supplementary information - nature research · 2009-10-06 · supplementary information doi:...

nature geoscience | www.nature.com/naturegeoscience 1

SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATIONdoi: 10.1038/ngeo444

Supplementary Figure captions: Figure S1: a) Time-latitude diagram of precipitation (mm day-1) from CMAP (1979-2005), averaged between 35°-45°W. b) as in a) but for ECHAM-4 control run. Figure S2: Seasonal cycle of a) precipitation and b) �18O in NE Brazil for control run and mid-Holocene (6 ky B.P). as simulated with ECHAM-4. The seasonal cycle of precipitation from CMAP is shown for comparison. Data for ECHAM-4 and CMAP was extracted over grid cell closest to cave sites. Figure S3: Schematic diagrams showing the summer (DJF) precipitation patterns in South America and related changes in Walker and Hadley circulation for the periods corresponding to a) High summer insolation in southern hemisphere during the last 4,000 years (late Holocene) and b) Low summer insolation in southern hemisphere between 9,000 and 6,000 years (early and mid-Holocene). Figure S4: a) Difference in austral summer and fall (DJFMAM) vertical velocity and horizontal divergence between 6 ky B.P. and present as simulated with ECHAM-4, averaged between 0° and 10°S along an west-east transect from 90°W to 50°E. Vertical velocity is indicated by shading (see scale below) and white contours (contour interval is 1.5·10-2 Pa s-1). Horizontal divergence is shown by black (positive) and gray (negative) contours; contour interval is 5·10-7 s-1; 0-contour is omitted). b) as in a) except vertical and zonal wind components are plotted instead of divergence. Scale for wind components are shown in lower left. Black bars at bottom of Figures indicate location of South America and Africa respectively. Figure S5: Plot of age versus depth for stalagmites collected in Rainha, Furna Nova and Abissal caves, a) FN1 Stalagmite, b) RN1 Stalagmite, c) RN4 Stalagmite, d)Abissal Stalagmite. Error bars indicate 2� error.

2 nature geoscience | www.nature.com/naturegeoscience

SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION doi: 10.1038/ngeo444

J M M J S N J M M J S N

10°N

4°N

2°S

8°S

14°S

20°S

0 2 4 6 8 10 12


10°N

4°N

2°S

8°S

14°S

20°S

a)

b)

Figure S1: a) Time-latitude diagram of precipitation (mm day-1) from CMAP (1979-2005), averaged between 35°-45°W. b) as in a) but for ECHAM-4 control run.




10°N

4°N

2°S

8°S

14°S

20°S

0 2 4 6 8 10 12


10°N

4°N

2°S

8°S

14°S

20°S

a)

b)

Figure S1: a) Time-latitude diagram of precipitation (mm day-1) from CMAP (1979-2005), averaged between 35°-45°W. b) as in a) but for ECHAM-4 control run.

JAN FEB M AR APR M AY JU N JU L A U G S E P O C T N O V D E C

mm

/day

0

2

4

6

8

10

12

14

C trl6 ky B .P .C M A P

a)

JAN FEB M AR AP R M AY JU N JU L AU G SEP O C T N O V D EC

perm

il

-6

-5

-4

-3

-2

-1

0

1

C trl6 ky B .P .

b)

Figure S2: Seasonal cycle of a) precipitation and b) δ18O in NE Brazil for control run and mid-Holocene (6 ky B.P). as simulated with ECHAM-4. The seasonal cycle of precipitation from CMAP is shown for comparison. Data for ECHAM-4 and CMAP wereextracted over grid cell closest to cave sites.



-90

-70

-50

-30

00

-40

-60

Bra

zil

Nata

lR

N C

ave

Site

Sa

nta

na

Ca

veS

an

tan

a C

ave

Bo

tuve

rá C

ave

Bo

tuve

rá C

ave

Atla ic O ean

nt c

Basin

Am

azo

n

Bolivia

La

ke Ju

nin

La

ke Ju

nin

-20

20

-90

-70

-50

-30

00

-40

-60

Bra

zil

Nata

lC

av

e S

ite

On

Atlantic cea

Basin

Am

azo

n

Arg

en

tina

Arg

en

tina

Bo

livia

-20

20

N

S

EW

Ven

ezu

ela

Caria

co

Venezu

ela

Caria

co

0-1

-2-3

-41

23

4

Pre

cip

itatio

n A

no

ma

ly

Fig

ure

S3

: Sch

em

atic d

iag

ram

s sho

win

g th

e p

recip

itatio

n p

atte

rns o

f the

in

So

uth

Am

eric

a (D

JF) a

nd

rela

ted

cha

ng

es in

Wa

lker

an

d H

ad

ley circu

latio

n fo

r the

pe

riod

s corre

spo

nd

en

t to a

) Hig

h su

mm

er in

sola

tion

in so

uth

ern

he

misp

he

re d

urin

g th

e la

st 4,0

00

yea

rs(la

te H

olo

cen

e) a

nd

b) L

ow

sum

me

r inso

latio

n in

sou

the

rn h

em

isph

ere

be

twe

en

9,0

00

an

d 6

,00

0 ye

ars (e

arly a

nd

mid

-Ho

loce

ne

).

sum

me

r



-75 -50 -25 0 25 50

15000

12500

10000

7500

5000

2500

0

longitude

heig

ht (m

)

-0.02 -0.01 0.0 0.01 0.02

omega (Pa/s)

-75 -50 -25 0 25 50

15000

12500

10000

7500

5000

2500

0

heig

ht (m

)

= 3 .1 m s-1; 3.1*10-2 Pa s-1

a)

b) longitude

Figure S4: a) Difference in austral summer and fall (DJFMAM) vertical velocity and horizontal divergence between 6 ky B.P. and present as simulated with ECHAM-4, averaged between 0° and 10°S along an west-east transect from 90°W to 50°E. Vertical velocity is indicated by shading (see scale below) and white contours (contour interval is 1.5·10-2 Pa s-1). Horizontal divergence is shown by black (positive) and gray (negative) contours; contour interval is 5·10-7 s-1; 0-contour is omitted). b) as in a) except vertical and zonal wind components are plotted instead of divergence. Scale for wind components are shown in lower left. Black bars at bottom of Figures indicate location of South America and Africa respectively.



02

04

06

08

01

00

12

01

40

16

01

80

20

02

20

0

50

0

10

00

15

00

20

00

25

00

30

00

35

00

40

00

45

00

Fu

rna

No

va

ca

ve

FN

1 sta

lag

mite

Age (years B.P.)

Dista

nce to

the to

p (m

m)

02

00

40

06

00

80

01

00

01

20

0

40

00

60

00

80

00

10

00

0

12

00

0

14

00

0

16

00

0

18

00

0R

ain

ha

ca

ve

RN

4 s

tala

gm

ite

Age (years B.P.)

Dista

nce

to th

e to

p (m

m)

18

018

519

019

5

24

00

0

24

50

0

25

00

0

25

50

0

26

00

0

26

50

0A

bis

sa

l ca

ve

Abissa

l stala

gm

ite

Age (years B.P.)

Dista

nce

to th

e to

p (m

m)

0100

200

300

400

500

600

700

800

2000

4000

6000

8000

10000

12000

14000

16000

18000

20000

22000

24000

Rain

ha c

ave

RN

1 s

tala

gm

ite

Age (Years B.P.)

Dista

nce

to th

e to

p (m

m)

bbac

d

Su

pp

lem

en

tal F

igu

re 5

. Plo

t of a

ge

versu

s de

pth

for sta

lag

mite

s colle

cted

in R

ain

ha

, Fu

rna

No

va a

nd

Ab

issal c

ave

s a) F

N1

Sta

lag

mite

, b) R

N1

Sta

lag

mite

, c) R

N4

Sta

lag

mite

, d)A

bissa

l Sta

lag

mite

. Erro

r ba

rs ind

icate

2 e

rror.

Hia

tus

Hia

tus



02

04

06

08

01

00

12

01

40

16

01

80

20

02

20

0

50

0

10

00

15

00

20

00

25

00

30

00

35

00

40

00

45

00

Fu

rna

No

va

ca

ve

FN

1 sta

lag

mite

Age (years B.P.)

Dista

nce to

the to

p (m

m)

02

00

40

06

00

80

01

00

01

20

0

40

00

60

00

80

00

10

00

0

12

00

0

14

00

0

16

00

0

18

00

0R

ain

ha

ca

ve

RN

4 s

tala

gm

ite

Age (years B.P.)

Dista

nce

to th

e to

p (m

m)

18

018

519

019

5

24

00

0

24

50

0

25

00

0

25

50

0

26

00

0

26

50

0A

bis

sa

l ca

ve

Abissa

l stala

gm

ite

Age (years B.P.)

Dista

nce

to th

e to

p (m

m)

0100

200

300

400

500

600

700

800

2000

4000

6000

8000

10000

12000

14000

16000

18000

20000

22000

24000

Rain

ha c

ave

RN

1 s

tala

gm

ite

Age (Years B.P.)

Dista

nce

to th

e to

p (m

m)

bbac

d

Su

pp

lem

en

tal F

igu

re 5

. Plo

t of a

ge

versu

s de

pth

for sta

lag

mite

s colle

cted

in R

ain

ha

, Fu

rna

No

va a

nd

Ab

issal c

ave

s a) F

N1

Sta

lag

mite

, b) R

N1

Sta

lag

mite

, c) R

N4

Sta

lag

mite

, d)A

bissa

l Sta

lag

mite

. Erro

r ba

rs ind

icate

2 e

rror.

Hia

tus

Hia

tus

Supp

lem

enta

l Tab

le 1

Sam

ple

Dep

th(m

m)

238 U

232 Th

230 Th

/232 Th

δ234 U

*23

0 Th/23

8 U23

0 Th A

ge (y

r)23

0 Th A

ge (y

r)δ23

4 UIn

itial

**

Num

ber

(ppb

)(p

pt)

(ato

mic

x10

-6)

(mea

sure

d)(a

ctiv

ity)

(unc

orre

cted

)(c

orre

cted

)(c

orre

cted

)FN

1 - S

tala

gmite

FN1-

a5

119.

3±

0.2

228

± 2

28±

4-6

8±

30.

0033

± 0.

0004

383

± 50

323

± 58

-68

± 3

FN1-

b9

4134

± 16

698

± 2

280

± 5

-58

± 1

0.00

288

± 0.

0000

533

3±

632

8±

6-5

8±

1FN

1-B

112

7837

± 26

3878

± 10

148

± 2

-58

± 2

0.00

443

± 0.

0000

651

5±

750

0±

10-5

8±

2FN

1-T

1611

52±

412

56±

391

± 1

-61

± 2

0.00

601

± 0.

0000

770

0±

966

6±

19-6

1±

2FN

1-2

4148

.1±

0.1

151

± 2

54±

5-5

3±

20.

0102

± 0.

0009

1180

±100

1080

±110

-53

± 2

FN1-

388

85.5

± 0.

120

9±

190

± 3

-56

± 2

0.01

33±

0.00

0415

45±4

814

69±6

1-5

6±

2FN

1-4

127

75.3

± 0.

297

± 1

210

± 7

-53

± 3

0.01

64±

0.00

0518

99±5

418

60±5

7-5

3±

3FN

1-4A

147

1753

3±

8134

86±

717

34±

6-5

5±

20.

0209

± 0.

0001

2441

±14

2435

±14

-56

± 2

FN1-

B18

720

240

± 20

028

47±

826

80±

12-5

5±

30.

0229

± 0.

0002

2671

±30

2667

±30

-55

± 3

FN1-

4B20

272

97±

2216

5820

± 83

027

± 1

-52

± 2

0.03

77±

0.00

0844

35±9

137

30±3

60-5

2±

2R

N1-

stal

agm

iteR

N1-

1a14

115.

4±0

.222

2±1

236

6±2

011

0±1

0.04

27±0

.000

342

75±3

041

67±4

711

2±1

RN

1-1b

2811

9.4

±0.2

272

±11

299

±13

113

±20.

0413

±0.0

003

4117

±32

4001

±53

114

±2R

N1-

2a70

64.9

±0.2

480

±11

104

±310

8±2

0.04

66±0

.000

446

74±4

544

20±1

4010

9±2

RN

1-4c

154

65.8

±0.1

489

±15

121

±410

1±2

0.05

45±0

.000

555

28±5

152

80±1

5010

3±2

RN

1-4d

158

96.3

±0.2

233

±10

389

±16

99±2

0.05

73±0

.000

358

28±3

457

07±5

610

1±2

RN

1-6a

194

115.

9±0

.294

3±1

112

6±2

99±2

0.06

24±0

.000

363

64±2

860

90±1

5010

1±2

RN

1-7a

230

221.

4±0

.428

68±2

996

±110

0±1

0.07

54±0

.000

277

28±2

673

30±2

4010

2±1

RN

1-8a

272

193.

1±0

.330

00±3

186

±196

±10.

0811

±0.0

002

8360

±28

7890

±290

98±1

RN

1-10

a32

211

3.9

±0.2

187

±589

8±2

490

±20.

0895

±0.0

003

9328

±38

9228

±49

92±2

RN

1-12

a38

628

4.3

±0.6

2447

±25

187

±295

±20.

0976

±0.0

003

1015

4±3

698

70±1

7098

±2R

N1-

13a

416

188.

6±0

.416

32±1

719

3±2

95±2

0.10

12±0

.000

310

552

±42

1027

0±1

7097

±2R

N1-

15b

474

74.0

±0.1

216

±560

5±1

510

9±2

0.10

70±0

.000

411

041

±47

1090

9±7

211

2±2

RN

1-17

d51

825

.6±0

.169

4±9

73±1

113

±20.

1198

±0.0

007

1237

9±8

511

620

±510

117

±2R

N1-

19c

556

16.9

0±0

.02

227

±514

8±3

123

±20.

1206

±0.0

008

1236

0±8

811

960

±260

127

±2R

N1-

20b

564

17.2

4±0

.03

721

±12

49±1

118

±20.

1249

±0.0

014

1287

6±1

5411

730

±790

122

±2R

N1-

21a

576

31.0

±0.1

1826

±27

38±1

122

±30.

1358

±0.0

015

1402

8±1

7412

400

±110

012

6±3

RN

1-22

c58

035

.3±0

.164

±514

90±1

1013

3±2

0.16

57±0

.000

717

166

±79

1706

3±8

514

0±2

RN

1-27

b72

016

7.7

±0.3

326

±514

24±2

413

5±1

0.16

83±0

.000

417

435

±51

1732

9±6

214

1±1



RN

1-28b730

482.7±0.7

16470±170

90±1

140±1

0.1856±0.0004

19284±54

18360±620

148±1

RN

1-29e748

212.9±0.2

10570±110

72±1

134±1

0.2178±0.0005

23132±65

21800±900

143±1

Ale 1 -stalagmite

Ale1-1

035.7

± 0.2266

± 2335

± 7151

± 100.152

± 0.00315360

±35015170

±360157

± 10A

le1-4510

117.3± 0.4

249± 2

1322± 12

154± 4

0.171± 0.001

17370±160

17310±160

161± 4

Abissal stalagmite

AB

IS-10B185

60.6± 0.2

322± 2

738± 8

177± 6

0.238± 0.002

24410±320

24280±330

190± 7

AB

IS-10C188

52.9± 0.1

526± 2

402± 5

177± 4

0.242± 0.003

24960±330

24720±350

190± 4

AB

IS-B194

201.1± 0.5

3977± 14

211± 2

175± 4

0.253± 0.002

26290±290

25810±380

188± 4

RN

4-stalagmit e

RN

4-18

146.5± 0.4

1719± 4

76± 1

100± 2

0.0544± 0.0004

5522±47

5210±160

101± 3

RN

4-2162

69.4± 0.1

668± 2

125± 1

94± 2

0.0727± 0.0006

7490±70

7230±150

96± 2

RN

4-2a244

80.0± 0.2

2122± 26

53± 1

89± 2

0.0850± 0.0005

8845±57

8080±500

91± 2

RN

4-3399

117.9± 0.3

4824± 16

39± 1

92± 3

0.0967± 0.0012

10100±140

9000±570

94± 3

RN

4-3a425

144.6± 0.3

1909± 25

121± 2

93± 2

0.0969± 0.0004

10097±46

9690±250

96± 2

RN

4-4481

54.1± 0.1

835± 2

118± 1

109± 4

0.1106± 0.0014

11430±160

11030±260

113± 4

RN

4-4a577

36.7±0.1

191±10

370± 19

113± 1

0.1168± 0.0007

12056±81

11920±130

117± 2

RN

4-5591

38.4± 0.1

1717± 4

46± 1

113± 3

0.1255± 0.0016

13000±190

11830±620

117± 3

RN

4-6713

95.5± 1.2

1346± 3

151± 1

125± 17

0.1294± 0.0019

13290±300

12930±340

129± 17

RN

4-7746

56.3±0.1

454±5

328±4

126± 1

0.1605± 0.0004

16706±47

16440±150

132± 1

RN

4-8835

53.3±0.1

3925±40

39.4±0.4

130± 1

0.1762± 0.0005

18400±63

16400±1300

137± 2

RN

4-9956

75.2±0.1

1120±12

183±2

133± 1

0.1653± 0.0004

17125±54

16690±270

140± 1

RN

4-101082

87.1± 0.2

1005± 3

238± 2

119± 3

0.1669± 0.0013

17540±150

17240±210

125± 3

Analytical errors are 2σ of the m

ean.aδ

234U = ([ 234U

/ 238U]activity - 1) x 1000.

bδ234U

initial corrected was calculated based on 230Th age (T), i.e., δ

234Uinitial = δ

234Um

easured X e λ234*T, and T is corrected age.

c[ 230Th/ 238U]activity = 1 - e - λ

230 T + (δ234U

measured /1000)[λ

230 /(λ230 - λ

234 )](1 - e -( λ230 - λ

234 ) T), where T

is the age.D

ecay constants are 9.1577 x 10 -6 yr -1 for 230Th, 2.8263 x 10 -6 yr -1 for 234U, and 1.55125 x 10

-10 yr -1 for 238U (C

heng et al., 2000).d The degree of detrital 230Th contam

ination is indicated by the [ 230Th/ 232Th] atomic ratio instead of the activity ratio.

eAge corrections w

ere calculated using an average crustal 230Th/ 232Th atomic ratio of 4.4 x 10 -6 ± 2.2 x 10

-6.Those are the values for a m

aterial at secular equilibrium, w

ith the crustal 232Th/ 238U value of 3.8. The errors are arbitrarily assum

ed to be 50%.

supplementary information - nature research · 2009-10-06 · supplementary information doi:...

Documents