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Survey and Manage Species Analysis Gordon Hill Vegetation and Fuels Management Project
Smith River National Recreation Area, Six Rivers National Forest
July 24, 2014
Completed by: /s/ Lisa D. Hoover__ Date: ____7/24/2014_________
Lisa D. Hoover Forest Botanist Six Rivers National Forest
Completed by: _/s/ Brenda Devlin-Craig Date: ___7/24/2014___________
Brenda Devlin-Craig
Wildlife Biologist
Six Rivers National Forest
Introduction
The Survey and Manage Standards and Guidelines were developed to benefit species
closely associated with late-successional and old-growth forests. Species include plant
(vascular and non-vascular), fungi, terrestrial mollusk, aquatic mollusk, and vertebrate
species. The Survey and Manage provision for each species would apply to the range
(or portion of the range) of that species, to the particular habitats where concerns
exists for species’ persistence, and where management activities are considered
“habitat-disturbing” for that species (USDA/USDI 2001).
This analysis tiers to the recent district court’s remedy order issued on February 18, 2014
(Conservation Northwest v. Bonnie, W.WA No. C08-1067-JCC). This remedy order
followed after the 9th Circuit Court of Appeals rejected the 2011 Consent Decree
executed in resolution of the district court action (Conservation Northwest, et al v.
Harris Sherman, et al and D.R. Johnson Company, 715 F.3d. 1181, C.A. 9 (Wash), April
25, 2013).
Included in this ruling was an allowance for the Forest Service to continue developing and
implementing projects that met the 2011 Settlement Agreement exemptions or species
list if the project met one or more specified categories. Projects in planning or
development prior to April 25, 2013 that relied on the 2011 Consent Decree
(settlement agreement exemptions and/or species list) may continue with planning or
implementation as long as they fall within one or more of the following categories: :
(a) Projects in which any Survey and Manage pre-disturbance survey(s) have been initiated
(defined as at least one occurrence of actual in-the-field surveying undertaken
according to applicable protocol) in reliance upon the 2011 Consent Decree species list
on or before April 25, 2013;
(b) Projects, at any stage of project planning, in which any known site(s) (as defined by the
2001 Record of Decision (ROD) has been identified and has had known site-
management recommendations for that particular species applied to the project in
reliance upon the 2011 Consent Decree on or before April 25, 2013.
(c) Projects, at any stage of project planning, that the Agencies designed to be consistent
with one or more of the new exemptions contained in the 2011 Consent Decree on or
before April 25, 2013.
The exemptions referenced in the last category were stipulated by Judge Pechman
(October 11, 2006, “Pechman exemptions”) and ordered by the court in Northwest
Ecosystem Alliance et al. v. Mark E. Rey et al., No. 04-844P, (W.D. Wash. October 10,
2006). The exemptions are as follows:
A. Thinning projects in stands younger than 80 years old;
B. Replacing culverts on roads that are in use and part of the road system, and removing
culverts if the road is temporary or to be decommissioned;
C. Riparian and stream improvement projects where the riparian work is riparian planting,
obtaining material for placing in-stream, and road or trail decommissioning; and where
the stream improvement work is the placement of large wood, channel and floodplain
reconstruction, or removal of channel diversions; and
D. The portions of projects involving hazardous fuel treatments where prescribed fire is
applied. Any portion of a hazardous fuel treatment project involving commercial
logging will remain subject to the survey and manage requirements except for thinning
of stands younger than 80 years old under subparagraph a. of this paragraph.
Project Description
The Gordon Hill Vegetation and Fuels Management Project proposes to reduce hazardous
fuel and restore habitat conditions on approximately 2,749 acres of conifer/hardwood
stands through commercial thinning, timber stand improvement (pre-commercial
thinning), and fuels reduction treatments utilizing mechanical, manual, and prescribed
burning methods. Specifically, this project consists of
(1) Fuel reduction treatments would occur on 1,168 acres in association with high-risk
roadside and ridge top units. Fuelbreaks would be built on ridgetops to approximately
150 feet in width on each side of the road or other various combinations except where
associated with mid-mature and older stands. In these stands treatments will clear fuel
concentrations within the first 50 feet of the roadside and nearest ridgeline only, and
elsewhere maintain 40-50% cover of shrubs in the remaining fuelbreak area to provide
for forest floor vegetation heterogeneity. These fuelbreak corridors will be created by
reducing shrubs, small trees less than 8” diameter breast height (dbh), and ground
fuels. Methods of treatment include biomass utilization, hand piling and burning,
understory burning, or chipping of materials.
(2) Pine dominated fuels treatment is associated with the Camp Six Communication Site.
Shrubs and trees would be thinned to a 10 to 20 foot spacing using hand methods.
After thinning, cut stems would be piled burned or provided fire wood gathering.
(3) Commercial thinning of 655 acres across 41 units is planned within even aged stands
that are plantations and natural stands in early seral stages of development or mid-
mature. Units receiving this treatment occur both within and outside of designated
shaded fuelbreaks. Treatments would consist of variable density thinning. The general
prescription would be commercial thinning from below down to between 40 and 60%
or greater canopy cover, although this would be highly variable. Variable basal area
retention would be applied to create gaps and promote horizontal diversity while in
other areas clumps of trees would be maintained. No predominant trees would be
removed. Existing snags (20” dbh or greater) and downed logs (20” diameter or greater
and 10 feet long) would be maintained unless they pose a safety hazard or reduce the
effectiveness of the shaded fuelbreaks. Stands would be logged using ground or cable
yarding systems.
(4) Timber sale improvement treatments across 795 acres in 41 units would involve non-
commercial thinning and removal of small diameter trees in dense young plantations
and conifer-hardwood stands. Spacing in areas of small diameter trees would be 15 to
24 feet to maintain an approximate 40% canopy closure. All stands are either in the
pole-harvest or early-mature seral stages. Stands will be treated by hand or by
mastication. Material would be masticated up to approximately 6-8 inches above the
ground surface. Activity fuel treatments would include one or several of the following
actions: hand pile and burn, mastication, fuelwood and biomass utilization, and lop and
scatter of slash (activity generated fuels are lopped into smaller pieces and scattered
throughout the unit to a depth no greater than 18 inches). The largest trees with the
the best crown development would be retained.
(5) Activity fuels treatment would occur in association with commercial and timber stand
improvement units via manual, mechanical, and prescribed burning methods (ie. under
story or hand or machine pile burning). Categories of treatment range from cutting
understory vegetation, hand pile and burning to chipping, mastication or yarding tops
to landings.
(6) Restoration treatments would apply to 95 acres of Jeffrey pine/grassland and 26 acres
of sugar pine dominated stands. In the case of the former, prescribed fire, of low
intensity, would be applied to remove encroaching vegetation and in some cases pre-
treatment (hand piling and burning) of shrubs and small diameter trees would be
implemented. Woody debris would be raked or otherwise removed from the base of
established mature trees to prevent scorching the bole or flaming into the lower
canopy. Maintenance burning intervals of would vary depending on the unit or portion
thereof; maintenance burning interval for those that support Sensitive plant species
would aim for a 10 year burn interval and those without Sensitive plants at intervals
approximating 5 years. Sugar pine stand restoration would consist of removing all
small diameter trees under the drip line of (up to 30 feet from base of tree) of the large
pines, as well as thin the understory. In the units with pole-sized sugar pine,
treatments will be similar to the TSI units described above, except that sugar pine will
favored over other species.
Assessment Process:
Survey and Manage Standards and Guidelines germane to this project are as follows:
1. Manage for known sites of Survey and Manage species in Categories A, B, C, D and E in
keeping with current management direction for these species.
2. Complete pre-disturbance surveys for Category A and C species if activity is potentially
habitat disturbing such that it is likely to have a significant negative impact on the
species’ habitat, life cycles, microclimate, or life support requirements (USDA/USDI
2001).
The following steps were conducted to determine which species would be carried forward in
the analysis and which of the aforementioned activities are considered habitat disturbance.
1. Query of the National Resources Information System (NRIS) database, known sites
database for Survey and Manage species historic records, databases associated with the
Northwest Forest Plan Strategic Survey efforts and associated spatial coverages to
determine if known sites exist in the project area.
2. Reviewed Geographic Information System (GIS) spatial layers of the vegetative sub-series
and seral stage in which the units occurred and ortho-digital quads, elevation gradient of
the project area, land-use history (i.e. past logging), aerial photographs for refining GIS
information, literature pertaining to species of interest (e.g. USDA/USDI 2003, McCune and
Geiser 2009) and professional knowledge of species habitat and distribution on the Forest
to determine which species would be considered for pre-disturbance surveys.
3. Determined which activities may compromise the persistence of a species at a site based
upon the focal species’ habitat, life cycle, micro-climate or life support requirements.
4. Based upon the determination of habitat disturbing activities, assessed level of
management for known sites to assure persistence at a site and the portion of the project
area warranting pre-disturbance surveys.
In regards to the #4 above, given that Survey and Manage species are associated with late
successional forests which provide habitat components, microclimatic conditions and other life
supporting attributes for the persistence of these species at a given site, only those activities
associated with commercial treatments and associated fuel corridors coincident with mid-
mature stands could potentially affect Survey and Manage species.
A. Consideration of Habitat Disturbing Activities and Seral Stages
In regards to assessing the need for pre-disturbance surveys, given that Survey and Manage
species are associated with late-successional forests which provide habitat components,
microclimatic conditions and other life supporting attributes for the persistence of these species,
therefore; in general only those activities occurring in mid-mature and older stands could
potentially affect the habitat of Survey and Manage species. Exceptions may arise in early mature
stands where the structure varies and remnant, older trees persist. All of the units proposed for
commercial treatment are in the early-mature, early with previous harvest or pole-harvest seral
stages ; all timber stand improvement units are in the early mature or pole harvest seral stages.
Only fuels treatments would occur in stands with mid-mature to late-mature stand conditions.
The proportion of the units within the mid- to late-mature category comprises 8% of the project
acres.
In summary, early-mature and younger stands are not considered potential habitat for Survey and
Manage species, therefore, activities planned for these settings will not be further analyzed.
B. Consideration of species category, range, habitat, and current scientific information
Other considerations that would preclude further analysis of Survey and Manage species for this
project are as follows:
a. Species assigned to Category F, a category which does not require management of known
sites or pre-disturbance surveys.
b. Species assigned to Categories B, D, or E, categories requiring management of known sites
where no known sites are documented in this project area.
c. Species assigned to Categories A or C, categories requiring pre-disturbance surveys (if
habitat-disturbing activities are suspected) but these species’ habitats do not correspond to
the project area.
d. Species assigned to Categories A or C but the ranges of these species do not coincide with
Six Rivers National Forest
Survey and Manage Species Analysis
A. Known sites of Survey and Manage Species Review of NRIS and other datasets indicated there were no known sites of vertebrate, fungi,
vascular plant, lichen, or bryophyte species in the proposed units prior to conducting pre-
disturbance surveys.
B. Survey and Manage Species Further Analyzed
Category A and Category C species identified for pre-disturbance surveys were based upon species
range relative to the project area, presence of suitable habitat in the project area and extent of
habitat-disturbing activities therein, and current scientific information relative to species
taxonomy. As a result of the analysis, pre-disturbance surveys were conducted for two vascular
plants, Cypripedium montanum and C. fasciculatum and two non-vascular species, Lobaria oregana
and Usnea longissima. As a result of surveys, there were three detections of Lobaria oregana and
one two of Usnea longissma.
Of the faunal species, pre-disturbance surveys were conducted in five commercial units deemed
suitable habitat for a Category C species, the Oregon red tree vole (Arborimus longicaudus). Pre-
disturbance surveys were conducted in August and September 2012 in units 2, 3, 17, 57 and 88 and
yielded no evidence of Oregon red tree vole (Table 1.)
Table 1. RTVO survey results
Unit # Unit
Acres
Date
Completed
Confirmed
RTVO
nests
Unconfirmed
(suspected)
RTVO Nests
2 58 9/11/2012 0 0
3 42 9/11/2012 0 0
17 15 8/27/2012 0 0
57 4 8/22/2012 0 0
88 4 8/22/2012 0 0
Other than the Oregon red tree vole, all other Survey and Manage Category A or C vertebrate and
mollusk species exist outside the range of the project’s planning area; therefore faunal Survey and
Manage species will not be further analyzed.
Appendix A includes a list of literature and other references providing a basis for which species
were brought forward for further analysis for this project.
Evaluation of the Proposed Action on Survey and Manage Species:
The following is an evaluation of habitat disturbing activities relative to the detected Survey and
Manage species in the Gordon Project Area, Lobaria oregana and Usnea longissima (Table 2).
Table 2. Species, units and other attributes Survey and Manage species detections
Species/UTMs Zone
10 NAD 83
Units* Substrate Setting/Habitat for
Detection
Lobaria oregana TSI Unit 87, FB-13B
and FB-43A
TSI Unit 87
420,433/4,630,874
Douglas-fir 10” DBH,
on bole
EM stand; tree
adjacent to road
Unit FB-13B
423,791/4,625,728
Douglas-fir 25” DBH,
on branches and as
litterfall
LM stand, upslope
from creek
Unit FB-43A Douglas-fir 18” DBH, Grassy flat, creek
426,469/4,620,224 on bole bluff
Usnea longissima JP Rest 78 (3 trees) &
81 (1 tree)
JP Rest 78
417,891/4,629,609 (center)
Douglas-fir ranging
from 9” to 24” DBH
Open Douglas-fir-
Jeffrey pine
grassland
JP Rest 81 417,790/4,630,550
Jeffrey pine, 15” DBH Single tree in middle
of Idaho fescue
grassland
*TSI=timber stand improvement, FB= fuelbreak, JP Rest= Jeffrey pine restoration
The following assessment considers the extent and significance of habitat disturbance, in particular,
changes in microclimate, available substrate or life support requirements of the species that may
result from the proposed actions.
Lobaria oregana
As a lichen, Lobaria oregana exchanges water and gases through its “skin” and thus is influenced by
changes in atmospheric moisture. Generally speaking, lichens are most susceptible to changes in
their environment when the thallus is hydrated. In this condition, lichens are most
photosynthetically active, contrarily, no gas exchange occurs in air-dried lichens (Nash 1996).
Changes in atmospheric moisture and its effect on lichens are influenced by temperature. Lichens
are well-adapted to temperatures experienced in their micro-habitat (Nash 1996), but tolerances to
heat outside the natural range of variability can trigger a stress response in the lichen. In a dry
state, lichens have a tremendous capacity to tolerate heat stress, but when hydrated that tolerance
diminishes.
In North America, Lobaria oregana is distributed across the Pacific Northwest (except the east
Cascade area), in the Klamath and northern North Coast Range of California, and also occurs in
Idaho and British Columbia (Derr et al. 2003). On the Six Rivers National Forest, there are two
known sites on the Orleans Ranger District which represent the eastern and southern-most
occurrences of this species documented on the Forest. The remaining occurrences are on the Smith
River National Recreation Area, where the species occurs in the Shelley, Myrtle, Coon, Hurdygurdy,
Jones, Horse Creek watersheds and Middle Fork Smith River watershed.
Lobaria oregana is a foliose lichen that in the Klamath Range of California is most often associated
with legacy, old-growth or predominant trees in stands ranging in seral stage development from
early to late-mature. If observed in the canopy, Lobaria oregana is typically distributed on the inner
portion of the branches close to the bole, compared to occupying outer branches such as species of
Usnea sp. or Ramalina sp. This observation is corroborated by research conducted in the western
Cascades of Oregon that demonstrated a preference of Lobaria oregana for inner crown positions
and middle and lower positions in the canopy (Sillet 1995). Environmental and micro-climatic
conditions of a given geographic setting are factors that would influence how Lobaria oregana is
distributed in the tree, for example riparian influences.
What does appear common in regards to the distribution of Lobaria oregana within and across
stands is that propagule availability and its dispersal are limiting factors. Lobaria oregana
reproduces primarily by fragmentation, whereby pieces of the thallus (the body of the lichen) break
off and become established on lower branches or other conifer trees in the subcanopy, regardless of
the age of the substrate. In contrast, lichen species that produce soredia, provide a relatively light-
weight and thus easily dispersed propagule (Shirazi et. al. 1996). Reproduction by producing
soredia is not known to Lobaria oregana.
If environmental and micro-climatic conditions are suitable, Lobaria oregana can become
established in younger stands if propagules find their way to these stands. This was evidenced as a
result of surveys conducted for this project; at two of the three sites, the substrates were a 10” and
18” DBH Douglas-fir, respectively. This ability to become established in young stands implies that
stand structural and associated micro-climatic conditions associated with mature stands may not be
the sole driver in defining Lobaria oregana’s distribution within and among stands; disperal
limitation also plays a role (Sillet et. al. 2000).
While micro-climatic conditions associated with mature stands or even settings in a given stand may
not be the sole driver, these conditions are factors that influence Lobaria oregana’s establishment
and growth. Given that the photosynthetic component of Lobaria oregana is a cyanobacteria with
limitations to dissipating excess (unusable) sunlight, Lobaria oregana may be distributed in given
tree or stand in association with shaded habitats as are other cyanobacteria lichens, due to a
differential response to light stress compared to lichens with an algal partner (Demmig-Adams et.
al. 1990). Factors that might play a role in the resiliency of Lobaria oregana under a given set of
light conditions and thus its distribution in a tree or across a stand include seasonal temperature,
adaptive cabability of individuals in a population to adjust to differing environments (Shirazi et al.
1996) and oceanic or riverine influences.
Activities which remove or damage the substrate upon which Lobaria oregana is attached and
growing, remove sub-canopy trees which serve as local sites for thalli fragment establishment,
isolate “parent” trees thus reducing dispersal opportunities across a stand, and alter the existing
shade/lighting or atmospheric conditions beyond the threshold tolerated by Lobaria oregana, are
those that could negatively affect the persistence of Lobaria oregana at a site.
Table 1 displays the units in which Lobaria oregana was detected. One detection is associated with
a timber stand improvement (TSI) unit and the other two are within fuelbreak units. Given the
ecology and conservation concerns of this species discussed above, activities within the TSI unit that
could disturb Lobaria oregana is removal of the occupied substrate, extensive removal of trees
proximal to the known site and pile burning near the canopy of the occupied tree. In Unit FB-13A,
Lobaria oregana was detected both on the branch of a late-mature Douglas-fir and as litter fall.
Although not observed, late-mature trees proximal to the occupied tree may also support thalli of
Lobaria oregana in the canopy. In Unit FB-43A, Lobaria oregana was located on the bole of a
solitary Douglas-fir tree in a grassy opening situated on a bluff above Hurdygurdy Creek. Activities
within these fuels unit that could disturb Lobaria oregana is pile burning near the occupied or in the
case of FB-13A, potential substrate.
Usnea longissima
Lichens are symbiotic organisms composed of a fungal partner and one or more photosynthetic
partners (either an alga or a blue-green bacterium). The plant body of an individual lichen is called
the “thallus.” Nearly all lichens have a cortex, which is comprised of the fungal component. In these
organisms, light penetration must be great enough to reach through the cortex to the algal
component of the lichen if net photosynthetic rates and sufficient growth rates are to be achieved
(Nash 1996).
Usnea longissima (USLO) is a filamentous, fruticose lichen that grows in canopy openings near areas
of higher moisture, such as creeks, and can occur more inland in areas with periodic fog. USLO has a
pendulous growth habit and grows in long strands, draping trees and shrubs. Main branches are
almost undivided, and side branches are perpendicular and short to moderately long.
USLO is a circumboreal species. In North America, USLO occurs predominately along the northern
Pacific Coast of North America from Alaska to northern California, where its distribution is limited
and patchy (Keon and Muir 2002). Reproduction is primarily through fragmentation, whereby
fragments of the thallus break and disperse to suitable substrate. As fragments, USLO can disperse
short distances to the branches of sub-canopy conifers, hardwoods, and shrubs, raising the
importance of the proximity of suitable substrate to the host tree or propagule source (Esseen et al.
1981). This short-distance dispersal may possibly explain the patchy distribution of biomass
accumulation across a stand. Dispersal distance may be increased beyond an immediate tree to
local substrate dispersal by prevailing and oft strong winds and open settings, such as those
associated with riverine and riparian corridors.
Throughout its range from California to Washington, USLO occurs in late-successional conifer stands
with hardwood associates and in riparian areas; however, investigations have shown that thalli can
grow and thrive in habitats predicted to be the least suitable (Keon and Muir 2002). This was
indicated by the survey results in Gordon, where USLO was located on individual mature Douglas-
firs in the open setting of Jeffrey pine/Idaho fescue woodlands. The grassland openings in the
project area were surrounded by mature Douglas-fir/hardwood dominated stands which may have
served as the “parent” or inoculum source for the thalli in the opening.
The proposed activity for the units where USLO occurs that may affect the species is prescribed fire.
As a filamentous, fruticose lichen, the structure of USLO maintains a high surface-to-volume ratio,
higher even compared to needles, grass and evergreen shrubs (Rundel 1981). These high surface-to-
volume ratios allow for more rapid drying and wetting (Nash 1996); however, as a consequence,
during the dry stage, USLO would be flammable if exposed to fire (Auclair 1983). Burning when dry
is one issue; fire-related heat when hydrated (during the rainy season in N. California-late fall to late
spring) is another. While lichens are well-adapted to temperatures experienced in their micro-
habitat, exposure to heat outside the natural range of variability can trigger a stress response (Nash
1996). Exposure to heat from fire when hydrated, lichens may also perish (Brodo et al. 2001).
In addition to heat exposure and flammability, USLO is vulnerable to changes in air quality that
might result from burning. USLO is one of the lichen species that is sampled and analyzed as an
indicator of air quality (McCune and Geiser 1997). Lichens basically “breathe” through the skin of
the thalli and have no means of avoiding exposure (i.e. they lack a cuticle and stomates); therefore
pollutants may readily diffuse into the algal layer, thereby disrupting the symbiotic balance between
the fungus and alga. Due to its biology and other characteristics of the species (e.g. filamentous
morphology and high surface-to-volume ratio), USLO is vulnerable to changes in the quality of
atmospheric condition. Physiological reactions may include loss of membrane integrity and
breakdown of pigment (Nash 1996), in addition to necrosis and death.
In summary, issues to consider when evaluating environmental effects to USLO relative to this
project include: a. maintenance of occupied substrate and b. exposure to heat, flames or smoke.
Usnea longissima occupies the outside branches of trees in this project. Thalli (the body of the
organism) threads can fragment from an occupy tree and fall to understory small trees or spread to
other substrates via wind-blown fragments. Activities which completely clear the trees in the
understory of the occupied tree, can remove potential substrate for future recruitment. Pile
burning activities are a concern due to changes in atmospheric conditions, increased heat and
potential ignition of lichen thalli. Smoke generated during burning, especially during the wet
season, when the lichen is photosynthetically active, can change the atmospheric quality to the
detriment of Usnea longissima. Pile burning proximal to occupy substrates can result in localized
heating conditions unfavorable to the species and given its pendulous nature, flames from
understory burning could ignite the thalli, especially during the dry season.
To provide for persistence at the sites for Lobaria oregana and Usnea longissima the following
project design features have been incorporated into the Gordon Project:
Lobaria oregana
a) In Unit 87, a no-disturbance buffer of approximately 1000sqft was delineated in the unit by
white/orange striped flagging.
b) In FB unit 13B, occupied tree was flagged (with white/orange striped flagging) as well as an
approximately 2400sqft, no pile burning buffer that encircles approximately four late-
mature Douglas-fir trees.
c) In FB unit 43A, occupied tree was flagged, no pile burning beneath canopy of occupied tree.
Usnea longissima
a) Unit 78, USLO occurs at three sites. Substrates are all Douglas-fir trees ranging in diameter
from 9 to 24 inches. A 25 foot buffer has been established around each occurrence. Do not
remove any conifers 10 inches in diameter and greater. Locate cut vegetation outside of the
buffer for pile burning. Avoid understory burning in buffered areas via establishment of a
handline.
b) In Unit 81, USLO was detected on a 15 inch diameter Jeffrey pine tree isolated in the middle
of the grassland immediately adjacent to the SISE monitoring plot. Rake any debris that
could act as a fuel source away from base of the occupied tree.
With the project design features in place, the Gordon Project provides for site persistence of
Lobaria oregana and Usnea longissima.
Appendix A. Literature Cited and Survey and Manage Species References
Auclair, A. N. D. 1983. The role of fire in lichen-dominated tundra and forest-tundra. In: Wein, Ross
W., MacLean D.A. eds. The role of fire in northern circumpolar ecosystems. Scope 18. John
Wiley and Sons, New York, NY. Pp. 235-256.
Bridgeoporus nobilissimus – fungus, Category A. Email correspondences with Kelli Van Norman
(Oregon Bureau of Land Management), Lorelei Norvell (Editor-in-Chief, Mycotaxon), Tom O’Dell
(coauthor of Handbook to Strategy 1 fungal species in the Northwest Forest Plan) in summer
2005 indicate that the California occurrence of Bridgeoporus nobilissimus is likely a data error in
the ISMS database. In 2010, this species was located and verified in Redwood National Park; the
first location in California. Outside the range of Six Rivers NF.
Christy, J.A., D.H. Wagner 1996. Guide for the identification of rare, threatened or sensitive
bryophytes in the range of the northern spotted owl, western Washington, western Oregon, and
northwestern California. USDI Bureau of Land Management.
Demming-Adams, B., W.W. Adams III, T.G.A. Green, F.C. Czygan and O.L. Lange. 1990. Differences in
the susceptibility to light stress in two lichens forming a phycosymbiodeme, one partner
possessing and on lacking the xanthophyll cycle. Oecologia 84: 451-456.
Derr, CC, R. Helliwell, A. Ruchty, L. Hoover, L. Geiser, Lebo & J. Davis. 2002. Survey Protocol for
Category A & C Lichens, version 2.0. USDA Forest Service and USDI Bureau of Land
Management, BLM/OR/WA/PL-02/045+1792.
http://www.blm.gov/or/plans/surveyandmanage/files/sp-li-lichens_v2-2002-10-18-att1.pdf
Derr, C, and R. Lesher, L. Geiser, M. Stein. 2003. 2003 Amendment to the Survey Protocol for Survey
and Manage Category A & C Lichens in the Northwest Forest Plant Area. Management
recommendations for Survey and Manage Lichens, version 2.1. USDA Forest Service and USDI
Bureau of Land Management. http://www.blm.gov/or/plans/surveyandmanage/files/07-
lichens_v2-1_amend_enclosed.pdf
Esseen, P.A, L. Ericson, H. Lindstrom and O. Zackrisson. 1981. Occurrence and ecology of Usnea
longissima in central Sweden. Lichenologist 13:177-190.
Fredericks, N., 1996. Draft management recommendations. Bryophytes. Installment 1. Unpublished
Report. Six Rivers National Forest.
Geiser, L. 2000. Reconfigured by Stein, M. 2004. Conservation Assessment for 11 species of coastal
lichens. http://www.fs.fed.us/r6/sfpnw/issssp/planning-documents/assessments.shtml
Glavich, DA, LH Geiser, AG Mikulin. 2005. Rare epiphytic coastal lichen habitats, modeling, and
management in the Pacific Northwest. Bryologist 108(3) 377-390.
Glavich, D. 2013. Conservation Assessment for 8 Species of Coastal Lichens.
http://www.fs.fed.us/r6/sfpnw/issssp/documents2/ca-li-8-coastal-lichens-2013-06.pdf,
Hoover, L.D. 2013 Biological Evaluation/Biological Assessment for Threatened, Endangered,
Sensitive Plant and Fungi Species, Gordon Hill Vegetation and Fuels Management Project, Smith
River National Recreation Area, Six Rivers National Forest. On file Six Rivers National Forest,
Eureka, CA.
Keon, D. B. and P.S. Muir 2002. Growth of Usnea longissima Across a Variety of Habitats in the
Oregon Coast Range. The Bryologist, 105(2): 233-242. Lesher, R.D. and J.A. Henderson. 1998.
Management recommendations for spleenwort-leaved goldthread (Coptis asplenifolia Salisb.),
Version 2.0. USDA Forest Service and USDI Bureau of Land Management.
http://www.blm.gov/or/plans/surveyandmanage/MR/VascularPlants/section6.htm
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