Supply

Supply is the quantity of a good that firms are willing to produce at various prices over a particular period of time

Law of Supply

• all other factors being equal, as the price of a good or service increases, the quantity of goods or services offered by suppliers increases and vice versa

• A firm is willing to produce more goods at €2 as opposed to €1

• Individual supply – refers to the quantity of a good supplied by an individual firm at different prices

• Market/aggregate supply – refers to the quantity of a good supplied by all the firms in the market at different prices (add all the individual supply)

• Supply Schedule – table that shows the different quantities of a good made available for sale at various market prices at any given time

• Supply curve – graph that illustrates the number of units of a good made available for sale at various market prices at any given time. There is a positive relationship between price and quantity. Upward sloping from left to right.

• Individual supply curve – supply curve of one firm• Market supply curve – supply curve of all the

firms within a market

Example

• Fill in the Individual supply curves and Market supply curve

Other circumstances of Supply

• Supply restricted by a minimum market price• Supply restricted by limited capacity• Fixed Supply

Supply restricted by a minimum market price

• In in order to stay in production in the long run, firms have to cover their costs

• So some goods may not be supplied if the market price is below a certain minimum price

• Any price below this level would result in the firm in making a loss

• So no producer would enter the market until this minimum price is reached

Gardening centreSeeds, 10cPot, 50cWages per unit, €3Plant food and water, €1Total Cost €4.60

Supply restricted by limited capacity

• An industries capacity to supply a good may be limited

• This could be due to productive capacity, shortage of specialised labour or shortage of raw materials

• Once the maximum capacity is reached, the quantity supplied remains the same no matter what the price is

Garden centre might be only able to stock 10,000 plants which means that it cannot hold any more goods available for saleAs a result supply is restricted

Fixed Supply

• Fixed supply occurs when the supply of a product cannot be changed in the short run no matter what the price

• Examples include perishable goods (Fish) the supply of land or the capacity of a stadium

20,000 tickets for a football match but there is a demand for 60,000 tickets If there are only 20,000 seats in the stadium then no matte what the price is offered for tickets, the supply of seats is fixed

Movements along the supply curve

• A movement along the supply curve is caused by a change in the price of the good or service

• In general, suppliers are willing to produce more of a product at higher prices and less at lower prices

• An increase in the price of a good will result in an increase in the quantity supplied

• A decrease in the price of a good will result in a decrease in the quantity supplied

Shift in the supply curve

• A shift in the supply curve is caused by a change in any non-price determinant of supply

• A shift in the supply curve illustrates the different quantities supplied at the same price

• The curve can shift to the left or to the right

Shift in the supply curve

Factors that affect the supply of a good

• Price of the good• Price of other related goods• Cost of production• Factors outside the control of the firm• State of technology• Taxation and subsidies• Objectives of the firm• Numbers of firm in industry

Price of the good

• If there is a rise in the price of a good, the quantity supplied will also increase

• more profitable for the firm to supply the goods at a higher price

Price of related goods

• From the aspect of supply – price of a related good refers to the other goods that the supplier could produce as an alternative to those currently being produced

• If the price of a related good rises, irrespective of whether the price of the good the firm is currently producing remains the same, or falls, it will become a much more attractive and profitable alternative to switch resources to the production of the related good. E.g. tablets and laptops

Price of related goods

• Computer manufacturer – may find out that the price of tablets are increasing while laptops remain constant

• Tablets more attractive to produce• Company will then move resources away from

the production of laptops to the production of tablets

Cost of production

• A supplier combines raw materials, capital and labour to produce the output they supply

• If there is an increase in these costs it will be more expensive to manufacture these goods

• The firm will not continue to supply the same quantity of the good at the old price so there will be a reduction in the quantity supplied

• Increase in cost of production– Rise in labour cost– Rise in material cost– Increase in taxes– Decrease in subsidies

• Decrease on cost of production– Fall in labour cost– Fall in material cost– Decrease in taxes– Increase in subsidies

Technology

• Technology is a cost reducing innovation• Progress allows firms to produce at a lower

cost• Computers• Telecommunications

Taxes and Subsidies

• Reduction in taxes, increase in subsidies

• Increase in taxes, decrease in subsidies

Objective of firm

• Firm changes from one that of profit maximisation to satisfactory profit

• B&B Owner – open 7 nights a week, not enough family time

• Decides to close B&B for a few days of the week for family time

Number of sellers in the industry