Surfactants

PRESENTING BY: ZAGROS A.OMAR

SUPERVISE: Dr, ROONAK

Soran University Faculty of Science 2015-2016

Outline

HISTORY OF SURFACTANTDEFINATION OF SURFACTANTTYPES OF SURFACTANTSTRECTURAL AGGREGATESMICELLESAPLICATION OF SURFACTANTSEFETY AND INVIRONMENTAL RESK REFRENCE

HISTORY OF SURFACTANT

the  first  discovery of surfactant In 1929 Kurt von Neergaard, a German-born physiologist working in Switzerland

Is a surface-active agent, a wetting agent, a substance, is Natural or synthetic,

substance such as a detergent, that can reduce the surface tension of a liquid and thus allow it to foam or penetrate solids.

inition

Surfactant classification according to the composition of their head: nonionic, anionic, cationic, amphoteric

Anionic surfactantsIn these surfactants the hydrophilic group is negatively charged.  They are the most widely used type of surfactants for laundering, dishwashing liquids and shampoos.  They are particularly good at keeping the dirt. Four anionic surfactants are used:a)alkylbenzene sulfonates

b) alkyl sulfates

c) alkyl ether sulfates

d) soaps

Cationic surfactantsWith these surfactants, the hydrophilic head is positively charged.there are several types, each used for a specific purpose.(a) Mono alkyl quaternary systems

b) Esterquats

Nonionic surfactantsThese surfactants do not bear an electrical charge and are often used together with anionic surfactants. An advantage is that they do not interact with calcium and magnesium ions in hard water.

Amphoteric surfactantsAmphoteric (or zwitterionic) surfactants are so called because the head-group carries both a negative and positive charge.  A range of methods is used to produce such materials, which contain ammonium ion (a cation).  The negatively charged group can be carboxylate, -CO2

-, sulfate, -OSO3- or

sulfonate, -SO3-.  A long-chain carboxylic acid reacts with a diamine to form a

tertiary amine.  On further reaction with sodium chloroethanoate, a quaternary salt is formed: 

4 nm

Unimers Normal micelles

sphericalcylindrical

Bilayer lamellaReverse micelles

Inverted hexagonal phase

Surfactant Aggregates

MicellesDirect micelles

Surfactant Solubilized organicmolecules (oil)

H2O

Reverse micelles

H2O

n-decaneC10H22

Surfactant

H2O

Micelle

Applications

Safety and environmental risks

Most anionic and nonionic surfactants are nontoxic.

REFERENCE

http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/surfactanthttp://dictionary.reference.com/browse/surfactant

http://www.rsc.org/chemistryworld/Issues/2003/July/amphiphiles.asp http://www.rsc.org/chemistryworld/Issues/2003/July/amphiphiles.asp

http://www.kidport.com/reflib/science/humanbody/cardiovascular/http://www.kidport.com/reflib/science/humanbody/cardiovascular/Capillaries.htmCapillaries.htm

http://www.essentialchemicalindustry.org/materials-and-applications/surfactants.html. http://www.essentialchemicalindustry.org/materials-and-applications/surfactants.html.

Mayer, Robert G. Mayer, Robert G. Embalming: History, Theory, and Practice. Embalming: History, Theory, and Practice. New York: New York: Mcgraw-Hill Medical, 2012. Print.Mcgraw-Hill Medical, 2012. Print.