supporting technology commercialization initiatives: a new role for the academic business library...
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Supporting Technology Commercialization Initiatives: A New Role for the Academic Business Library
SLA 2007Denver, CO
Business & Finance DivisionCollege & University Business Libraries
June 5, 2007
Karen I. MacDonald, MBA, MLISTexas A&M University
Copyright: Karen I. MacDonald, June 2007
Technology Transfer
“the process by which products of scientific investigation are implemented for the public good”
“the process whereby invention or intellectual property from academic research is licensed or conveyed through use rights to a for-profit entity and eventually commercialized”
Bayh – Dole Act Provisions
File a patent application in the US Grant the government a non-exclusive,
non-transferable license to the invention Take steps to commercialize inventions
Grant exclusive or non-exclusive licenses Favor US industry for manufacture Favor small business for exclusive licenses Apply income to research or educational endeavors
Source: US Patent & Trademark Office
0
500
1,000
1,500
2,000
2,500
3,000
3,500
4,000
4,500
5,000
Pre1983
1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003
Year
# U
tility
Pate
nts
Utility Patents Granted to US Universities
Source: Association of University Technology Managers
0
1,000
2,000
3,000
4,000
5,000
6,000
1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005
Year
Lic
ense
s &
Sta
rt-u
ps
US University Commercialization Activities
Small Business &Economic Development
University spin-offs are engine of economic growth
More than 60% of new jobs More than 50% of GDP Information-intensive businesses
Technology Transfer Office
TTOs at most universities & colleges TTO officers tend to be deal-makers
Focused on technical issues / patentability Focused on legal aspects of licensing
Insufficient attention to marketing issues Market feasibility Marketing strategy Supply chain resources Distribution strategies
Entrepreneurship Future of management education US Entrepreneurship education
2,200 courses at 1,600 schools 277 endowed positions At least 44 refereed academic journals More than 100 funded research centers
Training for non-business students 60% of people aged 18 – 29 say they want to
start their own business
Business School
University Technology
Transfer Office
EngineeringLife Sciences
Physical SciencesPrograms
EntrepreneurshipCross-training
Licensing FeesEquity
BusinessStart-ups
Experiential Learning for Students
Student Research Assistance
PatentsLicenses/EquityVenture Capital
Employment Opportunities
Business Library
Copyright: Karen I. MacDonald, June 2007
Business School
University Technology
Transfer Office
EngineeringLife Sciences
Physical SciencesPrograms
EntrepreneurshipCross-training
Licensing FeesEquity
BusinessStart-ups
Experiential Learning for Students
Student Research Assistance
PatentsLicenses/EquityVenture Capital
Employment Opportunities
Business Library
Copyright: Karen I. MacDonald, June 2007
Strategies & Tactics
Broad-based marketing is essential Think outside the business school
BI opportunities in business-related courses in other programs
Promote walk-in classes for non-business students & faculty
Participate in Entrepreneurship events Collaborate with community agencies
to reach small businesses
Benefits of Broader Role
Demonstrates libraries are aligned with a key mission of the university
Increase relevance of the library Improves the value-added proposition
Increase ROI on investment in the collection Increase profile of university with business and
potential new faculty
Opportunity to promote information literacy to a broader audience
Selected Bibliography / 1
Acs, Z. J. and L. Szerb (2007). "Entrepreneurship, economic growth and public policy." Small Business Economics 28(2/3): 109 -122.Agrawal, A. K. (2001). "University-to-industry knowledge transfer: literature review and unanswered questions." International Journal of Management Reviews 3(4): 285 - 302.Bacdayan, P. (2002). "The public business school in economic development." Journal of Education for Business 78(1): 5 - 10.Bercovitz, J. and M. Feldmann (2006). "Entrepreneurial universities and technology transfer: A conceptual framework for understanding knowledge-based economic development." Journal of Technology Transfer 31(1): 175 - 188.
Selected Bibliography / 2
Bessette, R. W. (2003). "Measuring the economic impact of university-based research." Journal of Technology Transfer 28(3/4): 355 - 361.Binks, M., K. Starkey, et al. (2006). "Entrepreneurship education and the business school." Technology Analysis & Strategic Management 18(1): 1 - 18.Boni, A. A. and S. T. Emerson (2005). "An integrated model of university technology commercialization and entrepreneurship education." Advances in the Study of Entrepreneurship, Innovation and Economic Growth 16: 241 - 274.Bradshaw, T. K., T. Munroe, et al. (2005). "Economic development via university-based technology transfer: strategies for the non-elite universities." International Journal of Technology Transfer and Commercialization 4(3): 279 - 301.
Selected Bibliography / 3Brouwer, M. (2005). "Entrepreneurship and university licensing." Journal of Technology Transfer 30(3): 263 - 270.Feldman, M. and P. Desrochers (2003). "Research universities and local economic development: Lessons from the history of the Johns Hopkins University." Industry and Innovation 10(1): 5 - 24.Friedman, J. and J. Silberman (2003). "University technology transfer: Do incentives, management, and location matter?" Journal of Technology Transfer 28(1): 17 - 30.Henderson, J. A. and J. J. Smith (2002). Academia, industry, and the Bayh-Dole Act: An implied duty to commercialize. Boston, MA, In White Paper, Center for Integration of Medicine and Innovative Technology: 1 - 8.
Selected Bibliography / 4Hoppe, H. C. and E. Ozdenoren (2005). "Intermediation in innovation." International Journal of Industrial Organization 23(7/8): 483 - 503.James, F. T. (2003). "Technology transfer emerging issues "high impact trends"." Journal of Technology Transfer 28(3/4): 241 - 249.Kuratko, D. F. (2005). "The emergence of entrepreneurship education: Development, trends and challenges." Entrepreneurship Theory & Practice 29(5): 577 - 597.Lazzeroni, M. and A. Piccaluga (2003). "Towards the entrepreneurial university." Local Economy 18(1): 38 - 48.Lerner, J. (2005). "The university and the start-up: Lessons from the past two decades." Journal of Technology Transfer 30(1/2): 49 - 56.
Selected Bibliography / 5McDowell, G. R. (2003). "Engaged universities: Lessons from land-grant universities and extension." Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Sciences 585(1): 31 - 50.Meyer, M. (2006). "Academic inventiveness and entrepreneurship: On the importance of start-up companies in commercializing academic patents." Journal of Technology Transfer 31(4): 501 - 510.Mowery, D. C., R. R. Nelson, et al. (2001). "The growth of patenting and licensing by U.S. universities: an assessment of the effects of the Bayh-Dole act of 1980." Research Policy 30(1): 99 - 119.Mowery, D. C. and B. N. Sampat (2005). "The Bayh-Dole Act of 1980 and university-industry technology transfer: A model for other OECD governments?" Journal of Technology Transfer 30(1/2): 115 - 127.
Selected Bibliography / 6Mueller, P. (2006). "Exploring the knowledge filter: How entrepreneurship and univeristy-industry relationships drive economic growth." Research Policy 35(9): 1499 - 1508.Niosi, J. (2006). "Introduction to the symposium: Universities as a source of commercial technology." Journal of Technology Transfer 31(4): 399 - 402.Powers, J. B. and P. P. McDougal (2004). "University start-up formation and technology licensing with firms that go public: a resource based view of academic entrepreneurship." Journal of Business Venturing 20(3): 291 - 311.Premkamolnetr, N. (1999). "Collaboration between a technological university library and tenant firms in a technology park in Thailand." Asian Libraries 8(12): 451 - 465.
Selected Bibliography / 7Shane, S. (2004). "Encouraging university entrepreneurship? The effect of the Bayh-Dole Act on university patenting in the United States." Journal of Business Venturing 19(1): 127 - 151.Siegel, D. S., D. A. Waldman, et al. (2004). "Toward a model of the effective transfer of scientific knowledge from academicians to practitioners: qualitative evidence from the commercialization of university technologies." Journal of Engineering and Technology Management 21(1/2): 115 - 142.Stevens, A. J. (2004). "The enactment of Bayh-Dole." Journal of Technology Transfer 29(1): 93 - 99.Studt, T. (2004). "The 10 rules of technology transfer." R & D 46(2).