surface irrigation methods - usdasection 21 of 22 (21b - choosing an irrigation system) this chapter...

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1 Section 21 of 22 (21b - Choosing an Irrigation System) This Chapter Includes: Methods of applying water Effect of land slope Requirements, Considerations, Advantages/Disadvantages Surface Irrigation Methods Furrow Irrigation Basin or Level Border Irrigation Wild Flood Irrigation Graded Border Irrigation Corrugation Irrigation Agronomy Tech Note 76 (http://www.nm.nrcs.usda.gov/technical/handbooks/iwm/nmiwm.html )

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1

Section 21 of 22 (21b - Choosing an Irrigation System)

This Chapter Includes:

Methods of applying water Effect of land slope Requirements, Considerations, Advantages/Disadvantages

Surface Irrigation Methods

Furrow Irrigation Basin or Level Border Irrigation

Wild Flood Irrigation

Graded Border Irrigation Corrugation Irrigation

Agronomy Tech Note 76 (http://www.nm.nrcs.usda.gov/technical/handbooks/iwm/nmiwm.html)

2

Surface Irrigation Systems

Method

Adapted to Conservation Features Eff. %

Basins or Level Border

Close-growing crops on flat land with sandy soils.

Provides good control of water applied. Good for alkali control.

60-80

Graded Borders

Hay or grain on uniform slopes up to 3%; established pasture on uniform slopes up to 6%. Best adapted to light soils.

Provides uniform wetting and efficient water use. Utilizes large water streams safely and thus less time is required to cover area.

60-80

Corrugations

Close-growing crops on sloping land with soil slow to take water. Extreme care is needed in applying water to slopes of more than 2%.

Provides uniform wetting and prevents erosive water accumulation on land too rolling or steep for borders or basins. Makes use of small streams.

40-55

Furrows

Row crops, truck crops, orchards, vineyards and berries on gentle slopes with all but coarse-textured soils.

Provides no conservation features unless furrows laid on nearly level land on the contour and water applied with extreme care.

60-80

Controlled Flooding

Close-growing crops on rolling land; pasture sod established by corrugations or sprinkler.

Provides water control and fairly uniform wetting where land cannot be used for other methods.

65-80

Wild Flood

Water is allowed to flow over the land without the use of furrows, borders or other structures.

Provides little to no water control and non uniform wetting on sloping and rolling lands.

25-40

3

Factors Affecting the Selection of Surface Irrigation Systems

TTYYPPEE OOFF SSYYSSTTEEMM

MMAAXX.. WWAATTEERR

AAPPPPLLIICCAATTIIOONN RRAATTEE OOFF

IINNTTAAKKEE FFAAMMIILLYY

SSHHAAPPEE OOFF FFIIEELLDD

RROOWW CCRROOPPSS

AADDAAPPTTAABBLLEE TTOO SSOOWWNN DDRRIILLLLEEDD

OORR SSOODDDDEEDD CCRROOPPSS

OORRCCHHAARRDDSS AANNDD

VVIINNEEYYAARRDDSS

LLAABBOORR RREEQQUUIIRREEDD ((mmiinn//aaccrree))

AAPPPPRROOXXIIMMAATTEE CCOOSSTT (($$//aacc))

SSLLOOPPEE

NNoonn--SSooddddeedd CCrrooppss

SSoodd CCrrooppss MMIINN MMAAXX

BBaassiinnss,, LLeevveell BBoorrddeerr LLeessss tthhaann ..11%% SSllooppee 00..11 22 AAnnyy SShhaappee YYeess YYeess YYeess 66--3300 22..77--44

GGrraaddeedd BBoorrddeerrss GGrreeaatteerr tthhaann 00..11%% SSllooppee 00..11 22 AAnnyy SShhaappee YYeess YYeess YYeess 66--3300 22..77--44

CCoorrrruuggaattiioonnss 44..0000%% 88..0000%% 00..11 11..55 AAnnyy sshhaappee NNoo YYeess YYeess 2255--7722 11..44--22..77

FFuurrrroowwss 33..0000%% NNAA 00..11 33

RRoowwss sshhoouulldd bbee eeqquuaall iinn lleennggtthh YYeess YYeess YYeess 2255--7722 22..77--88..11

CCoonnttrroolllleedd FFllooooddiinngg 00..1100%% NNAA 00..33 22 RReeccttaanngguullaarr NNoo YYeess YYeess 1122--6600 22..77--88..11

4

Sprinkler Irrigation Methods

Center Pivot

Center Pivot Hand Move

Side Roll Solid Set Big Gun Traveling or Stationary

Linear Move

5

Sprinkler Irrigation Systems

MMeetthhoodd AAddaapptteedd TToo CCoonnsseerrvvaattiioonn FFeeaattuurreess EEffff.. %%

LLiinneeaarr MMoovvee

NNeeaarrllyy aallll ccrrooppss oonn aannyy iirrrriiggaabbllee ssooiillss,, eexxcceepptt iinn vveerryy

wwiinnddyy hhoott cclliimmaatteess..

PPrroovviiddeess ggoooodd ccoonnttrrooll ooff wwaatteerr aapppplliieedd.. GGoooodd ffoorr rreeccttaanngguullaarr ffiieellddss,, mmaayy bbee eeqquuiippppeedd wwiitthh ddrroopp ttuubbeess aanndd vvaarriioouuss sspprraayy hheeaaddss ttoo rreedduuccee wwiinndd ddrriifftt aanndd eevvaappoorraattiivvee lloosssseess aanndd ccaann ooppeerraattee oonn llooww pprreessssuurreess..

7755--9900

CCeenntteerr PPiivvoott AApppplliiccaattiioonn uunniiffoorrmmiittyy iiss uussuuaallllyy hhiigghh,, llaabboorr rreeqquuiirreemmeennttss aarree llooww aanndd pprreessssuurree rreeqquuiirreemmeennttss aarree oofftteenn llooww.. RReessuullttss ccaann bbee aaccccoommpplliisshheedd oonn ffiieellddss wwhhiicchh aarree lleessss tthhaann aa ffuullll cciirrccllee..

7755--9900

FFiixxeedd SSoolliidd SSeett LLaabboorr rreeqquuiirreemmeennttss aarree llooww,, eeaassiillyy aauuttoommaatteedd aanndd aapppplliiccaattiioonn uunniiffoorrmmiittyy iiss uussuuaallllyy hhiigghh.. 6600--7755

SSiiddee RRoollllss GGoooodd ffoorr rreeccttaanngguullaarr ffiieellddss,, nnoott aaddaapptteedd ttoo ttaallll ccrrooppss,, aalliiggnnmmeenntt mmaayy bbee ddiiffffiiccuulltt oonn uunndduullaattiinngg ttooppooggrraapphhyy.. 6600--7755

HHaanndd MMoovvee GGoooodd ffoorr iirrrreegguullaarr sshhaappeedd hhiillllss aanndd rroolllliinngg tteerrrraaiinn,, nnoott ssuuiitteedd ffoorr ttaallll ccrrooppss.. MMoorree llaabboorr iinntteennssiivvee tthhaann aa ssiiddee rroollll ssyysstteemm..

6600--7755

BBiigg GGuunn GGoooodd ffoorr iirrrreegguullaarr sshhaappeedd ffiieellddss,, ssuuiitteedd ffoorr hhiigghh iinnttaakkee rraattee ssooiillss,, wwiinndd ggrreeaattllyy aaffffeeccttss wwaatteerr ddiissttrriibbuuttiioonn ppaatttteerrnn.. MMaannuuaall llaabboorr mmiinniimmiizzeedd..

5555--6655 ((TTrraavveelliinngg oorr SSttaattiioonnaarryy))

6

Factors Affecting the Selection of Sprinkler Irrigation Systems

TTyyppee ooff SSyysstteemm

MMaaxx.. SSllooppee ((%%))

WWaatteerr AApppplliiccaattiioonn

RRaattee..

SShhaappee ooff FFiieelldd

FFiieelldd SSuurrffaaccee

CCoonnddiittiioonnss

MMaaxx.. HHeeiigghhtt

ooff CCrroopp

LLaabboorr RReeqquuiirreedd

SSiizzee ooff SSiinnggllee SSyysstteemm

AApppprrooxx.. CCoosstt

AAddaappttaabbllee TToo

CCoooolliinngg aanndd FFrroosstt PPrrootteeccttiioonn

CChheemmiiccaall AApppplliiccaattiioonn

FFeerrttiilliizzeerr AApppplliiccaattiioonn

LLiiqquuiidd AAnniimmaall WWaassttee

DDiissttrriibbuuttiioonn

MMiinn.. MMaaxx..

((iinn..//hhrr)) ((iinn..//hhrr)) ((fftt..)) ((hhrrss//aacc..)) ((aacc..)) (($$//aacc))

LLiinneeaarr MMoovvee 2200 00..22 11 CCiirrccuullaarr,, CClleeaarr ooff

oobbssttrruuccttiioonnss aanndd ppaatthh ffoorr

ttoowweerrss

88--1100 ..0055--..1155

4400--116600

NNoo

YYeess YYeess YYeess

CCeenntteerr PPiivvoott 2200 00..22 11..55 SSqquuaarree,, oorr

RReeccttaanngguullaarr 4400--332200

FFiixxeedd SSoolliidd SSeett

NNoo lliimmiitt 00..0055 22 AAnnyy sshhaappee NNoo lliimmiitt NNoo

lliimmiitt ..22--..55 11 oorr mmoorree YYeess

SSiiddee RRoollllss 1100 00..11 22 RReeccttaanngguullaarr

RReeaassoonnaabbllyy ssmmooootthh 44 11--33 2200--8800

NNoo

HHaanndd MMoovvee 2200 00..11 22 NNoo lliimmiitt NNoo

lliimmiitt ..55--11..55 1100--4400

BBiigg GGuunn

55 00..2255 11 AAnnyy sshhaappee

SSaaffee ooppeerraattiioonn ffoorr ttrraaccttoorr

aanndd llaannee ffoorr bboooomm aanndd

hhoossee

88--1100 ..11--..55 2200--4400 ((TTrraavveelliinngg oorr

SSttaattiioonnaarryy))

* Irrigation water shall be available on demand or if on rotation sufficient water storage is required! *

7

Trickle Irrigation Methods

Surface Trickle

Subsurface Trickle

Micro Spray or Mist

8

Trickle Irrigation Systems

Method Adapted To Conservation Features Eff. %

Surface Trickle

All terrains and most agricultural crops and soils

including steep or rocky ground that is unsuitable for

other forms of irrigation.

Permits storage of water in lower part of soil profile, good control over timing and water

application, less water required, chemicals and fertilizer are

efficiently applied, runoff and deep percolation are controlled, can be used on soils with low

infiltration rates and low water-holding capacity. Easily

automated.

85-95

Subsurface Trickle

Micro Spray or Mist 85-90

Factors Affecting the Selection of Trickle Irrigation Systems

Type of System

Max. Slope (%)

Max. Water Intake Rate Soils

(in./hr) Shape of

Field

Adaptable to Sown, Drilled or Sodded Crops

Labor Requirements

(hrs/ac)

Approx. Cost ($/ac)

Orchards and

Vineyards

Row Crops (row or bedded)

Surface Trickle

No Limit Any

Any Shape

Yes No No

0.06

Subsurface Trickle 5 1.5 No Yes Yes

Micro Spray or Mist

No Limit Any Yes No No

9

Improving Efficiencies of Existing Irrigation Systems

Irrigation System Ways to Improve Efficiencies

Surface

Decrease the set time or irrigation frequency Land level fields or modify the slope Use gated pipe or cablegation Use surge irrigation Cutback inflow Use furrow diking Reuse tailwater

Sprinkler Check for leaks in the system Change out worn sprinkler heads or nozzles Use an irrigation timer Decrease set time or irrigation frequency

Trickle Check for plugged filters Don’t over estimate water requirements Address plugging problems in emitters Avoid excessive backflushing