child-focused complement to the

Government of the United Republic of Tanzania’s baseline for SDGs. It aims to

inform and inspire the work of all those who are directly or indirectly involved in

deciding, designing, and delivering programmes and services that help achieve

child-focused SDGs. It also aims to provide a tool for mutual accountability

for the government and all stakeholders who have the responsibility to deliver

results and changes for children.

What then are priority child-related SDGs and targets for children in Tanzania?

And how does Tanzania fare on each of these? The following chapters of this

report will explain how 11 of the 17 SDGs matter critically for the development

and protection of children in Tanzania and assess the current status and trends

on related targets and indicators.

4 Recent Lancet ed.


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overview of priority child-related SDGs targets and indicators

) Close to 12.5 million people live below the poverty line (26.4 per cent in Mainland and 30 per cent in Zanzibar). In 2016, 49.1 per cent of the population lived below the international poverty line of US$ 1.9/person/day.

Goal 1 NO POVERTY

12.5 million people live below the poverty line

3 in 4 children live in

multidimensional poverty

1.1 million poor households

) The largest national social assistance programme (the Productive Social Safety Net) reaches 1.1 million poor households with nearly 3 million children under 18 years of age.

) 3 in 4 children live in multidimensional poverty while nearly 3 in 10 children live in a household below the monetary poverty line.


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) Nearly 1 out of 3 children (31.8 per cent) under 5 years of age are stunted.

Goal 2 ZERO HUNGER

1 out of 3 children under age of 5

years are stunted

6 out of 10 babies under 6 months of age are exclusively

breastfed

534,938 children under 5 years of age are

malnourished

) 534,938 children under 5 years of age are estimated to be acutely malnourished in 2018 of whom 91,213 were categorized as severe.

) 6 out of 10 (57.8 per cent) babies under 6 months of age are exclusively breastfed.

) Anaemia is prevalent on a large scale and affects 3 out of 5 children aged 6–59 months.

anaemia is prevalent on a large scale


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) Remarkable progress in reducing preventable child deaths since 2004/2005, yet maternal and child mortality remains high.

) For every 100,000 live births, 398 women died in Tanzania in 2016, down from 687 in 2005. Only 63.7 per cent of the births were delivered by skilled health personnel.

) More than 1.6 million people live with HIV, including 92,000 children aged 0–14 years. HIV prevalence among adolescent girls aged 15–19 years is twice that of their male counterpart.

) There have been negligible improvements in reducing teenage pregnancies; 1 out of 4 girls aged 15–19 years already had a child or was pregnant with the first child

) 320 children under 5 years of age die every day; 39 per cent of these deaths occur in the first 28 days of life and 70 per cent occur before the first birthday.

Goal 3 GOOD HEALTH AND WELL-BEING

Child mortality remains high

320 children under age of 5 years die every

day

for every 100,000 live births, 398 women died in

Tanzania

hiv prevalence among adolescent girls aged 15–19 is twice that of their male counterpart.

1 out of 4 girls aged 15–19 years already had a child or was pregnant with the

first child

=


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) Less than half of five-year-old children (39.9 per cent) in the Mainland enrolled in pre-primary education.

) Boys and girls have equal access to primary education. While nearly 100 per cent of the children of last grade of primary schools in Zanzibar passed the Primary School Leaving Examination, only 72.8 per cent of children succeeded in the Mainland.

) Nationally, almost 30 per cent (3.9 million) of children aged 7-17 years are out of school.

) Pupils-to-qualified teacher ratio in the Mainland’s government pre-primary schools was 250, significantly higher than the standard norm of 25.

) Nationally, only 12 per cent of Standard II students can read with comprehension.

39.9 per cent enrolled in pre-

primary education in the Mainland

boys and girls have equal

access to primary education

30 per cent of children aged 7-17

years are out of school.

Pupils-to-qualified teacher ratio was

significantly higher

Goal 4 QUALITY EDUCATION

12 per cent of Standard II

students can read


23

1 out of 3 young women got

married before 18th birthday

10 per cent of girls and women aged 15–49 years undergone female genital mutilation/

cutting

Goal 5 GENDER EQUALITY

) 1 out of 3 young women aged 20–24 years got married before their 18th birthday.

) 10 per cent of girls and women aged 15–49 years have undergone female genital mutilation/cutting; half of the women have been circumcised in two regions (Manyara and Dodoma).

) 2 out of 5 women aged 15–49 years and 1 out of 5 girls aged 15–19 years have experienced physical violence since the age of 15.

) 2 out of 10 women aged 15–49 years and 1 out of 10 girls aged 15–19 years have experienced sexual violence. In Zanzibar, more boys (9 per cent) than girls (6 per cent) experienced sexual violence. 1 out of 10 girls

aged 15–19 years have experienced sexual violence

1 out of 5 girls aged 15–19 years have

experienced physical violence since the

age of 15


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QUALITY EDUCATIONGoal 6 CLEAN WATER AND SANITATION

) Only 3 in 5 people in Tanzania have an improved source of water whereas 1 in 2 rural people in the Mainland have an access to it. only 3 in 5 people

in Tanzania have an improved source of

water

only 1 in 5 households in tanzania use

improved unshared toilet facilities.

) Only 1 in 5 households in Tanzania use improved unshared toilet facilities. 1 in 10 households in rural areas do not have any toilet facility. 1 in 10 people still practise open defecation.

) 84 per cent of schools in Tanzania do not have functional handwashing facilities and almost half (46 per cent) of them do not have functioning water supply in the school premises.

) Only 4 per cent of schools have sanitation facilities suitable for children with disabilities.

) 1 in 3 health facilities do not have access to improved water sources and more than half (56 per cent) of them do not have toilets for patients.

84 per cent of schools in

Tanzania do not have functional handwashing

facilities

Insufficient sanitation facilities suitable for children

with disabilities

56 per cent of health facilities do not have toilets for patients


25

DECENT WORK AND ECONOMIC GROWTH

) Almost 30 per cent (4.2 million) of children aged 5–17 years in Tanzania Mainland are engaged in child labour. In Zanzibar, 5.6 per cent of children aged 5–17 years are engaged in child labour.

Goal 8 DECENT WORK AND ECONOMIC GROWTH

almost 30 per cent of children aged 5–17

years in Tanzania are engaged in child

labour

) The child labour prevalence for boys (29.3 per cent) is slightly higher than that of girls (28.4 per cent).

) 3 out of 4 children aged 5–17 years who are engaged in child labour are exposed to hazardous work.

) Youth (aged 15-24 years) unemployment rates are 9.4 per cent in the Mainland and 27 per cent in Zanzibar with female unemployment rates nearly twice that of males.

) 1 in 3 youth aged 15-24 years are neither in education, employment nor vocational training.

boys slightly more prone to child

labour

Child labour exposes children

to hazardous work

female unemployment

rates nearly twice that of males

1 in 3 youth aged 15-24 years are

neither in education, employment or

training


26

Goal 4: Goal 10 REDUCED INEQUALITIES

) Bottom 40 per cent of households’ expenditure or income per capita has grown faster at 3.4 per cent than that of the total population (1.4 per cent).

) In the Mainland, distribution of wealth has become less equal with the Gini index increased to 0.38 in 2017 from 0.35 in 2007.

) In Zanzibar, distribution of wealth has remained unchanged, according to the Gini index. in Zanzibar,

distribution of wealth has remained

unchanged

In the mainland, distribution of wealth

has become less equal

bottom 40 per cent of households’

expenditure has grown faster


27

Goal 11 SUSTAINABLE CITIES AND COMMUNITIES

) More than half (50.7 per cent) of the urban population in Tanzania are living in unplanned settlements or inadequate housing, representing almost 8 million people.

) Only half of the population in Dar es Salaam is served by municipal solid waste collection.

) Only 18 out of 188 local government councils in Tanzania have developed and are implementing Emergency Preparedness Response Plan.

50.7 per cent of the urban population in Tanzania are

living in unplanned settlements

only 18 out of 188 local government

councils are incomplete

inadequate efforts by municipal solid waste collection


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Goal 4: Goal 13 CLIMATE ACTION

) From 2005 to 2014 a total of 4.8 million people were affected by natural disasters with an average annual loss of US$ 64 million.

) Flood and droughts are the most common natural disasters (accounting for 55 per cent and 16 per cent of the total number of disasters, respectively).

) In 2016, 1.8 million people were affected by natural disasters (earthquake and floods).

In 2016, 1.8 million people were affected by natural disasters

flood and droughts are the most

common natural disasters

An average annual loss of uS$ 64 million

from 2005 to 2014


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only 1 out of 4 children under age

of 5 years have birth registration

Goal 16 PEACE, JUSTICE AND STRONG INSTITUTIONS

) Only 1 out of 4 children under 5 years of age had birth registration in 2015, presenting a sharp increase from 16 per cent in 2010.

) Violence against children remains a serious problem in Tanzania with 28 per cent girls and 13 per cent boys experiencing some form of sexual violence before reaching the age of 18 years.

) Only 1 out of 8 females and less than 1 out of 20 males who sought assistance received support services for their experiences of sexual violence prior to age of 18 years.

) Approximately 7 out of 10 (70 per cent) females and males experience physical violence during childhood.

violence against children remains a serious problem in

Tanzania

only 1 out of 8 females received

support services for their experiences of

sexual violence

7 out of 10 are physically assulted during childhood


30

©uniCef/tanzania/Jerome Starkey


31

priority targets for Children

Selected indicators to measure progress

tanzania mainland Zanzibar

1.2 By 2030, reduce at least by half the proportion of men, women and children of all ages living in poverty in all its dimensions according to national definitions

Proportion of children

(aged 0-17 years) living

below the national basic

needs poverty line

29%

[2012/13]

30%

[2012/13]

27%

[2012/13]

Children (aged

0-17 years) living in

multidimensional

poverty (having at least

3 deprivations)

74%

[2012/13]

76%

[2012/13]

29%

[2012/13]

Children (aged

0-17 years) both living

in multidimensional

poverty and below the

national basic needs

poverty line

26%

[2012/13]

27%

[2012/13]

13%

[2012/13]

end poverty in all its forms everywhere

Goal 1


32

What this Goal is about

Sustainable Development Goal 1 calls for an end to extreme poverty by 2030 and

explicitly mentions child poverty, introducing for the first time a target to reduce

“at least by half the proportion of men, women and children of all ages living in

poverty in all its dimensions according to national definitions” (Target 1.2). The

indicators under this target are therefore of relevance to capture child poverty

in both monetary and non-monetary forms. This goal addresses poverty in all

its dimensions, a concern for children burdened by multiple and complex forms

of deprivation. The goal also recognizes the importance of resilience and social

protection systems, which are key to ending child poverty. This SDG indicator

implies that countries need to commit themselves to measuring, monitoring and

reporting on levels of child poverty.

Why this Goal matters for children

Eradicating poverty in all its dimensions remains one of the world’s most

important and urgent tasks. Poverty hits children the hardest. Poverty deprives

children of the capabilities they need to survive, develop and thrive as well as

access to adequate nutrition, safe drinking water, sanitation, healthcare services

and education. Child poverty denies children the opportunity to reach their full

potential and is a root cause of poverty in adulthood and across generations.

Impoverished children often grow up to be impoverished parents who, in turn,

bring up their own children in poverty.

General trends and status

There is no official government data on the overall poverty rates for the United

Republic of Tanzania. However, official poverty data is available for Tanzania

Mainland and Zanzibar, but for different time periods.

SDG 1 has targets for monetary poverty reduction at national and international

levels. Based on the national poverty line, poverty rates in Tanzania Mainland and

Zanzibar have fallen, with a larger change in the Mainland where basic needs

poverty fell from 34.4 per cent in 2007 to 26.4 per cent in 2017/18. In Zanzibar,

the poverty rate decreased from 34.9 per cent in 2009/10 to 30.4 per cent in

2014/155.

This goal addresses poverty in all its dimensions, a concern for children burdened by multiple and complex

forms of deprivation.

5 Latest poverty data for the Mainland is from Mainland Household Budget Survey 2017/18 while latest poverty data for Zanzibar is from Zanzibar Household Budget Survey 2014/15


33

6 NBS, Household Budget Survey (HBS) 2017/2018. The basic needs poverty line is equivalent to

TSh 49,320 per month 7 World Bank, 2015. “Tanzania Mainland Poverty Assessment”

This means that about 13,700,000 people in Tanzania Mainland and 443,540 people

in Zanzibar are not able to cover their basic needs6. Regional poverty disparities in

both the Mainland and Zanzibar are vast, implying widening geographical inequalities.

For instance, the level of poverty reaches 45 per cent in Rukwa region (Mainland)

in 2017 and more than half of the population of North and South Pemba (Zanzibar)

lived in poverty in 2015. More than 80 per cent of poor and extreme poor households

in Mainland Tanzania live in rural areas. Urban areas such as Dar es Salaam and West

Unguja, which includes Zanzibar city, appear to have experienced greater reductions

in poverty7. In Zanzibar as well, there are large differences in terms of poverty rates

across regions.

Mainland and Zanzibar basic needs poverty lines are slightly lower than the

international poverty line of US$ 1.9 per person per day (approximately TSh 4,500).

In fact, the proportion of the population in Tanzania living below the international

poverty line is estimated at 46.6 per cent in 2011, with a higher rate in the Mainland

(48.8 per cent) compared to Zanzibar (43.5 per cent). Based on the international

poverty line, poverty is respectively 21 and 13 percentage points higher than the

national (basic needs) headcounts in the Mainland and Zanzibar, which means a

relatively large number of households clusters between the national and international

poverty line. These near or transient poor are highly vulnerable to shocks and at risk

of facing financial barriers to access public services.

SDG 1 has officially recognized the multidimensional nature of poverty and child

poverty with specific targets and indicators for men, women, and children of all

ages. According to estimates using the global Multidimensional Poverty Index (MPI)

approach, the proportion of the population living in multidimensional poverty is

44 per cent in Zanzibar and 63 per cent in the Mainland with similar patterns of

deprivations in access to basic services and consumption in both locations. While

multidimensional poverty is lower in Zanzibar, the proportion of the population

suffering from severe deprivations is significantly higher in the Mainland, reaching 32

per cent, compared to 17 per cent in Zanzibar.

Overall, both multidimensional child poverty and monetary child poverty rates

are high. Nearly three out of four children under 18 years (74 per cent) live in

multidimensional poverty, using a nationally agreed cut-off threshold to consider

a child multidimensionally poor when she/he is deprived in three or more out of

eight dimensions of child well-being. This contrasts with the monetary poverty,

where close to one in three children (29 per cent) live in monetary poor households.

Multidimensional poverty rates are highest among children 5-13 and 14-17 years of age.

More than 80 per cent of rural children are deprived in three or more dimensions,

while 33 per cent live in monetary poverty, as compared to urban areas where 40 per

cent are deprived in three or more dimensions and 10 per cent are monetarily poor.

Housing deprivation tends to be higher in urban areas, driven by overcrowding.


34

national response

SDG 1 recognizes the importance of investing in social protection to break the cycle

of multidimensional poverty. Social protection programmes such as cash transfers,

livelihood support, or social health insurance reduce poverty and build resilience and

human capital by helping families access health, education, and nutrition services.

Coverage and public spending on social protection are key indicators for measuring

progress towards achieving SDG 1. Public expenditure on social protection excluding

health was estimated at 4.7 per cent of GDP in 2010. Tanzania’s spending on social

safety nets (0.46 per cent of GDP) is much lower than the regional average (1.35 per

cent of GDP). The budget of the Productive Social Safety Net (PSSN) programme

– the major national social assistance programme in Tanzania – accounts for about

4 per cent of total government expenditures. It covers about 10 per cent of the

population and has well-targeted households below the poverty line.

In Tanzania, national development plans and strategies, including the FYDP II and

MKUZA III, emphasize the importance of addressing poverty. With the ongoing

development of the National Social Protection Policy (NSPP) in the Mainland and the

existing Zanzibar Social Protection Policy (ZSPP), significant progress is being made

to integrate Tanzania’s relevant programmes and policies into a comprehensive,

inclusive and child-sensitive social protection system. The recently scaled-up national

PSSN programme is one of the building blocks of the national social protection

system. The programme delivers conditional cash transfers linked to livelihood

support and participation in public works. It covers 1,099,289 poor households in

both Tanzania Mainland and Zanzibar, in about 70 per cent of all villages. The total

number of direct beneficiaries stands at 5,222,309 (March 2018), of whom 38.7 per

Social protection programmes such as cash transfers, livelihood support, or social health insurance reduce

poverty and build resilience and human capital by helping families access health, education, and nutrition services.


35

cent are children of school age (6 to 18 years) and 17.8 per cent are children between

0 and 5 years8. The role of PSSN’s cash transfers has been to improve household

food consumption (both quantity and quality of meals) thus reducing food

insecurity, while creating an incentive for extremely poor households to invest in the

education and health of their children.

International evidence is unequivocal about the impact of social protection

interventions such as PSSN on a broad spectrum of development outcomes for

children. The PSSN has strong potential for further scale up and for strengthening

its linkages with basic social services, which could optimize its impact on a range

of SDGs, particularly SDG 2, 3, 4 and 6. Together with the potential expansion of

other social protection benefits such as social health insurance or social pension, the

allocation of domestic funds to further scale-up cash transfers and livelihood support

carries the potential to make a significant and sustainable contribution to achieving

SDG 1 targets on monetary poverty and multidimensional poverty. The Mainland and

Zanzibar social protection policies lay a strong foundation for this.

The programme delivers conditional cash transfers linked to livelihood support and participation in

public works. it covers 1,099,289 poor households in

both Tanzania Mainland and Zanzibar, in about 70 per cent of all villages.

8 PSSN Quarterly Progress Report, March 2018, TASAF


36

©uniCef/tanzania/Giacomo pirozzi


37

end hunger, achieve food security and improved nutrition and promote sustainable agriculture




2.2 By 2030, end all forms of malnutrition, including achieving, by 2025, the internationally agreed targets on stunting and wasting in children under 5 years of age, and address the nutritional needs of adolescent girls, pregnant and lactating women and older persons

Prevalence of stunting in children under 5 years of age

31.8% [2018]

32.1% [2018]

21.5% [2018]

Prevalence of severe acute malnutrition in children under 5 years of age

0.4% [2018]

0.4% [2018]

1.3% [2018]

Prevalence of anaemia in children 6–59 months

57.7% [2015–16]

57.4% [2015–16]

64.5% [2015–16]

Prevalence of anaemia in women aged 15-49 years

44.8% [2015–16]

44.3% [2015–16]

60.1% [2015–16]

Goal 2


38


Sustainable Development Goal 2 aims to end hunger and all forms of malnutrition by 2030 and to ensure access to nutrition for all with special mention for infants. It includes a child nutrition target and a commitment to achieve targets on stunting and wasting by 2025 as well as mentioning nutrition issues related to

adolescent girls and pregnant and lactating women.


Hunger and malnutrition are a leading cause of death and disease around the world, with considerable human and economic costs. All children have the right to optimal nutrition to survive, grow and develop. The nutrition status of children under 5 years of age, especially during the first 1,000-day period, has important implications for their health and cognitive ability. Stunting - being short for age – is a manifestation of the physical consequences caused by chronic malnutrition early in a child’s life. There is a crucial interdependence between children’s nutrition status and other dimensions of their lives such as education, health, water and sanitation. While addressing malnutrition requires multisectoral interventions, improving child nutrition brings sustainable dividends to other sectoral dimensions. Well-nourished children are healthier, more resistant to disease, more attentive and do better in school. Investment must start early in life to realize these dividends. Improving maternal, child and young people nutrition gives children the best possible start in life, enabling them to reach their full

potential.


Tanzania has made significant progress in improving nutrition among children

under 5 years of age in the last 10 years. Between 2004/2005 and 2018, stunting

decreased from 44.4 per cent to 31.8 per cent. However, given the overall

reduction in stunting, the severe stunting prevalence declined at a slower pace,

from 12.8 per cent to 10 per cent, with nearly 941,000 children severely stunted

out of a total 3 million children under 5 years of age who were stunted. This

reflects possibly prenatal nutrition problem of pregnant women and poor or lack

of adherence to breastfeeding and complementary feeding recommendations.

Disaggregated data shows large differences in the prevalence of chronic

malnutrition among children across regions. Njombe (53.6 per cent) and Rukwa

(47.9 per cent) have the highest shares of stunted children and the rate is lowest

in Kilimanjaro (20 per cent) and Dar es Salaam (20.1 per cent). Zanzibar statistics

exhibit a similar pattern with lower rates in urban regions (20.4 per cent in Mjini

Magharibi) and higher rates in more rural and remote regions (Kaskazini Unguja

23.8 per cent).

Tanzania has made significant progress in improving nutrition among children under 5 years of age in the

last 10 years. Between 2004/2005 and 2018, stunting decreased from 44.4 per cent to 31.8 per cent.


39

Data20.0 - 23.823.9 - 31.2

39.9 - 53.6Missing Value

31.3 - 39.8

Kagera

Kigoma

Geita

Ruvuma

Lindi

Mtwara

Kilimanjaro

Kaskazini Pemba

Kaskazini UngujaMjini Magharibi

Kusini Pemba

Kusini UngujaDar es Salaam

Tabora

Shinyanga

MwanzaSimiyu

Katavi <1%

Mara

Arusha

Manyara

TangaSingida Dodoma

MorogoroPwani

Njombe

Iringa Mbeya Rukwa

Songwe

Katavi

figure 1: prevalence of Stunting (%) among children under 5 years of age in

2018 by region

Source: Tanzania National Nutrition Survey (TNNS) 2018

Stunted children represent a staggering loss of both human and economic

potential. International evidence shows that a well-nourished boy or girl completes

more years of schooling, learns faster, earns higher wages in adulthood, and is

much more likely to escape a life of poverty.

figure 2: trends in nutritional status of children under 5 years of age according to Who Growth Standards 2006, from 1991 to 2018, tanzania

49.7 49.7 48.3

44.4 42.5

34.7 34.431.8

1991-1992 1996 1999 2010 2014 20182004-2005 2015-2016

14.613.713.416.216.7

25.326.925.1

7.9 8.55.6

3.5 4.9 3.8 3.54.5

Stunting Underweight Wasting

60

50

40

30

20

10

0

Source: Tanzania Demographic Health Survey (TDHS) 1991–2016 and TNNS 2014–2018


40

9A. Sen and S.J. Kanani. Indian Pediatrics (2006); 43; 219–222

Acute malnutrition (or wasting) can simply be defined as low weight-for-height. A child whose weight is more than 2 standard deviations below the WHO established weight for the child’s height is considered as suffering from acute malnutrition. Results show that there has been a decrease from 8.5 per cent in 1996 to 3.5 per cent in 2005 going up to 4.9 per cent in 2010 before declining slightly to 4.5 per cent in 2015/16 and 3.5 per cent in 2018, below the 2025 global nutrition target (5 per cent). There are large differences in wasting prevalence between the Mainland (3.5 per cent) and Zanzibar (6.1 per cent).

Prevalence of anaemia among children aged 6-59 months and prevalence of anaemia (blood haemoglobin level less than 11.0 g/dl) among women aged 15–49 years are two other important indicators of nutrition status of children and women. Nationally, 48.8 per cent of women age 15–49 years and 57.7 per cent of children age 6–59 months were anaemic in 2015/16. The anaemia prevalence was higher for pregnant women, increasing to 57.1 per cent in 2015/16 from 52.7 per cent in 2010. Women and children in Zanzibar were more likely to be anaemic than women and children in the Mainland (60.1 per cent and 64.5 per cent versus 44.3 per cent and 57.4 per cent). There is a trend of increasing anaemia prevalence among adolescent girls aged 15–19, which increased from 42.2 per cent in 2010 to 43.7 per cent in 2016. Anaemia among adolescents may negatively impact their pubertal growth spurt, reduce physical work capacity and cognitive function and subsequently affect learning and scholastic performance of schoolgirls9. According to 2018 Tanzania National Nutrition Survey, the country achieved significant improvement of the minimum acceptable diet, from 20 per cent in 2014 to 30.3 per cent in 2018, surpassing the mid-term target (25 per cent) of the National Multisectoral Nutrition Action Plan (NMNAP). The survey showed that 30.7 per cent and 14 per cent of children aged 6–23 months in the Mainland and Zanzibar, respectively, receive the minimum accepted diet defined by WHO as a combination of dietary diversity and minimum meal frequency.

Figure 3: Anaemia (blood haemoglobin level <11.0 g/dl) in children aged 6–59 months by region

Source: TDHS 2015/16

Kagera 58%

Kigoma 68%

Geita 68%

Simiyu 57%

Ruvuma 52%

Lindi 61%

Mtwara 59%

Kilimanjaro 48%

Kaskazini Pemba 70%

Kaskazini Unguja 65%

Mjini Magharibi 61%

Kusini Pemba 68%

Kusini Unguja 62%

Dar es Salaam 60%

Tabora 61%

71%Shinyanga

Mwanza 63%

Katavi 54%

Mara 57%

Arusha 57%

Manyara 52%

Tanga 48%

Singida 37%

Dodoma 48%

Morogoro 66%

Pwani 58%Iringa

40%Mbeya 55%

Rukwa 53%

tanzania 58%

Njombe 37%

37%-51%52%-57%58%-60%61%-65%66%-71%


41

10 World Bank, 2015. “Tanzania Mainland Poverty Assessment”

11 The World Bank, Results for Development Institute (R4D), and 1,000 Days, in partnership with the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation and the Children’s Investment Fund Foundation, have estimated that it will cost approximately an additional US$ 8.50 per child per year to meet the global stunting target. This cost covers the scale-up of high-impact, proven interventions focused in the 1,000 day window – namely, improving maternal nutrition, improving infant and young child feed practices, which include exclusive breastfeeding for the first six months of life, and improving child nutrition through micronutrient supplementation and the provision of nutritious complementary foods.

Appropriate infant and young child feeding practices, including breastfeeding and complementary feeding, are crucial for the health and nutrition status of young children, particularly in their first 1,000 days. In addition to early initiation of breastfeeding (within the first hour of birth), it is internationally recommended that children are exclusively breastfed in the first six months of their life as breast milk contains all nutrients needed for this period. Nationally, 57.8 per cent of children aged 0–5 months were exclusively breastfed in 2018 with a large difference between the Mainland (58.6 per cent) and Zanzibar (30 per cent). Regionally, the highest incidence of breastfeeding rates was found in Kigoma (90.8 per cent) and Kagera (86.2 per cent) while Pemba North (19.7 per cent) and Arusha (29.7 per cent) had

the lowest breastfeeding rates.

national response

Recognizing malnutrition as a serious inter-generational problem, the Governments of the United Republic of Tanzania and Zanzibar have committed at the highest levels to improve nutritional outcomes. This political will is reflected in the inclusion of specific interventions and targets on nutrition in the National Five Year Development Plan 2016–21 (FYDP II) and also in the evidence-based and ambitious National Multisectoral Nutrition Action Plan (2016–21). FYDP II includes clear targets on low birth weight, stunting, wasting, exclusive breastfeeding, anaemia, iodized salt and vitamin A deficiency. Yet, public spending on nutrition interventions has to date lagged behind commitments. Budget allocations to nutrition amounted to 0.9 per cent of GDP and 3.8 per cent of total public spending in 2015/201610. This situation is exacerbated by a heavy reliance on unpredictable external finance with donor funds accounting for over half of total nutrition funding. As a first step towards allocating the recommended budget to combat child stunting (US$ 8 per child per year)11, the Government of the United Republic of Tanzania has started with progressive minimum budget allocation of TSh 500 (about US$ 0.2) per under-5 child per year from FY 2016/2017, which will increase gradually to TSh 1,500 (about US$ 0.7) in FY 2018/2019. The long-term goal is to reach TSh 20,000 (about US$ 8) per under-5 child per year by 2025 in order to attain World Health Assembly (WHA) target (a 40 per cent reduction in the number of stunted children).

Recognizing malnutrition as a serious inter-generational problem, the Governments of the United Republic of tanzania and Zanzibar have committed

at the highest levels to improve nutritional outcomes


42



43

ensure healthy lives and promote well-being for all at all ages

priority targets for ChildrenSelected indicators to measure progress

tanzania

3.1 By 2030, reduce the global maternal mortality ratio to less than 70 per 100,000 live births

Maternal mortality ratio 524

[2017]

3.2 By 2030, end preventable deaths of newborns and children under 5 years of age, with all countries aiming to reduce neonatal mortality to at least as low as 12 per 1,000 live births and under–5 years mortality to at least as low as 25 per 1,000 live births

Under 5 years mortality rate

53 [2018]

Infant mortality rate38

[2018]

Neonatal mortality rate21

[2018]

3.3 By 2030, end the epidemics of AIDS, tuberculosis, malaria and neglected tropical diseases and combat hepatitis, water-borne diseases and other communicable diseases

Number of new HIV infections among children aged 0–14 years

8,600 [2018]

Number of children aged 0–14 years living with HIV

92,000 [2018]

Goal 3


44


Sustainable Development Goal 3 seeks to ensure health and well-being for all

people, at every stage of life. It addresses all major health priorities, including

reproductive, maternal, neonatal, child and adolescent health. It underlines a

commitment to child survival and health and continues the focus on diseases such

as HIV/AIDS, tuberculosis, malaria, pneumonia and diarrhoea. Specific targets

include ending preventable deaths of newborns and children under 5 years of

age, reducing neonatal mortality to at least 12 per 1,000 births and under 5 years

of age mortality to at least 25 per 1,000 live births by 2030. These new targets

recognize non-communicable diseases as a growing global health issue and

acknowledge the importance of social determinants of health. The targets also

address attaining universal health coverage including financial risk protection in

case of severe illness, access to quality health care services, the need to strengthen

health systems and provide social safety nets. This goal also targets universal

access to sexual and reproductive health services and highlights the importance of

addressing adolescent childbearing.


There are many children in Tanzania even now (107,000 per year) who die before

their fifth birthday; two-fifths of these deaths occur during the first 28 days of

life and nearly 44, 000 babies are stillborn. Survival of newborns is closely linked

to the quality of care provided to mothers during pregnancy, childbirth and

immediate postnatal period. Death of women due to complications of pregnancy

and childbirth jeopardises the survival and well-being of newborns and older

siblings. It is, therefore, crucial to renew the global effort to end preventable child

and maternal deaths. To save more lives, better health systems must be built and

more resources must be targeted to provide children with a better start in life –

making pregnancy and childbirth safer for mothers and newborns alike better

immunization coverage, increasing prevention of and care-seeking for common

childhood diseases such as diarrhoea, pneumonia and malaria and eliminating

mother-to-child transmission of HIV, increasing access to Antiretroviral (ARV)

drugs among HIV mothers and exposed children. In order to attain targets under

this goal, services for demand generation and social accountability are required.

Adolescent pregnancy too is an area that needs focus as it increases the risk

of maternal and neonatal deaths and contributes to intergenerational cycles

of ill health and poverty. It has adverse social consequences, particularly for

the education of young mothers, as they are likely to drop out of school and

more likely resort to illegal and unsafe abortion, resulting in maternal death or

morbidities. Based on their subsequent lower educational attainment, they may

have fewer skills and opportunities for employment, thus perpetuating cycles of

poverty.


45

figure 4: trends in child mortality rates (deaths per 1,000 live births) in tanzania

Source: Levels and Trends in Child Mortality: Report 2019, Estimates developed by the UN Inter-agency Group for Child Mortality Estimation

180

160

140

120

100

80

60

40

20

0

40

Neonatal Mortality Rate Infant Mortality Rate Under 5 Mortality Rate

21

101

38

166

53

1990 2018


Despite greater public attention given to the problem of maternal and child

mortality globally including Tanzania, the progress has not been sufficient.

Tanzania has seen remarkable progress in reducing preventable child deaths,

surpassing the MDG target by 2015. According to the latest estimates of the UN

Inter-agency Group for Child Mortality Estimation, the under-5 mortality rate

dropped by nearly 70 per cent, from 166 in 1990 to 53 deaths per 1,000 live births in

2018. However, the infant mortality rate and the neonatal mortality rate declined at a

slower pace, at about 62.4 per cent and 47.5 per cent, respectively. The number of

infants dying before their first birthday decreased from 101 to 38 per 1,000 live births

and those not surviving beyond the first 28 days of life dropped from 40 to 21 per

1,000 live births between 1990 and 201812. The national target as stated in FYDP II is

to reduce under-5 mortality rate per 1,000 live births to 45 by 2021.

Newborn deaths still account for a large share of under-5 deaths, with 39.6 per cent

dying during the first month and 70.4 per cent in the first year. For a significant

reduction in the incidence of death among children under 5 years of age requires

interventions to address neonatal mortality and infant mortality.

12 http://www.childmortality.org/2017/files_v21/download/IGME%20report%202017%20 child%2mortality%20

final.pdf "Levels and Trends in Child Mortality: Report 20179, Estimates developed by the UN Inter-Agency

Group for Child Mortality Estimation


46

While not estimating the child mortality for exact years, the TDHS 2015/16

provides an additional insight on the child mortality for the 10-year period

preceding the survey in the Mainland and Zanzibar. In comparison to the Mainland,

Zanzibar has a lower under-5 mortality rate and infant mortality rate for the

period 2006–2015. A large proportion of deaths of under-5 children (80 per cent),

however, occurs during the first year.

figure 5: proportion of children dying before 28 days and 12 months in the

under-5 deaths (per cent)

Source: Levels and Trends in Child Mortality: Report 2019, Estimates developed by the UN Inter-agency Group for Child Mortality Estimation

80.0

70.0

60.0

50.0

40.0

30.0

20.0

10.0

24.1

39.6

60.2

70.4

0.0Proportion of Neonatal

deaths in under-5 deathsProportion of Infant

deaths in under-5 deaths

1990 2018

Death of women due to complications of pregnancy

and childbirth jeopardises the survival and well-being of newborns and older siblings. It is, therefore, crucial to renew the global effort to end preventable child

and maternal deaths.


47

figure 6: Child mortality rates (deaths per 1,000 live births) in the mainland and

Zanzibar, for the period 2006–2015


90

80

70

60

50

40

30

20

10

0Neonatal

Mortality RateInfant Mortality

RateUnder-5 Mortality

Rate

mainland Zanzibar

29 28

5245

79

56

Progress in reducing deaths has been slower for mothers, with large variation

in the number of deaths between well-served urban and poorer rural areas.

Maternal mortality decreased from 578 deaths per 100,000 live births for the

period 1996–2005 to 454 per 100,000 live births for 1991–2010, but increased to

556 per 100,000 live births for the period 2006–2015. This is far from the FYDP

II’s target, set ambitiously at 250 and 220 per 100,000 live births by 2020/21 and

2025/26, respectively. Thirty six per cent of all births take place at home, without

the assistance of a skilled birth attendant and often in unhygienic conditions. The

target in the FYDP II is to increase the share of births attended by a skilled health

worker to 90 per cent by 2025.

Maternal mortality decreased from 578 deaths per 100,000 live births for the period 1996-2005 to 454

per 100,000 live births for 1991-2010, but increased to 556 per 100,000 live births for the period 2006-2015.


48

figure 7: trends in maternal mortality ratios (maternal deaths per 100,000 live

births) in tanzania

700

529578

454432

556

1986–1995

(TDHS 1996) (TDHS 2004/5)2000–2009

(TDHS 2010)2002–2011

(PHC-2015/16)2006–2015

(TDHS 2015/16)1995–2004

600

500

400

300

200

100

0

2020 target of FYDP II

Source: TDHS 1996, 2004/2005, 2010, 2015/2016 and PHC 2012

Teenage pregnancy is on the rise in Tanzania with an adolescent birth rate of 132

per 1,000 women aged 15–19 years. In 2015, 26.7 per cent of young women aged

15–19 had begun child-bearing (had a live birth or were pregnant with first child),

up from 23 per cent in 2010.

hiv/aiDS

Tanzania HIV Impact Survey in 2016/2017 (THIS 2016/17) is the first national survey

that has collected and reported on HIV incidence among its adults and adolescent

populations. The survey results indicate a stabilizing HIV epidemic with adult

prevalence of 4.7 per cent compared to 5.1 per cent in 2011/12 while in Zanzibar the

prevalence has been reduced significantly from 1 per cent to 0.4 per cent. However,

Zanzibar has a concentrated epidemic among key populations with prevalence

of more than 2 per cent. The THIS 2016/17 reports an adult HIV incidence of 0.27,

equivalent to approximately 55,000 new cases of HIV annually in the 15–64 age

group. There are large variations of the adult HIV prevalence among regions with

the highest rate in Njombe (11.4 per cent) and the highest number of people living

with HIV in Dar es Salaam (about 100,000 people). The HIV incidence is much

higher for females than for males (0.40 per cent vs. 0.14 per cent). Similarly, the

HIV prevalence is higher for females than males (6.2 per cent vs. 3.1 per cent). THIS

2016/17 also brings a unique estimate to assess the country’s progress towards


49

epidemic control on the 90-90-90 goals13, particularly in awareness for HIV testing,

treatments and viral load suppression as demonstrated by the 1st, 2nd and 3rd 90

targets. According to Tanzania HIV Impact Survey (THIS) 2016/17, there is a low level

of awareness for HIV testing with only 52 per cent of people living with HIV knowing

their status. The survey also shows that while fewer men are infected with HIV than

women, they are less virally suppressed (41.2 per cent vs. 57.5 per cent).

figure 8: hiv prevalence among adults 15 years and older, by region, tanzania, 2016/17

In 2012, Tanzania adopted the global plan for elimination of HIV infection among children born to HIV-infected mothers, and for keeping their mothers alive (eMTCT 2012-2015). The goal of the national eMTCT plan was to reduce vertical transmission rate from 26 per cent in 2010 to 4 per cent by the end of 2015

In 2013, the Ministry of Health rolled out Long Life antiretroviral therapy for Pregnant and Lactating Mothers (LLAPLa) to prevent vertical transmission of HIV and to improve mother’s survival. By the end of 2014 Tanzania had achieved national rollout. Data from the national Prevention of Mother-to-Child Transmission (PMTCT) Programme (2016) reported facility coverage of 94 per cent for PMTCT services. Coverage for HIV testing in PMTCT was 91 per cent and 83 per cent ART retention among pregnant and breastfeeding women. The 2017 Zanzibar Integrated HIV, Hepatitis, Tuberculosis and Leprosy, Programme (ZIHHTLP) data indicate that facility coverage of PMTCT was 98 per cent, coverage for HIV testing 89 per cent and 87.7 per cent ART retention among pregnant and breastfeeding women.

13 In 2014, the Joint United Nations Programme on HIV/AIDS (UNAIDS) and partners launched the 90-90- 90 targets; By 2020, 90 per cent of all people living with HIV will know their HIV status; By 2020, 90 per cent of all people with diagnosed HIV infection will receive sustained antiretroviral therapy; and By 2020, 90 per cent of all people receiving antiretroviral therapy will have viral suppression.

HIV Prevalence

0.5 - 2.50 - 0.5

2.5 - 5.05.0 - 7.57.5 - 11.4

Kagera 6.5%

Geita 5.0%

Ruvuma 5.6%

Lindi 0.3%

Mtwara 2.0%

KaskaziniUnguja 0.6%Mjini

Magharibi 0.6% Kusini

Unguja

Lake Victoria

Lake

Ny a

as

Lak

eT

an

g a nyika

Kilimanjaro 2.6%

Kaskazini Pemba

Tabora 5.1%

Mwanza 7.2%

Katavi <1%

Mara 3.6%

Manyara 2.3%

Dar es Salaam 4.7%

Tanga 5.0%Singida

3.6% Dodoma 5.0%

Morogoro 4.2%

Pwani 5.5%

Njombe 11.4%

Iringa 11.3%

Mbeya 9.3%

Rukwa 4.4%

Songwe 5.8%

Katavi 5.9%

Kigoma 2.9%

Arusha 1.9%

Simiyu 3.9%

Shinyanga 5.9%

Kusini Pemba 0.3%

Indian Ocean

Indian Ocean

Source: THIS 2016/17


50

THIS 2016/2017 for the first time reports HIV prevalence among children and

adolescents in Tanzania. The HIV prevalence for children 0–14 years is 0.4 per

cent, equivalent to approximately 110,000 children living with HIV. The survey also

reports 81,000 new adult infections and low viral load suppression among children

on ART at 18.4 per cent. Latest estimates indicate that 46 per cent of children aged

0-14 years living with HIV are on ART.

Data from Zanzibar show that there are 984 children and adolescents living

with HIV out of 6,366 PLHIV on the islands. Estimates also show that while adult

coverage of ART is 70.3 per cent, only 47.3 per cent of children 0–14 living with HIV

are on treatment. In 2016, there were 248 new infections – of these 123 were among

children and adolescents. (0–4: 70 cases, 14-19: 53 cases).

Despite achievements, barriers still exist with regard to identification, linkages

and treatment for children and adolescents living with HIV across the country.

These include limited skills and confidence among health workers to manage

young children and adolescents living with HIV, poor knowledge of HIV and AIDS,

persistent stigma and discrimination.

Malaria prevalence among children under 5 years of age declined by half from

18 per cent in 2007/08 to 9 per cent in 2011/12 but then increased to 14 per cent

in 2015/16 before declining to 7.3 per cent in 2017. The highest prevalence is in

Kigoma (24 per cent) and almost non-existent in Arusha, Manyara, Kilimanjaro,

Njombe and Songwe regions in Tanzania Mainland and all regions in Zanzibar.

national response

The Governments of the United Republic of Tanzania and Zanzibar each have their

own national health policy environment with a strong commitment to child and

maternal health that supports strategic, cost-effective and high-impact intervention

approaches. The sector is guided by the Health Sector Strategic Plan July 2015–

June 2020 and the National Road Map Strategic Plan to Improve Reproductive,

Maternal, Newborn, Child and Adolescent Health in Mainland Tanzania (2016–

2020). Similarly, the Ministry of Health in Zanzibar is guided by its Health Strategic

Plan III (2013/14-2018/19) and the Road Map for Accelerated Reduction of

Maternal, Newborn and Child Mortality. The government has planned to launch

the “Jiongeze” national campaign to increase awareness and care-seeking for

available health services, and accountability at all levels for reduction of maternal

and newborn deaths. The country is also implementing the second strategic plan

(2018–2021) to eliminate transmission of HIV infection from mother to child and

keeping mothers alive.

Tanzania Mainland and Zanzibar recently finalized their Health Sector HIV and AIDS

Strategic Plans (2017–2022) with a goal of reaching treatment coverage of 95 per

cent for their paediatric population. In Zanzibar the plan also aims to ensure all

(100 per cent) pregnant women are tested for HIV and 95 per cent of HIV infected

women receive ART.


51

In both the Mainland and Zanzibar, spending on health accounted for

approximately 7 per cent of the total public spending in fiscal year 2014/15,

significantly less than the Abuja target of 15 per cent14 while health spending

per capita has been on the rise (with land Tanzania spending US$ 52 per capita

vis-à-vis US$ 25 per capita health spending in Zanzibar). Financing challenges

include dependence on foreign resources for over one third of total spending

in the Mainland budget, far above the average for sub-Saharan Africa and lower

middle-income countries. Additional financing challenges in both the Mainland

and Zanzibar relate to equity in spending, including geographic variations in the

execution rate of health budgets. The Mainland Government’s FYDP II sets out to

increase health’s share of government expenditure to 15 per cent by 2020.

The government has planned to launch the “Jiongeze”

national campaign to increase awareness and care-seeking for available health services, and accountability at all levels for reduction of maternal and newborn deaths.

14 In April 2001, heads of state of African Union countries met and pledged to set a target of allocating

at least 15 per cent of their annual budget to improve the health sector.


52

©uniCef/tanzania/Julie pudlowski


53




4.1 By 2030, ensure that all girls and boys complete free, equitable and quality primary and secondary education leading to relevant and effective learning outcomes

Primary education net completion rate (percent)

28.4% [2018]

Lower secondary education net completion rate (percent)

12.4% [2017]

Primary to Secondary Transition rate (per cent)

71.5% [2017]

97.2% [2018]

4.2 By 2030, ensure that all girls and boys have access to quality early childhood development, care and pre-primary education so that they are ready for primary education

Pre-primary school net enrolment rate (per cent)

39.9% [2018]

48.8% [2018]

4.a Build and upgrade education facilities that are child, disability and gender sensitive and provide safe, non-violent, inclusive and effective learning environments for all

Proportion of schools with basic water services (per cent)

55.3% [2018]

54.5% [2018]

82.9% [2018]

Proportion of schools with basic sanitation services (per cent)

30.3% [2018]

29.5% [2018]

58.3% [2018]

ensure inclusive and equitable quality education and promote lifelong learning opportunities for all

Goal 4


54


Sustainable Development Goal 4 aims to ensure equal opportunity in access to

quality learning at all levels of education in a lifelong perspective. Obtaining quality

education is a critical ingredient to the acquisition of skills that are critical for youth

employment, improving people’s lives and sustainable development. The goal

recognizes that learning should begin early and continue to at least the completion

of secondary school. It also acknowledges the importance of improving education

quality. The targets introduce early childhood care and education to the global

development agenda, an acknowledgement of the crucial role early education and

care play in providing every child a fair start in life. Critically, the targets call for

accessible education for all children – whether girl, boy, disabled, indigenous or

living in a vulnerable situation.


Education is a fundamental human right. For children, it is a critical right which

enables them to reach maximum brain development, understand a complex

world and learn the skills to flourish in a 21st century economy. Despite achieving

successes in increasing the enrolment rates over the past decades, disparities

persist in access to, and completion of, pre-primary, primary and secondary

education. While attendance at school is important and necessary, it is insufficient

to achieve the desired learning outcomes. Quality of education is critical to

ensure that learning is achieved and that children are progressively prepared to

be “educated, knowledgeable, skilled and proficient to contribute to national

development” (Education and Training Policy, 2014) so that Tanzania can become a

middle-income country by 2025 (Vision 2025).


The structure of education systems in Mainland Tanzania and Zanzibar are slightly

different. The Mainland Education and Training Policy of 1995 stipulated the

structure of the formal education and training system in Tanzania as 2 –7 –4 –

2–3+, that is; 2 years of pre-primary education (year 1 and 2); 7 years of primary

education (Standard I-VII); 4 years of lower secondary education (Form 1–4);

2 years of advanced secondary education (Form 5 and 6) and 3 or more years

of higher education. The 2014 Education and Training Policy for the Mainland

proposes following changes: 1 year of compulsory pre-primary education; 10 years

of compulsory Basic education (6 years of primary education and 4 years of lower

secondary); 2 years of advanced secondary education (Form 5 and 6) and 3 or

more years of higher education. However this system has not yet been operational

until the new education act is approved.


55

In Zanzibar, the education system runs from 2-6-4-2-3+, with 1 year of pre-primary

education; 6 years of primary education (Standard I-VI); 4 years of lower secondary

education (Form 1–4); 2 years of advanced secondary education (Form 5 and 6)

and 3 or more years of higher education.

figure 9: education Structures in mainland and in Zanzibar

Form 4 Examination

Form 2 Examination

Form 6 Examination

Sta

nd

ard

5

Sta

nd

ard

6

Fo

rm 1

Fo

rm 2

Fo

rm 3

Fo

rm 4

Fo

rm 5

Fo

rm 6

Pre-Primary (Age 4-5 years)

Primary (Age 6-11 years)

Ordinary Secondary (Age 12-15 years)

Advanced Secondary (Age 16-17 years)

Higher Education

Sta

nd

ard

4

Sta

nd

ard

3

Sta

nd

ard

2

Sta

nd

ard

1

Year

1

Year

2

Standard 6 Examination

Structure of education System in Zanzibar

Certificate of Secondary Education Examination (CSEE)

Sta

nd

ard

5

Sta

nd

ard

6

Fo

rm 1

Fo

rm 2

Fo

rm 3

Fo

rm 4

Fo

rm 5

Fo

rm 6

Pre-Primary (Age 5-6 years)

Primary (Age 7-13 years)

Ordinary Secondary (Age 14-17 years)

Advanced Secondary (Age 18-19 years)

Higher Education

Sta

nd

ard

4

Sta

nd

ard

3

Sta

nd

ard

2

Sta

nd

ard

1

Year

1

Year

2

Primary School Leaving

Examination

Structure of education System in mainland (current)

Certificate of Advanced Secondary Education Examination (ACSEE)

Sta

nd

ard

7


56

In the Mainland, while the primary school gross and net enrolment rates increased

between 2016 and 2018, enrolment rates of pre-primary schools declined. For the

lower secondary education, the enrolment rates continued to be at much lower levels

compared with those of primary education, representing a low primary to secondary

transition rate.

figure 10: Gross and net enrolment rates by education levels (per cent), tanzania

mainland, 2016–2018

120

100

80

60

40

20

0Pre-primay

education GERPre-primay

education NERPre-primay


education NERLower secondary education GER

Lower secondary education NER

102.6

86.1

4639.9

93.5

105.4

85.691.1

46.2 43.733.4 34.6

2016 2018

Source: Pre-Primary, Primary, Secondary, Adult and Non-Formal Education Statistics 2016, PO–RALG; Pre-Primary, Primary, Secondary, Adult and Non-Formal Education Statistics 2018: Regional data, PO–RALG

Unlike the declining trends in the Mainland, there are increases in both pre-primary

education net and gross enrolment rates in Zanzibar between 2016 and 2018. The

primary education enrolment rates increased but were still lower than those in

Mainland while the lower education net enrolment rates were higher.


57

140

120

100

80

60

40

20

0Pre-primay


education NERPre-primay


education NERLower secondary education GER

Lower secondary education NER

2016 2018

58.669.2

34.6

48.8

104.2116.5

73.2

89.3 89 85.6

45 44.8

Source: Zanzibar Education Statistical Abstract 2016–2018 data. Ministry of Education and Vocational Training

figure 11: Gross and net enrolment rates by education levels (per cent), Zanzibar, 2016–2018

Nationally, the estimated Out-of-School Children (OOSC) rates at primary school age (7–13

years) and at lower secondary school age (14–17 years) were 23.2 per cent and 40.9 per

cent, respectively. The OOSC rates were much higher among the children at the age of

5 and 6, a pre-primary school age level, which can be attributed to the low pre-primary

enrolment rates. The OOSC rates of all age groups were higher in the Mainland than in

Zanzibar.

figure 12: percentage of out-of-school children, by age group, in the mainland, Zanzibar

and tanzania

10.0%

0.0%

67.3% 67.1%

58.0%56.9% 56.6%

48.3%

23.5%

14.4%

23.2%

41.5%

21.0%

40.9%

20.0%

30.0%

40.0%

50.0%

60.0%

70.0%

80.0%

Mainland Zanzibar Tanzania

Source: Global Initiative on Out-of-School Children: Tanzania Country Report, Ministry of Education, Science and Technology and UNICEF, 2018

Out of school children aged 5 years

Out of school children aged 6 years

Out of school children aged 7-13 years

Out of school children aged 14-17 years


58

Nationally, it has been estimated that there are over 5.8 million out-of-school children

between 5 and 17 years, of which about 30 per cent are at the lower secondary

school ages (14–17 years). Out-of-school children often are those who belong to poor

households, have a disability, are from broken families, mobile farmers or nomadic

families, labourers (fishing, cattle, herding, mining, farming, etc.) or orphans. In

addition, many children face obstacles to completing their education such as lack of

meals in schools, poor quality of education, shortage of qualified teachers, distance

from school, inadequate infrastructure resulting in double-shifts, poor school security

and lack of provision for children with disabilities.

Tanzania has continued to perform well towards achieving gender parity at all levels

of education. The Gender Parity Index (GPI) equal to 1 indicates parity between

females and males. In general, a value less than 1 indicates a disparity in favour of

boys and a value greater than 1 indicates a disparity in favour of girls. However, the

interpretation should be in the other way round for indicators that should ideally

approach 0 per cent (e.g. repetition, dropout, illiteracy rates, etc). In these cases, a

GPI of less than 1 indicates a disparity in favour of girls and a value greater than 1

indicates a disparity in favour of boys.

In the Mainland, the Enrolment Rate GPI and Primary Completion Rate GPI for all

education levels in 2018 were equal to 1 and higher, indicating parities between

females and males.

table 1: Gender parity index (Gpi) of selected education indicators, mainland, 2018

Source: Pre-Primary, Primary, Secondary, Adult and Non-Formal Education Statistics 2018: Regional data, PO–RALG

male female total Gpi

Pre-primary education GER 84.6 85.5 86.1 1.01

Pre-primary education NER 39.6 40.3 39.9 1.02

Primary education GER 104.9 106 105.4 1.01

Primary education NER 90.1 92 91.1 1.02

Lower secondary education GER 42.7 44.6 43.7 1.04

Lower secondary education NER 32.6 36.6 34.6 1.12

Primary Education Gross

Completion Rate67 75.3 71.1 1.12

Primary Education Net Completion

Rate25.1 31.6 28.4 1.26

Lower Secondary Education Net

Completion Rate (2017)11.2 13.5 12.4 1.21


59

In Zanzibar, there are similar patterns of gender parity when it comes to enrolment

rates and transition rates from primary to secondary education.

table 2: Gender parity index (Gpi) of selected education indicators, Zanzibar, 2018

male female Gpi

Primary education GER 116.8 116.3 1.00

Primary education NER 88.9 89.7 1.01

Secondary education GER 56.2 67.5 1.20

Secondary education NER 43.1 53.5 1.24

Transition rate from primary to secondary education 95.9 98.5 1.03

Source: Zanzibar Education Statistical Abstract 2016–2018 data. Ministry of Education and Vocational Training.

Although there is equal access to education among girls and boys, disparities based

on geographical location, socio-economic status and disability affect children’s

chances of being enrolled in school and completing their education. In pre-primary

education, differences across regions are striking with only 16.3 per cent of five-year-

olds in Dar es Salaam enrolled in school compared to 63.3 per cent in the Tanga

region.

Among primary school-aged children, those from the poorest families are three

times less likely to attend school than those from higher income families. In Zanzibar,

the 2017 OOSC study revealed that gender, location, economic background and

educational attainment of the household head are factors that determine whether

or not a child remains outside the school system. Boys are five percentage points

more likely to be out of school than girls, and children who live in rural areas are five

percentage points more likely to be out of school than children living in urban areas.

Household wealth is positively correlated with schooling status. At primary education

level, the study shows that children from the poorest quintile of households have a

40 per cent chance of being out of school. This drops to 26 per cent for the next

quintile, halves to 13 per cent for quintiles 3 and 4, while children from the richest 20

percent of households have a 3 per cent chance of of being out of schools15.

Education quality remains a major bottleneck both in the Mainland and Zanzibar,

and many children enrolled in school are not achieving minimum levels of learning

outcomes both formatively and at the end of each cycle (primary, secondary). A

National Early Grade Reading and Math assessment carried out in 2016 found that

by the end of grade 2, only 12 per cent of students in Mainland Tanzania were able

to read Kiswahili with comprehension and only 7.9 per cent were also able to meet

the grade-level benchmark for addition and subtraction. In 2016, 70.4 per cent

of students in the Mainland and 84.5 per cent of students in Zanzibar passed the

15 Mapping of school capacity to absorb out-of-school children in Zanzibar: A review of school capacity,

school inclusiveness, and reasons why children are out of school, Zanzibar Ministry of Education and

Vocational Training and UNICEF, February 2018.


60

primary school leaving examination. There were significant variations among regions

in the Mainland: Geita recorded a high level of performance with 86.9 per cent pass

rate, followed by Katavi (86.8 per cent) while Mtwara (56.3 per cent) and Songwe

(52.8 per cent) regions recorded the lowest performance16.

Shortage of qualified teachers is a concern, particularly at the pre-primary level in the

Mainland. About one in four pre-primary teachers (24.2 per cent) are not qualified

to teach at this level. Then there is the problem of overcrowded classrooms. In the

Mainland, the pupil-to-qualified teacher ratio reaches 250 in public schools when the

norm is 25. The variation among regions is considerable: Mara region had the highest

pupil-to-qualified teacher ratio of 746 while Dar es Salaam had the lowest ratio of 122.

Intra-region differences are also significant. For example, the pre-primary schools in

Serengeti district council of Mara region had one qualified teacher per 3,663 pupils

here while the pupil-to-qualified teacher ratio in Musoma municipal council in the

same region is 80.

Figure 13: Disparities in the Pupil-Qualified Teacher Ratios at selected region and

council levels in government pre-primary schools, mainland, 2018

mainland (250)

Mara (803)

Temeke MC (871)

Kinondoni MC (55)Musoma MC (90)

Serengeti (3,663)

Dar es Salaam (122)

Source: PO–RALG, Pre-Primary, Primary, Secondary, Adult and Non-Formal Education Statistics 2018: Regional data

16 Final Findings Report, Tanzania National Early Grade Reading Assessment (EGRA) 2016, RTI International


61

Figure 14: Gaps in the number of qualified teachers in government and non-

government pre-primary schools, mainland, 2018

10000

0Government pre-primary schools

Non-Government pre-primary schools

All pre-primary schools in Mainland

6,186 5,347 4,7592,951

10,9458,298

575

48,042 48,617

20000

30000

40000

50000

60000

Number of Teachers

Number of Qualified Teachers

Gap in the number of qualified teachers

PO-RALG, Pre-Primary, Primary, Secondary, Adult and Non-Formal Education Statistics 2018: Regional data

Table 3: Pupil-qualified teacher ratios and gaps in the number of qualified teachers

in government and non-government pre-primary schools, mainland, 2018


Government non-Government total

Number of pupils enrolled 1,334,726 88,142 1,422,868

Number of Teachers 6186 4,759 10,945

Number of Qualified Teachers 5347 2,951 8,298

Percentage of Qualified Teachers 86.4 62.0 75.8

Pupil-Teacher Ratio (PTR) 215.8 18.5 130.0

Pupil-Qualified Teacher Ratio (PQTR) 249.6 29.9 171.5

Standard Pupil-Qualified Teacher Ratio (PQTR)

25 25 25

Number of required qualified teachers 53,389 3,526 56,915

Gap in the number of qualified teachers

48,042 575 48,617


62

In the Mainland, with a total of 177,602 qualified teachers available in government

primary schools and the required PQTR of 45, the primary teacher shortage in

absolute terms stands at 38,338 in 2018. The regional distribution of teachers is,

however, highly inequitable with PQTR ranging from 35 in the Kilimanjaro region to 75

in the Katavi region.

Table 4: Pupil-qualified teacher ratios and gaps in the number of qualified teachers in government and non-government primary schools, mainland, 2018


Government non-government total

Number of pupils enrolled 9,717,309 394,362 10,111,671

Number of Teachers 179,341 20,364 199,705

Number of Qualified Teachers 177,602 18,371 195,973

Percentage of Qualified Teachers 99.0 90.2 98.1

Pupil-Teacher Ratio (PTR) 54.2 19.4 50.6

Pupil-Qualified Teacher Ratio (PQTR) 54.7 21.5 51.6

Standard Pupil-Qualified Teacher Ratio

(PQTR)45 45 45

Number of required qualified teachers 215,940 8,764 224,704

Gap in the number of qualified teachers 38,338 (9,607) 28,731

In Zanzibar, the Pupil-Teacher Ratio (PTR) in government pre-primary schools was 26,

which is close to the national norm of 25. It is, however, expected to increase as more

out-of-school children are mobilized to enroll.

figure 15: pupil-teacher ratio by school type and level, Zanzibar, 2018

45

40

35

30

25

42.839.8

25.4

12.7

20

15

10

5

0Pre-Primary schools Primary schools Secondary schools

Government private

17.3 18.9

Source: Zanzibar Education Statistical Abstract 2016–2018, Ministry of Education and Vocational Training


63

At the district level, government schools in Pemba generally have higher Pupil-Teacher

Ratio. The Pupil-Teacher Ratios at pre-primary and primary schools in Micheweni

district (Pemba) are 2 times greater than those in Kati district (Unguja).

figure 16: pupil-teacher ratios in government schools by district and level,

Zanzibar, 2018

ChakeChake

Mkoani

Wete

Kaskazini A

Kaskazini B

Kusini

Kati

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

Zanzibar

Magharibi A

Magharibi B

Mjini

Micheweni

Secondary primary pre-primary


Zanzibar does not have an overwhelming shortage of teachers in terms of numbers.

The challenge here is a shortage of science and mathematics teachers at both primary

and secondary levels, as well as unequal distribution of teachers. These are challenges

that the rural districts in Unguja and all districts in Pemba face.

Figure 17: Percentage of qualified science teachers by school type and level,

Zanzibar, 2018

35

30

25

6.4 6.3

20

15

10

5

0Government Private

Primary schools Secondary schools

21.3

33.1



64

Table 5: Percentage of qualified teachers in government schools by district and level, Zanzibar, 2018

The state of school infrastructure poses another challenge to an enabling learning

environment for pupils. Many girls and boys in primary and secondary schools

in Tanzania still suffer from the inadequacy of improved drinking water sources,

hygienic latrines and basic hygiene services. Schools in Zanzibar have better water

and sanitation condition than those in Mainland while the availability of handwashing

facilities with soap and water in both Mainland and Zanzibar is in similar status with

less than 20 per cent of schools having basic hygiene services.

District

Government pre-primary

schools

Government primary schools

Government Secondary schools

% of Qualified

Teachers

% of

Qualified

Teachers

% of Qualified

Science

Teachers

% of Qualified

Teachers

% of

Qualified

Science

Teachers

Kaskazini A 11 43.4 4.3 94.4 19.4

Kaskazini B 7.7 38.3 3.5 95 21.8

Kati 23.7 47.1 9.1 95.9 25.1

Kusini 13.9 30.7 6.1 87.5 20.8

Magharibi A 24.1 54.4 8.5 97.5 20.2

Magharibi B 32.9 41.9 6.5 96.7 18.3

Mjini 19.6 38.6 6.4 96.3 23.4

Wete 9.3 42.7 8 97.6 21.4

Micheweni 11.8 46.8 8.9 97 16.8

ChakeChake 3.9 37.5 4.7 96.7 23.8

Mkoani 14 35.8 3.7 98.4 21.6

Zanzibar 17.3 51.4 6.4 96.6 21.3


Many girls and boys in primary and secondary schools in Tanzania still suffer from the inadequacy of improved

drinking water sources, hygienic latrines and basic hygiene services.


65

figure 18: percentage of schools with basic water services, basic sanitation services

and basic hygiene services, 2018

10

0

Percentage of schools with basic water services

Percentage of schools with basic sanitation services

Percentage of schools with basic hygiene services

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

55.3

30.3 29.5

54.5 58.3

82.9

17.6 17.6 18.2


Source: 2018 Tanzania School Water, Sanitation and Hygiene Assessment: Main Report, NBS, OCGS and UNICEF, February 2020

In 2018, the average pit latrine ratios (PLRs) for boys were 1:54 in the Mainland

primary schools, and 1:79 in Zanzibar government primary schools, well short of

the standard of 1:25. The PLR for girls was 1:51 in the Mainland and 1:104 in Zanzibar

government schools against a standard of 1:20. In the Mainland, Makete DC was the

council with best PLRs (1:18 for boys and 1:19 for girls). The council having the worst

PLRs was Bariadi DC (Simiyu region) with 1:138 for boys and 1:144 for girls.

The average Pupil-Classroom Ratios (PCRs) of primary schools were 76 in the

Mainland and 73 in Zanzibar against the standard of 45. In the Mainland, Makete DC

(Njombe region) had the best PCR of 31 while Mpanda MC (Katavi) had the worst PCR

of 152. In Zanzibar, Kusini district (Unguja) had the best PCRs of 46 while Magharibi

A district (Unguja) and Micheweni district (Pemba) had the worst PCRs of 113 and

109, respectively. As a result of high PCRs, many schools in Zanzibar had resort to

instituting double-shifts17. In Mjini (Unguja), up to 75 per cent and 66.7 per cent of

government primary schools and secondary schools, respectively, had double shifts in

2018.

17 namely each classroom is used twice a day, for two separate ‘shifts’ of pupils


66

national response

The commitment of both the Government of Tanzania and the Revolutionary

Government of Zanzibar (RGOZ) to providing universal basic education is strong. In

Mainland, when Primary Education Development Plan was introduced in 2000, only

primary education was free but after the launch of the 2014 Education and Training

Policy, 11 years of fee free, compulsory basic education were introduced to include at

least one year of pre-primary education, primary education and four years of lower

secondary education. With the new policy, all children in these levels are benefiting

from the capitation grant provided by the government. The RGOZ has committed

to moving towards a system of compulsory basic education of 12 years from pre-

primary through ordinary secondary education. Both Tanzania Mainland and Zanzibar

have developed national education sector strategic plans for 2017/18 to 2021/22 to

implement the education and training policy priorities nationally.

FYDP II includes a set of targets aimed at increasing both enrolment and the quality

of education in the Mainland. The Plan aims for a 95 per cent net enrolment ratio in

early learning and a 100 per cent net enrolment ratio in primary education by 2025.

Furthermore, ambitious targets for 2025 have been set for pupil-to-qualified teacher

ratio in pre-primary schools (25:1), and for pupil-to-qualified teacher ratio (40:1), pupil-

to-classroom ratio (40:1) and pupil-to-latrines ratio (20:1 for girls) in primary schools.

Both Tanzania Mainland and Zanzibar have developed national education sector strategic plans for 2017/18 to 2021/22 to implement the education and training policy

priorities nationally


67

The approved budget for education sector increased by tSh58

billion in real terms, a 62 per cent increase, between FY2016/17

and FY2017/18. In Zanzibar, capitation grants started in July 2018 and are allocated directly to schools (US$ 15 per year for pre-primary, primary to first two years of lower secondary school).

In the Mainland, budget allocations to education increased in absolute terms, while

declining as a share of the national budget from 17 per cent in 2016/17 to 14 per cent

in 2017/18. This is significantly lower than the target of the global partnership for

Education for All campaign, which is 20 per cent of the national budget. In the context

of the expected increase in the total enrolment as a result of the expansion of free,

compulsory, basic education and the capitation grant allocated directly to schools

remains low at only US$10 per primary school child and US$25 per secondary school

student per annum. Transfers to local governments are on the rise, but devolution has

been accompanied by significant disparities in spending across local governments

which raise equity, efficiency and quality of education issues at the local level.

In Zanzibar, education expenditure is prioritized by the RGOZ with the share of

education in the national budget increasing from 14.5 per cent in FY2016/17 to 18.1

per cent in FY2017/18. The approved budget for education sector increased by TSh58

billion in real terms, a 62 per cent increase, between FY2016/17 and FY2017/18. In

Zanzibar, capitation grants started in July 2018 and are allocated directly to schools

(US$ 15 per year for pre-primary, primary to first two years of lower secondary school).


68

©uniCef/tanzania/Kate holt


69

achieve gender equality and empower all women and girls

Goal 5




5.2 Eliminate all forms of violence against all women and girls in the public and private spheres, including trafficking and sexual and other types of exploitation

Proportion of women aged

15-49 years who have

experienced physical or

sexual violence from any

husband/partner in the last

12 months

29.6%

[2015/16]

30.2%

[2015/16]

5.5%

[2015/16]

Proportion of women

aged 15-19 years have

experienced sexual violence

in the past 12 months

5.6%

[2015/16]

Proportion of women

aged 15-19 years have

experienced physical

violence since the age of 15

21.9%

[2015/16]

5.3 Eliminate all harmful practices, such as child, early and forced marriage and female genital mutilation

Proportion of women aged

20–24 years who were

married or in a union before

age of 18 years

30.5%

[2015/16]

Proportion of girls and

women aged 15–19 years

who have undergone female

genital mutilation/cutting

4.7%

[2015/16]


70


Sustainable Development Goal 5 seeks to end all forms of discrimination against

women and girls and provides strong targets on critical gender equality issues that

affect children including empowerment, discrimination, violence against women and

girls, child marriage and female genital mutilation and cutting. It also calls for policies

and legislation that protect and empower girls and women. Boys and men will play

a critical role in changing attitudes and behaviour that harm women and girls. While

gender equality cuts across all the goals, it is the specific focus of Goal 5.


Gender equality is not only a fundamental human right, but a necessary foundation

for a peaceful, prosperous and sustainable world. While the world has made good

progress towards gender equality in creating equal access to primary education,

young women and girls continue to suffer discrimination and violence in every part

of the world. Among children, girls face disproportionate dropping out from school,

early marriage, female genital mutilation/cutting (FGM/C), gender-based violence,

and bearing the brunt of poor sexual and reproductive health outcomes.


Tanzania has a Gender Inequality Index (GII)18 value of 0.539, ranking it 130 out

of 162 countries in the 2018 index. Due to various factors including social norms,

cultural customs and traditions, significant gender issues persist through harmful

cultural practices, such as FGM/C and child marriage, that are responsible for

robbing women and girls of equal opportunities.

In spite of the prohibition of FGM/C since 1998, and having reduced by one third

between 2005 and 2015 (from 14.6 per cent to 10 per cent), it is still prevalent in

Tanzania, almost exclusively on the Mainland. The prevalence in the Mainland was

almost the same as the national level (10.3 per cent) while the rate in Zanzibar was

nearly zero (0.1 per cent). FGM/C in women aged 15-49 years is characterised by

very high incidence in specific regions and areas in Tanzania. Women in rural areas

(12.7 per cent) are more than twice as likely to be mutilated as those in urban areas

(5.3 per cent). Prevalence is very high in the Central zone (45.6 per cent) and the

Northern zone (21.7 per cent). The regions of Manyara, Dodoma, Arusha, Mara and

Singida have rates of FGM/C prevalence between 30 per cent and 60 per cent. The

period between 2005 and 2015, witnessed accelerated decline of about 50 per

cent among women aged 15-19 years with the prevalence rate coming down from

9.1 per cent to 4.7 per cent; among women aged 20-24 years the prevalence rate

declined from 13.7 per cent to 7.3 per cent during the 10-year period.

18 The 2010 HDR introduced the Gender Inequality Index (GII), which reflects gender-based inequalities in three dimensions – reproductive health, empowerment, and economic activity. Reproductive health is measured by maternal mortality and adolescent birth rates; empowerment is measured by the share of parliamentary seats held by women and attainment in secondary and higher education by each gender; and economic activity is measured by the labour market participation rate for women and men. The GII can be interpreted as the loss in human development due to inequality between female and male achievements in the three GII dimensions.


71

Despite a large reduction between 2005 and 2015, almost 4 in 10 girls aged 20-

24 years underwent FGM/C before the age of 5 years, seriously undermining the

health of these girls at a very young age.

figure 20: female genital mutilation by age at circumcision of women aged

20–24 years

40% 60%20% 80% 100%

0–4 5–12 13+ Don’t know

2015-16 TDHS

2010 TDHS

2004-05 TDHS

0%

38.1

39 23.3 36.1

29 29.1

45.9 27.4 24.9

Source: TDHS 2004–2005, TDHS 2010, and TDHS 2015–2016

figure 19: female genital mutilation by region

Kagera <1%

Kigoma <1%

Geita 1%

Simiyu 1%

Ruvuma <1%

Lindi 1%

Mtwara 2%

Tabora 1%

1%Shinyanga

Mwanza 1%

Rukwa <1%

Katavi <1%

Mara 32%

Arusha 41%

Manyara 58%

Tanga 14%

Singida 31%

Dodoma 47%

Morogoro 9%

Pwani 5%

Njombe 7%

Iringa 8%Mbeya

1%

Percent of women age 15-49 years who are circumcised

tanzania 10%


Kaskazini Pemba <1%

Kaskazini Unguja <1%

Mjini Magharibi <1%

Kusini Pemba <1%

Kusini Unguja <1%

Dar es Salaam 4% <%

1%-5%6%-15%16%-50%51%-58%

Kilimanjaro 10%


72

Tanzania has one of the highest early marriage prevalence rates in the world. Even

though there has been a sharp decline from 41.1 per cent in 2005, the number of

women aged 20–24 years married before their 18th birthday is still very high in 2015

with a prevalence rate of 30.5 per cent (18 per cent in Zanzibar). A smaller number

of women aged 20–24 years, 5.2 per cent (3.5 per cent in Zanzibar), were married

or in a union before age 15. The proportion of women aged 15–19 who are currently

married or in a union is 23 per cent, compared with only 2 per cent of men in the

same age group. Women whose age at first marriage is low tend to have early child

bearing and high fertility. According to TDHS 2015/16, 26.7 per cent of girls aged

15–19 had given birth or were pregnant with their first child.

national response

Tanzania has ratified the key international and regional conventions and

instruments related to gender equality, notably the Convention on the Elimination

of Discrimination Against Women (CEDAW), the UN Convention on the Rights of

the Child (CRC), the African Charter on the Rights and Welfare of the Child, the

Beijing Declaration and Platform for Action (BDPfA), for Equality, Development and

Peace, the Protocol to the African Charter on Human and Peoples’ Rights on the

Rights of Women in Africa (Maputo Protocol). These conventions and instruments

explicitly condemn FGM/C and other harmful practices.

The Government of the United Republic of Tanzania has made considerable efforts

to implement these conventions and instruments through the integration of gender

equality in Tanzania Development Vision 2025, the National Strategy for Gender

Development and FYDP II. The Revolutionary Government of Zanzibar has also

mainstreamed gender in Vision 2020, MKUZA III and formulated specific policies

on gender such as the Women Protection and Development Policy (2001). At the

national level, the Sexual Offences (Special Provision) Act has become effective,

making FGM/C punishable by law. It stipulates five to 15 years of imprisonment

and/or a fine of up to 300,000 Tanzanian shillings (about US$ 130).

The Ministry of Health, Community Development, Gender, Elderly and Children

(MoHCDGEC) took a leadership role in developing the Five-year National Plan

of Action to End Violence Against Women and Children 2017/18–2021/22 in the

Mainland (NPA-VAWC) by consolidating eight different action plans into a single

comprehensive one. The NPA-VAWC is based on the seven evidence-based


73

INSPIRE strategies for Ending Violence Against Children. The NPA-VAWC calls for

one coordination structure for which the most senior accountability lies with the

Prime Minister’s Office, guaranteeing the highest level of political commitment and

oversight for greater efficiency in service delivery, transparency and coherence, so

as to guarantee overall quality while reducing costs. The budget required for NPA-

VAWC has been fully estimated for five years; funding the implementation remains

a challenge, as the Plan requires strong funding commitments from both the

Government and donors.

The Revolutionary Government of Zanzibar also approved two Five-Year National

Plans of Action to End Violence against Women and Children (NPA-VAWC): 2011–

2015 and 2017–2022. During the first NPA-VAWC, progress was made to enhance

the legislative and policy framework for the empowerment and protection of

women and children, strengthen commitment at the national level, and establish

sub-national level coordination bodies (child protection and GBV committees) as

well as building the capacity of frontline workers (social welfare officers, women

and children officers, law enforcement professionals, health officers and community

workers) as well as women’s economic empowerment activities. The cost of the

second NPA-VAWC has been fully estimated for 5 years and will consolidate and

build on the progress made to date in addressing violence against women and

children in Zanzibar.

During the first NPA-VAWC, progress was made to

enhance the legislative and policy framework for the

empowerment and protection of women and children,

strengthen commitment at the national level, and establish

sub-national level coordination bodies.


74



75

ensure availability and sustainable management of water and sanitation for all

Goal 6




6.1 By 2030, achieve universal and equitable access to safe and affordable drinking water for all

Proportion of population

using improved drinking

water sources

59.7%

[2015/16]

58.6%

[2015/16]

97.6%

[2015/16]

6.2 By 2030, achieve access to adequate and equitable sanitation and hygiene for all and end open defecation, paying special attention to the needs of women and girls and those in vulnerable situations


using improved, not

shared, sanitation facilities

20.1%

[2015/16]

19%

[2015/16]

61%

[2015/16]


practicing open

defecation

10.5%

[2015/16]

10.3%

[2015/16]

17.3%

[2015/16]

Proportion of households

with a handwashing

facility with soap and

water in the household

47.8%

[2015/16]

48.0%

[2015/16]

37.0%

[2015/16]

Proportion of health

facilities having client’s

latrines

44%

[2015/16]

42%

[2015/16]

84%

[2015/16]


76


Sustainable Development Goal 6 seeks to ensure availability and sustainable

management of water and sanitation for all. It furthers the efforts of the Millennium

Development Goals by explicitly aiming to achieve universal and equitable access

to clean and safe water and sanitation. Access to safe water and sanitation and

sound management of freshwater ecosystems are essential to human health and to

environmental sustainability and economic prosperity. The goal also calls for an end

to open defecation and acknowledges the dangers it presents, especially for girls

and women.


Inadequate drinking water, sanitation and hygiene (WASH) remain a leading cause,

globally, of preventable diseases and death among children under 5 years of age.

Exposure to repeated WASH-related infections also contributes to stunting and

prevents children from reaching their full potential. Improving water, sanitation and

hygiene services has a far-reaching impact on the survival, health, and welfare of

children. Clean water, sanitation and hygiene also contribute to other development

goals, including those related to nutrition, health, education, poverty, gender

equality and climate change. Investing in children’s access to water, sanitation

and hygiene positions them to be agents of behaviour change in families and

communities.


Despite some progress, continued inadequate and unequal access to clean water

and improved sanitation poses a real challenge for development in Tanzania,

leaving scores of children vulnerable to infections, stunting and death.

About 6 in 10 households in the country obtain their drinking water from improved

sources; most such households are located in urban areas. Nearly 9 in 10 persons in

the urban Mainland (86.4 per cent) and almost everyone in Zanzibar (98 per cent)

obtain their drinking water from improved sources, while nearly half of people in

rural Mainland do not. In Zanzibar there are no recent disaggregated data for rural

and urban areas, however, the Household Budget Survey (HBS) of 2014/15 indicates

that 13.7 of the rural population do not have access to water from improved

sources. Household use of improved drinking water sources has been increasing

over time, from 82.2 per cent according to the 2004/05 TDHS, to 79.5 per cent in

the 2010 TDHS, and then up to the current level of 98 per cent. Water availability in

pipes and the bacteriological safety are ongoing challenges to good infrastructure

coverage of water supply system in Zanzibar. TDHS 2015/16 indicates that 58 per

cent of households using piped water or boreholes did not have water for at least

one day in the two weeks preceding the survey.


77

According to Zanzibar Water Authority (ZAWA) bacteriological safety is largely

hampered by inadequate chlorination of drinking water, which is a result of various

infrastructural, financial, and technical problems. Most of urban and peri-urban

areas served by water pipes draw water directly from the source (direct pumping),

which is not chlorinated. The inclusion of water quality parameters in the indicators

of service availability is relevant for future monitoring of SDGs, because the WASH

targets have been raised to include quality of the service in benchmarking and

tracking progress.

figure 21: proportion of households having access to improved and non-

improved drinking water sources, tanzania, 2015/16

Total Urban Mainland Rural Mainland Zanzibar

39

14

52

Improved Non-improved

0%

20%

40%

60%

80%

100%

61

86

48

98

2


Unsafe and inadequate water supply, improper sanitation and poor hygiene are

reflected in the high prevalence of stunting (34.4 per cent). Unimproved water and

sanitation services are clearly associated with higher rates of chronic undernutrition

among children under the age of 5 years and diseases caused by poor sanitation

and hygiene. Estimates show that preventable diarrhoea is responsible for nearly

1 in 10 (8 per cent) deaths of children under the age of 5 years. In Zanzibar, the

cholera epidemic in 2015/2016 was one of the longest and the largest in terms of

both the number of patients as well as the spread of districts and shehias (sub-

districts) affected. The epidemic caused a total of 4,330 cases of cholera and 68

deaths. Another outbreak followed in 2017, which resulted in a total of 346 cases

and four deaths. Apart from the morbidity and mortality it causes cholera has far-

reaching consequences on the economy of Zanzibar as it affects the archipelago’s

tourism business.


78

About 1 in 5 households (19 per cent) in Tanzania use improved toilets. The use

of improved toilet facilities is much higher in Zanzibar at 59 per cent. Rural

households in the Mainland face higher risk of disease transmission as 86 per cent

use unimproved toilets or have no toilet facilities at all compared to 23 per cent in

urban Mainland and 27 per cent in Zanzibar. The percentage of households using

unimproved toilet facilities is still higher, but it is declining slowly, decreasing from

96 per cent in 2004/05 TDHS to 76 per cent in 2011/12, to the current level of 65

per cent.

figure 22: proportion of households having access to sanitation facilities by type

Total Urban Mainland Rural Mainland Zanzibar

65

23

Improved Improved, but shared Non-improved

0%

20%

40%

60%

80%

100%

16

42 86

419

35

10

59

14

27


Open defecation is still a challenge in Tanzania with 1 in 10 people (10.5 per cent)

practising open defecation. The prevalence of open defecation in Zanzibar (17.3

per cent) is considerably higher than that in both rural Mainland (13.5 per cent) and

urban Mainland (2.5 per cent). In some parts of Zanzibar, notably Micheweni district

in Pemba, prevalence of open defecation is as high as 61.9 per cent.

Handwashing with soap is among the most effective and inexpensive ways to

prevent diarrhoeal diseases and pneumonia, which together are responsible for

most of child deaths. Available data on handwashing behaviours indicate that 47.8

per cent of the households had a handwashing facility with soap and water. This

proportion is much lower in Zanzibar (37 per cent) compared to the Mainland (48

per cent).


79

While universal access to water, sanitation and hygiene at the household level

remains the primary concern, the availability of WASH in other settings including

schools and health facilities are also very important. In Tanzania, inadequate water

supply and sanitation, including menstrual hygiene facilities in schools, have been

a persistent problem over decades contributing to a poor learning environment,

absenteeism, underperformance and higher dropout rates mostly among adolescent

girls. Low priority is accorded to investment for scaling up water supply, sanitation

and hygiene services in schools for better learning outcomes.

Many health facilities lack adequate WASH facilities. Only 68 per cent have access

to improved water sources and only 44 per cent have latrines for patients (42

per cent in the Mainland and 84 per cent in Zanzibar). This is a serious problem

considering the long waiting time endured by women and their children. In

addition to inconvenience to patients, it poses a health risk and can lead to disease

transmission.

national response

The water, sanitation and hygiene sector in Mainland Tanzania is guided by the

Water Supply and Sanitation Act No. 12 of 2009, and the Water Sector Development

Programme (WSDP 2006–2025). The programme encompasses water resources

management, rural and urban water supply, sanitation and hygiene including

elimination of open defecation, as well development of sector capacity and

strengthening institutional effectiveness. The programme focuses on addressing

the goals and directives of the National Water Policy and Zanzibar Water Policy,

which are in line with and the National Five-Year Development Plan 2016/17–

2020/21 (FYDP II) and the Tanzania Development Vision 2025. In Vision 2025, the

Government of the United Republic of Tanzania has pledged to increase access

to improved sanitation to 95 per cent by 2025. FYDP II has also set the target for

access to improved sanitation facilities at 85 per cent in rural areas. Unfortunately,

Zanzibar is not covered by WSDP; hence the island lacks significant development

partner support.

Targets for water and sanitation sector in Zanzibar are guided by several policies

including Water Policy, Health Policy, MKUZA III and School Water and Hygiene

Guidelines. MKUZA III has indicated that Zanzibar will aim to provide equitable

access to quality, clean and safe water for all water users, thereby fulfilling the needs

of expanding social and economic activities while also considering the conservation

of nature. In sanitation, MKUZA III aims to ensure that all households have access

to improved toilets and other sanitation and hygiene amenities, such as solid waste

management, handwashing with soap at critical times, and food hygiene. For

its school WASH programme, the national guidelines provide specifications and

guidance for WASH facilities in schools.


80

The National Environmental Health, Hygiene and Sanitation Strategy (2008-

2017) outlines options to improve sanitation involving a number of promotional,

educational, and participatory approaches and methods. Under this framework,

the National Sanitation Campaign has provided some momentum to tackling open

defecation and hygiene issues, such as handwashing practices, at critical times.

The Government of the United Republic of Tanzania has taken different measures

to improve WASH in schools, incorporation of hygiene education in school

curricular together with provision of latrines and water facilities in some schools.

The National Strategic Plan for School Water, Sanitation and Hygiene (SWASH)

2012–2017 has been developed and implemented to enhance the provision of

adequate safe water, sanitation and hygiene facilities as well as improving the

academic performance, school attendance and overall health of school children.

It is estimated that Tanzania spends 70 per cent of its health budget on

preventable WASH-related diseases as most of the population does not have

access to improved sanitation, and close to half of the population does not have

access to safe drinking water.

The approved budget allocation to the water sector in FY 2017/18 is TSh 748

billion. Actual spending in the water sector has declined from 3.8 per cent of the

national budget in FY 2014/15 to an estimated 2.4 per cent in FY 2017/18. The

water sector is facing a serious challenge on the budget execution. For instance,

The National Strategic Plan for School Water, Sanitation and Hygiene (SWASH) 2012-2017 has been developed

and implemented to enhance the provision of adequate safe water, sanitation and hygiene facilities as well as

improving the academic performance, school attendance and overall health of school children


81

only 32 per cent of approved funds for the sector were executed in FY 2016/17. The

Government of the United Republic of Tanzania spends significantly less on WASH

than neighbouring countries (Kenya and Ethiopia). Water sector spending in FY

2016/17 was 0.3 per cent of GDP, well below the eThekwini commitment of 0.5 per

cent of GDP.

In Zanzibar the water sector budget has remained low for FY 2017/18; the

government, however, is committed to solicit funds from external sources in the

form of loans and grants. According to the president’s speech on 12 January 2018,

the Revolutionary Government of Zanzibar (RGoZ) has signed agreement with

the Exim Bank of India for a loan of US$ 92,000,000 for its water supply project,

and will obtain an additional US$ 23,673,000 from the African Development Bank.

The two loans are focused on improving water supply infrastructure for Urban-

West Region which accommodates nearly 50 per cent of the Zanzibar population.

The Zanzibar sanitation subsector is funded by both development partners and

the government. UNICEF and WHO have supported the Zanzibar government to

developing a 10-year Comprehensive Cholera Elimination Plan (2018/19-2027/28)

with the aim of improving sanitation and hygiene services as fundamental to

cholera elimination.


82



83

promote sustained, inclusive and sustainable economic growth, full and productive employment and decent work for all

Goal 8




8.5 By 2030, achieve full and productive employment and decent work for all women and men, including for young people and persons with disabilities, and equal pay for work of equal value

Youth unemployment,

male (% of male labour

force aged 15-24 years)

7%

[2014]

16.4%

[2014]

Youth unemployment,

female (% of female

labour force aged 15-24

years)

11.7%

[2014]

38%

[2014]

8.7 Take immediate and effective measures to eradicate forced labour, end modern slavery and human trafficking and secure the prohibition and elimination of the worst forms of child labour, including recruitment and use of child soldiers, and by 2025 end child labour in all its forms


aged 5–17 years

engaged in child labour

28.8%

[2014]

5.6%

[2014]


aged 5–17 years

engaged in hazardous

child labour in the total

children in child labour

74.7%

[2014]

52.8%

[2014]


84


Sustainable Development Goal 8 seeks to promote inclusive and sustainable economic growth, full and productive employment and decent work for all. It calls for work opportunities for young people and decent pay. It is critical to protect children from engaging in harmful child labour and thus Goal 8 includes related targets on the “elimination of the worst forms of child labour, including recruitment and use of child soldiers” and calls for the end of child labour by 2025. Achieving inclusive and sustainable economic growth depends on making progress on many of the other goals critical to children. Significant and widening disparities in education, health, or nutrition outcomes along the lines of gender, location, wealth, or level of education, run the risk of undermining an economy’s productivity and the labour market’s ability to

innovate and diversify.


Economic growth and employment directly affect the financial stability of children

and families. As children grow up and enter the workforce, they need to find jobs –

a task that becomes increasingly difficult in a world where young people between

the ages of 15 and 24 years make up a large share of people unemployed. The

engagement of children in child labour, particularly in hazardous work endangers

their health, safety and moral development19.


Using the national definition, the overall unemployment rate on the Mainland

in 2014 was 10.3 per cent with higher unemployment among women (12.3 per

cent), than among men (8.2 per cent). In Zanzibar, that overall unemployment

rate is 14.3 per cent. The situation is particularly severe in urban areas, where the

unemployment rate is 23.3 per cent, compared to 7.5 per cent for rural areas. In

Dar es Salaam the unemployment rate for women is nearly three times that of men

(32.2 per cent compared to 11.3 per cent)20.

Statistics on youth aged 15-24 years show that they are more vulnerable to

unemployment than any other age group with an overall unemployment rate of

9.4 per cent in the Mainland and up to 27 per cent in Zanzibar. There are gender

differences among youth in the Mainland as 9.4 per cent of young women are

unemployed compared to 7 per cent of young men. In Zanzibar, the unemployment

rate among young women aged 15-24 years was much higher (38 per cent)

compared to men (16.4 per cent). Gender disparities on the Mainland are starker

in the type of employment and monthly income. In the Mainland, more than half of

employed women aged 15-35 years (56.1 per cent) work as unpaid family helpers in

agriculture, compared to 34.6 per cent of employed young men. In terms of income

from employment, women earn less than men regardless of type of employment.

In agriculture, the mean monthly income for men (TSh 150,665) is nearly two times

the amount earned by women (TSh 92,882).

19 International Programme on the Elimination of Child Labour, Marking Progress against Child Labour: Global estimates and trends 2002–2012, International Labour Organization, Geneva, 2013, p. vii.

20 National Bureau of Statistics, 2014. Integrated Labour Force Survey 2014–Analytical Report


85

The World Bank estimates that every year, 800,000 Tanzanian youth enter the labour

market with limited educational attainment21. By 2030, it is projected that each

year 1.6 million Tanzanians will enter the labour market. These figures underscore

the importance of investing in children and building human capital now. They also

call for the promotion of economic activity that can provide decent and productive

employment for youth. A major obstacle in addressing youth employment is the

existing skills gap. Estimates indicate that about 80 per cent of the occupations

available, including those that will be in demand in the coming three to five years,

are based on science and mathematics related subjects - subjects for which the pass

rates in Form IV and VI were the lowest in the past decade.

Child labour remains an area of concern in Tanzania, particularly Tanzania

Mainland22. Estimates from 2014 indicate that nearly 3 in 10 Tanzanian children (28.8

per cent) aged 5-17 years are in child labour of whom about 7 in 10 (74.7 per cent)

are in hazardous child labour. The latter statistic highlights the danger to children’s

health and life that is characteristic of hazardous child labour. In the Mainland, the

proportion of working children is higher in rural areas (35.6 per cent) compared to

other urban areas (18 per cent) and Dar es Salaam (3.6 per cent). In the Mainland,

gender differences are small: girls are slightly more likely to work in urban areas,

while boys are slightly more likely to work in rural areas.

In Zanzibar, in 2014, there were 25,803 children engaged in child labour, which

accounted for 5.6 per cent of the total children aged 5-17 years. Gender differences

in Zanzibar are more pronounced, with more boys (15,855) engaged in child labour

compared to girls (9,948). The proportion of children aged 5-11 years engaged in

child labour is highest (43.8 per cent) with a higher proportion of girls (49.4 per

cent) than boys (40.2 per cent), while fewer children aged 15-17 years are engaged

child labour (21.7 per cent). Most of thechildren engaged in child labour are located

in rural areas (90.5 per cent) vis-à-vis urban areas (9.5 per cent).

21 World Bank, 2017. United Republic of Tanzania: Systematic Country Diagnostic. 22 As defined by the 2014 Integrated Labour Force Survey and the 2014 National Child Labour Survey, child labour is the engagement of children aged 5 to 17 years in prohibited work and, more generally, in types of work to be eliminated as socially and morally undesirable as guided by national legislation, the ILO Minimum Age Convention, 1973 (No. 138), and the Worst Forms of Child Labour Convention, 1999 (No. 182), as well as their respective supplementing Recommendations (No. 146 and 190). Hazardous child labour refers to engagement in industries or occupations designated as hazardous as stipulated in Employment and Labour Relation Act, 2004 (Annex 1). Other working conditions considered to be hazardous include long hours of work i.e. work for more than 40 hours a week or working conditions entail them to work at night, carrying heavy loads, working underground or at height, physical, emotional or sexual abuse, work with chemicals, work in extreme temperatures or humidity, exposure to dust, fumes or gases and insufficient lighting or injuries. It is noted that, the estimates produced for SDG reporting (using the same definition and hourly thresholds) are calculated on the basis of the following ages: 5–11, 12–14 and 15-17 years and thus are different from the national data published in the 2014 Integrated Labour Force Survey and the 2014 National Child Labour Survey reports.


86

figure 24: percentage of children of age 5-17 years in child labour by different

characteristics, mainland

Ag

e 5

–11

years

Ag

e 1

2–1

3 y

ears

Ag

e 1

4–1

7 y

ears

Dar

es

Sal

aam

Oth

er

Urb

an

Rura

lW

ealt

h q

uin

tile

: Low

est

Wealt

h q

uin

tile

: S

eco

nd

Wealt

h q

uin

tile

: M

idd

leW

ealt

h q

uin

tile

: F

ourt

hW

ealt

h q

uin

tile

: H

ighest

Mai

nla

nd

28.8

Gir

ls

3.6

18

35.6

Boys

28.429.3 30.2

34.2

29.628.3

40.7

21.5 22.1

36

35

40

45

30

25

20

15

10

5

0

Source: Mainland ILFS 2014

35

30

25

20

15

10

5

0Children aged 5-17 years Boys Girls

Mainland Zanzibar

28.4

4.3

28.8

5.6

29.3

6.8

Source: 2014 Integrated Labour Force Surveys (Mainland and Zanzibar)

figure 23: proportion of children aged 5-17 years engaged in child labour (%) by sex,

mainland and Zanzibar 2014


87

national response

Tanzania’s Law of the Child Act, 200923 and Employment and Labour Relations Act, 2004 prohibit hazardous child labour under the age of 18 years; mining regulations specify that mining work is prohibited for anyone under 18 years . Despite the strong legal and regulatory framework, child labour laws remain largely unenforced. The Mainland’s FYDP II highlights the need to invest in skills development. One of its key interventions revolves around promoting employable skills particularly for youth, women and people living with disabilities. By increasing the number of graduates from tertiary and higher learning, vocational schools, internship training and apprenticeships, the Governments aims to increase the share of working population with high level skills from 4 per cent to 12 per cent, and the share with middle level skills from 17 per cent to 34 per cent between 2014 and 2020. The ongoing development of the National Strategy on Elimination of Child Labour 2018–2022 aims at ensuring national response to preventing and responding to child labour, in collaboration with existing coordination and strategic framework at national and subnational levels.

In Zanzibar, Employment Act No. 11 of 2005 prohibits child labour. The Labour Commission has the mandate of ensuring the implementation of labour laws, conducting labour inspection at workplaces and combating child labour. The Commission has prepared a list of hazardous activities for which children may not be employed. In 2009, Zanzibar developed a National Plan of Action for the Elimination of Child Labour 2009–2015 to address child labour and it is implemented by the Child Labour Unit, which receives a budgetary allocation each year dedicated to combating child labour. Its implementation has included a special programme to reinsert child labourers back into schools. A total of 5,067 children (2,079 girls and 2,988 boys) have been withdrawn from child labour in Zanzibar.

figure 25: percentage of children of age 5–17 years in child labour by different characteristics, Zanzibar

Zanzi

bar

Kask

azi

ni P

em

ba

Kusi

ni P

em

ba

Boys

Gir

ls

Urb

an

Rura

l

Ag

e 5

-11

years

Ag

e 1

2-1

4 y

ears

Ag

e 1

5–1

7 y

ears

Kask

azi

ni U

ng

uja

Kusi

ni U

ng

uja

Mjin

i Mag

hari

bi

5.6

1.3

8.4

43.8

34.5

21.7

4.3

6.8

2.6

11.4

8.7

1.5

10.3

35

40

45

30

25

20

15

10

5

0

Source: Zanzibar ILFS 2014

23 With subsequent Law of the Child (Apprenticeship) Regulations, 2012, and The Law of the Child (Child

Employment) Regulations, 2012


88

©uniCef/tanzania/paul Joynson hicks


89

reduce inequality within and among countries

Goal 10




10.1 By 2030, progressively achieve and sustain income growth of the bottom 40 per cent of the population at a rate higher than the national average

Growth rate of average consumption per adult equivalent of the total population

1.42%

[2011]

3.5%

[2014/15]

Gini Index0.38

[2017/18]

0.308

[2014/15]

Growth rate of average consumption of the bottom 40 per cent of the population

3.36%

[2011]

6.2%

[2014/15]


90


Sustainable Development Goal 10 aims to reduce inequality within and among

countries. Goal 10 includes targets that call for progress in income growth for the

bottom 40 per cent of the population at a rate higher than the national average. It

calls for reducing inequalities in income as well as those based on age, sex, disability,

race, ethnicity, origin, religion or economic or other status within a country. The

achievement of this goal requires a focus on dismantling discriminatory laws, policies

and practices that perpetuate inequalities based on age, sex, wealth, ethnicity,

disability and geographic location. For effective and sustainable outcomes, people

who are traditionally excluded will need to be part of the solutions.


Too many children start life burdened by inequalities that deprive them of a fair

chance to survive, thrive and reach their full potential. For example: compared

with children from the higher income groups, those children from the poorest

households are more likely to die before their fifth birthday, more likely to be

malnourished and more likely to be out of school. Achieving equitable development

requires investing in the most disadvantaged children and developing inclusive

policies.


As mentioned in Goal 1, monetary poverty rates in both the Mainland and Zanzibar

fell over the past years. Between 2007 and 2011/12, the income of the bottom

40 per cent in the Mainland grew at a rate higher than the national average, and

equality between income groups also improved. However, as indicated in the

latest Mainland Household Budget Survey, the distribution of income has become

less equal with the Gini index increased to 0.38 in 2017/18 from 0.34 in 2011/12

in 2017/1824. The increase in Gini index in Dar es Salaam is highest, from 0.35 in

2011/12 to 0.42 in 2017/18, reflecting the widening income inequality. Between

2011/12 and 2017/18, the basic needs poverty rate doubled to 8 percent in Dar es

Salaam while declining in both other urban areas and rural areas. There has been

a widening of geographic income disparities with the highest poverty rate of

45 per cent in Rukwa region and the lowest poverty rate of 8 per cent in Dar es

Salaam region. Significant variations in poverty across the country are confirmed

by multidimensional estimates of child poverty: while some deprivations are higher

in urban areas, overall monetary and deprivation levels are highest in rural areas for

nearly all dimensions.

24 Household Budget Survey Key Indicators Report, 207/18


91

figure 26: trends in Gini index, tanzania, mainland

In Zanzibar, the decline in poverty has been accompanied by a slight reduction of

Gini index from 0.311 to 0.308 between 2009/10 and 2014/15. Consumption levels

improved to some extent for all population groups, but the improvements were

greater among the bottom 40 per cent population groups than among the better

off ones. The average consumption per adult equivalent increased by 3.5 per cent

between 2010 and 2015, while the average consumption of the bottom 40 per cent

of the population grew by 6.2 per cent.

Population growth is only likely to deepen and widen existing inequalities. Therefore,

investing in the country’s most disadvantaged children is critical in achieving greater

equality. The cost of inaction is high and having an increasingly large share of the

population left behind incurs a high cost both for the economy and for society.

0.35

0.4

0.45

0.3

0.25

0.2

0.15

0.1

0.05

0

1991–92 2000–01 2007

2011–12 2017–18 2020 (FYDP II target)

Dar es Salaam Other urban Area Rural Area Tanzania Mainland

0.350.370.38

0.320.29

0.390.34

0.420.38

0.34

Consumption levels improved to some extent for all population groups, but the improvements were greater among the bottom 40 per cent population groups than

among the better off ones.


92

©uniCef/tanzania/Slide visuals 2019


93

Make cities and human settlements inclusive, safe, resilient and sustainable

Goal 11



tanzania

11.1 By 2030, ensure access for all to adequate, safe and affordable housing and basic services and upgrade slums

Proportion of urban population living in unplanned settlements or inadequate housing

50.7% [2014]

Number of urban population living in unplanned settlements

7,952,300 [2014]


94


The Sustainable Development Goal 11 focuses on the role of cities as enabling

environments for people to advance socially and economically while addressing

the challenges of congestion, population pressures on provision of basic series and

shortage of adequate housing and declining infrastructure. This goal calls for access,

by 2030, to safe, affordable, accessible and sustainable transport systems for all,

better road safety and more public transport that provides for the needs of women,

children, people with disabilities, the elderly and vulnerable populations. The goal

also calls for access to green and public spaces by 2030 and integrated policies and

plans towards inclusion, resource efficiency, mitigation and adaptation to climate

change, and resilience to disasters.


Every child has the right to a living environment that is safe and services that are

central to their health, mobility and well-being. According to UN estimates, almost

60 per cent of the world’s population will live in urban areas and 95 per cent of

urban expansion will take place in the developing world. Among new generations

of children raised in the cities, far too many are living in overcrowded informal

settlements that lack clean water and sanitation and their families cannot afford

quality food, education services and health care. The majority not only experience

levels of deprivation not unlike those affecting rural children, but a host of social,

physical and environmental ills that are specific to an urban context – contaminated

water and polluted air, traffic congestion and noise, cramped living conditions in

sub-standard shelters among other troubling signs of urban malaise. Fulfilling the

rights and aspirations of these children will be a major challenge that this goal has

to tackle.


Nearly one third of Tanzania’s population (29.6 per cent according to the 2012

Population and Housing Census) live in urban areas and about half of the urban

population are children under 18. Since the National Bureau of Statistics (NBS) does

not include the projected urban and rural population in the most recent population

projection produced in 2018, the analysis on the share and size of urban population

in coming years is mainly based on estimates from the 2018 Revision of World

Urbanization Prospects produced by the Population Division of the UN Department

of Economic and Social Affairs (UN DESA).

Urbanization poses socio-economic concerns especially in a resource scarce

developing world. One of the key demographic trends in Tanzania is the increasing

urbanization, expressed by the proportion of urban population in the total

population. The urbanization process in Tanzania over the last several decades

occurred in tandem with rapid population growth. Currently, the proportion of the

urban population grows at a rate of approximately 5 per cent per year. The total

population grew from 13.6 million people in 1990 to 53.9 million in 2015 and will


95

have risen to 138 million people by 2050. At the same time the proportion of the

population residing in urban settlements increased from 18.9 per cent in 1990 to

31.6 per cent in 2015 and will have risen to more than 50 per cent in 2050. Urban

areas of Mainland Tanzania are growing at 5.2 per cent per annum while those of

Zanzibar are growing at 4.2 per cent, both above the global average of 2 per cent

and an Africa wide average of 3.5 per cent. Dar es Salaam is growing at annual

rate of 5.6 per cent and, is projected to become one of 13 new megacities in the

less developed regions and will be home to nearly 11 million people by 2030 and

according to the African Development Bank will almost double to house 21.4

million people by 2050. Other big urban areas in Tanzania include: Mwanza, Mbeya,

Arusha, Morogoro and Zanzibar.

figure 27: percentage of population at mid-year residing in urban areas, united

republic of tanzania, 1990–2050

10.0

20.0

30.0

40.0

50.0

60.0

0.0

18.920.5

22.324.8

28.131.6

35.238.9

42.445.9

49.152.3

55.4

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 2020 2025 2030 2035 20402045 2050

Source: World Urbanization Prospects: The 2018 Revision

Urban areas of Mainland Tanzania are growing at 5.2 per cent per annum while

those of Zanzibar are growing at 4.2 per cent, both above the global average of 2

per cent and an Africa-wide average of 3.5 per cent. Dar es Salaam is growing at an

annual rate of 5.6 per cent and is projected to become a new megacity in Africa by

2030; its population is projected to grow beyond 10 million inhabitants.


96

figure 28: trends in the share and size of population at mid-year residing in urban

areas, united republic of tanzania, 2015–2030

Projected share of urban population (%)

Projected urban population (1,000)

0

5,000

10,000

15,000

20,000

25,000

30,000

35,000

15,606

20,304

26,052

32,912

2020

35.21,0

00

pe

op

le

Pe

rce

nt

2025

38.9

2030

42.4

60

40

20

0

80

100

2015

31.6

Source: Projected size of urban population is calculated based on the projected share of urban population from World Urbanization Prospects: The 2018 Revision and the projected total population of NBS

figure 29: average annual rate of change of urban agglomerations with 300,000

inhabitants or more, united republic of tanzania, 2015-2030 (per cent)

Zanzibar

Songea

Mwanza

Morogoro

Mbeya

Dar es Salaam

Arusha

0.00 1.00 2.00 3.00 4.00 5.00 6.00 7.00

2025-2030 2020-2025 2015-2020

Source: World Urbanization Prospects: The 2018 Revision


97

One of the indicators for this goal is the proportion of urban population living in

slums, informal settlements or inadequate housing. According to the available data,

urban population in Tanzania living in slums, informal settlements or inadequate

housing was 70 per cent in 2000, and dropped to 66.4 per cent in 2005. It continued

exhibiting a declining trend going further down to 63.5 per cent in 2009 and 50.7 per

cent in 2014. However, this does not explain the real situation in Tanzania’s urban areas

where the problem is mainly due to unplanned settlements rather than slums25.

In most cities, adequate facilities and quality services are distributed unequally across

the urban space, and concentrated in affluent areas. Fewer well-endowed schools and

health facilities are located in the poorer parts of a city – the unplanned settlements.

These settlements are also vulnerable to natural disasters. Floods will hit hardest

majority of urban residents who, along with their children, live in the unplanned

settlements. Since Dar es Salaam is a flat, sprawling city, its infrastructure and assets

are more at risk from the impact of floods.

In Zanzibar, the pressure of ever expanding urban settlements is eating into the land

available for agriculture, threatening its natural heritage, exposing residents to poor

sanitation conditions and exerting pressure on waste, water and transport services.

While urbanization is a normal pathway in the development process, such rapid

growth in such a constrained area will call for new ways of thinking, planning and

management. This is particularly the case since an estimated 50 per cent of a city

consists of unplanned urban settlements. A master plan for the development of Dar

es Salaam to 2036 has been developed and provides an opportunity to successfully

transition to the future.

As urban performance stagnates and even declines, it is likely that poor, under-

serviced communities are being hit the hardest. Although aggregate figures for urban

and rural areas prevent detailed analysis of intra-urban disparities, evidence from low-

income urban communities – on access to basic services and on health and education

outcomes – suggests that poor urban children may often be faring worse than rural

peers. By depicting rural and urban averages that obscure the disparities so prevalent

in cities and towns, official statistics largely miss out on the conditions of the urban

poor and their children. Hidden in official estimates and tucked away in peripheral

urban fringes, poor children thus run the risk of remaining invisible in development

policy and investments.

25 MOFP (2017) Tanzania’s SDG Baseline report


98

national response

The Ministry of Land, Housing and Human Settlement provides the technical

basis and policy on land issues and on land management in both rural and urban

settlement. This Ministry formulated the National Human Settlements Development

Policy of 2000, which identifies urban development issues in general. President’s

Office-Regional Administration and Local Governments (PO-RALG) provide the

administrative part of the urban and rural settlements. An Urban Development

Division has been established at PO-RALG to coordinate implementation of urban

management initiatives for sustainable urbanization at national level.

PO-RALG is implementing the Urban Local Government Strengthening Programme

(ULGSP) supported by the World Bank, which is designed to support the

development and strengthening of 18 Municipal Councils in urban planning

systems, revenue collection capacity and accountability systems. There are other

initiatives supported by DANIDA, SIDA and JICA but in a fragmented manner. Local

Government reforms focus on rural development. Urban policy does not have a high

profile in Tanzania. Most government plans and related documents take a sectoral

approach so that the urban dimension is not comprehensively covered. There

remains an urgent need for more coherent policies (such as Urban Development

Policy) to guide urban development in Tanzania. Urban authorities are still facing

financial problems thus limiting their capacity to serve their inhabitants including

over dependence on central government, lack of capacity to manage revenues and

lack of internal accountability control.

In recognition of the urbanisation trend, and the potential for growth and

development of a better coordinated urban development, since 2017, the Ministry

of Finance and Planning (MoFP), the President’s Office – Regional Administration

and Local Government (PO-RALG), collaborated with and the Economic and Social

The collective efforts of the Ministry of Finance and Planning, the President’s Office–Regional Administration and Local

Government and the Economic and Social Research Foundation have led to the development of ”harnessing urbanisation for Development: roadmap for tanzania’s

urban Development policy” that was launched in August 2019.


99

Research Foundation (ESRF) and the Coalition for Urban Transitions (CUTS), to

establish the Tanzania Urbanization Laboratory (TULab) with the aim of supporting

national efforts on urban policy making and implementation by all stakeholders to

identify challenges and opportunities facing cities in Tanzania. The collective efforts

have led to the development of an urbanisation roadmap” Harnessing Urbanisation

for Development: Roadmap for Tanzania’s Urban Development Policy” that was

launched in August 2019. The roadmap outlines the leadership, fiscal and monetary

strategy and regulatory steps that would make Tanzanian cities safer, more inclusive,

more productive and financially viable. It pays special attention to ‘who does what

and with what money’ in the multi-actor process of establishing the synergies

between low-carbon urban electricity, safe mobility, city-focussed industrialisation,

new urban identities and citizen well-being. Based on the estimates produced

by a macro-economic model, implementation of the roadmap could boost GDP,

create over 200 000 new jobs, result in fewer road deaths per annum and a 3-fold

increase in GDP per ton of CO2 emitted. Perhaps most importantly, it would also

make Tanzanian cities nicer places to call home. The roadmap’s release presents

the Government of the United Republic of Tanzania with the option of approving its

first National Urban Policy and joining the growing number of African cities seeking

to draw benefits from urbanisation. National Urban Policy, as it is presented in the

roadmap, highlights the need for co-ordinated land surveying, tenure upgrades,

land zoning, infrastructure and service provision as well as the collection of levies,

but also recognises that the success of Tanzanian cities has to include a new

metropolitan mind set, new partnerships and a political commitment to cities.

Based on the estimates produced by a macro-economic model, implementation of the roadmap could boost GDP,

create over 200 000 new jobs, result in fewer road deaths per annum and a 3-fold increase in GDp per ton

of CO2 emitted.


100



101

take urgent action to combat climate change and its impacts

Goal 13




13.1 Strengthen resilience and adaptive capacity to climate-related hazards and natural disasters in all countries

Number of deaths,

missing persons and

persons affected by

disasters (per 100,000

people)

257

[2018]

Proportion of local

governments that adopt

and implement local

disaster risk reduction

strategies in line with

national disaster risk

reduction strategies

15.4%

[2018]

13.2 Integrate climate change measures into national policies, strategies and planning

Number of sectors that

have integrated climate

change issues in their

policies, strategies and

plans

6

[2017]


102


Goal 13 calls for urgent action to combat climate change and its impact, and to build

resilience in responding to climate-related hazards and natural disasters. Goal 13

also calls for integrating climate change policies into national strategies and plans.

The targets address the commitments made under the United Nations Framework

Convention on Climate Change. Goal 13 is linked to Goal 7, which calls for universal

access to affordable, reliable, and modern energy services by 2030. For children,

this goal is important given that lack of modern energy sources in the home

exposes children to household air pollution such as soot that can affect their health,

safety, education and well-being. Goal 13 is also related to Goal 12, which calls for

education for sustainable development (including climate change education) to be

mainstreamed in (a) national education policies; (b) curricula; (c) teacher education;

and (d) student assessment.


Climate change affects everyone in every country. People are experiencing the

impacts of climate change, including changing weather patterns and rising sea

level. Today, over half a billion children live in extremely high flood occurrence

zones. Nearly 160 million live in high or extremely high drought severity zones.

These children are already facing some of the most immediate risks of climate

change. Three quarters of all disasters are climate related. Typically, about 50 to

60 per cent of the population affected by disasters are children. Climate change

can affect children in many ways: For example, families that lose their livelihoods in

climate change-related disasters are often less able to afford costs of basic services

such as health care, education, water and sanitation. In addition, many interventions

that help mitigate climate change, such as more efficient and clean cook stoves and

expansion of solar energy solutions, can have health benefits for children. However,

climate change does not affect all equally. Because of the risk associated with

them, flood and drought zones often overlap with areas of high poverty and low

access to essential services such as water and sanitation. This means that children

and families who are already disadvantaged by poverty are more likely to face

some of the most immediate dangers of climate change. Often, effects of climate

change lead to disease outbreaks such as cholera, dengue fever and malaria, which

mostly affect children.


Tanzania is grappling with the worsening impacts of climate change, such as

frequent flooding, recurring drought and outbreaks of cholera and malaria

that have had significant impact on both the people and the economy. Severe

droughts are occurring increasingly in many parts of the country with negative

consequences on, among others, food and livestock production and water scarcity.

Droughts have seriously affected most vulnerable sectors including agriculture and

livestock, forestry, fisheries, energy, health, water, industry, business/ trade, tourism

and services.


103

About 70 per cent of the current natural disasters in Tanzania are associated

with climate change. Prolonged droughts, severe storms and floods, and rising

temperatures increasingly affect the economy costing more than 1 per cent of

the GDP. Current annual weather-related losses in agricultural productivity are

estimated to be at least US$ 200 million (World Bank 2013). The unavoidable

effects of climate change are already being experienced in many parts of the

Mainland and throughout Zanzibar. This is made more serious by the high degree

of reliance on climate sensitive activities. Smallholders and fishers are the mostly

affected by the increase in temperatures and increased frequency of extreme

weather events. The livelihoods of about 80 per cent of Tanzanians depend on

agriculture and livestock, forestry and fisheries resources. Small-scale farmers are

more vulnerable as they are highly dependent upon rain-fed production. In addition

to the effects of prolonged dry spells or droughts on crops and livestock, periods

of increased rainfall (with associated increase in pests and diseases) have also

negatively affected agricultural output.

Disease outbreaks such as Cholera have a direct link with climate change variability

where the severity of the outbreaks has been aggravated by scarcity of water

during dry spells while contamination of water systems frequently occurs during

sporadic flooding in Tanzania. Increasing cases of malaria is reported during rainy

season because of increasing breeding sites for malaria parasites due to water

logging in many parts of the country.

High rainfall intensity also influences soil degradation. Rising sea levels, increasing

winds and wave heights are already contributing to beach erosion and saltwater

intrusion particularly in Zanzibar. These negative effects are further compounded

by human activities such as deforestation and cutting of mangroves. Timely

adaptation to these changes is necessary to ensure a sustainable future.

In terms of the implications to energy security, the major portion of Tanzania’s

electricity supply comes from hydro-generation. Rainfall variability has affected

power generation and supply, changing the energy mix from over 60 per cent

hydro in 2002 to less than 50 per cent hydro in 2012.

national response

Tanzania ratified the UN Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) and

Kyoto Protocol in 1996 and 2002, respectively. This was further supported by the

National Environment Policy (1997) and the Environment Management Act No. 20

of 2004. Key policy documents include National Adaptation Programme of Action

(NAPA 2007) and National Climate Change Strategy, National Climate Change

Communication Strategy (2012–2017), and the National Climate Change and Health

Adaptation Plan 2018 - 2023. The National Climate Change Strategy issued in 2012

(by Division of Environment, Vice President’s Office) aims to enable Tanzania to

effectively adapt to climate change and participate in global efforts to mitigate

climate change. The Division of Environment, under the Vice President’s Office,

is responsible for the overall environmental policy and regulation, formulation,

coordination and monitoring of environment policy implementation in the country.


104

In 2017, Mainland Tanzania revised the Disaster Management Policy (2004) to

integrate climate change and risk reduction along with its implementation strategy.

Zanzibar conducted the assessment of the Disaster Management Policy (2004) and

its implementation strategy and launched its Zanzibar Climate Change Strategy

(ZCCS). Tanzania submitted the Intended Nationally Determined Contribution

(INDC) in 2015, committing to reduce greenhouse gas emissions between 10 and 20

per cent by 2030. It also signed the Paris Agreement in 2016 but not ratified yet.

Disaster Management activities are under the Disaster Management Department

(DMD) in the Prime Minister’s Office (PMO) in the Mainland. The Tanzania Disaster

Relief Committee (TANDREC) is the inter-ministerial committee for overseeing and

coordinating overall disaster and relief operations at the national level. In Zanzibar,

Disaster Management activities are under the overall coordination of the Disaster

Management Commission in the office of the Second Vice President’s Office. The

Zanzibar National Disaster Risk Reduction Committee is the inter-ministerial body

led by the Principal Secretary of the Second Vice President’s Office.

There was significant increase, in both absolute and relative terms, in financial

allocations for activities relevant to climate change since 2009/10. The budget

allocation for climate change related activities increased from TSh392 billion in

2009/10 to TSh 896 billion in 2012/13 (adjusted for inflation), representing a real

growth rate of 57 per cent over the four-year period while the proportion of climate

change relevant allocations in the total budget grew from 4 per cent in 2009/10 to

7 per cent in 2012/1326.

Key policy documents include national adaptation programme of action (napa 2007) and national Climate

Change Strategy, national Climate Change Communication Strategy (2012–2017), and the national Climate Change and

health adaptation plan 2018 - 2023

26 Public spending on climate change in Africa: Experiences from Ethiopia, Ghana, Tanzania and Uganda.

Available at https://www.odi.org/sites/odi.org.uk/files/resource-documents/10545.pdf


105

figure 30: Climate change-relevant allocations and as a share of the total budget,

tanzania, 2009/10-2012/13

Source: Public spending on climate change in Africa: Experiences from Ethiopia, Ghana, Tanzania and Uganda. Available at https://www.odi.org/sites/odi.org.uk/files/resource-documents/10545.pdf

Although these are moves to integrate climate change into development planning,

much work is still to be done to clearly identify priority investments in building

Tanzania’s resilience against effects of climate change in order to leverage and

channel climate finance more strategically.

1000

800

600

400

200

2009/10 2010/11 2011/12 2012/130

0

1%

2%

3%

4%

5%

6%

7%

8%

9%

10%

4%5%

6% 7%

Climate-related expenditure (nominal) TZS bn

Climate-related allocations as proportion of total

TS

H b

n

Much work is still to be done to clearly identify priority investments in building tanzania’s resilience against

effects of climate change in order to leverage and channel climate finance more strategically


106

©uniCef/tanzania/Julie pudlowski


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Goal 16promote peaceful and inclusive societies for sustainable development, provide access to justice for all and build effective, accountable and inclusive institutions at all levels




16.1 Significantly reduce all forms of violence and related death rates everywhere

Proportion of male population aged 13-24 years old who experienced sexual violence in the past 12 months

5.9%

[2009]

3.7%

[2009]

Proportion of female population aged 13-24 years old who experienced sexual violence in the past 12 months

14%

[2009]

2.3%

[2009]

16.2 End abuse, exploitation, trafficking and all forms of violence against and torture of children

Proportion of male population aged 13-24 years old who experienced sexual violence before the age of 18

13.4%

[2009]

9.3%

[2009]

Proportion of female population aged 13-24 years old who experienced sexual violence before the age of 18

27.9%

[2009]

6.2%

[2009]

16.9 By 2030, provide legal identity for all, including birth registration

Proportion of children under 5 years whose births have been registered with a civil authority

26.4% [2015/16]

24.6% [2015/16]

91.7% [2015/16]


108


Sustainable Development Goal 16 promotes peaceful and inclusive societies for

sustainable development and aims to provide access to justice for all and to build

effective, accountable and inclusive institutions at all levels. One of the major

achievements of the SDGs is the introduction of protection from violence to the

international development agenda. The targets for the goal include ending abuse,

exploitation, trafficking and all forms of violence against children. There is also a

target on birth registration, which is crucial to guarantee the fundamental right of all

children to an identity.


Peace and security, underpinned by strong rule of law and access to justice, is

fundamental for sustainable development. All children have the right to be protected

from violence, abuse and exploitation. Violence against children is still a pervasive

and universal problem that threatens the lives and futures of millions of children

globally and damages the social fabric of communities and nations. The vision, goals

and targets for Agenda 2030 cannot be achieved unless children are living free from

fear, protected from violence, exploitation and abuse. Protecting children saves lives

and allows them to participate positively and contribute to creating the future world

we want.

Barriers to access to justice affect more severely poor and marginalised groups,

women and children. A strong and child-friendly justice system is critical to ensuring

that children in contact with the law have access to justice and are protected

from harm, whether they are victims or witnesses, or are suspected or accused of

committing a crime.

Universal and free birth registration of children is every child’s rights and critical

in providing children with a legal identity. It is the first step in securing children’s

recognition before the law, safeguarding their rights and ensuring that any violation

of those rights does not go unnoticed. Unregistered children can face obstacles

throughout their lives and are far less able to claim the services and protections they

deserve. Birth registration also serves a statistical purpose, essential for governments

to plan and implement sustainable development policies.


Tanzania is the first African country to complete a national survey on violence

against both boys and girls. The Violence Against Children in Tanzania Survey was

undertaken in 2009 and revealed very high levels of physical, sexual and emotional

violence among children. Nearly 3 out of every 10 girls (27.9 per cent) aged 13 to

24 years experienced sexual violence prior to the age of 18 whereas 1 out of every

7 boys (13.4 per cent) in the same age group experienced at least one incident of

sexual violence prior to the age of 18. Incidents of sexual violence most commonly


109

occur in someone’s house, in school or travelling to and from school. Although rates

of sexual violence were lower for Zanzibar (9.3 per cent for boys and 6.2 per cent

for girls), sexual violence against children is still an issue that calls for immediate

attention27.

Almost three-quarters of Tanzanian girls and boys have experienced some form of

physical violence prior to the age of 18 years. Children experience physical abuse

mostly at the hands of parents and teachers. One quarter of Tanzanian children,

both girls and boys, experienced emotional violence by an adult prior to the age

of 18 years. Perpetrators of violence are usually known to children, while uptake of

services is low.

figure 31: prevalence of physical and sexual violence among male and female

population aged 13-24 years

27.9

13.4

73.5

71.7

80706050403020100

Proportion of female population aged 13-24 years old who experienced chilhood sexual violence

Proportion of male population aged 13-24 years old who experienced chilhood sexual violence

Proportion of female population aged 13-24 years old who experienced chilhood physical violence

Proportion of male population aged 13-24 years old who experienced chilhood physical violence

Source: Tanzania Violence Against Children Survey, 2009

In terms of providing legal identity to all children, registration of children under

age 5 increased substantially in Tanzania recently, from 16 per cent in 2010 to 26.4

per cent in 201628. The rate of registration is higher in urban Mainland (50 per cent)

than in rural Mainland (16 per cent) and highest on Zanzibar (91.7 per cent). Boys

and girls are equally likely to be registered, but the percentage of births registered

increases with wealth, from 8 per cent among households in the poorest quintile to

65 per cent among households in the wealthiest quintile.

27 UNICEF, US Center for Disease Control and Prevention and Muhumbili University of Health and Allied

Sciences, 2011. Violence against children in Tanzania

28 TDHS-MIS 2015-16


110

national response

At the policy level, governments in the Mainland and Zanzibar have shown a strong

commitment to address issues related to violence against children. Tanzania is one

of the original four Pathfinding countries under the new Global Partnership to End

Violence Against Children. In 2016, the Mainland government launched the National

Plan of Action to End Violence against Women and Children (NPA-VAWC) 2017-

2021, which consolidates eight different action plans addressing violence against

women and children to create a single comprehensive, National Plan of Action.

The Plan links with FYDP II and recognizes that investing in violence prevention

initiatives has a positive impact on inclusive growth and creating human capital.

Within the realm of Justice for Children, there is also progress for both children

in contact and in conflict with the law as is evidenced by the declaration of 130

primary courts as Juvenile Courts (December 2016), the passage of the Legal

Aid Act (March 2017), the adoption of Community Rehabilitation Programming

(diversion), and in 2018, the piloting of a Guardian ad Litem programme for children

who do not have legal representation or a parent/guardian in court. However,

greater investment of public resources is needed to scale up a child protection

system for Tanzania that prevents and responds to violence, abuse, neglect and

exploitation of children. A 2011 public expenditure identification survey revealed that

only 0.1 per cent of the resources in key ministries in the Mainland were allocated to

child protection.

figure 32: percentage of children under 5 years of age with birth

registration, tanzania (per cent)

Children who had a birth certificate Children registered

MainlandTanzania Zanzibar

20

40

60

80

100

63.6

91.7

26.4 24.6

12.714

0



111

In Zanzibar, the National Plan of Action to End Violence Against Women and

Children in Zanzibar 2017-2022 has also been launched, establishing a national

framework for everyone committed to preventing and responding to violence

against women and children in Zanzibar – from government to communities, and

from civil society to the private sector. It represents an overall vision and a specific

set of agreed outcomes and key outputs, and outlines the costed interventions

planned to address violence against women and children for the period July 2017 to

June 2022.

In both the Mainland and Zanzibar, legal and regulatory frameworks need to be

strengthened, and harmful social norms addressed at family and community levels.

The practice of violence is deeply rooted in cultural beliefs and norms, and further

reinforced by harsh discipline of children at home and in schools. Although corporal

punishment is meant as a tool to assist in bringing up a child, there is Tanzania-

specific evidence that this widespread phenomenon results in the opposite of what

is intended, creating antisocial rather than pro-social behaviour29.

In recent years, the Government of the United Republic of Tanzania has initiated

a series of measures to improve birth registration in the Mainland and is moving

towards setting up a decentralised and comprehensive Civil Registration and Vital

Statistics (CRVS) system. The aim is to come up with a system, which addresses the

core issues of access, affordability and low demand of births and deaths registration,

and helps the country in drawing fruits of such a system to meet its governance

and development agenda. The simplified birth registration system addresses the

core issues of ‘access’ and ‘affordability’ making the registration and certification a

‘one-step, one-visit’ process, either at health facilities or Ward Executive Offices, and

waiving the fees for registration and certification for children below 5 years.

Birth registration for children under 5 years improved markedly in 2019 with 13

regions operationalizing their decentralized birth registration system supported by

UNICEF. As of July 2019, nearly 4 million children under five had a birth certificate30.

29 Hecker et al. 2013, ‘Corporal Punishment and Children’s Externalizing Problems: A cross-sectional study

of Tanzanian primary school aged children’, Child Abuse and Neglect: The International Journal 38.

30 RITA (2019) A brief note on the computation of the birth certification rate for children under 5 years in

mainland Tanzania, 2019, accessed at: http://www.rita.go.tz/files/news/Birth%20Certification%20Rate-

Notes_FINAL%20VESION_1.pdf

In recent years, the Government of the united republic of tanzania has initiated a series of measures to

improve birth registration in the mainland and is moving towards setting up a decentralised and comprehensive

Civil Registration and Vital Statistics (CRVS) system.


112

I n 2015, UN member states adopted Agenda 2030 for Sustainable Development, including 17 Sustainable Development Goals. There is global consensus that sustainable development for current and future

generations cannot be achieved without making the right choices for, and investing in, children. That is why children are at the core of Agenda 2030.

Over the past 15 years, the United Republic of Tanzania made important

progress towards achieving targets under the Millennium Development Goals,

predecessor of SDGs. It also contributed actively to the inter-governmental

discussions that led to the formulation of Agenda 2030. Currently, the country’s

national socioeconomic development plans and sector plans are closely aligned

with SDGs.

In 2017, the Government of the United Republic of Tanzania acknowledged the importance of Agenda 2030 by releasing a national SDG baseline report, which covers all SDGs, and has laid a strong foundation for subsequent iterations of SDG monitoring. The Government also released a National SDG Data Road Map to facilitate SDG monitoring and is currently strengthening its SDG coordination architecture. In 2019, the United Republic of Tanzania participated and presented its Voluntary National Review (VNR), which highlights progress made on SDGs, at the annual High Level Political Forum (HLPF) of the United Nations. Both the national SDG baseline report and the VNR have emphasised the principle of leave no one behind as well as the interconnectedness of SDGs, such as in relation to poverty and gender. It provides important high-level recommendations to fill data gaps, human and financial resource gaps, as well as policy and legal framework gaps to support the country’s efforts to achieve the SDG targets.

toWarDS 2030: CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS


113

In line with its mandate, UNICEF, aims to complement the national SDG baseline report with a child-focused version, highlighting those SDGs that are most relevant for children. For each of these SDGs, the report explains why the goal and underlying targets are important for children, provides the most recent update on the situation of children against the main SDG indicators, and outlines the main elements of the national response. UNICEF thus aims to provide the Governments of the United Republic of Tanzania and Zanzibar, as well as a broader group of stakeholders, with relevant child-focused information to collectively monitor the SDGs and guide the implementation of national policies, programmes, and services. We hope this will assist in achieving the targets contained in 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development and ensure achievement of Tanzania’s socioeconomic development vision.

The current report shows that despite recent progress, levels of deprivation remain high among children. In fact, the baseline situation laid out in this report represents a strong call to accelerate investments in programme and service delivery to improve the well-being of present and future generations of Tanzanian children. With current levels of population growth, focusing investments on children is critical. Not investing in children will jeopardize socioeconomic progress and risk the demographic dividend that Tanzania can obtain when today’s children safely transition into a healthy, productive and active workforce that will care for a progressively smaller dependent population of elderly and children. Achieving SDG targets almost certainly brings that demographic dividend within reach.


114

Each of the chapters outlines the status of the national response towards achieving

targets for specific SDGs and highlights sector-specific action required. A number

of cross-cutting issues have emerged that focus on ensuring that we a) develop

our capacity to monitor the situation of children, b) develop our capacity to design

and implement effective programmes and services for children, c) strengthen our

coordination efforts to improve the well-being of children and achieve national and

SDG targets, and d) to maintain our collective commitment to current and future

generations of children. The following is a call to:

1. Continue to improve the availability and accessibility of data to monitor and

report on progress towards SDG targets, specifically data on children. This

is important for accountability purposes, to inform programme and policy

decisions, and to guide allocation of human and financial resources. The issue

of addressing data gaps is highlighted in the national SDG baseline report,

the national SDG Data Roadmap and the VNR. UNICEF will work with other

UN agencies to support the National Bureau of Statistics and the Office of

the Chief General Statistician (Zanzibar) as well as the Ministries of Finance

in the Mainland and Zanzibar to continue improving the integration of child-

related indicators in national household surveys and to further institutionalise

the measurement of and reporting on multidimensional child poverty. UNICEF

will continue its support to producing reader-friendly analyses of social sector

government budgets and to develop capacity within the Ministries of Finance to

enhance the child focus of public finance management.

2. Develop capacity and strengthen systems for sub-national and equity-focused

monitoring of SDG targets, as well as of programme and service delivery

indicators, instrumental central and local stakeholders to effectively respond to

patterns of inequity and ensure that no child is left behind. As part of a broader

support package to decentralisation and local governance, UNICEF will continue

its support to PO-RALG (Mainland) with the development of regional and

district-level child right report cards as well as with the transition from a paper-

based to an electronic Population Registration System (e-PRS). UNICEF will also

enhance its support to the Ministry of Finance and Planning and other relevant

Ministries to make fiscal decentralisation and district level strategic plans work

for social sectors and children in the Mainland and Zanzibar.

3. Promote the use of integrated and coordinated approaches in the

implementation of policies, programmes, and services for children. UNICEF

commits to support the Government of the United Republic of Tanzania to

strengthen capacity around the use of integrated and coordinated approaches

to planning, monitoring, and coordination for early childhood development and

for adolescents. These are two critical stages and windows of opportunity in

the life cycle of the child, which require high levels of integration of services

and programmes as well as strong coordination between a range of sectors that

deliver programmes and services for children.


115

4. Enhance SDG coordination to ensure that relevant information on progress,

challenges, and opportunities for the achievement of SDG targets reaches

relevant stakeholders in a timely and effective manner. UNICEF proposes that

the Government of the United Republic of Tanzania, through the Ministry of

Finance and Planning, monitors and coordinates SDG progress and alignment

within existing FYDP mechanisms. In Zanzibar, this role would correspond

to the Zanzibar Planning Commission (ZPC) in relation to existing MKUZA III

mechanisms. Through these platforms, dedicated annual meetings on SDGs –

including on SDGs and Children – could be convened to reach consensus and

inform decisions on how progress can be accelerated. UNICEF, together with

other UN agencies, is committed to support SDG coordination in Tanzania and

Zanzibar.

5. Invest in human resources for the delivery of public services to children, with a

focus on education, health, and social welfare. In line with Tanzania’s official SDG

baseline report, this report calls for a holistic and equity-focused approach to

continue and improve current levels of service delivery for children in a context

of strong population growth. Among other things, it is important to forecast the

number and nature of human and financial resources required to deliver services

for children. Special attention will need to be paid to an equitable distribution

of human resources, to connect currently underserved areas, locations with

low service delivery performance, and to reach out to excluded children.

UNICEF commits to supporting the government with the analytical and policy

development work that is necessary to inform a comprehensive approach to

human resources for children.

6. Improve spending performance in social sectors by addressing budget

execution issues and integrating equity elements into the planning and

budgeting processes. UNICEF will continue to support national partners on

fiscal decentralization and equity-focused budget allocations. UNICEF will

provide capacity building support for national and local government officials on

child-focused budgeting and planning to address bottlenecks in allocating and

spending resources for children.

7. Expand efforts to reducing poverty, including child poverty, since poverty and

vulnerability are major determinants for the achievement of all other child-

focussed SDG targets. UNICEF will continue its support to the establishment of

an integrated, child-sensitive, and domestically funded social protection system

for all Tanzanians. The scaled up Productive Social Safety Net programme is a

critical building block of this system.

8. Increase understanding on urbanization and its impact on child poverty,

including the pressure on public service delivery. Recent evidence in Tanzania

calls into question the idea of an ‘urban advantage’ and indicates an ‘urban

disadvantage’ for children, especially in health, sanitation and housing

deprivations. UNICEF will continue to generate evidence on the impact of

urbanization on demand for services and broader child well-being, to inform a

relevant response at all levels, including through local governments.


116

9. Use the potential of innovation and technology to accelerate progress

towards achievement of SDG targets, as referenced in the national SDG

baseline report. UNICEF has been leveraging innovation and technology to

accelerate results for children and women by providing innovative solutions

and approaches both to UNICEF programmes and to the government

partners. UNICEF will continue efforts to mainstream and scale up innovative

approaches for programme effectiveness and to advance contextualized

application of mobile technology in Tanzania. This may also contribute to

children and adolescent participation through various innovative platforms.

The SDGs are not the only global framework that reflects UNICEF’s

commitment to current and future generations of children. The Convention

on the Rights of the Child (CRC), which Tanzania ratified in 1991, represents

such a normative framework, together with the African Union’s African

Charter for the Welfare of Children ratified in 2003. The most recent (2015)

Concluding Observations from the Committee on the Rights of the Child,

the main custodian of the CRC, contains recommendations, among others, in

relation to harmonizing Tanzania’s legal framework with CRC provisions, the

provision of enough human, technical, and financial resources for addressing

children’s issues, the strengthening of coordination, and enhancement of

resource allocations for children. In line with the above action points, UNICEF

commits to supporting the Governments of the United Republic of Tanzania

and Zanzibar with the implementation of these important recommendations.

Attaining the ambitious and important SDG targets by 2030 requires the full

commitment of all governmental and non-governmental stakeholders who

have a role and responsibility in fulfilling the rights of children. We are all

required to translate this commitment into action. This report represents the

starting line for this journey. In this way, we can build a sustainable future for

Tanzania’s children.


117

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aNNEXES

Indicators in bold and italic font: SDG standard indicators (list of SDGs indicators and

metadata: https://unstats.un.org/sdgs/metadata/)

Indicator in regular font: country specific and proxy indicators



tanzania mainland Zanzibar Source

1.1 By 2030, eradicate extreme poverty for all people everywhere, currently measured as people living on less than $1.25 a day

Proportion of population below the international poverty line of US$1.9 per person per day31

46.6% [2012]

48.8% [2011/12]

43.5% [2014/15]

Tanzania Voluntary National Review 2019 (VNR 2019)

WB (2015) Tanzania Mainland Poverty Assessment; WB (2017) Zanzibar Poverty Assessment

Proportion of population below the international poverty line of US$1.9 per person per day

49.1% [2015/16]

OPHI (2019) Country Briefing 2019: Tanzania

Goal 1. End poverty in all its forms everywhere

31 The 2014 release of a new set of purchasing power parity conversion factors (PPPs) for 2011 has prompted a revision

of the international poverty line. In order to preserve the integrity of the goalposts for international targets such as the

Sustainable Development Goals and the World Bank’s twin goals (Ending Poverty and Boosting Shared Prosperity), the

new poverty line was chosen so as to preserve the real purchasing power of the earlier $1.25 line (in 2005 PPPs) in poor

countries. Using the new 2011 PPPs, the new line equals $1.90 per person per day. The higher value of the line in US

dollars reflects the fact that the new PPPs yield a relatively lower purchasing power of that currency vis-à-vis those of

most poor countries

Annex 2: Statistical Data


123




1.2 By 2030, reduce at least by half the proportion of men, women and children of all ages living in poverty in all its dimensions according to national definitions

Proportion of population living below the national poverty line

26.4% [2017/18]

30.4% [2014/15]

Tanzania Mainland HBS 2017/18 Tanzania Zanzibar HBS 2014/15

Proportion of population living below the national basic needs poverty line, urban

15.8% [2017/18]

17.9% [2014/15]

Tanzania Mainland HBS 2017/18

Tanzania Zanzibar HBS 2014/15

Proportion of population living below the national basic needs poverty line, rural

31.3% [2017/18]

40.2% [2014/15]



Proportion of population living below the national food poverty line

8.0% [2017/18]

10.8% [2014/15]



Proportion of population living below the national food poverty line, urban

4.4% [2017/18]

4.5% [2014/15]



Proportion of population living below the national food poverty line, rural

9.7% [2017/18]

15.7% [2014/15]



Proportion of population living in multidimensional poverty

46.8% [2015]

47.4% [2015]

26.3% [2015]

Tanzania Human Development (THDR) Report 2017

Proportion of population living in multidimensional poverty

64% [2015/16] Tanzania FYDPII

Proportion of children (aged 0-17 years) living below the national basic needs poverty line

29% [2012/13]

30% [2012/13]

27% [2012/13]

NBS and UNICEF (2016) Child Poverty in Tanzania

19.1% [2014/15]

35% [2014/15]

Child Poverty reports using NPS 2014/15 and ZHBS 2014/15

Children (aged 0-17 years) living in multidimensional poverty (having at least 3 deprivations)

74% [2012/13]

76% [2012/13]

29% [2012/13]



124




88% [2014/15]

30% 2017/18]

66% [2014/15]

Child Poverty reports using NPS 2014/15 and ZHBS 2014/15 Mainland HBS 2017/18

Children (aged 0-17 years) both living in multidimensional poverty and below the national basic needs poverty line

26% [2012/13]

27% [2012/13]

13% [2012/13]


19% [2014/15]

30% [2014/15]

Child Poverty reports using NPS 2014/15 and ZHBS 2014/15

1.3 Implement

nationally

appropriate social

protection systems

and measures for

all, including floors,

and by 2030 achieve

substantial coverage

of the poor and the

vulnerable

Proportion of population covered by social protection floors/systems, by sex, distinguishing children, unemployed persons, older persons, persons with disabilities, pregnant women, newborns, work-injury victims and the poor and the vulnerableNumber of households that have enrolled in the National Productive Social Safety Net (PSSN) programme

1,118,751 [Mar 2018]

TASAF (2018) PSSN 3rd Quarter Implementation Progress Report (Jan-Mar 2018)

Number of households that have received cash transfers from the National PSSN programme

1,099,289 [Mar 2018]


Number of direct programme beneficiaries who have enrolled in the National PSSN programme

5,726,101 [Mar 2018]


Number of direct programme beneficiaries who have received cash transfers from the National PSSN programme

5,222,309 [Mar 2018]


Number of direct programme beneficiaries aged 0-18 who have received cash transfers from the National PSSN programme

2,947,491 [Mar 2018] TASAF (2018)

PSSN 3rd Quarter Implementation Progress Report (Jan-Mar 2018)


125

Percentage of direct programme beneficiaries aged 0-18 years who have received cash transfers from the National PSSN programme

56.4% [Mar 2018] TASAF (2018)

PSSN 3rd Quarter Implementation Progress Report (Jan-Mar 2018)

Proportion of the population covered by social assistance programmes

19.78% [2012]

https://unstats.un.org/sdgs/indicators/database/?area=TZA

Proportion of the poorest quintile population covered by social assistance programmes

20.22% [2012] https://unstats.un.org/

sdgs/indicators/database/?area=TZA

Proportion of the population covered by social insurance programmes

1.33% [2012]


Proportion of the poorest quintile population covered by social insurance programmes

0.14% [2012] https://unstats.un.org/

sdgs/indicators/database/?area=TZA

Coverage of the social security scheme (%)

34.7% [2015/16] FYDP II

Percentage of women aged 15-49 years who do not have health insurance coverage (%)

91% [2015/16]

90.8% [2015/16]

96.6% [2015/16]

TDHS 2015/16

Percentage of men aged 15-49 years who do not have health insurance coverage (%)

90.5% [2015/16]

90.3% [2015/16]

96.5% [2015/16]

TDHS 2015/16

Annual spending on Social Safety Net Programs (CCT, UCT, social pension, school feeding) as a percentage of GDP

0.46% [2016]

WB (2018) The State of Social Safety Nets 2018

Annual spending on CCT as a percentage of GDP

0.25% [2016]


Annual spending on school feeding as a percentage of GDP

0.13% [2016]


Proportion of mothers with newborns receiving cash benefit (%)

0.3% [2015]

ILO (2017) World Social Protection Report 2017-19

Proportion of mothers giving birth receiving maternity cash benefits

0.3%

[2015]

World Social

Protection 2017-19














126

1.a Ensure significant mobilization of resources from a variety of sources, including through enhanced development cooperation, in order to provide adequate and predictable means for developing countries, in particular least developed countries, to implement programmes and policies to end poverty in all its dimensions

Proportion of total government spending on essential services (education, health and social protection)Proportion of total

government spending

on education

14.8%

[2017/18]

18%

[2017/18]

2018 Education

Budget Brief 2018

Zanzibar National

Budget Brief

Proportion of total

government spending

on health

7.0%

[2017/18]

8.0%

[2017/18]

2018 Health Budget

Brief 2018 Zanzibar

National Budget Brief

1.b Create sound policy frameworks at the national, regional and international levels, based on pro-poor and gender-sensitive development strategies, to support accelerated investment in poverty eradication actions

Proportion of government recurrent and capital spending to sectors that disproportionately benefit women, the poor and vulnerable groups


127

Goal 2. End hunger, achieve food security and improved nutrition and promote sustainable agriculture




2.1 By 2030, end hunger and ensure access by all people, in particular the poor and people in vulnerable situations, including infants, to safe, nutritious and sufficient food all year round

Prevalence of undernourishment

32.1% [2014–16]

https://unstats.un. org/sdgs/indicators/database/?area=TZA

2.2 By 2030, end all forms of malnutrition, including achieving, by 2025, the internationally agreed targets on stunting and wasting in children under 5 years of age, and address the nutritional needs of adolescent girls, pregnant and lactating women and older persons

Prevalence of stunting (height for age <-2 standard deviation from the median of the WHO Child Growth Standards) among children under five years of age

31.8% [2018]

32.1% [2018]

21.25% [2018]

TNNS 2018

Prevalence of stunting, male 34.1% [2018]

34.4% [2018]

25% [2018]

TNNS 2018

Prevalence of stunting, female 29.4% [2018]

29.8% [2018]

17.6% [2018]

TNNS 2018

Prevalence of severe stunting (height for age <-3 standard deviation from the median of the WHO Child Growth Standards) among children under 5 years of age

10% [2018]

10.1% [2018]

5.7% [2018]

TNNS 2018

Prevalence of severe stunting, male

11.4% [2018]

TNNS 2018

Prevalence of severe stunting, female

8.4% [2018]

TNNS 2018

Prevalence of malnutrition/wasting (weight for height <-2 standard deviation from the median of the WHO Child Growth Standards) among children under five years of age

3.8% [2018]

3.7% [2018]

7.2% [2018]

TNNS 2018

Prevalence of malnutrition/ overweight (weight for height >+2 standard deviation from the median of the WHO Child Growth Standards) among children under five years of age

2.8%

[2018]

2.8%

[2018]

2.1%

[2018]

TNNS 2018


128

Prevalence of underweight (weight for age <-2 standard deviation from the median of the WHO Child Growth Standards) among children under 5 years of age

14.6%

[2018]

14.7%

[2018]

14%

[2018]

TNNS 2018

Prevalence of

underweight, male

15.7%

[2018]

15.7%

[2018]

14%

[2018]

TNNS 2018

Prevalence of

underweight, female

13.5%

[2018]

13.5%

[2018]

14%

[2018]

TNNS 2018

Prevalence of anaemia in

children 6–59 months

57.7%

[2015-16]

57.4%

[2015-16]

64.5%

[2015-16]

TDHS 2015/16

Prevalence of anaemia

in non-pregnant women

aged 15-49 years

28.8%

[2018]

28.2%

[2018]

43.2%

[2018]

TNNS 2018


women aged 15–49 years

43.2%

[2018]

44.3%

[2015-16]

60.1%

[2015–16]

TDHS 2015/16


women aged 15-19 years

47.3%

[2015-16]

TDHS 2015/16

Rate of exclusive

breastfeeding among

infants under 6 months

of age

57.8%

[2018]

58.6%

[2018]

30.0%

[2018]

TNNS 2018

Percentage of all births

that have a reported birth

weight (%)

80.9%

[2018]

81.1%

[2018]

75%

[2018]

TNNS 2018

Percentage of Low

Birth Weight (<2,500

g) among births with a

reported birth weight (%)

6.3%

[2018]

6.3%

[2018]

8.3%

[2018]

TNNS 2018


6–23 months of age who

receive food from 4 or

more food groups during

the previous day

35.1%

[2018]

35.6%

[2018]

18.8%

[2018]

TNNS 2018


6–23 months of age

who receive a minimum

acceptable diet

30.3%

[2018]

30.7%

[2018]

14%

[2018]

TNNS 2018


129

Goal 3. Ensure healthy lives and promote well-being for all at all ages




3.1 By 2030, reduce

the global maternal

mortality ratio to

less than 70 per

100,000 live births

Maternal mortality ratio maternal (deaths per 100,000 live births)

398 [2015]

Trends in maternal mortality: 1990 to 2015: estimates by WHO, UNICEF, UNFPA, World Bank Group and the UN Population Division.

556 [2017]


556 [2006–2015)

TDHS 2015/16

432 [2002–2011]

435 [2002–2011]

307 [2002–2011]

2012 Population and Housing Census

Institutional maternal mortality ratio (deaths per 100,000 live births)

191 [2017]

Zanzibar Annual Health Bulletin 2017

Number of maternal deaths

8,200 [2015]


Proportion of births attended by skilled health personnel

63.7% [2015-16]

63.5% [2015-16]

68.8% [2015-16]

TDHS 2015/16

Proportion of women aged 15–49 years who delivered in a health facility

62.6% [2015–16]

62.5% [2015-16]

66% [2015-16]

TDHS 2015/16

Proportion of women aged 15–49 years who have received antenatal care from a skilled provider

98% [2015–16]

97.9% [2015–16]

99.7% [2015–16]

TDHS 2015/16

Proportion of women aged 15–49 years who have had 4 or more antenatal visits

50.7% [2015–16]

50.6% [2015–16]

52–9% [2015–16]

TDHS 2015/16


130




Proportion of women aged 15–49 years with a postnatal checkup in the first 2 days after birth

34.2% [2015–16]

34.1% [2015–16]

40.1% [2015–16]

TDHS 2015/16

3.2 By 2030, end preventable deaths of newborns and children under 5 years of age, with all countries aiming to reduce neonatal mortality to at least as low as 12 per 1,000 live births and under-five mortality to at least as low as 25 per 1,000 live births

Under-five mortality rate (deaths per 1,000 live births)

53 [2018]

Levels and Trends in Child Mortality: Report 2019, Estimates developed by the UN Inter-agency Group for Child Mortality Estimation.

67 [2011-2015]

79 [2006–

2015]

56 [2006–2015]

TDHS 2015/16

66.5 [2002–11]

66.5 [2002–11]

67.4 [2002–11]


Number of deaths under-5 years of age

107,000 [2018]


Infant mortality rate 38 [2018]

Levels and Trends in Child Mortality: Report 2019, Estimates developed by the UN Inter-agency Group for Child Mortality Estimation

43 [2011-2015]

52 [2006–2015]

45 [2006–2015]

TDHS 2015/16

46.2 [2002–2011]

46.2 [2002-2011]

46.4 [2002–2011]


Number of Infant deaths

77,000 [2018]


Neonatal mortality rate (deaths per 1,000 live births)

21 [2018]


25 [2011–2015]

29 [2006–2015]

28 [2006–2015]

TDHS 2015/16

http://www.childmortality.org/2017/files_v21/download/IGME%20report%202017%20child%20mortality%20final.pdf
















131




Number of Neonatal

deaths

44,000

[2018]

Levels and Trends

in Child Mortality:

Report 2019, Estimates

developed by the UN

Inter-agency Group

for Child Mortality

Estimation.

Number of new HIV infections per 1,000 uninfected population, by sex, age and key populations

3.3 By 2030, end the epidemics of AIDS, tuberculosis, malaria and neglected tropical diseases and combat hepatitis, water-borne diseases and other communicable diseases

Number of new HIV infections per 1,000 uninfected population aged 15–49 years

2.11 [2015]


Number of new HIV infections per 1,000 uninfected female population, aged 15-49 years

2.45 [2015]


Number of new HIV infections per 1,000 uninfected male population, aged 15-49 years

1.77 [2015]


Number of new HIV infections per 1,000 uninfected population all ages

1.17 [2015]


Number of new HIV infections per 1,000 uninfected female population, all ages

1.32 [2015]


Number of new HIV infections per 1,000 uninfected male population, all ages

1.01 [2015]


HIV incidence per 1,000 population (all ages)

1.41 [2018]

UNAIDS (2019) UNAIDS data 2019

HIV incidence per 1,000 population (adults 15-49 years)

2.50 [2018]

UNAIDS Country Factsheets

HIV Annual incidence (15-49 years old)

0.27% [2016/17]

THIS 2016/17

HIV Annual incidence, female (15-49 years)

0.4% [2016/17]

THIS 2016/17

HIV Annual incidence, male (15–49 years)

0.14% [2016/17]

THIS 2016/17

HIV Annual incidence (15–64 years)

0.29% [2016/17]

THIS 2016/17






















http://www.unaids.org/en/regionscountries/countries/unitedrepublicoftanzania



132

HIV Annual incidence (15-24 years)

0.07% [2016/17]

THIS 2016/17


0.14% [2016/17]

THIS 2016/17

HIV Annual incidence, male (15-24 years)

<0.01% [2016/17]

THIS 2016/17

HIV Annual incidence (15-19 years)

0.11% [2016/17]

THIS 2016/17

Number of new HIV infections (all ages)

72,000 [2018]


Number of new HIV infections (women, 15+)

36,000 [2018]


Number of new HIV infections (men, 15+)

27,000 [2018]


Number of new HIV infections among children aged 0-14 years

8,600 [2018]


Number of people living with HIV (all ages)

1,600,000 [2018]


Number of people living with HIV (women, 15+)

880,000 [2018]


Number of people living with HIV (men, 15+)

580,000 [2018]


Number of children aged 0–14 years living with HIV

92,000 [2018]


Estimated new cases of HIV annually among adults ages 15-64 years

81,000 [2016/17]

THIS 2016/17

Estimated number of people living with HIV (PLHIV) aged 15-64 years

1.4 million [2016/17]

THIS 2016/17


0.4% [2016/17]

THIS 2016/17

HIV Annual incidence, male (15-64 years)

0.17% [2016/17]

THIS 2016/17

HIV Prevalence (15-49 years)

4.6% [2018]


4.7% [2016/17]

4.8% [2016/17]

0.4% [2016/17]

THIS 2016/17


133

HIV Prevalence, female (15–49 years)

6.2% [2016/17]

6.4% [2016/17]

0.8% [2016/17]

THIS 2016/17

HIV Prevalence, male (15-49 years)

3.1% [2016/17]

3.1% [2016/17]

<0.01% [2016/17]

THIS 2016/17


0.4% [2016/17]

0.4% [2016/17]

0.4% [2016/17]

THIS 2016/17


0.5% [2016/17]

0.5% [2016/17]

THIS 2016/17

HIV Prevalence, male (0–14 years)

0.3% [2016/17]

0.3% [2016/17]

THIS 2016/17


1.4%

[2016/17]

THIS 2016/17


2.1% [2016/17]

THIS 2016/17


0.6% [2016/17]

THIS 2016/17


0.7% [2016/17]

THIS 2016/17


1.0% [2016/17]

THIS 2016/17


0.4% [2016/17]

THIS 2016/17


1.4% [2016/17]

THIS 2016/17


2.1% [2016/17]

THIS 2016/17


0.6% [2016/17]

THIS 2016/17

Proportion of HIV-positive people aged 15 to 64 years know their HIV positive status

52.2% [2016/17]

THIS 2016/17

Proportion of HIV-positive women aged 15 to 64 years know their HIV positive status

55.9% [2016/17]

THIS 2016/17

Proportion of HIV-positive men aged 15 to 64 years know their HIV positive status

45.3% [2016/17]

THIS 2016/17

Orphans due to AIDS aged 0 to 17 years

850,000 [2018]





134

Coverage of adults and children receiving ART

71% [2018]


Coverage of children aged 0 to 14 years receiving ART

65% [2018]


Number of adults and children receiving ART

1,108,728 [2018]


Number of children aged 0-14 years receiving ART

59,623 [2018]


Number of children aged 0-14 years newly initiating ART

12,461 [2018]


Number of pregnant women needing ARV for PMTCT

83,000 [2018]


Number of pregnant women who received ARV for PMTCT

76,967 [2018]


Coverage of pregnant women living with HIV accessing antiretroviral medicines (%)

93% [2018]


Early Infant Diagnosis

47% [2018]


AIDS related deaths (all ages)

24,000 [2018]


AIDS related deaths (0-14 years)

5,400 [2018]


Tuberculosis incidence per 100,000 population

306 [2015]

Tanzania VNR 2019

Malaria incidence per 1,000 population

125 [2016]

Tanzania VNR 2019

3.5 Strengthen the prevention and treatment of substance abuse, including narcotic drug abuse and harmful use of alcohol

Harmful use of alcohol, defined according to the national context as alcohol per capita consumption (aged 15 years and older) within a calendar year in litres of pure alcohol

8.1% [2015]

Tanzania VNR 2019
















135

3.6 By 2020, halve the number of global deaths and injuries from road traffic accidents

Death rate due to road traffic injuries (per 100,000 population)

32.9 [2013]

11.2 [2016]

MOFP (2017) SDG Baseline report

3.7 By 2030, ensure universal access to sexual and reproductive health-care services, including for family planning, information and education, and the integration of reproductive health into national strategies and programmes

Proportion of women of reproductive age (aged 15–49 years) who have their need for family planning satisfied with modern methods

52.9% [2015/16]

53.5% [2015/16]

27.3% [2015/16]

TDHS 2015/16

Adolescent birth rate (aged 15-19 years) per 1,000 women aged 15-19 years

132 [2015/16]

TDHS 2015/16

Proportion of women aged 15–19 years who begun child-bearing (have had a live birth or are pregnant with first child)

26.7% [2015/16]

27.3% [2015/16]

8.2% [2015/16]

TDHS 2015/16

3.8: Achieve universal health coverage, including financial risk protection, access to quality essential health-care services and access to safe, effective, quality and affordable essential medicines and vaccines for all

Coverage of essential health services (defined as the average coverage of essential services based on tracer interventions that include reproductive, maternal, newborns and child health, infectious diseases, non-communicable diseases and service capacity and access, among the general and the most disadvantaged population)Proportion of population with large household expenditures on health as a share of total household expenditure or income

3.9: By 2030, substantially reduce the number of deaths and illnesses from hazardous chemicals and air, water and soil pollution and contamination

Mortality rate attributed to household and ambient air pollution per 100,000 population

50.5 [2012]

MOFP (2017) SDG Baseline report

Mortality rate attributed to unsafe water, unsafe sanitation and lack of hygiene (exposure to unsafe Water, Sanitation and Hygiene for All (WASH) services)

1.50% [2016]

Tanzania VNR 2019


136

Cholera Case Fatality

Ratio <1%

1.5%

(2016)

MOFP (2017) SDG

Baseline Report

Mortality rate attributed to unintentional poisonings (per 100,000 population)

2.4

[2015]

https://unstats.un.org/

sdgs/indicators/

database/?area=TZA

Mortality rate attributed to unintentional poisonings, female (per 100,000 population)

1.78

[2015]


sdgs/indicators/

database/?area=TZA

Mortality rate attributed to unintentional poisonings, male (per 100,000 population)

3.02

[2015]


sdgs/indicators/

database/?area=TZA

3.a: Strengthen the

implementation of

the World Health

Organization

Framework

Convention on

Tobacco Control

in all countries, as

appropriate

Prevalence of current tobacco use among persons aged 15 years and older

15.2%

[2015]


sdgs/indicators/

database/?area=TZA

Prevalence of current tobacco use among persons aged 15 years and older, female

3.4%

[2015]


sdgs/indicators/

database/?area=TZA

Prevalence of current tobacco use among persons aged 15 years and older, male

27.3%

[2015]


sdgs/indicators/

database/?area=TZA

Prevalence of

tobacco use among

men aged 15–49

years

14%

[2015/16]

MOFP (2017) SDG

Baseline Report

Prevalence of

tobacco use among

women aged 15–49

years

1.0%

[2015/16]

MOFP (2017) SDG

Baseline Report




















137

3.b: Support the

research and

development

of vaccines and

medicines for the

communicable and

non-communicable

diseases that

primarily affect

developing

countries,

provide access

to affordable

essential medicines

and vaccines,

in accordance

with the Doha

Declaration on the

TRIPS Agreement

and Public Health,

which affirms the

right of developing

countries to use

to the full the

provisions in the

Agreement on

Trade-Related

Aspects of

Intellectual

Property Rights

regarding

flexibilities to

protect public

health, and, in

particular, provide

access to medicines

for all

Proportion of the target population covered by all vaccines included in their national programme

75.3%

[2015/16]

75.2%

[2015/16]

80.8%

[2015/16]

TDHS 2015/16

% of children 12–23

months who received

one dose of measles

vaccine

86%

[2015/16]

85.6%

[2015/16]

89.4%

[2015/16]

TDHS 2015/16


months who received

all basic vaccinations

75.3%

[2015/16]

75.2%

[2015/16]

80.8%

[2015/16]

TDHS 2015/16


months who received

all age appropriate

vaccinations

52.1%

[2015/16]

52%

[2015/16]

55.9%

[2015/16]

TDHS 2015/16

% of children

12–23 months who

received 3 doses

of DPT-HEpB-Hib

(pentavalent)

89%

[2015/16]

88.9%

[2015/16]

93.1%

[2015/16]

TDHS 2015/16

Proportion of health facilities that have a core set of relevant essential medicines available and affordable on a sustainable basis

3.c: Substantially

increase health

financing and

the recruitment,

development,

training and

retention of the

health workforce

in developing

countries,

especially in

least developed

countries and small

island developing

States

Health worker density and distribution


138

Health worker

density of dentistry

personnel per 1,000

population

0.01

[2012]


sdgs/indicators/

database/?area=TZA

Health worker

density of nursing

and midwifery

personnel per 1,000

population

0.43

[2012]


sdgs/indicators/

database/?area=TZA

Health worker

density of

pharmaceutical

personnel per 1,000

population

0.01

[2012]


sdgs/indicators/

database/?area=TZA

Health worker

density of physicians

per 1,000 population

0.03

[2012]


sdgs/indicators/

database/?area=TZA

Number of health workers per 10,000 population

18.18

[2012]

MOFP (2017) SDG

Baseline Report

3.d: Strengthen

the capacity of

all countries,

in particular

developing

countries, for

early warning,

risk reduction and

management of

national and global

health risks

International Health Regulations (IHR) capacity and health emergency preparedness

International Health

Regulations (IHR)

core capacity index

67.1

[2015]


sdgs/indicators/

database/?area=TZA

All 19 Technical

Areas for Country

Capacity for IHR and

health emergency

have demonstrated

capacity (Score 4)

Only 4 out

of 19 (21%)

Technical

are-as had

a score 4

[2016]

MOFP (2017) SDG

Baseline Report

















139




4.1 By 2030, ensure that all girls and boys complete free, equitable and quality primary and secondary education leading to relevant and effective learning outcomes

Proportion of children and young people (a) in grades 2/3; (b) at the end of primary; and (c) at the end of lower secondary achieving at least a minimum proficiency level in (i) reading and (ii) mathematics, by sex Primary education gross completion rate

71.1% [2018]

BEST, PO-RALG

Primary education net completion rate

28.4% [2018]

BEST, PO-RALG

Lower secondary education gross completion rate

31.4% [2018]

BEST, PO-RALG

Lower secondary education net completion rate

21.4% [2018]

BEST, PO-RALG

Out-of-school rate of children at primary education age (7–13 years)

23.5% [2012]

23.2% [2012]

14.4% [2012]

OOSC Study

Out-of-school rate of children at lower secondary education age (14-17 years)

41.5% [2012]

40.9% [2012]

21.0% [2012]

OOSC Study

Primary education gross enrolment rate

105.4% [2018]

116.4% [2018]

BEST, PO-RALG Zanzibar Education Statistical Abstract

Primary education net enrolment rate

91.1% [2018]

89.3% [2018]


Lower secondary education gross enrolment rate

43.7% [2018]

Zanzibar Education Statistical Abstract

Lower secondary education net enrolment rate

34.6% [2018]

48.3% [2018]

Zanzibar Education Statistical Abstract

Goal 4. Ensure inclusive and equitable quality education and promote lifelong learning opportunities for all


140




4.2 By 2030, ensure that all girls and boys have access to quality early childhood development, care and pre-primary education so that they are ready for primary education

Proportion of children under five years of age who are developmentally on track in health, learning and psychosocial well-being, by sexParticipation rate in organized learning (one year before the official primary entry age), by sexPercentage of new entrants enrolled in Standard I who had pre-primary education

54.8% [2016]

58.7% [2018]


Pre-primary school gross enrolment rate

86.1% [2018]

69% [2018]


Pre-primary school net enrolment rate

39.9% [2018]

48.8% [2018]


4.4 By 2030, substantially increase the number of youth and adults who have relevant skills, including technical and vocational skills, for employment, decent jobs and entrepreneurship

Proportion of youth and adults with information and communications technology (ICT) skills, by type of skill

4.5 By 2030, eliminate gender disparities in education and ensure equal access to all levels of education and vocational training for the vulnerable, including persons with disabilities, indigenous peoples and children in vulnerable situations

Parity indices (female/male, rural/urban, bottom/top wealth quintile and others such as disability status, indigenous peoples and conflict-affected, as data become available) for all education indicators on this list that can be disaggregatedGender Parity Index –Net attendance ratio –Primary school

1.08 [2015/16]

TDHS 2015/16

Gender Parity Index - Net attendance ratio –Secondary school

1.10 [2015/16]

TDHS 2015/16

Gender parity index – Pre-primary GER

1.01 [2018]

Gender parity index– Primary GER

1.01 [2018]

1.00 [2018]


Gender parity index –Lower Secondary GER

1.04 [2018]

1.20 [2018]



141

Gender parity index– Pre-primary NER

1.02 [2018]


Gender parity index –Primary NER

1.02 [2018]

1.01 [2018]


Gender parity index – Lower Secondary NER

1.12 [2018]

1.24 [2018]


Gender parity index – Primary Education Gross Completion Rate

1.12 [2018]

BEST, PO-RALG

Gender parity index –Primary Education Net Completion Rate

1.26 [2018]

BEST, PO-RALG

4.6 By 2030, ensure that all youth and a substantial proportion of adults, both men and women, achieve literacy and numeracy

Percentage of population in a given age group achieving at least a fixed level of proficiency in functional (a) literacy and (b) numeracy skills, by sexPercentage of Standard 2 pupils meeting the Tanzanian benchmark of reading comprehension (Percentage of Grade 2 pupils can read properly)

12% [2016]

5% [2016]

USAID (2016) Final Findings Report, Tanzania National Early Grade Reading Assessment (EGRA)

Percentage of Standard 2 pupils meeting the Tanzanian benchmark for mathematics (Percentage of Grade 2 pupils can add or subtract)

7.9% [2016]


Percentage of pupils in the High Level for All Three Life Skills (academic grit, self-control, problem-solving) [Percentage of pupils showing high levels of life skills (academic grit, self-confidence, problem-solving)]

0.08% [2016]


Youth literacy rate – Men 15-24 years

83.4% [2015/16]

TDHS 2015/16

Youth literacy rate – Women 15-24 years

83.2% [2015/16]

TDHS 2015/16

Adult literacy rate – Men 15-24 years

83.2% [2015/16]

83% [2015/16]

91.2% [2015/16]

TDHS 2015/16

Adult literacy rate – Women 15-24 years

76.8% [2015/16]

76.5% [2015/16]

86.7% [2015/16]

TDHS 2015/16


142

4.a Build and upgrade education facilities that are child, disability and gender sensitive and provide safe, non-violent, inclusive and effective learning environments for all

Proportion of schools with access to (a) electricity; (b) the Internet for pedagogical purposes; (c) computers for pedagogical purposes; (d) adapted infrastructure and materials for students with disabilities; (e) basic drinking water; (f) single-sex basic sanitation facilities; and (g) basic handwashing facilities (as per the WASH indicator definitions)

Proportion of primary schools with at least one source of electricity

41.7% [2018]

75.5% [2018]


Proportion of Secondary schools with at least one source of electricity

89% [2018]

85.5% [2018]



55.3% [2018]

54.5% [2018]

82.9% [2018]

National School WASH Assessment 2018


30.3% [2018]

29.5% [2018]

58.3% [2018]



17.6% [2018]

17.6% [2018]

18.2% [2018]



143

Goal 5. Achieve gender equality and empower all women and girls




5.1 End all forms of discrimination against all women and girls everywhere

Whether or not legal frameworks are in place to promote, enforce and monitor equality and non discrimination on the basis of sex

5.2 Eliminate all forms of violence against all women and girls in the public and private spheres, including trafficking and sexual and other types of exploitation

Proportion of ever-partnered women and girls aged 15 years and older subjected to physical, sexual or psychological violence by a current or former intimate partner in the previous 12 months, by form of violence and by ageProportion of women aged 15–49 years who have experienced physical or sexual violence from any husbands/partner in the last 12 months

29.6% [2015/16]

30.2% [2015/16]

5.5% [2015/16]

TDHS 2015/16

Proportion of women aged 15-49 years who have experienced physical or sexual violence from any husbands/partner in the last 12 months

30.1% [2015/16]

TDHS 2015/16

Proportion of ever-married women aged 15-49 years have experienced physical violence by their husbands/partners

39.3% [2015/16]

40.1% [2015/16]

8.9% [2015/16]

TDHS 2015/16

Proportion of ever-married women aged 15-49 years have often or sometimes experienced physical violence by their husbands/partners in the past 12 months preceding the survey

27% [2015/16]

TDHS 2015/16

Proportion of ever-married women aged 15–49 years have experienced sexual violence by their husbands/partners

13.6% [2015/16]

13.8% [2015/16]

4.3% [2015/16]

TDHS 2015/16

Proportion of ever-married women aged 15–49 years have often or sometimes experienced sexual violence by their husbands/partners in the past 12 months preceding the survey

10.4% [2015/16]

TDHS 2015/16


144

Proportion of ever-married women aged 15–49 years have experienced emotional violence by their husbands/partners

35.9% [2015/16]

36.6% [2015/16]

10.3% [2015/16]

TDHS 2015/16

Proportion of ever-married women aged 15-49 years have often or sometimes experienced emotional violence by their husbands/ partners in the past 12 months preceding the survey

28.1% [2015/16]

TDHS 2015/16

Proportion of women and girls aged 15 years and older subjected to sexual violence by persons other than an intimate partner in the previous 12 months, by age and place of occurrenceProportion of women aged 15–49 years have experienced sexual violence in the past 12 months preceding the survey

8.7% [2015/16]

8.9% [2015/16]

2.3% [2015/16]

TDHS 2015/16

Proportion of women aged 15–19 years have experienced sexual violence in the past 12 months preceding the survey

5.6% [2015/16]

TDHS 2015/16

Proportion of women aged 15-49 years have experienced sexual violence

16.6% [2015/16]

16.8% [2015/16]

9.3% [2015/16]

TDHS 2015/16

Proportion of women aged 15–19 years have experienced sexual violence

11.2% [2015/16]

TDHS 2015/16

5.3 Eliminate all harmful practices, such as child, early and forced marriage and female genital mutilation

Proportion of women aged 20-24 years who were married or in a union before age 15

5.2% [2015/16]

TDHS 2015/16

Proportion of women aged 20-24 years who were married or in a union before age of 18 years

30.5% [2015/16]

TDHS 2015/16

Proportion of girls and women aged 15-49 years who have undergone female genital mutilation/cutting

10% [2015/16]

10.3% [2015/16]

0.1% [2015/16]

TDHS 2015/16

Proportion of girls and women aged 15-19 years who have undergone female genital mutilation/cutting

4.7% [2015/16]

TDHS 2015/16

Proportion of girls and women aged 20–24 years who have undergone female genital mutilation/cutting

7.3% [2015/16]

TDHS 2015/16


145

Goal 6. Ensure availability and sustainable management of water and sanitation for all



tanzania mainland Zanzibar Sources

6.1 By 2030, achieve universal and equitable access to safe and affordable drinking water for all

Proportion of population using safely managed drinking water servicesProportion of urban population using safely managed drinking water services

35% [2017]

WHO-UNICEF JMP 2019

Proportion of households using improved drinking water sources

63.3% [2017]

62.5% [2018]

97.5% [2017]

TMIS 2017

Proportion of population using improved drinking water sources

60.4% [2017]

59.3% [2017]

98.1% [2017

TDHS 2015/16

Proportion of population using improved drinking water sources

68.2% [2017]

WHO-UNICEF JMP 2019

Proportion of population using unimproved drinking water sources

17.6% [2017]

WHO-UNICEF JMP 2019

6.2 By 2030,

achieve access

to adequate

and equitable

sanitation and

hygiene for all

and end open

defecation,

paying special

attention to

the needs of

women and

girls and those

in vulnerable

situations

Proportion of population using safely managed sanitation services, including a hand-washing facility with soap and waterProportion of population using safely managed sanitation services

25.4% [2017]

WHO-UNICEF JMP 2019

Proportion of urban population using safely managed sanitation services

31.4% [2017]

WHO-UNICEF JMP 2019

Proportion of rural population using safely managed sanitation services

22.4% [2017]

WHO-UNICEF JMP 2019

Proportion of households using improved, not shared, sanitation facilities

23% [2017]

21.9% [2017]

66.1% [2017]

TMIS 2017

Proportion of population using improved, not shared, sanitation facilities

23.8% [2017]

22.6% [2017]

66.9% [2017]

TMIS 2017

Proportion of households had no toilet facility

6.5% [2017]

6.4% [2017]

11.2% [2017]

TMIS 2017

Proportion of population practicing open defecation

7% [2017]

6.9% [2017]

10.7% [2017]

TMIS 2017


146


with a basic hand

washing facility (with

water and soap in the

household)

48%

[2017]

WHO-UNICEF JMP

2019


with a limited (without

water or soap) hand

washing facility in the

household

35.2%

[2017]

WHO-UNICEF JMP

2019


with an observed hand

washing facility in the

household

83.1%

[2017]

WHO-UNICEF JMP

2019


with a hand washing

facility in the household

80.7%

[2015/16]

81.4%

[2015/16]

55%

[2015/16]

TDHS 2015/16


with a hand washing

facility with soap and

water among those

households with

observed hand washing

facility

59.2%

[2015/16]

59%

[2015/16]

67.2%

[2015/16]

TDHS 2015/16


55.3%

[2018]

54.5%

[2018]

82.9%

[2018]

National School

WASH Assessment

2018


30.3%

[2018]

29.5%

[2018]

58.3%

[2018]

National School

WASH Assessment

2018


17.6%

[2018]

17.6%

[2018]

18.2%

[2018]

National School

WASH Assessment

2018

Percentage of health facilities with basic water services

86%

[2018]

WHO-UNICEF JMP

2019

Percentage of health facilities with basic sanitation services

8.3%

[2018]

WHO-UNICEF JMP

2019

Percentage of health facilities with basic hygiene services

58.3%

[2018]

WHO-UNICEF JMP

2019


147



tanzania mainland ZanzibarSources

8.5 By 2030, achieve full and productive employment and decent work for all women and men, including for young people and persons with disabilities, and equal pay for work of equal value

Unemployment, total (% of total labor force)

10.3% [2014]

14.3% [2014]

ILFS 2014

Youth unemployment, total (% of total labor force ages 15-24 years)

9.4% [2014]

27% [2014]

ILFS 2014

Youth unemployment, male (% of female labor force ages 15-24 years)

7% [2014]

16.4% [2014]

ILFS 2014

Youth unemployment, female (% of male labor force ages 15-24 years)

11.7% [2014]

38% [2014]

ILFS 2014

Unemployment, total (% of total labor force) (national estimate)

2.1% [2014]

data.worldbank.org

Unemployment, youth total (% of male labor force ages 15-24 years) (national estimate)

3.9% [2014]

data.worldbank.org

Unemployment, youth male (% of male labor force ages 15-24 years) (national estimate)

3.1% [2014]

data.worldbank.org

Unemployment, youth female (% of male labor force ages 15-24 years) (national estimate)

4.6% [2014]

data.worldbank.org

Unemployment, total (% of total labor force) (modeled ILO estimate)

2.1% [2014]

data.worldbank.org

Unemployment, total (% of total labor force) (modeled ILO estimate)

2.7% [2017]

data.worldbank.org

Unemployment, youth total (% of female labor force ages 15-24 years) (modeled ILO estimate)

5.4% [2014]

data.worldbank.org

Unemployment, youth male (% of female labor force ages15-24 years) (modeled ILO estimate)

4.5% [2014]

data.worldbank.org

Goal 8. Promote sustained, inclusive and sustainable economic growth, full and productive employment and decent work for all


148

Unemployment, youth female (% of female labor force ages 15-24 years) (modeled ILO estimate)

4.9% [2014]

data.worldbank.org

Unemployment, youth total (% of female labor force ages 15-24 years) (modeled ILO estimate)

4.1% [2017]

data.worldbank.org

Unemployment, youth male (% of female labor force ages 15-24 years) (modeled ILO estimate)

3.3% [2017]

data.worldbank.org

Unemployment, youth female (% of female labor force ages 15-24 years) (modeled ILO estimate)

6.5% [2017]

data.worldbank.org

8.6 By 2020, substantially reduce the proportion of youth not in employment, education or training

Percentage of youth aged 15-24 years not in education, employment or training

17.95% [2014]

14.5% [2014]

ILFS 2014 Unstat.org

Percentage of youth, male, aged 15-24 years not in education, employment or training

13.6% [2014]

9% [2014]

ILFS 2014

Percentage of youth, female, aged 15-24 years not in education, employment or training

22.0% [2014]

19.7% [2014]

ILFS 2014


14.9% [2014]

data.worldbank.org


10.6% [2014]

data.worldbank.org


19% [2014]

data.worldbank.org


31.06% [2014]


sdgs/indicators/

database/?area=TZA


21.05% [2014]


sdgs/indicators/

database/?area=TZA


40.6% [2014]


sdgs/indicators/

database/?area=TZA











149

8.7 Take immediate and effective measures to eradicate forced labour, end modern slavery and human trafficking and secure the prohibition and elimination of the worst forms of child labour, including recruitment and use of child soldiers, and by 2025 end child labour in all its forms

Proportion of children aged 5–17 years engaged in child labour

28.1% [2014]

28.8% [2014]

5.6% [2014]

ILFS 2014 (MLD and ZNZ) National data: computed by UNICEF

Proportion of boys aged 5–17 years engaged in child labour

28.6% [2014]

29.3% [2014]

6.8% [2014]


Proportion of girls aged 5–17 years engaged in child labour

27.6% [2014]

28.4% [2014]

4.3% [2014]


Number of children aged 5–17 years engaged in child labour

4,256,722 [2014]

4,230,919 [2014]

25,803 [2014]


Number of boys aged 5–17 years engaged in child labour

2,228,193

[2014]

2,212,338

[2014]

15,855

[2014]


Number of girls aged 517 years engaged in child labour

2,028,529 [2014]

2,018,581 [2014]

9,948 [2014]


Number of children aged 5–17 years engaged in in hazardous work

3,173,517 [2014]

3,159,904 [2014]

13,613 [2014]


Proportion of children aged 5–17 years engaged in hazardous work in the total children in child labour

74.6% [2014]

74.7% [2014]

52.8% [2014]


Proportion of children aged 5–17 years engaged in hazardous child labour

21% [2014]

21.5% [2014]

2.9% [2014]



150

Goal 10. Reduce inequality within and among countries




10.1 By 2030, progressively achieve and sustain income growth of the bottom 40 per cent of the population at a rate higher than the national average

Growth rates of household expenditure or income per capita among the bottom 40 per cent of the population and the total populationGrowth rate of average consumption per adult equivalent of the total population

1.42% [2011]

3.5% [2014/15]

https://unstats.un.org/sdgs/indicators/database/?area=TZA WB (2017) Zanzibar poverty assessment (p.23)

Growth rate of average consumption of the bottom 40 percent of the population

3.36% [2011]

6.2% [2014/15]

https://unstats.un.org/sdgs/indicators/database/?area=TZA WB (2017) Zanzibar poverty assessment (p.23)

Annualized growth in mean consumption or income per capita, of the total population

0.82% [2007–2011]

Global Database of Shared Prosperity (http://www.worldbank.org/en/topic/poverty/brief/global-database-of-shared-prosperity)

Annualized growth in mean consumption or income per capita, of the bottom 40% of the population

2.75% [2007–2011]

Global Database of Shared Prosperity (http://www.worldbank.org/en/topic/poverty/brief/global-database-of-shared-prosperity)

GINI index 0.38 [2017/18]

0.30 [2014/15]

Mainland HBS 2017/18 Zanzibar HBS 2014/15

Income growth of the total population

1.59% [2007–2011]

MOFP (2017) SDG Baseline Report

Income growth of the bottom 40% of the population

3.54% [2007–2011]


10.2 By 2030, empower and promote the social, economic and political inclusion of all, irrespective of age, sex, disability, race, ethnicity, origin, religion or economic or other status

Proportion of people living below 50 per cent of median income, by age, sex and persons with disabilities







http://www.worldbank.org/en/topic/poverty/brief/global-database-of-shared-prosperity











151

10.3 Ensure equal opportunity and reduce inequalities of outcome, including by eliminating discriminatory laws, policies and practices and promoting appropriate legislation, policies and action in this regard

Proportion of population reporting having personally felt discriminated against or harassed in the previous 12 months on the basis of a ground of discrimination prohibited under international human rights law


152




11.1 By 2030, ensure access for all to adequate, safe and affordable housing and basic services and upgrade slums

Proportion of urban population living in unplanned settlements or inadequate housing (%)

50.7% [2014]


62.5% [2015]

URT (2016) National Habitat Report Tanzania http://habitat3.org/wp-content/uploads/National-Report-Africa-Tanzania-Final-in-English.pdf

Number of urban population living in unplanned settlements

7,952,3000 [2014]


11.2 By 2030, provide access to safe, affordable, accessible and sustainable transport systems for all, improving road safety, notably by expanding public transport, with special attention to the needs of those in vulnerable situations, women, children, persons with disabilities and older persons

Proportion of population that has convenient access to public transport (by sex, age and persons with disabilities)

SDG 11 Make cities and human settlements inclusive, safe, resilient and sustainable

http://habitat3.org/wp-content/uploads/National-Report-Africa-Tanzania-Final-in-English.pdf







153

11.3: By 2030, enhance inclusive and sustainable urbanization and capacity for participatory, integrated and sustainable human settlement planning and management in all countries

Proportion of cities with a direct participation structure of civil society in urban planning and management that operate regularly and democratically

Number of town/cities with stakeholders participation mechanisms in general planning schemes (Master Plans)

22 [2017]


11.5: By 2030, significantly reduce the number of deaths and the number of people affected and substantially decrease the direct economic losses relative to global gross domestic product caused by disasters, including water-related disasters, with a focus on protecting the poor and people in vulnerable situations

Number of deaths, missing persons and directly affected persons attributed to disasters per 100,000 population

179 [2018]

326 [2016]

Tanzania VNR 2019

Direct economic loss in relation to global GDP, damage to critical infrastructure and number of disruptions to basic services, attributed to disasters

11.6: By 2030, reduce the adverse per capita environmental impact of cities, including by paying special attention to air quality and municipal and other waste management

Proportion of urban solid waste regularly collected and with adequate final discharge out of total urban solid waste generated, by citiesPercentage of Dar es salaam population served by Municipal solid Waste Collection

49% [2014]


11.7 By 2030, provide universal access to safe, inclusive and accessible, green and public spaces, in particular for women and children, older persons and persons with disabilities

Average share of the built-up area of cities that is open space for public use for all (by sex, age and persons with disabilities)

Proportion of persons victim of physical or sexual harassment in the previous 12 months (by sex, age, disability status and place of occurrence)


154

11.a: Support positive economic, social and environmental links between urban, peri-urban and rural areas by strengthening national and regional development planning

Proportion of population living in cities that implement urban and regional development plans integrating population projections and resource needs, by size of city

11.b: By 2020, substantially increase the number of cities and human settlements adopting and implementing integrated policies and plans towards inclusion, resource efficiency, mitigation and adaptation to climate change, resilience to disasters, and develop and implement, in line with the Sendai Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction 2015-2030, holistic disaster risk management at all levels

Number of countries that adopt and implement national disaster risk reduction strategies in line with the Sendai Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction 2015–2030Proportion of local governments that adopted and implement local disaster risk reduction strategies in line with national local disaster risk reduction strategies

15.43% [2018]

Tanzania VNR 2019

Proportion of districts with climate change and disaster risk reduction strategies

10.49% [2017]

Tanzania VNR 2019

Proportion of local governments that adopt and implement local disaster risk reduction strategies in line with national disaster risk reduction strategiesNumber of Regional andDistrict Disaster Management Committees trained

19 regions (As per 2014)


Number of districts that developed and implement Emergency Preparedness and Response Plan

18 Districts out of 188



155




13.1 Strengthen resilience and adaptive capacity to climate-related hazards and natural disasters in all countries

Number of deaths, missing persons and directly affected persons attributed to disasters per 100,000 population

179 [2018]

326 [2016]

Tanzania VNR 2019

Number of countries that adopt and implement national disaster risk reduction strategies in line with the Sendai Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction 2015–2030Proportion of local governments that adopt and implement local disaster risk reduction strategies in line with national disaster risk reduction strategiesNumber of disaster risk reduction strategies at National and subnational level developed and implemented

1 [2017]

1 [2017]

PMO, National Disaster Risk Management Policy and Implementation Strategy (2017) 2nd

VPO, Assessment of the Implementation Performance of Zanzibar Disaster Management Policy and Implementation Strategy (2017)

13.2 Integrate climate change measures into national policies, strategies and planning

Number of countries that have communicated the establishment or operationalization of an integrated policy/strategy/plan which increases their ability to adapt to the adverse impacts of climate change, and foster climate resilience and low greenhouse gas emissions development in a manner that does not threaten food production (including a national adaptation plan, nationally determined contribution, national communication, biennial update report or other)Number of sectors that have integrated climate change issues in their policies, strategies and plans

6 [2017]


Proportion of local governments that adopted and implement local disaster risk reduction strategies in line with national local disaster risk reduction strategies

15.43% [2018]

Tanzania VNR 2019

Goal 13 . Take urgent action to combat climate change and its impacts


156




16.1 Significantly reduce all forms of violence and related death rates everywhere

Number of victims of intentional homicide per 100,000 population, by sex and age

Conflict-related deaths per 100,000 population, by sex, age and cause

Proportion of population subjected to physical and conflict-related deaths in 12 months

27% [2016]


Proportion of population subjected to physical, psychological or sexual violence in the previous 12 months

Proportion of male population aged 13–24 years old who experienced sexual violence in the past 12 months

5.9% [2009]

3.7% [2009]

2009 VAC Survey

Proportion of female population aged 13–24 years who experienced sexual violence in the past 12 months

14% [2009]

2.3% [2009]

2009 VAC Survey

Proportion of male population aged 13–17 years who experienced physical violence in the past 12 months

51% [2009]

43.9% [2009]

2009 VAC Survey

Proportion of female population aged 13–17 years experienced physical violence in the past 12 months

51.1% [2009]

47.1% [2009]

2009 VAC Survey

Proportion of women aged 15-49 years who have experienced physical violence in the past 12 months preceding the survey

22.3% [2015/16]

22.9% [2015/16]

3.9% [2015/16]

TDHS 2015/16

Goal 16. Promote peaceful and inclusive societies for sustainable development, provide access to justice for all and build effective, accountable and inclusive institutions at all levels


157

Proportion of women aged 15-19 years who experienced physical violence in the past 12 months preceding the survey

12.7% [2015/16]

TDHS 2015/16

Proportion of women aged 15-49 years who experienced sexual violence in the past 12 months preceding the survey

8.7% [2015/16]

8.9% [2015/16]

2.3% [2015/16]

TDHS 2015/16

Proportion of women aged 15-49 years who experienced sexual violence in the past 12 months preceding the survey

5.6% [2015/16]

TDHS 2015/16

Proportion of women aged 15-49 years who experienced physical or sexual violence from any husbands/partner in the last 12 months preceding the survey

29.6% [2015/16]

30.2% [2015/16]

5.5% [2015/16]

TDHS 2015/16

Proportion of women aged 15-49 years who experienced physical or sexual violence from any husbands/partner in the last 12 months preceding the survey

30.1% [2015/16]

TDHS 2015/16

Proportion of population that feel safe walking alone around the area they live

16.2 End abuse, exploitation, trafficking and all forms of violence against and torture of children

Proportion of children aged 1–17 years who experienced any physical punishment and/or psychological aggression by caregivers in the past monthProportion of young women and men aged 18–29 years who experienced sexual violence by age 18

Proportion of male population aged 13-24 years who experienced sexual violence prior to the age of 18 years

13.4% [2009]

9.3% [2009]

2009 VAC Survey

Proportion of female population aged 13–24 years who experienced sexual violence prior to the age of 18 years

27.9% [2009]

6.2% [2009]

2009 VAC Survey


158

Proportion of male population aged 13–24 years who experienced physical violence prior to the age of 18 years

71.7% [2009]

71.1% [2009]

2009 VAC Survey

Proportion of female population aged 13–24 years who experienced physical violence prior to the age of 18 years

73.5% [2009]

61.8% [2009]

2009 VAC Survey

Proportion of male population aged 13–24 years who experienced emotional violence prior to the age of 18 years

27.5% [2009]

22.9% [2009]

2009 VAC Survey

Proportion of female population aged 13–24 years who experienced emotional violence prior to the age of 18 years

23.6% [2009]

13.8% [2009]

2009 VAC Survey

Proportion of women aged 15-49 years who have experienced physical violence since the age 15 years

39.5% [2015/16]

40.3% [2015/16]

14.4% [2015/16]

TDHS 2015/16

Proportion of women aged 15-49 years who have experienced physical violence since the age 15 years

21.9% [2015/16]

TDHS 2015/16

Proportion of women aged 15-17 years who have experienced physical violence since the age of 15

19.5% [2015/16]

TDHS 2015/16

Proportion of women aged 15-19 years who have ever experienced physical or sexual violence

27.3% [2015/16]

TDHS 2015/16

Proportion of women aged 15-19 years who have ever experienced physical and sexual violence

5.8% [2015/16]

TDHS 2015/16

Number of incidents of violence against children reported annually

10,551 [2016]

Tanzania Policy Force (quoted by MOFP SDG report)

Number of victims of human trafficking per 100,000 population, by sex, age and form of exploitation

Number of victims of human trafficking

55 [2016]



159

Proportion of young women and men aged 18–29 years who experienced sexual violence by age 18Number of incidents of gender based violence reported

31,863 [2016]


16.3 Promote the rule of law at the national and international levels and ensure equal access to justice for all

Proportion of victims of violence in the previous 12 months who reported their victimization to competent authorities or other officially recognized conflict resolution mechanismsProportion of males aged 13-24 years who have experienced childhood sexual violence and sought services for sexual violence

11.5% [2009]

11.4% [2009]

2009 VAC Survey

Proportion of females aged 13–24 years who have experienced childhood sexual violence and sought services for sexual violence

22% [2009]

18.5% [2009]

2009 VAC Survey

Proportion of males aged 13–24 years who have experienced childhood sexual violence and received services for sexual violence

3.7% [2009]

5.5% [2009]

2009 VAC Survey

Proportion of females aged 13–24 years who have experienced childhood sexual violence and received services for sexual violence

13% [2009]

12.7% [2009]

2009 VAC Survey

Unsentenced detainees as a proportion of overall prison population

47% [2016]

Tanzania Policy Force, quoted by MOFP (2017) SDG report

16.9 By 2030, provide legal identity for all, including birth registration

Proportion of children under 5 years of age whose births have been registered with a civil authority

26% [2012]

24.2% [2012]

88.3% [2012]

2012 PHC

Proportion of children under 5 years of age whose births have been registered with a civil authority

26.4% [2015/16]

24.6% [2015/16]

91.7% [2015/16]

TDHS 2015/16


160

Proportion of children under 5 years of age whose births have been registered with a civil authority, urban

50.9% [2015/16]

TDHS 2015/16

Proportion of children under 5 years of age whose births have been registered with a civil authority, rural

17.7% [2015/16]

TDHS 2015/16

Proportion of children under 5 years of age had birth certificate

14% [2015/16]

12.7% [2015/16]

63.6% [2015/16]

TDHS 2015/16

Proportion of children under 5 years of age had birth certificate, urban

29.5% [2015/16]

TDHS 2015/16

Proportion of children under 5 years of age had birth certificate, rural

8.6% [2015/16]

TDHS 2015/16

Proportion of births registered within 90 days after birth

6.04% [2014/15]

Tanzania FYDPII


161


162


163


164

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