suprarenal glands divided into two parts; each with separate functions suprarenal cortex suprarenal...
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Suprarenal Glands
• Divided into two parts; each with separate functions
• Suprarenal Cortex
• Suprarenal Medulla
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The Adrenal Cortex
Figure 25.9a
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C. The Adrenal Glands
• Adrenal medulla
• Adrenal cortex
Three specific zones and each produces a specific class of steroid hormone
Zona glomerulosa – mineralocorticoids (Aldosterone)
Zona fasciculata – glucocorticoids ( Cortisole )
Zona reticularis - androgens
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Hormones of the Adrenal CortexHormones of the Adrenal Cortex
Slide 9.29aCopyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Glucocorticoids (including cortisone and cortisol)
Produced in the middle layer of the adrenal cortex
Promote normal cell metabolism
Help resist long-term stressors
Released in response to increased blood levels of ACTH
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Hormones of the Adrenal CortexHormones of the Adrenal Cortex
Slide 9.29bCopyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Sex hormones
Produced in the inner layer of the adrenal cortex
Androgens (male) and some estrogen (female)
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Functions of mineralocorticoids• Aldosterone exerts the 90% of the mineralocorticoid
activity. Cortisol also have mineralocorticoid activity, but
only 1/400th that of aldosterone
• Aldosterone increases renal tubular (principal cells)
reabsorption of sodium & secretion of potassium
• Excess aldosterone ↑ ECF volume & arterial pressure,
but has only a small effect on plasma sodium
concentration
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• Excess aldosterone causes hypokalemia & muscle
weakness, & too little aldosterone causes
hyperkalemia & cardiac toxicity
• Excess aldosterone increases tubular (intercalated
cells) hydrogen ion secretion, with resultant mild
alkalosis
• Aldosterone stimulates sodium & potassium
transport in sweat glands, salivary glands, &
intestinal epithelial cells
Functions of mineralocorticoids
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Effect of cortisol on protein metabolism
• Reduction of protein storage in all cells except
those of liver – ↑ protein catabolism & ↓ protein
synthesis
• Cortisol increases liver & plasma proteins
• Mobilizes aminoacids from non hepatic cells, thus
increase blood amino acid level.
• ↑ amino acid transport to liver cells & ↓ transport
of amino acids into other cells
Functions of glucocorticoids
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Figure 21.15
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Hormones of the Adrenal CortexHormones of the Adrenal Cortex
Slide 9.28bCopyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Figure 9.10
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Renin-angiotensin-aldosterone axis• Principal factor
controlling Ang II levels is renin release.
• Decreased circulating volume stimulates renin release via:– Decreased BP (symp
effects on JGA).– Decreased [NaCl] at
macula densa (“NaCl sensor”)
– Decreased renal perfusion pressure (“renal” baroreceptor)
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REGULATION OF CORTISOL SECRETIONHYPOTHALAMUS
CRH
ANTERIOR PITUITARY
ACTH
ADRENAL CORTEX
TARGET ORGANSCORTISOL
STRESSDIURNALRHYTHM
+ +-
-INCREASEDBLOOD GLUCOSEBLOOD AABLOOD FATTY ACIDS
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Pathway of RAAS
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Figure 6.12b
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• Atrial natriuretic peptide
• Decreased blood pressure stimulates renin secretion
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Renin
Aldosterone
Adrenalcortex
Corticosterone
Angiotensinogen
(Lungs)
renal blood flow &/or Na+
++ Juxtaglomerular apparatus of kidneys
(considered volume receptors)
Angiotensin I
Convertingenzymes
Angiotensin II(powerful
vasoconstrictor)
Angiotensin III(powerful
vasoconstrictor)
• Renin-Angiotensin System:
N.B. Aldosterone is the main regulator of Na+ retention.
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Renin-Angiotension-Aldosterone System
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Na+ Reabsorption
• Angiotensisn II can raise blood pressure by:
– vasoconstrictor effects.
– stimulating aldosterone secretion.
Insert fig. 17.26
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nephron
low
Blood Osmolarity
blood osmolarityblood pressure
ADH
increasedwater
reabsorption
increasethirst
renin
increasedwater & saltreabsorption
high
pituitary
angiotensinogenangiotensin
nephronadrenalgland
aldosterone
JuxtaGlomerularApparatus (JGA)
Ooooooh!Zymogen!
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Hormones of the Adrenal MedullaHormones of the Adrenal Medulla
Slide 9.30Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Produces two similar hormones (catecholamines)
Epinephrine
Norepinephrine
These hormones prepare the body to deal with short-term stress
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Effects of Epinephrine
• Gets you ready to fight or run
• Heightens your senses, tenses your muscles, openings breathing passages, etc.
• In response to stress
• Take less than 30 seconds to kick in and last several minutes
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C. Disorders of the Adrenal Gland
1. Hypoaldosteronism
loss of water/Na+
Addison’s disease – low aldosterone & cortisol
2. Hyperaldosteronism
3. Cushing’s syndrome
hypersecretion of cortisol,androgens,aldosterone
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Adrenal glands can malfunction
• Cushing syndrome – hypersecretion of glucocorticoids by the adrenal cortex characterized by weight gain in the trunk of the body but not arms and legs
15.4 Adrenal glands
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Cushing’s Disease
• Proximal muscle wasting & weakness
• Osteoporosis• Glucose intolerance• HTN, hypokalemia• Thromboembolism• Depression, Psyc• Infection• Glaucoma
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Adrenal glands can malfunction
• Addison’s disease – hyposecretion of glucocorticoids by the adrenal cortex characterized by bronzing of the skin
15.4 Adrenal glands