supreme court flashcards: the rulings
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Supreme Court Flashcards: The Rulings. The first slide features the ruling, the following slide identifies the case itself. Findings/Significance. Established the principle of judicial review. - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
Supreme Court Flashcards: The
RulingsThe first slide features the ruling, the following slide identifies the
case itself.
Findings/Significance
• Established the principle of judicial review.
• Strengthened the power of the judicial branch by giving the Supreme Court the authority to declare acts of Congress unconstitutional.
Marbury v Marbury v MadisonMadison
(1803)(1803)
Findings/Significance• Confirmed the right of Congress to
utilize implied powers to carry out its expressed powers.
• Validated the supremacy of the national government over the states by declaring that states cannot interfere with or tax the legitimate activities of the federal government.
McCulloch v McCulloch v MarylandMaryland
(1819)(1819)
Findings/Significance
• Strengthened the power of the federal government to regulate interstate commerce.
• Established the commerce clause’s role as a key vehicle for the expansion of federal power.
Gibbons v Gibbons v OgdenOgden
(1824)(1824)
Findings/Significance
• Struck down state-sponsored prayer in public schools.
• Rules that the Regent’s prayer was an unconstitutional violation of the Establishment Clause.
Engel v VitaleEngel v Vitale
(1962)(1962)
Findings/Significance• Struck down state funding for
private religious schools.• Ruled that state aid to church-
related school must meet three tests: a) the purpose of the aid must be secular, b) the govt’s action must neither help nor inhibit religion and c) the govt’s action must not foster an “excessive entanglement.
Lemon v Lemon v KurtzmanKurtzman
(1971)(1971)
Findings/Significance
• Banned polygamy.• Distinguished between religious
beliefs that are protected by the Free Exercise Clause and religious practices that may be restricted
• Rules that religious practices cannot make an act legal that would be otherwise illegal.
Reynolds v Reynolds v USUS
(1879)(1879)
Findings/Significance
• Banned the use of illegal drugs in religious ceremonies.
• Ruled that the government can act when religious practices violate criminal laws.
Employment Employment Division of Division of
Oregon v SmithOregon v Smith(1990)(1990)
Findings/Significance
• Ruled that free speech could be limited when it presents a “clear and present danger…”
• Established the “clear and present danger” test to define conditions under which public authorities can limit free speech.
Schenk v USSchenk v US
(1919)(1919)
Findings/Significance• Ruled that public officials cannot win
a suit for defamation unless the statement is made with “actual malice.”
• Established the “actual malice” standard to promote “uninhibited, robust, and wide-open” public debate.
New York Times New York Times v Sullivanv Sullivan
(1964)(1964)
Findings/Significance
• Ruled that obscenity is not constitutionally protected free speech.
• Created the “prevailing community standards” rule requiring a consideration of the work as a whole.
Roth v USRoth v US
(1951)(1951)
Findings/Significance
• Protected some forms of symbolic speech.
• Ruled that students do not “shed their constitutional rights to freedom of speech or expression at the schoolhouse gate.”
Tinker v Des Tinker v Des MoinesMoines
(1969)(1969)
Findings/Significance
• Ruled that flag burning is a form of symbolic speech protected by the First Amendment.
Texas v JohnsonTexas v Johnson
(1989)(1989)
Findings/Significance
•Ruled that the Bill of Rights cannot be applied to the states.
Barron v Barron v BaltimoreBaltimore
(1833)(1833)
Findings/Significance
• Established precedent for the doctrine of selective incorporation, thus extending most of the requirements of the Bill of Rights to the states.
Gitlow v Gitlow v New YorkNew York
(1925)(1925)
Findings/Significance
• Established the exclusionary rule in federal cases.
• Prohibited evidence obtained illegally from being admitted in court.
Weeks v USWeeks v US
(1914)(1914)
Findings/Significance
• Extended the exclusionary rule to the states.
• Illustrated the process of selective incorporation through the Due Process Clause of the 14th Amendment.
Mapp v OhioMapp v Ohio
(1961)(1961)
Findings/Significance
• Ruled that the 6th Amendment right-to-counsel provision applies to those accused of major crimes under state laws.
• Illustrated the process of selective incorporation through the Due Process Clause of the 14th Amendment.
Gideon v Gideon v WainwrightWainwright
(1963)(1963)
Findings/Significance
• Ruled that the police must inform criminal suspects of their constitutional rights before questioning suspects after arrest.
• Required police to read the Miranda rules to criminal suspects.
Miranda v Miranda v ArizonaArizona
(1966)(1966)
Findings/Significance
• Ruled that African Americans were not citizens and there fore could not petition the Supreme Court.
• Overturned by the 14th Amendment.
Dred Scott v Dred Scott v SanfordSanford
(1857)(1857)
Findings/Significance
• Upheld Jim Crow desegregation by approving “separate but equal” public facilities for African Americans.
Plessy v Plessy v FergusonFerguson
(1896)(1896)
Findings/Significance
• Ruled that racially segregated school violated the Equal Protection Clause of the 14th Amendment.
• Reversed the principle of “separate but equal” from Plessey.
Brown v Board Brown v Board of Education Iof Education I
(1954)(1954)
Findings/Significance
• Ordered the Medical School at UC Davis to admit Bakke.
• Ruled that the medical school’s strict quota system denied Bakke the equal protection guaranteed by the 14th amendment.
• Ruled that race could be used as one factor among others in the competition for available places.
Regents of the Regents of the UC vs. BakkeUC vs. Bakke
(1978)(1978)
Findings/Significance
• Upheld the affirmative action policy of the University of Michigan Law School.
• Upheld the Bakke ruling that race could be a consideration in admissions policy but that quotas are illegal.
Grutter v Grutter v BollingerBollinger
(2003)(2003)
Findings/Significance
• Ruled that a Connecticut law criminalizing the use of contraceptives violated the right to marital privacy.
• Established an important precedent for Roe v Wade.
Griswold v Griswold v ConnecticutConnecticut
(1965)(1965)
Findings/Significance
•Ruled that a decision to obtain an abortion is protected by the right to privacy implied by the Bill of Rights.
Roe v WadeRoe v Wade
(1973)(1973)
Findings/Significance
• Ruled that the judicial branch of government can rule on matters of legislative apportionment.
• Used the principle of “one person, one vote.”
• Ordered state legislative districts to be as equal as possible.
Baker v CarrBaker v Carr
(1962)(1962)
Findings/Significance
• Established the principle of “one man, one vote” in drawing congressional districts.
• Triggered widespread redistricting that gave cities and suburbs greater representation in Congress.
Wesberry v Wesberry v SandersSanders
(1964)(1964)
Findings/Significance
• Upheld the constitutionality of the relocation of Japanese Americans as a wartime necessity.
• Viewed by contemporary scholars as a flagrant violation of civil liberties.
Korematsu v Korematsu v USUS
(1944)(1944)
Findings/Significance
•Ruled that there is no constitutional guarantee of unqualified executive privilege.
US v NixonUS v Nixon
(1974)(1974)
Findings/Significance• Upheld federal limits on campaign
contributions.• Struck down the portion of the Federal
election Campaign Act limiting the amount of money individuals can contribute to their own campaign.
• Ruled that spending money on one’s own campaign is a form of constitutionally protected speech.
• Complicated congressional efforts to enact significant campaign finance reform.
Buckley v ValeoBuckley v Valeo
(1975)(1975)