suplimentar - mapping cultures.pdf
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Mapping cultures
Roxana Voicu-Dorobanu, Ph.D.
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"We are hopelessly lost!
"I don't recognize any landmarks, and without a map we'llnever find our route, arrive at a place to stay for the night
or ever get home!"
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What does the map do? Help you:
identify the general 'topography' of cultures - the beliefs,attitudes, behaviors, procedures and social structures thatshape human interactions;
identify potential hazards, obstacles and pleasant surprises that
intercultural travelers and negotiators might miss if they didnot have a trusty guide;
select responses that will promote successful interactions and
outcomes. Unfortunately, few analytical frameworks identify,interpret and respond to cultural differences. Few mapsdescribe how different cultures solve problems, negotiateagreements or resolve disputes.
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What is culture?
Culture is the cumulative result of
experience, values,
religion,
beliefs,
attitudes, meanings,
knowledge,
social organizations,
procedures, timing,
roles,
spatial relations, concepts of the universe and
material objects and
possessions acquired or
created by groups of people,
in the course of generations,through individual and group
effort and interactions.
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Culture (2)
Culture manifests itself in
patterns of language,
behavior and
activities
And provides models and norms
for acceptable day-to-day interactions
and styles of communication.
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And culture.
Culture enables people to live together in a societywithin a given geographic environment, at a given state of
technical development and at a particular moment in time
(adapted from Samovar and Porter, 1972).
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Just countries?
ethnic groups
clans
tribes
regional subcultures
neighborhoods families
men
women
companies organizations
educational institutions
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inaccurate stereotypes,
gross injustice to the group
inaccurate(and possibly disastrous) assumptions or actions
Rigidity : What does it lead to?
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1. Understand that culture can make a
difference and pay attention to it.
Mistake1: assume that all of us are basically the same.
Mistake 2: romanticize culture and diversity,
treat other cultures as exotic,sacred and deserving of protection
from 'cultural imperialism'.
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2. Develop an awareness of how cultural
differences influence problem solving and
negotiation.
The Wheel of Culture Map identifies cultural factors that
shape the ways members of societies bargain for their
interests and respond to disputes
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The Hub
individualism/collectivism continuum (Hofstede, 1982)
Cultures oriented toward
individuals
Cultures oriented toward
collectivism
individual autonomy group cohesion
initiative harmony
creativity consultation with group members
before decision making
authority in decision making consideration of the well-being of the
group over that of the individual
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Hofstede
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Trompenaars
Universalism vs. Particularism Analyzing vs. Integrating
Individualism vs. Communitarianism
Inner-directed vs. Outer-directed
Time as sequence vs. Time as synchronisation
Achieved status vs. Ascribed status
Equality vs. Hierarchy
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The Inner Rim
The individuals or groups engaged in negotiations eachdemonstrate:
situations, issues or problems that must be addressed;
needs or interests they wish to have met in the outcome of
problem solving;
sources of power and influence.
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The Outer Rim
the natural environment; history, events, trends and adaptations that have occurred
over time;
social structures - both intellectual and physical -
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The Spokes
- Establishing, building and maintaining relationships how established?
with whom?
activities
building/changing factors
- Orientation toward cooperation, competition and
conflict
acceptability of overt conflict common patterns of conflict behavior
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The Spokes
- Appropriate and effective communications direct/indirect
explicit/implicit
emotional/non-emotional expression
one-at-a-time talk vs. overlapping talk
non-verbal communication
- Problem-solving or negotiation processes
role of relationships and trust positional or interest-based bargaining styles
ways of performing negotiation stages
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The Spokes
- Preferred outcomes to problems or conflicts
orientation towards 'winning' or success
preferences concerning substantive, procedural orpsychological emphasis or components of outcomes
culturally acceptable or sanctioned norms aboutoutcomes
- Roles and functions of third parties
relationship to parties
procedures used involvement in substance
partial/impartial
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The Spokes
- Management of time and timing expectations concerning duration
timing of activities
timing allowed for agreement
- Use and set-up of venue and space
indoors/outdoors
formal/informal
space set-up
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3. Educate yourself about a new culture.
books, magazines, newspaper articles Internet
Movies, videos
Find and talk with members of the other culture
Talk with members of your own culture who have lived
or worked in the culture you expect to encounter.
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4. Develop a negotiating plan appropriate
to the situation.
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So? (lutions)
1. Recognize when something different appears tobe happening.
2. Analyze and interpret what is happening and
develop an appropriate response.
3. Select and implement a strategy.
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