Sustainable Cooling, & Global overview of green, energy efficient building rating systems and cool roofs programs

The World Bank Group

Contents

Content Slide no

Importance and implementation of sustainable cooling 4-5

Opportunities and strategies for sustainable cooling in Bangladesh 6

Buildings EE and green building rating systems 8-10

Examples of green buildings and role of cool roofs 11-14

Lessons learned 15

3

Sustainable Cooling

Importance of Sustainable Cooling

Economic loss from exposure to heat in developing countries

Impacts of heat stress:

• Cost of productivity in 2030 in Bangladesh: 3% of GDP, ~USD 35,000 million

• Work-hour productivity losses: up to 12% in South Asia and West Africa

Source: ESMAP. 2020. Primer for Space Cooling. Energy Sector Management Assistance Program (ESMAP) Knowledge Series 030/20. Washington, DC: World Bank https://www.esmap.org/primer-for-space-cooling-report

Accelerators of Space Cooling demand

Population

growth

Income

growth

Rapid

urbanization

Warming

planet

Cooling demand (2019 and 2030, TWh)

Global average temperatures: 2°C by 2100 – Dhaka city: 1.6ºC last 20 years1

Average number of cooling degree days: ~ 25% globally by 2050

Annual growth rate of RAC (2014-2019) in Bangladesh: 22%2

Tropical countries: emissions expected from cooling ~15% annual rate to 2030

1Bangladesh Metrology Department2Bangladesh Refrigerators and Air conditioner Manufacturers Association

4

Source: The Power of Efficient Cooling, The Economist

Sustainable Space Cooling vital enabler of:

HealthEducationEconomic development

Implementation ofSustainable Cooling

Integrated approach to cooling

Source: ESMAP. 2020. Primer for Space Cooling. Energy Sector Management Assistance Program (ESMAP) Knowledge Series 030/20. Washington, DC: World Bank. https://www.esmap.org/primer-for-space-cooling-report

Passive cooling strategies1. Solar orientation

2. High insulation and cool/green roof

3. High performance Windows

4. Ventilation

5. Shading

6. Therma Mass

Rooms

• Fan and fan deliverables• Room air conditioners (mini split, window units)• Evaporative Cooling

Small buildings

• Variable refrigerator flow AC system• Central AC system• Multi Split AC system

Large buildings

• Air cooled chillers• Water cooled chillers

Districts

• District cooling system

Active cooling strategies

Super efficient equipment and systems:

Policies and programs

Financing Mechanisms

Stakeholders engagement

Key elements

CodesRating SystemsMEPSLabels

PAYSUtilitiesCredit linesEE FundsESCOsSuper ESCOs

AwarenessBehavior ChangeCapacity buildingCertifications

Government leadershipOwners, managers & occupantsTechnical and financial providers

5

Building Sector in Bangladesh and Energy Efficiency

Schemes for promoting energy efficiency in buildings

Opportunities and Strategies for Sustainable Cooling in Bangladesh

Source: EE&C Master Plan 2030. SREDA

✓ Energy Management Program (Large Industrial Energy Consumers)

✓ EE labeling program (Residential)

• Label certification, MEPS

✓ EE Building Program (All buildings)

• BNBC [Revised] – new version, GBG, Building Energy Efficiency and Environment Rating System, BEEER

✓ EE&C Finance Program (Private companies)

• Low-interest loan, preferential taxation, subsidy, other

✓ Government own initiatives (Government)

• Green purchase program for Eco-friendly public procurement, ISO 14004, 50001 certifications

Source: EE&C Master Plan 2030. SREDA

Residential

Lighting: 50%

Fan: 25%

Refrigerator/freezer: 55%

AC: 50%

Others: ~20%

Total: 35.9% (6,479 GWh/year)

Commercial

Lighting: 50%

AC: 50%

Total: 50%

EE&C Potential

Source: IFC Green Building Market Intelligence Bangladesh Country Profile

$118

Bangladesh’s climate-smart investment potential 2018-2030 ($ billion)

Assuming NDCs and relevant targets and policy objectives are met

Energy savings

expected95 million toe

➢ The Energy Conservation (EC) Act, 2014

➢ Sustainable and Renewable Energy Development Authority (SREDA)

➢ Energy Efficiency & Conservation Master plan (EECMP), 2016.

6

7

Green buildings ratings and cool roofs - Global overview and case studies

Buildings Energy Efficiency

Global prospective

• Buildings have direct and indirect negative impacts on the

environment due to extensive dependence and consumption of

resources, such as energy, water, wood, mined products.

• Buildings and construction together account for 36% of global

final energy use and 39% of energy-related carbon dioxide

(CO2) emissions when upstream power generation is included.

• Progress towards sustainable buildings and construction is

advancing, but improvements are still not keeping up with a

growing buildings sector and rising demand for energy services.

Source: Towards a zero-emission, efficient, and resilient buildings and construction sector, Global Status Report, 2017, United Nations Environment Programme

Building life cycle

• The energy intensity per square meter (m2) of

the global buildings sector needs to improve on

average by 30% by 2030 (compared to 2015) to

be on track to meet global climate ambitions set

forth in the Paris Agreement.

8

RTS: Reference Technology Scenario

Green building rating system

• For mitigating the impact of buildings on the environment,

through sustainable design; green building standards,

certifications, and rating systems were created.

• A green building rating system is a tool that evaluates the

performance of a building and its impact on the

environment. It comprises of predefined set of criteria

relating to the design, construction, and operational

aspects of buildings.

Source: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/333912838_The_unwritten_history_of_green_building_rating_tools_a_personal_view_from_some_of_the_'founding_fathers'

2019 – Well standards

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Global Review of Green Building Rating Systems3%

0%

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43%

30%

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40%

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13% 14%

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4%

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%

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B ANGLADESH (BEEER)

USA (LEED) UK (BREEAM) AUSTRALIA(GREEN STAR)

CANADA (GREEN

GLOBES)

SOUTH KOREA (G - SEED)

INDIA (GRIHA) INDIA ( IGBC) INDIA(ASSOCHAM

GEM)

PAKISTAN (SEED)

Management and planning Energy Management Water Management

Construction health and safety Project site management Indoor management

Construction material management Innovation CSR

10

Green Building Rating System – Example 1

HBS Tata Hall Executive Education Centre, Boston

About Facility: The Tata Hall Executive Education Center (in Boston)

serves as a model for high performance building design on the Harvard

Business School (HBS) campus. The 7-story, 153,700 square foot multi-

use building, houses 22 living groups with 180 bedrooms and associated

living group lounges, classrooms, seminar spaces, project rooms,

reception lounges, and administrative office

Rating: LEED Platinum

LEED Score

Project Metrics

• 48% water savings compared to an Energy Policy Act of 1992 baseline

• 43% reduction in energy costs compared to the baseline standard (ASHRAE 90.1-2007), estimated via energy modeling

• 5.2% of energy use (by cost) is provided by an on-site renewable energy system (PV)

• 92% of regularly occupied areas have access to views

• 90% of individual spaces, including bedrooms, have individual lighting and thermal comfort controls

82%

75%

100%

73%

43%

80%

60%

85%

Total Points

Regional Priority

Innovation and Design

Indoor Environment Quality

Material and Resources

Energy and Atmosphere

Water Efficiency

Sustainable Sites

11

Source: Harvard Business School, HBS Tata Executive Education Centre, Harvard Way, Boston, MA 02163, Project Profile.

Green Building Rating System – Example 2

Kolkata West International City

About Facility:

Kolkata West International City is a satellite township development with IT parks, a hospital, schools and shopping centers. The size of project is 390 acres and it is being developed in phased manner.

Rating – EDGE certified

Total CO2savings – 607 tCO2 per year

Predicted savings and technical solutions

Aspect Predicted Savings Recommendation implemented

Energy 27% • Reflective paint for external walls and roof, • Low-E coated glass, • Energy-efficient ceiling fans and • Energy-saving lighting.

Water 35% • Low-flow showerheads, • Low-flow faucets for washbasins and • Dual flush water closets.

Embodied energy in material 36% • In-situ reinforced internal and external walls.

12

Source: EDGE, IFC

Role of Cool Roofs within Green and Energy Efficient Buildings

As urban areas develop, changes occur in the landscape.

Buildings, roads, and other infrastructure replace open

land and vegetation. Surfaces that were once permeable

and moist generally become impermeable and dry. This

development leads to the formation of urban heat islands

(UHI)—the phenomenon whereby urban regions

experience warmer temperatures than their rural

surroundings.

Effect of Urban heat island Source: TERI report Urban Planning Characteristics to Mitigate Climate Change in Context of Urban Heat Island Effect, 2017

Local context

• Bangladesh has experienced 39 heat waves from 1989 to 2011. Bangladesh’s average annual temperatures are expected to rise by 1.0°C to 1.5°C

by 2050 even if preventive measures taken as per Paris agreement.

• If no measures are taken, then average temperatures are predicted to increase by 1.0°C to 2.5°C.

• Dhaka is extremely vulnerable to the UHI effect and heat due to rapid urbanization and high population density

Cool roofs and Urban Heat Island Mitigation –Cooling intervention

13

Global Overview of Cool Roofs and UHI Mitigation Strategies

Benefits for UHI mitigation

Increasing tree and

vegetation cover in city

focusing on native trees

Cool roof, a materials or

coatings that reflects

sunlight and heat

Green roof: Growing a

vegetative layer (plants,

shrubs, grasses, and/or

trees)

Cool and Permeable

Pavements

Cool Walls Green Walls

When cool roof is implemented on limited number of roofs the benefit is available only to the top floor of the occupants, in form of reduced electricity consumption in cooling. However, when cool roof is applied as large scale at (city level), then it may result reduction of Urban Heat Island i.e. temperature reduction at city level. Other benefits include:

• Increasing occupant comfort and avoiding installation of additional ACs

• Reduction in size of AC and prolonging the life

• Reduction in smog is created by photochemical reactions of air

pollutants, which increases at higher temperatures.

• Reduces the stress on the energy grid during hot summer months

Global cool roof programs

Policy development

Large scale replication

Pilot demonstration

Mexico, South Africa, Australia

India

USA, Canada

14

Ahmedabad, India, passive cooling for urban poor

• Coating of lime wash applied on 3,000 low incomehouseholds (@ $0.07 per Sq. foot) resulted in 2 – 3 0Ctemperature reduction

• Use of locally developed material (ModRoof - made ofcoconut husk and paper waste) for 250 homes resultedin 7 - 8°C temperature reduction

Paris, France, heat resilience

• Cool Island: swimming area and misting

• Cool Pathways: shading ofpedestrian walkways

• Urban Oasis: retrofits common places

ExamplesMitigation Strategies

Source: ESMAP, Primer for cool cities: Reducing Excessive Urban Heat with focus on passive measures

Lessons Learned from International Experiences in Green and Energy Efficient Buildings Rating Systems

BEEER design is aligned with international best practices and integrates local specifications. Going forward, the

large-scale implementation and adoption of BEEER could draw upon the lessons learned from global experiences.

15

• Technical assistance: for conducting feasibility studies (for green building ratings such as EDGE), which could play an

important role in building confidence by providing visibility of benefits and RoI to building owners and developers.

• Initial focus on specific building typology and voluntary programs - such as new commercial buildings,

implementation of pilot demonstrations, development of detailed reference guides. After successful implementation of

the initial stage, the scope is generally broadened to other building typologies and made mandatory.

• Building Data Collection, Sharing, Management and Rating through Online tools - based on easy-to-use templates

and calculators facilitate registration, review and evaluation processes of rating systems.

• Capacity building and Awareness generation- based on trainings and hand holding support is key to a smooth

implementation, including aspects like general benefits of buildings energy efficiency and sustainability, energy use simulation,

clean space cooling technologies, and project cycle for building rating system, including registration, verification and

evaluation processes and use of online tools.

• Multi-stakeholder consultations and coordination: As green buildings is a cross-cutting intervention across multiple

stakeholders (govt, architects, building developers, owners and/or users, building material suppliers, ESCOs, etc.) and is to

be coordinated with building codes (that are often mandatory) an entity responsible for green buildings systems

implementation – either public sector, private sector or public-private entity has to bring the coordination effectively.

• Financing and Incentives: Concessional financing (like low interest loans, credit guarantees, etc.) or fiscal incentives (such

as tax benefits, accelerated depreciation, etc.) are required to address the financial barrier to the large-scale adoption of EE

building codes and green building rating systems, at least in the initial stages of market transformation.

Thank You

Jari Vayrynen

Ashok Sarkar

Tanuja Bhattacharjee

María Rodríguez de la Rubia

Siddique Zobair

Inderjeet Singh

Vishal Garg

Rajeev Kumar Yadav

World Bank Team

World Bank Resources

Published (to Download, Pls Click on the Image) To be Released (March 2021)