ENVIR

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ENVIR

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DEVEL

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IMPORTANCE OF

SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMRNTSUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMRNT

Dr. Jayakara Bhandary M.Dr. Jayakara Bhandary M.

SGLSGL--BotanyBotany

GAS College, Karwar GAS College, Karwar –– 581301581301

Email: jaikarb@yahoo.comEmail: jaikarb@yahoo.com

WHAT IS DEVELOPMENT…?

Enabling the community to meet

everyone’s basic human needs for

food security, housing, health,

clean water and fuel.

It should lead to a dynamic, just

and prosperous Society

WHAT IS ENVIRONMENT…?

Environment means everything surrounding

us, including something that is tangible

(objects) and intangible (culture, belief,and

norm) which associate to each other as

cycle of system.

Everything that surround us.

Includes Flora (vegetation) and Fauna (animals

and insects), consists of: AIR, SOIL and WATER

DEVELOPMENT ACHIEVEMENTS..

BIG DAMS…

More than 4,000 large dams of over 15 metres

height .

Spent about 919 billion rupees.

Played an important role in increasing farm

productivity, power generation and industrial

water supply.

(Report by World Commission on Big Dams)

AT WHAT COST..?

• On average, each big dam has submerged

nearly 5,000 hectares of forest.

• In the last 20 years, big dams have swallowed

up 9.1 million hectares of forests.

• 16 million Indian people have been forced

from their homes because of these dams.

• ¾ of these people were not ‘rehabilitated’.

GREEN REVOLUTION……..

• 4-5fold increase in food production.

• Yield of wheat increased from 2 to 6 metric

tons per hectare.

• Cereal and calorie availability per person

increased by nearly 30%

• Eliminated the threat of starvation of

exploding population.

GREEN REVOLUTION..

• Per capita incomes doubled in Asia between 1970 - 1995.

• Poverty declined from 3 out of every 5 Asians in 1975 to less than 1 in 3 by 1995.

• The number of poor fell from 1.15 billion in 1975 to 825 million in 1995 despite a 60 % increase in population.

• In India, the % of rural Poor was 50 – 65% in 1960s.

• Declined to about 1/3 of the rural population by 1993.

(Report by International Food Policy Research Institute, USA, 2003)

AT WHAT COST…?

Excessive chemical inputs – Pollution.

• Pesticide use 57, 240 million tonnes (98-99)

• Fertilisers -161.88 lakh tons (98-99)

Increase in water use (75-85% of total water Usage)

• 6 of the 20 major river basins in India suffer

from water scarcity.

Erosion of crop genetic diversity.

The Punjab Story…

4 % land under cultivation ( 42 % for India as a

whole) . Only 4% is “forest”!

oss of soil fertility – decreasing yield.

cute shortage of water (60 out of 118 blocks cannot

ustain any more tube wells).

.5 % total agricultural land in the country, but

Indian Pollution Status…

• 33000MLD waste water generated, only

7000MLD is treated.

• 1,20,000 TPD Municipal Solid waste

generated, 70% collected, only 5% disposed.

• 65 cities and towns – air quality un healthy.

• 112 MT coal ash/annum, 150MT by 2015.

• 40,000 T of e-waste

Evidences of impact…

How many earths needed to support

developmental consumption of

resources, at the present rate? (by 2050)

Energy - 8

Minerals – 2

Metals - 7

Land - 1.5

Wood – 3.5

Mclaren et al 1998

Tomorrow’s World, Earthscan, London

Developmental Activities

in general leads to…

• Depletion of natural

resources

• Depletion of

Biodiversity

• Pollution

• Climate Change

UNSUSTAINABLE!

Global Climate Change…

1.4-5.8 degrees warming by 2100.9-88 cm sea level rise.Heat waves…Heavy rainsFloods…Diseases…

Mumbai, 2005, 100 cm rainfall in less than 48 h, More than 7 ft Water, 1000 death toll

We are Witnessing Unprecedented Climatic Changes

• Over the period of 1995-2004, a total of 2,500

million people were affected by disasters, with

losses of 890,000 dead and costs of US$ 570

billion. Most disasters (75%) are related to

weather extremes that climate change is

expected to exacerbate.

• The 2003 European heat wave — involving

temperatures that were 18°F (10°C) above the

30-year average, killed 21,000 to 35,000

people in five countries.

Diseases.. DENGUE

• The number of months with average

temperatures higher than 18C and the

degree of urbanization were found to

correlate with increasing risk of dengue

fever (Wu et al, 2009). Temperature affects

insect survival time and habitats as well as

maturation and infective periods, and

higher temperatures shorten the incubation

period and viral development rate.

Development Vs Environment –

The Debate

Taking care of

millions of people

who are starving at

present is more

important than

saving natural

resources.

We have already wasted

and destroyed vast

amounts of natural

resources, and in so

doing have put earth at

risk. We must preserve

the earth for our children

and grand children.

Development Vs Environment –

The Debate

•Developed Vs Developing countries

•Rich Vs Poor

•Progress Vs Stagnation

INSPIRING VOICES…….Birsa Munda

Led the people

of Chotanagpur

to assert their

rights over

their Land.

Icon for tribals

struggling for

their land and

forests..

Rachel Carson

Her 1962 book Silent

Springs changed the

way the world saw

pesticides and

industrial chemicals.

Faced a sea of

opposition from

chemical companies

like DuPont, maker of

the deadly DDT.

Chico MendesLabor leader from

Brazil, defended

poor rubber

tappers against

rich ranchers.

Soon, he was

fighting to save

the Amazon

rainforests. Killed

in 1988 by

ranchers.

Lois Gibbs

A housewife from

New York who led

the community to

demand evacuation

and clean up of Love

Canal, a locality

initial built on toxic

waste dump.

Ken Saro-wiwa

Fought Nigerian

Government and

oil companies for

polluting the lands

of Ogoni people.

Hanged in 1995 for

his non-violent

struggle.

Masanobu Fukuwaka

His book The One

Straw Revolution of

1978 inspired

farmers across the

world to go organic.

WHICH IS THE WAY OUT?

CAN

DEVELOPMENT

AND

ENVIRONMENT

GO TOGETHER?

Striking a BALANCE…

……BIRTH OF A NEW CONCEPT

SUSTAINABLE

DEVELOPMENT

What is Sustainable Development?

“ Development that meets the needs

of the present without compromising

the ability of future generations to

meet their own needs”

“Our Common Future”

World Commission on Environment and DevelopmentThe Brundtland Report 1987

Gro Harlem Brundtland

“ Sustainable development is a dynamic process,

which enables all people to realise their potential

And to improve their quality of life in ways

which simultaneously protect and enhance the

Earth’s life support systems”

Forum for the Future

OBJECTIVES…

Sustainable development has three

Overarching objectives and essential

requirements:

� Poverty reduction;

� Changing unsustainable patterns of production and consumption;

� Protecting and managing the natural resource base of economic and social development.

SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT

Interacting Systems

Environment Social

Economic

Cultural diversity is as necessary for humankind as

biodiversity is for nature” The Universal Declaration on Cultural

Diversity (UNESCO, 2001) .

Cultural diversity is the fourth policy area of

sustainable development?

38

ECONOMIC OBJECTIVES

* Growth

* Equity

* Efficiency

SOCIAL OBJECTIVES

* Empowerment * Participation

* Social Mobility

* Social Cohesion * Cultural Identity

* Institutional Development

ECOLOGICAL OBJECTIVES

* Ecosystem Integrity * Carrying Capacity

* Biodiversity

* Global Issues

The Important Goals of Sustainable

Development

40

Emergence of Sustainable Development

1972Limits of Growth (Club of Rome)

1972 Stockholm Conference (Eco-development)

1980World Conservation Strategy (IUCN)

1987Brundtland Commission (our Common Future)

1992 UN Conference on Environment & Development

(Agenda 21) Rio Earth Summit

1992 UN Commission on Sustainable Development

1992 National Sustainable Development Action Plans

1997UNCSD Reviews Progress on Agenda 21

1997 Kyoto Protocol to the UN Framework Convention on Climate Change

2002World Summit on Sustainable Development, Johannesburg (Rio +10)

AGENDA 21Action Plan/ Blueprint for Sustainable Development

(40 chapters, 300 pages)

(Global Agreement on Sustainable Development)

• A comprehensive plan of action to be taken up

globally, nationally and locally by organizations of

the United Nations System and Governments in

areas of human impacts on the environment.

• Agreed to at the Rio de Janeiro Summit in 1992.

• Strongly reaffirmed at the World Summit on

Sustainable Development (WSSD) held in

Johannesburg, South Africa, 2002

• A 21 recognises National

governments as the main role

actors.

• Main focus on Local/Regional

governments.

• Promotion of participation at

grassroots levels.

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THE ROAD FROM RIOChanging Paradigms

POST-Rio Rio-PRE

Do more with less Do more with more

3R’s Throwaway society

Best available Control Technology

Regulations as the ceiling

Least riskLeast cost

Environmentally friendly Products

Consumerism

Anticipate / Prevent Mitigate / control

Manage resources Use resources

Integrated planning Planning for profit

Targets for Sustainable

Development in India

• Reduction of poverty by 15 percentage points by 2012 ( 21.8% in 2004-5)

• Reduction in population growth between 2001 and 2011 to 16.2% (21.34% in 2001)

• Increase in literacy rate to 75% by 2012 (65.2%

in 2002)

• Reduction of Infant Mortality Rate (IMR) to 28 by 2012 (72 at 2002)

• Reduction of Maternal Mortality Rate (MMR) to 1 by 2012 (3 in 2002)

• Increase in forest cover to 33% by 2012 (20.60 % or 67.71 million hectares - 2008)

• Cleaning of major polluted rivers by by 2012

Some important Strategies…

• Shifting to renewable/eco-friendly sources of energy (CNG)

• Conservation/ afforestation and sustainable forest management practices (JFM)

• Efficient, fast and reliable public transport systems (Metro railways).

• Cost-effective energy-efficient technologies in electricity generation, transmission distribution, and end-use (CFL).

• Chemical-free Agriculture (IPM, NPM)

• EIA / Environmental Hearing /CDM…

• MOEF/PCBs/Environmental Legislations

2.8 billion livingBelow poverty line

Growing gapbetween rich & poor

6 million children died from hungerIn 10 years

1.1 billion lack clean water

27% coral reefsSeriously threatened (up from 10%)

10 years after Rio

Greenhouse gasemissions up 9%

Extinctionson the rise

2002 The World Summit on Sustainable Development…

When the last tree is cutWhen the last tree is cut

When the last river is dryWhen the last river is dry

When the last fish is caughtWhen the last fish is caught

Then we realise thatThen we realise that

Money just canMoney just can’’t be eatent be eaten

THANKSTHANKS