surface water quality and availability issues kaur

8/13/2019 Surface Water Quality and Availability Issues Kaur

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Demand and Available Utilizable Water

Urban demand1990 25 BCM

2025 52 BCM

Industrial Demand1990 34 BCM

2025 191 BCM

Agricultural Demand 2025 770 BCM

Total 1013 BCM

Aggregate annual utilizable water in India 1100 BCM


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Per Capita Availability of Water

1947 5150 Cu.m

2000 2200 Cu.m

2017 1600 Cu.m

Water Stressed Condition


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Water Usage by Sector – A Bird’s Eye View


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Fresh Water Crisis

• Increased Pollution of Surface and GroundWater.

• Improper Water Resource Management

• Shortcomings in the Design.

• Lack of implementation of legislation and

regulations.

• Increase in Population.

• Undue aspiration of the rich


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Excessive extraction of groundwater.

Chemical and bacteriological contaminants in drinkingwater.

Ingress of seawater into coastal aquifers.

Pollution of ground and surface water from agrochemicalsand industrial waste.

Pollution of ground and surface water due to urban bodies

not resorting to adequate waste management.

Shortage of water due to


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The blocks in redare areas where, due

to extraction of

groundwater,

especially forirrigation, the

groundwater levels

have fallen by more

than 4 metres (@ >

20 cm/year) during

1981-2000

Source: CGWB

Groundwater Depletion


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Generation of Waste Water - India

–

Domestic sewage is the major source of pollution inIndia in surface water which contribute pathogens,

the main source of water borne diseases along with

depletion of oxygen in water bodies.

–

Sewage, agricultural run-off & industrial effluentscontribute large amount of nutrients in surface water

causing eutrophication

– Pesticides consumption is about 1,00,000

tonnes/year of which AP, Haryana, Punjab, TN, WB,Gujarat, UP and Maharashtra are principal

consumers.

– Industrial waste gets mixed with municipal waste and

thus pollute the waterbodies and soil further.


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Impacts on Untreated return after Use

Domestic: 423 Class I Cities and 499 Class II townsharboring population of 20 Crores generate about 26254mld of wastewater of which only 6955 mld is treated.(about 25%)

Industrial: About 57,000 polluting industries in Indiagenerate about 13,468 mld of wastewater out of whichnearly 60% (generated from large & medium industries) istreated.

Non-point sources also contribute significant pollutionloads only in rainy season with good flows in river system.

Basic Source: CPCB / MoEF


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I. Municipal Waste Water (MWW)29000 Million litres per day (MLD) waste water is generated and only6000 MLD is collected and treated. Rest are discharged untreated in

water bodies and land causing pollution in surface and groundwater.

Recommendations

In phase manner, MWW to be collected and treated as per

standard of CPCB/SPCB, and also considering pollution

status of recipient water bodies.

More emphasis to use treated water for irrigation etc.

Minimum flow of water in river to be maintained to achieve

desired water quality. Promotion of more decentralised waste water treatment

facility.

Linking of rivers for optimum utilisation of water resources.

Quality of water at water intake point of water works to be

strictly maintained as per CPCB guidelines.


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Concentration Range (mg/h) of Heavy

Metals in the Ganga

Location AS Cd Cr Cu Fe Pb Mn Hg Ni Zn

Rishi Kesh ND ND-0.4 ND-0.29 ND- 0.09 ND-34.8 ND- 0.17 ND- 1.06 ND- 0.08 ND- 0.12 ND- 0.35

G

Mukteshwar

ND ND-

0.007

ND- 3.74 ND- 0.06 ND- 30.5 ND- 0.36 ND- 1.60 ND-

ND-

ND-

0.08

ND-0.47

Kanpur ND ND-0.02 ND-1.55 ND-0.07 ND-20.04

ND- 0.44 ND-0.90 ND-0.009

ND- 0.11 ND- 1.26

Varanasi ND ND-

0.012

ND- 0.54 ND- 0.13 ND-

22.85

ND- 0.85 ND- 2.08 ND- 0.04 ND- 0.16 ND- 1.51

Patna ND-

0.01

ND

-0.07

ND- 0.13 ND- 0.32 ND- 23.2 ND- 0.83 ND- 0.33 ND-

ND

ND- 0.22 ND-1.45

Dakshinawar NDND

ND- 0.01 ND- 1.30 ND- 0.14 ND- 33.8 ND-1.28 ND- 0.70 ND- 0.01 ND- 0.21 ND- 0.87

Source: ITRC Lucknow Study 2002


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Pesticides in Water

170 registered pesticides in India – manufactured,used, imported and exported.

Four major categories-

a. Organochlorine

b. Organophasphate

c. Carbamates and

d. Pyretriods

Organochlorine pesticides are major concern becauseof these are persistence, toxicity, lipophiticity andtransboundary movements.


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Detection and Violations of Heavy Metals in Water

Sources

Metals WHO

Guidelines

Mg/L

River Water

N=4650

Drinking Water

N=1400

Detectors Violators Detectors Violators

As 0.01 Few None Few None

Cd 0.005 Many 5% Many 4%

Cr 0.05 Majority 15% Many 6%

Cu 0.1 Majority None Few None

Fe 0.3 AU 80% AU 20%

Lb 0.05 Majority 10% Many 6%

Mn 0.05 AU 40% Majority 3%

Hg 0.001 Many 5% None None

Zn 5 Majority None Many


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Persistent Organic Pollutants and Pesticides

Organic Chemicals (Pollutants) persists in environment for several

years.

Presence of halogen atom(s) and carbon rings impart them stability

and resist against breakdown by natural chemicals (hydrolysis,

oxidation, photolysis) and biological or microbial degradation.

These are persistent organic pollutants (POPs), which are highly

toxic to human and other living beings. Several of them are highly

carcinogen. In vapour stage it gets absorbed in atmospheric

particles and gets transported in other region/places.

12 POPs have been identified of which 9 are pesticides(organochlorine) and other 3 are industrial by products.


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Wastewater Reuse

This technology reduces the demands on potable sources of freshwater.

It may reduce the need for large wastewater treatment systems, ifsignificant portions of the waste stream and reused or recycled.

The technology may diminish the volume of wastewater discharged,resulting in a beneficial impact on the aquatic environment.

Capital costs are low to medium for most systems and are recoverable in a

very short time; this excludes systems designed for direct reuse of sewagewater.

Operation and maintenance are relatively simple except in direct reusesystems where more extensive technology quality control are required.

Provision of nutrient-rich wastewaters can increase agricultural productionin water-poor areas.

Pollution of rivers and ground waters may be reduced.

In most cases, the quality of the wastewater, as an irrigation water supply,is superior to that of well water.

Advantages:


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Wastewater Reuse

Reuse of wastewater may be seasonal in nature, resultingin the overloading of treatment and disposal facilities duringthe rainy season; if the wet season is of long durationand/or high intensity, the seasonal discharge of rawwastewaters may occur.

Health problems such as water-borne diseases and skinirritations, may occur in people coming into direct contactwith reused wastewater.

Gases, such as sulfuric acid, produced during the treatment

process can result in chronic health problems. Application of untreated wastewater as irrigation water oras injected recharge water may result in groundwatercontamination.

Disadvantages:


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Example of Human Waste use

Wastewater use in

agriculture

Australia, Federal

Republic of Germany,

India, Mexico, Tunisia.

Excreta use in agriculture China, Guatemala, India,

United States of America

Wastewater and excreta

use in aquaculture

India, Indonesia,

Bangladesh

Ancient practice in Eastern Asia and Western Pacific to

improve soil fertility


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Health Risks due to Wastewater Use

The agricultural or aquacultural use of excretaand waste-water can result in an actual risk.

Either an infective dose of an excreted pathogenreaches a field or pond, or the pathogenmultiplies in the field or pond to form an infectivedose.

The infective dose reaches a human host

The host becomes infected; andThe infection causes disease or furthertransmission.


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Deaths caused by selected infectious

diseases in the SEA Region, 2002

(Figures in 000)

Disease

Mortality stratum

Total Low child,

low adult

High child,

high adult

Respiratory infections 1377 121 1256

Diarrhoeal diseases 802 44 758

Tuberculosis 701 160 541

HIV/AIDS 445 60 385

Measles 193 32 161

Malaria 95 9 86

Source: World Health Report 2002


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Burden of disease in DALYs caused by

selected infectious diseases in the SEA

Region, 2002 (Figures in 000)

Disease

Mortality stratum

Total Low child,

low adult

High child,

high adult

Respiratory infections 32904 2497 30407

Diarrhoeal diseases 22377 1128 21249

Tuberculosis 15968 3549 12149

HIV/AIDS 13608 1850 11758

Measles 6922 1151 5771

Malaria 3680 353 3327

Source: World Health Report 2002

G t f I di A i


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Government of India Agencies

involved in Water & Sanitation

ProgrammePlanning Commission

Ministry of Urban Development/ CPHEEO

Ministry of Rural Development/ RGNDWM

Ministry of Water Resources/ CWC & CGWB.

Ministry of Environment & Forests/ CPCB.

Ministry of Health & Family Welfare/ NICD.

Ministry of Social Welfare.


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Water and Health: Background

About 21% communicable diseases are water borne

50 million suffer from intestinal diseases, like diarrhoea,

cholera, dysentery, typhoid etc.

5 million people die, of which 1.5 million are children

below 5.

Maximum morbidity and mortality occur due to diarrhoea.- Reported morbidity in 1998 was 9.6 million

- Infant mortality is 0.5 million every year

-In order to reduce morbidity/ infant mortality rate (IMR)/ B5 mortality, it isnecessary to reduce diarrhoea and jaundice, the main causes

- Common water borne microbiological disease include Cholera,

Diarrhoea, Dysentery, Typhoid, Bacillary, Trachoma, Amoebiasis,

Giardiasis, Worm infestation, Guineaworm, Viral Hepatitis, Philariasis,

Poliomyelitis etc.


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Water Quality Problems

Quality Problem Remarks

Fluoride The population at risk is estimated to be

around 66 million

Arsenic Arsenic contamination ground water exceeding

the permissible limit of .05 mg per litre in part

of West Bengal has been found as a major

quality problem and health hazard affecting

rural population of 4000 habitations.

Iron A total of 1,38,670 habitations spread over 16

states in the country are found to be affected

with iron contamination.Nitrate Nitrate is emerging as a major problem in the

States of Tamil Nadu, Rajasthan, Gujarat,

Karnataka, Maharashtra, and Uttar Pradesh

Brackishness 29 projects were sanctioned for Andhra

Pradesh, Karnatka, Kerala, Orissa, Punjab,Rajasthan, Tamil Nadu and Madhra Pradesh


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Rural

unsafe drinking water

Inadequate excreta disposal

Agricultural run-off containing chemicals andpesticides

Urban

Lack of infrastructure to meet rapid population rise

Uncontrolled industrialization

Lack of waste management

Water Related Environmental

Health Hazard


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About 1.6 Million deaths a year worldwide are attributedto unsafe water, sanitation and hygiene, mainly throughinfectious diarrhoea. Nine out of ten such deaths are inchildren, and virtually all the deaths are in developing

countries.

In India, the lack to access safe water and propersanitation facilities is a major cause for diarrhoealinfections, and kills 600,000 people annually.

Unsafe water and sanitation


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Inadequate municipal waste water treatment facilities add to

75% of water pollution. Surface water sources get polluted due

to municipal and industrial waste and agricultural runoff

Quality of ground water deteriorates due to over exploitation,

leaching of chemical fertilizers and or land disposal ofmunicipal and industrial waste

Lack of HH toilet facilities in the vulnerable areas

Inadequate solid waste management and landfill dumping

Lack of hygiene education and adaptation of poor personalhygiene practices.

Poor drainage facilities leading to silage / rain water collection

Environmental Sanitation


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Framework for Water Safety in 3rd

Edition WHO GDWQ

Health Based Targets

Water Safety Plans

1. System Assessment2. Monitoring of control measures

3. Management Plans

Independent Surveillance


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Water Safety Plan

A WSP comprises, as a minimum, the three

essential actions that are the responsibility

of the drinking water supplier in order to

ensure that drinking water is safe. Theseare:

a system assessment;

effective operational monitoring; and

management


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Suggesting Measures for Ground and

Surface Water Quality Management

1. Enforcement of Environmental protection rules.2. Making sewage treatment mandatory to begin with all the Urban

local bodies of class I cities under JNNURM and UIDSSMTprogrammers of MOUD

3. Incentives for recycling & reuse of wastewater.4. Incentives for rain water harvesting

5. Ground water recharge to form a part of development of an area (towns, village) right from planning stage.

6. Laboratory with logistic infrastructure.

7. Regular monitoring of water quality at different stretches includingground water

8. Updating of IS 10500, drinking water specification.


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Thank You

surface water quality and availability issues kaur

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