sustainability 101: project systems and energy impacts
DESCRIPTION
Sustainability 101: Project Systems and Energy Impacts. Eric Oliver, PE, CEM, President EMO Energy Solutions, LLC www.emoenergy.com NAIOP MD/DC May 27, 2010. Project Systems and Energy Impacts. Environmental Concerns Benchmarking with Energy Star Green Power Alternatives - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
Sustainability 101: Project Systems and
Energy Impacts
Eric Oliver, PE, CEM, PresidentEMO Energy Solutions, LLC
www.emoenergy.com
NAIOP MD/DCMay 27, 2010
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Project Systems and Energy Impacts
Environmental Concerns Benchmarking with Energy Star Green Power Alternatives Energy Modeling and Analysis Commissioning Energy Performance Measurement
Energy Efficiency Overview
US Dept of Energy CBECS
Relationship between Energy and Environment
Generating kWh produces greenhouse gases
“In the U.S., 82 percent of all greenhouse gas emissions due to human activity is energy-related carbon dioxide. The buildings sector (residential and commercial) emits 35 percent of energy-related carbon, more than either the industrial or the transportation sectors.”
- Energy Information Administration
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Energy SourcesCO2 emissions/kWh produced
% of US electric generation mix
Petroleum 1.7 lb 3.5%
Coal 2.2 lb 52%
Natural Gas 1.1 lb 15%
Nuclear Electric 0.0 20%
Renewable Sources: Hydroelectric (3.90%) Solar (0.08%)Biomass (3.50%) Wind (0.01%)Geothermal(0.40%)
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Efficiency of the grid
Energy Conversion Losses from Source to Electricity • 40% - 62% is lost as waste heat at the generator• 3% - 8% is lost in the transmission of electricity• 1% - 2% is lost in the transformers
Benchmarking with Energy StarBuildings are rated on a 0-100 Scale
How does my building compare to other buildings?
• EPA Portfolio Manager online software tool• 12 consecutive months of energy consumption to
get a score• Normalized based on weather, occupant,
computers, functional breakdown… etc.• Compared to all other buildings of its type• Score of 75 or better gets Energy Star
https://www.energystar.gov/istar/pmpam/
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Green power Alternatives
Install renewable energy onsite Solar Wind
Purchase Green power
Using the sun• Passive vs Active
Passive ActiveUses the heat of the sun to offset fuel consumption
Uses photovoltaic process to convert sunlight to electricity
Low cost High cost
Needs heating end use Replaces purchased electricity
Can be 0-12 yr payback 20 – 35 yr payback without assistance
Variety of strategies Limited technologies
Renewable OpportunitiesPhotovoltaics (PV)
How a solar cell works:
http://www.eren.doe.gov/pv/pvmenu.cgi?site=pv&idx=1&body=aboutpv.html
Facts:• Enough sun hits 0.3% of the
land in the United States to supply all the electricity consumed in the U.S.
• The PV systems installed since 1988 in the developing world provide enough electricity to power 8 million homes.
Factors Affecting OutputA 1 kW solar panel does not generate 1 kW all of the time, and in fact may never generate 1 kW
• Geography• Positioning• Efficiencies
Under development
Wind Power• Where is there good wind?
10 kW wind turbineBergey 10kW BWC
Wind less expensiveSmall wind energy systems cost from $3,000 to $5,000 for every kilowatt of generating capacity.
(vs $6,000 - $8,000 for PV)
In a Class 3 area; 10 kW system will generate 16,000 kWh/yr and cost $32,000 to install
16,000 kWh x $0.12/kWh = $1,920/yr
$32,000 / $1,440 = 16.7 yrs (11.6 yr with 30% tax Credit)
But need a good wind resource – all wind is local
Green Power ProcurementPay for Green Supplied Power through your utility bill
Pepco: Green Power Connection (DC) http://www.pepco.com/home/choice/dc/greenpower/
Dominion: VA Green Power (VA) www.dom.com/dominion-virginia-power/customer-service/energy-conservation/green-power.jsp
BG&E: Energy Choice (MD) Choose your Green supplier
Clean Currents wind energy certificates
Green-e Certifier of wind energy suppliers RECs www.green-e.org
Saving Energy:Energy Modeling and Analysis
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What is Energy Modeling? Tool for smart, energy efficient design Predicts energy consumption of building every hour Uses basic engineering/heat flow/power equations
Conduction through walls/roof Solar gain through windows Calculation of all internal heat gains Thermal mass/time lag
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Benefits of Modeling
Benchmark building Quantify Energy
Breakdown Accurately model ECMs Model different rate
structures Assess impact of changes
in equipment and operations
LEED EA cr.
LightsCoolingHeatingPlugFansHot WaterMisc
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Modeling Inputs
Floorplans Elevations Window layouts Envelope specifics HVAC zoning Schedules Occupancy and Lighting
Density (Occ/sf, W/sf) Temperature and humidity
settings
Primary Lighting Schedule
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
80%
90%
100%
12:00
AM
1:00
AM
2:00
AM
3:00
AM
4:00
AM
5:00
AM
6:00
AM
7:00
AM
8:00
AM
9:00
AM
10:00
AM
11:00
AM
12:00
PM
1:00
PM
2:00
PM
3:00
PM
4:00
PM
5:00
PM
6:00
PM
7:00
PM
8:00
PM
9:00
PM
10:00
PM
11:00
PM
Classroom LTG Office LTG Corridor LTG
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Modeling Outputs
Annual energy consumption Monthly consumption Peak Demand and cooling
and heating loads End-use energy breakdown Loads by zone
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Run Alternate Simulations
Change parameters to simulate ECMs
Accounts for integrated effects of upgrades Cooling impact of lighting
upgrades Daylighting can be controlled by
fc level Run alternate with all ECMs,
avoid diversity factors Accounts for part load
performance
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Example: Compare insulation levels
Masonry w/wood framing “Design Wall” “Design option”Outside layer 4” brick 4” brick
1st layer 1”Air gap/furring 1”Air gap/furring
2nd layer 8” CMU 8” CMU
3rd layer R-13 polyiso insulation R-19 polyiso insulation
Inside layer Gypsum board Gypsum board
Energy consumption “Design Wall” “Design option”Total Electric 1,843,350 kWh 1,775,908 kWh
Total Natural gas 66,444 therms 62,300 therms
Total costs $213,045 $204,078
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How to use modeling as a tool
Model final design Final HVAC zoning Actual envelope/window
characteristics Actual lighting layouts per zone Actual equipment efficiencies Proposed schedules Proposed control strategies
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How to use modeling as a tool
Model Basecase
Design based on standard practices/requirements for purpose of comparison
LEED – basecase based on ASHRAE 90.1 minimum requirements for comparison Use same system types, occupancies, zoning
as design Minimum efficiency requirements for
equipment, LPD, motors, insulation, control strategies…
Modeled energy consumption 12% - 48% less than ASHRAE 90.1 basecase: 1 - 19 points
Saving Energy:CommissioningBuilding commissioning is the process of verifying, in new
construction, that all the subsystems for HVAC, Plumbing, Electrical, Lighting…etc. achieve the owner's project requirements as intended by the building owner and as designed by the building architects and engineers
has its roots in shipbuilding Good commissioning involves planning, coordination, and
proven efficient procedures.
LEED Commissioning addresses both Design oversight and Construction oversight
The Cost of Commissioning The budget for commissioning is commensurate with the
complexity of the system installed. ie. constant-volume system will cost less to commission than a
multi-zone variable-volume system. As a general rule of thumb, the commissioning effort will
be 1% - 7% of the project cost. Some of this is typically included in the
subcontractor's contracts; for example, the controls contractor should calibrate all instrumentation as part of his contract.
The Savings from Commissioning Why does commissioning save energy?
Reduces energy waste from improperly operating equipment Example: thermostats reading 1ºF high will cause chiller to run 5% more
than needed. Proper pre-occupancy commissioning can save 1% to 5% of energy
consumption
Energy Performance Measurement
• Submetering• Monitoring and Verification