supervisor: dr. (mrs) t. c. ogbuanya ben golkwi.pdf · ii title page entrepreneurial competencies...

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ENTREPRENEURIAL COMPETENCIES REQUIRED BY TECHNICAL COLLEGE DRAFTING GRADUATES FOR ESTABLISHING SMALL AND MEDIUM SCALE

ENTERPRISES IN PLATEAU STATE.

BY

LIDIMMA, BEN GOLKWI

PG/M.ED/08/48893

DEPARTMENT OF VOCATIONAL TEACHER EDUCATION

(INDUSTRIAL TECHNICAL EDUCATION) UNIVERSITY OF NIGERIA, NSUKKA

SUPERVISOR: DR. (MRS) T. C. OGBUANYA

NOVEMBER, 2012

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TITLE PAGE

ENTREPRENEURIAL COMPETENCIES REQUIRED BY TECHNICAL COLLEGE DRAFTING GRADUATES FOR ESTABLISHING SMALL AND MEDIUM SCALE

ENTERPRISES IN PLATEAU STATE.

BY

LIDIMMA, BEN GOLKWI

PG/M.ED/08/48893

A THESIS PRESENTED TO THE DEPARTMENT OF

VOCATIONAL TEACHER EDUCATION UNIVERSITY OF NIGERIA, NSUKKA IN PARTIAL

FULFILMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE AWARD OF MASTERS DEGREE IN EDUCATION (M.ED)

(INDUSTRIAL TECHNICAL EDUCATION)

NOVEMBER, 2012

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APPROVAL PAGE

THIS THESIS HAS BEEN APPROVED FOR THE DEPARTMENT OF

VOCATIONAL TEACHER EDUCATION, FACULTY OF EDUCATION

UNIVERSITY OF NIGERIA, NSUKKA

Approved

_________________________ ___________________ Dr. (Mrs) T.C. Ogbuanya Internal Examiner Supervisor

_____________________ _____________________ Prof. (Mrs) C.A. Obi External Examiner Head of Department

________________________ Prof. S. A. Ezeudu

Dean, Faculty of Education

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CERTIFICATION

LIDIMMA BEN GOLKWI, a Post graduate student in the Department of

Vocational Teacher Education with Registration Number PG/M.

ED/08/48893 has satisfactorily completed the requirements for masters

Degree (M.ED) IN INDUSTRIAL TECHNICAL EDUCATION (MECHANICAL).

The work embodied in this thesis is original and has not been submitted

in Part or in full for any other diploma or degree of this or any other

University.

___________________ __________________ Dr. (Mrs) T.C. Ogbuanya Lidimma, Ben Golkwi

Supervisor Student

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DEDICATION

This work is dedicated to my beloved wife Hanatu Ben Lidimma and my

Children: Dohnen, Chinnen, Zuhumnen and RinNen for their Patience

and Sacrifice.

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ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

I am immensely indebted to Almighty God who made it possible for me to

start and accomplish this study to this stage. My deep appreciation goes

to my Supervisor Dr (Mrs) Ogbuanya, T.C. for her motherly disposition,

encouragement and for spending a lot of her time reading and making

necessary corrections.

I am also grateful to my Lecturers: Prof. O.M. Okoro, (Sir) Prof.

S.C.O.A. Ezeji, Prof. B.A. Ogwo, Prof. E.C. Osuala, Dr. E.O. Ede, Prof.

E.C. Osinem, and Mr. Wale Olaitan among many others for their

encouragement and academic contributions at different stages of this

study.

My thanks also go to Dr. I. S. Haladu, Dr. E.K. Ezema, Dr. A.G.

Udofia, Mrs N.P. Guwal, Mr. G. Nimmyel, Mr. E. Aluwong, Engr (Mrs)

Okazu, Ms. I. Esther, Mrs.V.P. Garba, Mr. S.B. Fittoka Deacon, H.

Bitiyak for their encouragement, prayers and support.

My appreciation also goes to the entire Lidimma’s family for their

encouragement and support. Lastly I thank Mr. Jimoh Bakare for writing

the computer programe for the data analysis.

LIDIMMA BEN GOLKWI

PG/M.ED/08/48893

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TABLE OF CONTENTS

TITLE PAGE -------------------------------------------------------------- i

APPROVAL PAGE--------------------------------------------------------- ii

CERTIFICATION --------------------------------------------------------- iii

DEDICATION ------------------------------------------------------------- iv

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS ------------------------------------------------- v

TABLE OF CONTENTS ------------------------------------------------- vi

LIST OF TABLES --------------------------------------------------------vii

ABSTRACT ----------------------------------------------------------------viii

CHAPTER ONE: INTRODUCTION

Background of the Study ------------------------------------------------- 1

Statement of the Problem ------------------------------------------------ 8

Purpose of the Study ------------------------------------------------------ 9

Significance of the Study ------------------------------------------------- 10

Research Question -------------------------------------------------------- 12

Hypotheses ----------------------------------------------------------------- 13

Delimitation of the Study ------------------------------------------------ 14

[CHAPTER TWO: REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

Conceptual Framework ------------------------------------------------- 15

Technical College Drafting Graduates --------------------------------- 20

Technical Competencies ------------------------------------------------- 21

Managerial Competencies ------------------------------------------------ 26

Financial/Marketing Competencies------------------------------------- 31

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General Personal Attributes Competencies ---------------------------- 37

Small and Medium scale Enterprises ----------------------------------- 39

Theoretical Framework ------------------------------------------------- 42

Models to Identify Competency- Models in an Enterprise ----------- 50

Competency- Bases Model ----------------------------------------------- 51

Review of Related Empirical Studies -------------------------------- 53

Summary of Literature Review ---------------------------------------- 57

[CHAPTER THREE: METHODOLOGY

Design of the Study ------------------------------------------------------- 59

Area of the Study --------------------------------------------------------- 60

Population of the Study -------------------------------------------------- 60

Instrument for Data Collection ----------------------------------------- 60

Validation of Instrument ------------------------------------------------- 61

Reliability of the Instrument --------------------------------------------- 62

Method of Data Collection ----------------------------------------------- 62

Method of Data Analysis -------------------------------------------------- 63

CHAPTER FOUR: PRESENTATION AND ANALYSIS OF DATA

Research Question 1-------------------------------------------------------64



Research Question 4--------------------------------------------------------68

Hypothesis 1-----------------------------------------------------------------70

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Hypothesis 2----------------------------------------------------------------71

Hypothesis 3-----------------------------------------------------------------73

Hypothesis 4-----------------------------------------------------------------75

Findings from the Study---------------------------------------------------77

Discussion of findings -----------------------------------------------------81

CHAPTER FIVE: SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION

Restatement of the Problem------------------------------------------------85

Summary of the Procedure Used ------------------------------------------86

Major Findings----------------------------------------------------------------87

Implication of the Study----------------------------------------------------88

Conclusion--------------------------------------------------------------------88

Recommendations-----------------------------------------------------------89

Suggestions for further Study---------------------------------------------89

REFERENCES ------------------------------------------------------------- -91

APPENDICES

Appendix A Request for validation of instrument--------------- 96

Appendix B Latter to Respondents----------------------------------97

Appendix C Questionnaire on Entrepreneurial Competencies required

by Technical College Drafting graduate for Establishing

Small and Medium Scale Enterprises in

Plateau State.-------------------------------------------------98

Appendix D Population Distribution-------------------------------- ---105

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Appendix E Reliability of the Instruments -------------------------------106

Appendix F Result of the Analysis ----------------------------------------108

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LIST OF TABLES

Table Page

1. Mean Responses of the Respondents on the Technical

Competencies required by Technical College Drafting Graduates for

Establishing Small and Medium Scale Enterprises -------------- 64

2. Mean Responses of the Respondents on the Managerial



3. Mean Responses of the Respondents on the financial/Marketing



4. Mean Responses of the Respondents on the General Personal

Attributes Competencies required by Technical College Drafting

Graduates for Establishing Small and Medium Scale Enterprises ---

----------- --------------------------------------------------------------------69

5. The t-test Analysis of the Mean Responses of the Respondents on

the Technical Competencies required by Technical College Drafting

Graduates for Establishing Small and Medium Scale Enterprises ---

----------- --------------------------------------------------------------------70


the Managerial Competencies required by Technical College

Drafting Graduates for Establishing Small and Medium Scale

Enterprises -------------- -------------------------------------------------72


the financial/Marketing Competencies required by Technical

College Drafting Graduates for Establishing Small and Medium

Scale Enterprises -------------------------------------------------------- 74


the General Personal Attributes Competencies required by

Technical College Drafting Graduates for Establishing Small and

Medium Scale Enterprises -------------------------------------------- 76

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Abstract

This study was designed to identify the Entrepreneurial competencies required by Technical College Drafting graduates in the area of Technical, Managerial, Financial/Marketing and general Personal attributes

competencies for establishing Small and Medium Scale Enterprises in Plateau State. The study sought answers to four research questions and tested four null hypotheses. The population of the study consisted of 89

comprising 11 Teachers of Drafting for the three Technical Colleges in Plateau state and 78 Draftsmen of Small and Medium Scale Enterprises. No sampling was carried out since the population was of manageable size. The instrument was validated by five experts and Cronbach Alpha

Reliability Coefficient was used to determine the internal Consistency of the instrument. The instrument yielded a reliability Coefficient of 0.83. Mean statistic and standard Deviation, were used to answer the four

research questions while the four null hypotheses were tested using t – test at 0.05 level of Significance. The major findings of the study were that: Technical College Drafting Graduates Required Eighteen technical competencies twenty managerial competencies, Nineteen

Financial/marketing competencies and Sixteen general personal attributes competencies for establishing Small and Medium Scale enterprises in plateau state. It was recommended that Government and administrators of technical Colleges should organize Seminar and

workshop for Teachers of Drafting so as to enable them effectively teach the required competencies to students. Also it was recommended that the identified competencies should be integrated into the curriculum of

technical Colleges.

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CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

Background of the Study

Drafting is one of the Technical College trades that can offer means

of business opportunity to Craftsmen or Technicians. Drafting in the view

of Fredrick (1997) is a graphic representation of a real thing, an idea, or a

proposed design for construction. It may take many forms, but the

graphic method of representation is a basic natural form of

communication of ideas that is universal and timeless in character.

According to Oakey (2007), drafting is the art and science of translating

data and sketches of engineers, architects and scientists into detail

drawings that are used in manufacturing and construction. Drafting

therefore is the accurate preparation and interpretation of graphic

representations and plans by a draftsman which are used by production

and construction workers to build everything from microchips to

skyscrapers. A draftsman is a person who prepares technical drawings

and plans to provide visual guidelines and show how to construct a

product or structure.

According to the United States Department of Labour, drafting is

grouped with a professional, technical and managerial occupations. This

category includes occupations concerned with the theoretical and

practical aspects of such fields of human endeavours as architecture,

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pipe drawing, jig and fixtures design, schematic diagrams, printed circuit

boards, block and logic diagrams.

Drafting contains many economic enterprises through which people

can earn income. Drafting occupies a vital position in income generation

because of its multiple areas of specialization like: Landscaping,

electronic schematic, architectural, and mechanical drafting enterprise.

An enterprise in the view of Dabson and Malkin (2003) is an organization

with partially overlapping objectives working together with the rules and

regulations guiding them for some period of time in order to achieve the

stated objectives.

Entrepreneurship in drafting is a veritable tool in socio economic

and industrial development and in fact as a means of self-actualization

for the individuals concerned. The term entrepreneurship according to

Hisrich and Peters (2002) is the process of creating something new of

value by devoting the necessary time and effort, assuming the

accompanying financial, psychic and social risks and receiving the

resulting rewards of monetary and personal satisfaction and

independence. While Timmons and Spinelli (2004) viewed

entrepreneurship as a way of thinking, reasoning and acting that is

opportunity-based, holistic in approach and leadership balanced.

Entrepreneurship, therefore, involves innovation which can be thought of

as a process of change comprising identification, evaluation and

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exploration of an opportunity, management and creation of value through

the successful exploration of a new idea by an entrepreneur.

An entrepreneur according to Ihekwoaba (2007) is any person who

uses his skill to discover hidden business opportunity and exploits it for

a profit. His skill may be vocational, technical, science, agricultural,

technology education, etc. Ihekwoaba further stated that entrepreneurs

start new business ventures and do all of the planning, organizing,

leading and controlling necessary to kick-start the business. The

entrepreneur is a giver of employment, provider of infrastructures and

valuable services to the community. For an entrepreneur to be

successful, he/she should poses the following characteristics according

to Aminu (2009): determination, leadership quality, creativity, self-

nurturing, self-discipline, energetic, future oriented, etc. If the above are

strictly adhered to, it will lead to a number of benefits as enumerated by

Stokes and Wilson (2002): self-employment, employment for others,

income generation, development of new markets, ability to have great

accomplishment, healthy competition, thus encourage higher quality

products of the available small and medium enterprises in drafting when

the draftsmen are competent.

Competency as explained by Gove (1993) is a quality or state of

being functionally adequate or having sufficient knowledge, judgments,

skills or strength (as for a particular duty or in a particular respect).

According to Olaitan (2003), to be competent means that the individual

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has acquired the knowledge, skills, attitude and judgments which is

required in other to perform successfully at a specified proficiency level in

a given work. Competency comprises knowledge, skills, novelty and

experience needed to perform a particular job or series of jobs.

Entrepreneurial competencies according to Hisrich and Peters

(2002), for establishing small and medium scale enterprises include

mainly managerial, technical, financial/marketing and general

competencies. Denga (2002) noted that with the acquisition of

competency, individuals can be engaged in self-employment and other

useful projects, thus reducing the present high rate of un-employment.

Denga further stated that acquisition of the necessary competencies is a

must for entry into the world of work, most especially the technical

competencies.

Technical competencies according to Edward (2007) is the ability of

draftsmen to listen, see, and interpret graphic ideas. Edward further

stated that draftsmen must be technically skillfull in the use of the

pencil. Kwame (2007) in agreement with Edward, listed some technical

competencies expected of graduates of drafting to include: Application of

computer Aided Design (CAD) software, drawing organization, free hand

sketching, mechanical reasoning, dimensioning technique, scaling,

proper use of tools and materials and ability to read and interpret

drawings.

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Management is the art of getting thing done through people; it is a

process of achieving an organization's goal through coordinated

performance of five specific functions namely: planning, organizing,

staffing, directing, and controlling (Osuala 2001). Alio (2006) stated that

for prospective entrepreneurs in Small and Medium Scale Enterprise

(SME) to be successful, the following managerial competencies are

expected: Regular inspections of tools, sensitivity to feeling of others,

planning ahead of schedule of programme, ability to produce demanded

items before collection date, evaluation of personal skills, communicate

effectively, set goals for the organization, and should have and in-depth

knowledge of the choosing career. Olabiyi, Keshinro, Oluwa and

Bashorun (2009) also outlined some managerial competencies required of

technical college graduates to include: Foster relationship among

organization staff, create an open door policy, create long term vision for

the organization, and develop interest and implement policies. According

to Olabiyi e' tal, lack of managerial competencies by technical college

graduates has resulted to a situation whereby most of the graduates

hope solely on paid employment which are not forth coming.

Elobuike (1998) stated that financial competencies involve

identifying, procuring, allocating and evaluating financial resources as

they relate to expenditures made on capital and recurrent expenditures.

While Hisrich and Peters (2002) outline some financial / marketing

competencies required of entrepreneurs to include: Ability to determine

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selling price, advertising products, sales promotion, proper and prudent

money management, keep proper records of all transactions,

identification of target market and customer, identify channel of

distribution and above all be aggressive towards profit making. Hirich

and Peters further stated that marketing competencies are critical to a

venture's continued success.

Chell (1999) discussed 'Big five' attributes associated with

entrepreneurial behaviour. Chell outlined personal attributes

competencies as: innovative, determined, external focus and a team

leader. Also Ezeji (1993) outlined as follows the personal attributes of an

entrepreneur; punctuality to work, initiative of a good work judgment,

cooperation and dependability, respect of the rights of other workers, and

resourcefulness and attention to detail.

Small and medium scale enterprise (SMEs) according to United

Nations Organization (1984) is that enterprise with a minimum of five

and maximum of hundred employees. Small and medium enterprises

vary from one country to another, depending on whether it is developed

or developing. Small and Medium scale Enterprises in the context of this

study are drafting enterprises with minimum assets base between fifty

thousand and hundred thousand Naira, excluding land and working

capital with a minimum of five and maximum of fifty number of

employee. According to Oakey, (2008) enterprises in drafting field

include: sheet metal layout, electronic schematic, structural steel

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detailing, landscaping, electrical, civil, mechanical, plumbing, automotive

design drafting and architectural drawing. For an SME to be established

and managed successfully, it must be done by competent graduates of

technical colleges.

Technical colleges according to Okoro (2006) are the principal

vocational institutions in Nigeria which give full vocational training

intended to prepare students for entry into various occupations such as

drafting among others. One of the primary goals is to give training and

impart the necessary skills to individuals who shall be self-reliant

economically. Unfortunately many drafting and other technical education

graduates who suppose to posses drafting skills in Nigeria remain

unemployed, because they lack the required competencies. Edward

(2007) noted that some drafting graduates join the world of

unemployment because they lack adequate saleable competencies for

entrepreneurship. He further stated that this will reduce their marketa

bility and competitiveness in the labour market.

It is only when these graduates acquire competency in drafting

that they can set up and have enterprise and be self –reliant and

relevant. Thus, the goal of technical education in general and drafting

technology in particular can be achieved. It is in the light of these that

the study tends to determine the entrepreneurial competencies required

by technical college drafting graduates for establishing small and

medium scale enterprises in Plateau State.

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Statement of the Problem

Every society needs efficient and well trained workers. A well

trained technical college drafting graduate should be able to be

competent in studio organization, graphic interpretation, handling of

equipment and instruments, setting out, use of Computer Aided Design

(CAD) software among others accurately (Kwame,2007).Kwame further

listed some of the opportunities that exist for drafting entrepreneurs to

include :Product design, electronic schematic, sheet metal layout,

formwork, architectural drawing, setting out of buildings, landscaping,

and environmental drafting.

The primary objective of technical college programme is to produce

at craft level, graduates who should either take up skilled job

opportunities in industries or be self – employed. Ogwo (2004) stated that

lack of entrepreneurial competencies has resulted to failure of most

enterprises set up by technical college graduates. Olabiyi, Keshino,

Oluwa & Bashorun (2009) also stated that lack of entrepreneurial

competencies by technical college graduates has resulted to a situation

whereby most of the graduates hope solely on paid employment which is

not forthcoming; but could establish and manage drafting enterprises if

they possess entrepreneurial competencies.

Despite the importance of producing skilled and competent

personnel for economic and technological advancement, establishment of

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drafting enterprises in Plateau state appear not to have been impressive.

Chikan(2007) stated that both the students in school and those who have

graduated were noted to have some deficiencies in establishing drafting

enterprises inspite of Plateau state government efforts in providing

numerous attractive incentives like credit scheme, light and heavy

industrial layouts serviced with asphalt roads, electricity and water for

prospective small scale entrepreneurs. Chikan further listed some of the

areas of deficiencies to include: graphic interpretation, setting out, use of

Computer Aided Design (CAD) software, e.t.c. Due to lack of

entrepreneurial competency by technical college drafting graduates, they

are being restricted in skillfulness, efficiency, proficiency and

productivity. Hence, the rate at which unemployment is increasing is very

alarming. The problem of this study therefore is that technical college

drafting graduates lack entrepreneurial competencies to set up SMEs in

plateau state.

[

Purpose of the Study

The purpose of the study was to determine the entrepreneurial

competencies required by technical college drafting graduates for

establishing small and medium scale enterprises in Plateau State.

Specifically, the study intends to determine the:

1. Technical competencies required by technical College drafting

graduates for establishing small and medium scale enterprises.

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2. Managerial competencies required by technical College drafting

graduates for establishing small and medium scale enterprises.

3. Financial/marketing competencies required by technical college

drafting graduates for the establishment of small and medium scale

enterprises.

4. General personal attributes required by technical college drafting

graduates for the establishment of small and medium scale

enterprises

Significance of the Study

The findings of the study would benefit the state science and

technical education board, National Board for Technical Education

(NBTE), National Business and Technical examination Board (NABTEB),

Federal and State Ministries of Education, Parents and Society, Teachers,

Students and Researchers. Findings from the study of entrepreneurial

competencies required by technical college drafting graduates are

expected to be of benefit to science and technical education board by

serving as a reference material to the board during inspection and

supervision by ensuring and insisting that those identified competencies

are taught. By so doing, the students will be equipped with competencies

for establishing small and medium scale enterprises after graduation.

Meanwhile, the National Board for Technical Education (NBTE) as a

quality control body could use the findings from this study to in

cooperate suitable programmes/modules that can enhance

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entrepreneurial competencies of graduates of drafting to enable them to

establish SMEs. Findings of the study would be of importance to

NABTEB as an examining body to suggest to NBTE to incooperate those

areas that require acquisition of competencies in the curriculum

especially those aspects of technical and managerial competencies for

entrepreneurial ventures. The findings of this study will be made

available to National Board for Technical Education by the researcher.

The findings from the study could readily be used by the Federal

Ministry of Education and Plateau State Ministry of Education in

particular, as a guide on the type of directives required to be given to skill

acquisition centers administrators for the training of the unemployed

youths for jobs in drafting enterprises. The findings could be useful to

the ministry as a reference material during refresher courses for teachers

of drafting by officials of the ministry.

The findings of the study would be of importance to parents and

the society because it will serve as reference materials to parents on how

to guide and encourage their wards towards attainment of those

competencies, and the society as they stand to benefit from the

competent services rendered by the technical college drafting graduates.

The findings of the study would be of immense benefit to the

teachers and students of drafting because, it will serve as a reference

material to the teachers and technical college graduates on the

competencies they would require for teaching drafting concepts and the

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entrepreneurial competencies needed for establishing drafting

enterprises respectively. Lastly, the findings could also serve as a source

of reference to researchers by filling the gap this study could not filled.

Research Questions

The study seeks to answer the following research questions.

1. What are the technical competencies required by Technical College

drafting graduates for the establishment of small and medium scale

enterprises?

2. What are the managerial competencies required by Technical College

drafting graduates for establishing small and medium scale

enterprises?

3. What are the financial/marketing competencies required by

Technical College drafting graduates for the establishment of small

and medium scale enterprises?

4. What are the general personal attributes required by Technical

College drafting graduates for the establishment of small and

medium scale enterprises?

[

Hypotheses

The following null hypotheses were formulated to guide the study

and will be tested at 0.05 level of significance.

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H01 There is no significant difference between the mean responses of

teachers of drafting and draftsmen of small and medium scale

enterprises on technical competencies of Technical College

drafting graduates for establishing small and medium scale

enterprise.



enterprises on managerial competencies of technical college

drafting graduates towards the establishment of small and

medium scale enterprises.



enterprises on the financial/marketing competencies required by

technical College drafting graduates for establishing small and


Ho4 There is no significant difference between the mean responses of


enterprises on the general personal attributes required by

technical college drafting graduates for establishing small and


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Delimitation of the Study

Entrepreneurial competencies are very wide as a result of that, the

researcher has delimited the study to only four aspects of entrepreneurial

competencies required by Technical College drafting graduates for

establishing small and medium scale enterprises namely: Technical,

managerial, financial/marketing, and general personal attributes. The

study will involve teachers of drafting in the three technical colleges and

some draftsmen of small and medium scale enterprises in Plateau State.

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CHAPTER TWO

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

The review of related literature for this study is presented under the

following sub-headings:

1. Conceptual framework

Technical college drafting graduates

Technical competencies

Financial/marketing competencies

Managerial competencies

General personal attributes competencies

Small and Medium scale Enterprise

2. Theoretical framework

Problem solving theory

Skill acquisition theory

3. Review of Related Empirical Studies

4. Summary of Literature Reviewed

CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK

Concept is a distinctive meaning of a term, word or phrase that

symbolizes several ideas. Nnadi (2007) define concept as a medium of

organizing knowledge about the world to categorise information. He went

further to state that a concept may mean tangible things such as table,

chair, house, stone, rock, book, man, woman, boy, girl etc. Eboh (2009)

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stated that concept is an idea, thought or devolution of abstract system

of thoughts, by which science investigates, interprets and understands

particular segments of reality or phenomena. It is a distinctive meaning

of a term, that is, whatever is meant by word or phrase. However a

concept is a word or phrase that symbolizes several interrelated ideas

which may mean tangible things.

According to Hornby (2006), a framework is the structure of ideas

and how they are arranged to give a functional meaning to an event.

Conceptual framework as explained by Robinson and Davidson (2004) in

Okonkwo (2009) involves the definitions of various terms associated with

a particular study. However, conceptual framework, as used in the

context of this study involves the explanation of the new terminologies

that are used in a special way for the purpose of a study. The concepts in

this study include: Entrepreneur, Entrepreneurial competencies,

technical college drafting students, small and medium scale enterprises

(SME), drafting teachers, draftsmen of small and medium scale

enterprises (SME). These concepts will be explained one after the other in

order to substantiate and give meaning to the study as follows:

Entrepreneurship according to Busenitz and Barney (1997) is the

practice of starting new organizations, particularly new business

generally in response to identified opportunities. Entrepreneurship in the

view of Hisrich and Peters (2002) is the process of creating something

new of value by devoting the necessary time and effort, assuming the

20

accompanying finances, psychic and social risks, and receiving the

resulting rewards of monetary and personal satisfaction and

independence. Similarly, Timmons and Spinelli (2004) refer to

entrepreneurship as a way of thinking, reasoning and acting that is

opportunity- based, holistic in approach and leadership balanced.

Entrepreneurship results in the creation, enhancement, realization and

renewal of value not just for the owners, but for participants and stake

holders. Entrepreneurship however, in the context of this study can be

regarded as the innovation which can be thought of as a process change

comprising identification, evaluation and exploitation of an opportunity,

management and creation of value through the successful exploitation of

a new idea by an entrepreneur.

An entrepreneur according to Bird (1992) is a mercurial person

that is prone to insights, brainstorms, deceptions, ingeniousness and

resourcefulness, they are cunning, opportunistic, creative, and

unsentimental. Akinola (2001) sees the entrepreneur as a person of very

high aptitude who pioneer change, processing characteristics found in

only a very small fraction of the population. Datol, Danwanzam,

Nyapson, Padung, Udo, Bentu and Okwori (2004) explain that an

entrepreneur is “one who undertakes tasks”. A task is usually a duty that

must be done not minding whether it is difficult or not. He/she is a risk

taker who likes to take an adventure into the unknown and unfamiliar

territories, which with determination and courage wishes to explore and

21

conquer. Therefore, an entrepreneur in the context of this study is

someone who takes the initiative to establish his own business from

scratch and nurtures it to growth and profitability, brings new ideas or

innovations into it so that he makes it better.

Entrepreneurial competency on the other hand according to Aliyu

(2008) comprises of knowledge/know-how required for job occupation;

skills in the application of the knowledge successfully in one’s sphere of

work in order to accomplish occupational roles. Achilike and Okwuanaso

(2004), defined entrepreneurial competencies as the abilities of powers

and authority of skills, knowledge, attitudes that are needed to

accomplish tasks (cited in Aliyu 2008). Entrepreneurial competency

therefore, as used in this study are the skills, novelty, and experiences

combined to yield proficiency in drafting trades while;

Technical colleges according to Okorie (2001) are school

programmes designed to last for three years with entrants drawn from

the holders of junior secondary school certificates (JSSC) on evidence of

possession of technical aptitude and successful passing of examination.

Okoro (2006) defined technical colleges as principal vocational

institutions in Nigeria which give full vocational training intended to

prepare students for entry into various occupations. According to Oakey

(2007) defined drafting as a professional course in technical and

managerial occupations which include: Architecture, engineering, and

recreation.

22

Small and Medium scale Enterprises (SME) as stated by stokes and

Wilson (2002) is a small and medium firm managed by its owner(s) in a

personalized way, having a relatively small share of the market in

economic terms. He further states that it is independent in the sense that

it does not form part of a large enterprise and its ownership is relatively

free from outside control in its principal decisions. Center for Advance

Zonal Studies (2004) stated that SME has no universally accepted

definition; however, the various definitions normally contain the following

criteria.

The size and amount of capital invested in productive assets.

The total turnover, and

The number of employees.

Small and medium scale enterprise according to Aminu (2009) is any

enterprise with a maximum asset base of N200 million, excluding land

and working capital; and the number of staff employed by the enterprise

not less than 10 and not more than 300. Small and Medium scale

Enterprise in the context of this study involves those enterprises that

have a capital base less than N100, 000, excluding land and working

capital depending on the aspect of drafting venture. Drafting teachers are

those teachers who are trained in various drafting areas in higher

institutions to teach drafting in technical colleges and some senior

secondary schools. They are called drafting teachers because they have

acquired the necessary knowledge and skills to impart to the students.

23

The concepts identified and discussed above will serve as a guide

for better understanding of this study, since it will provide clear links

from literature to research purpose, research questions, research

hypotheses, research designs, and methodology and data analysis. It will

also serve as a reference point for discussions and contribute to the trust

worthiness of the study.

Technical College Drafting Graduates

Technical colleges according to Okorie (2001) are school

programmes design to last for three years with entrants drawn from the

holders of junior secondary school certificates (JSSC) on evidence of

possession of technical aptitude and successful passing of examination.

Okoro (2006) defined technical colleges as principal vocational

institutions in Nigeria which give full vocational training intended to

prepare students for entry into various occupations.

Technical college drafting graduates in the context of this study are

those group of technical college students who have graduated with

specialty in graphic design in building construction, Electrical

Installation and Maintenance work, Radio and Television repairs,

plumbing and pipe fitting, motor vehicle mechanic, painting and

decoration, welding and Fabrication, Furniture making, Refrigeration and

Air conditioning, and carpentry and joinery which can establish SMEs for

self-reliant.

24

Technical Competencies

Drafting in the view of Fredrick (1997) is a graphic representation

of a real thing, an idea, or a proposed design for construction later. It

may take many forms, but the graphic method of representation is a

basic natural form of communication of ideas that is universal and

timeless in character. He further stated that men have not been able to

get together on a world language of words and sentences, but

communication of thoughts from one person to another by means of

pictures occurred to even the earliest cave-dwellers, and there are

examples still in existence to prove it.

Fredrick, grouped drawings along two distinct lines according to

their purpose (a) Artistic, and (b) Technical. He stated that from the

beginning of time, artists have used drawing to expressed aesthetic,

philosophic, or other abstract ideas. In ancient times, people learned by

listening to their superiors, and by looking at sculptures, pictures, or

drawings in public places. Stokes and Wilson (2002) saw the above as

drafting competencies when they listed out series of competencies

required by any entrepreneur to include listening, seeing and interpreting

graphic ideas among others. Everybody understand pictures and they

were a principal source of information. In museums and in ruins of

antiquity are thousands of examples of storytelling or teaching by means

of drawing.

25

The other line along which drawing has developed as stated above

by Fredrick (1997) has been technical (drafting) from the beginning of

recorded history, man has used drawings to represent objects to be built

or constructed. He stated that in the Bible, the statement is made that

Solomon’s temple was “built of stones made ready before it was brought

thither”. Each stone and timber was carved or hewn into shape brought

to the site that was a high level of drafting competencies exhibited, it

noiselessly fitted together. From this statement, it is evident that

accurate drawings were used, showing the exact (accurate dimension)

shapes and sizes of the components parts.

Edward (2006) stated that the first written evidence of the use of

technical drawing was in 30.B.C.when the Roman Architect Vitruvius

wrote a treatise on architecture in which he said, “The draftsman must

be skillful with the pencil and have a knowledge of drawing so that he

readily can make the drawings required to show the appearance of the

work he proposes to construct”. He went on to discuss the use of the rule

and compasses in geometric constructions, in drawing the plan and

elevation views of a building, and in drawing perspective. He concluded

by stating that technical drawing has become highly specialized with the

particular branch of the engineering sciences to which it applies. No

draftsman can prepare accurate and complete drawings of machines,

bridges, or buildings who is not thoroughly familiar with the construction

of those structures. However, drafting is the art and science of describing

26

structures and structural details completely and accurately by graphical

means.

According to Oakey (2007), the design drafter is a skilled technician

who starts with a design and develops the working drawings required to

guide the production of machines or products. Industrial drafters and

designers are concerned with the development and drawing of machines,

casting, tooling jigs and fixtures, piping and structural details, sheet

metal layouts and pictorial drawings. They are also concerned with the

development and drawing of fluid power, kinematics, electrical and

electronics schematics. The college went further to state that a

mechanical drafter should be competent in interpreting engineering

information in the form of sketches, plans and detailed drawings to be

used in manufacturing and construction. A drafter may also work under

engineers. As a graduate of technical college in drafting, competencies

are expected in the following areas (Kwame, 2007)

Computer aided Design (CAD) software

Mechanical reasoning

Abstract and spatial concepts

Industry standards for drafting

Free hand sketching as meaning rapid communication

Drawing organization

Proper line work

Dimensioning techniques

27

Scaling

Studio organization and graphics

Neatness and accuracy

Understand shop processes

Drawing layout

Understanding of mathematics

Acquainted with the tools, materials and equipment.

Edward (2006) stated that the effective means of communication in

the industry is characterized by precision and standardization. He

further stated that drafting competencies are used by the printer in

planning layouts, by the geographer and civil engineer in map making, by

teachers as they help the students learn to read drawings, family in

planning for a new house. He concluded by stating that sketching is a

basic drafting skill. The draftsman must be able to sketch both as a

means of expression and as a means of visual communication.

Portland Community College (2009) concluded that there is high

demand for skilled design drafters and growth is predicted in the field.

Opportunities available to drafters among others include product design,

electronic schematic, sheet metal layout, structural steel detailing,

machine design, landscaping, topography. For this, high demand,

competencies are required of drafters in the following area.

Product knowledge

Ability to communicate

28

Read and interpret drawings

Selection of appropriate drawing instruments

Knowledge of computer design

Continued education, and

Enthusiasm.

Ihekwoaba (2003), in Ihekwoaba (2007) describes a drafter as a

craftsman, as a technical labour, who possesses practical skills and can

apply them to solve problems in his trade. The emphasis on what

constitutes a crafts man is the ability to perform duties in his trade,

occupation or profession and not necessarily in exhibiting theoretical

knowledge. According to Ihekwoaba, craftsmen entrepreneurs establish

their own shops, laboratories, training centres and along the streets,

roads, inside the markets and at strategic places in the rural and urban

towns. The craftsmen are welders, typists, motor mechanics, spray

painters, block molders, fitters, turners, Iron benders, etc. others are

brick layers, radio mechanics, furniture makers, etc with competencies in

interpreting drawings, accurate dimensioning, knowledge of scales,

technical sketching and the like.

Oakey (2007) stated that drafting craftsmen can translate data and

sketches of engineers, architects and scientists into detailed drawings

that are used in manufacturing and construction only when they are

competent. Their duties may include interpreting directions given to

them, making sketches, preparing drawing scale, and specifying details.

29

Managerial Competencies

According to Okorie (2000) an important issue of workforce

development in Nigeria is to ensure that human resources are developed

to such an extent that the achievement of desired rate of technological

changes will not be impeded through lack of personnel with suitable

managerial skill and competencies. Thus establishment of small and

medium scale enterprises (SME) in Nigeria have implication for workforce

development in technical colleges. One of the implications is the rising

demand for skill artisan, craftsmen and master craftsmen required to

manage an enterprise.

Entrepreneurship training according to Ayedudu (2004) is a

specialized training given to the students of technical college to acquire

skills, ideas and managerial abilities and capacities for self employment

than being employed for pay. According to Richard, Gary and Larry

(1991) entrepreneurship is the willingness and ability of an individual to

make an investment, opportunities, establishes and run an enterprise

successfully. The management structure and independence of small and

medium scale enterprises-(SMEs) put the entrepreneur in the most

critical position in running of the enterprises. Thus the success and

failure of business depend largely on the entrepreneur-competence.

According to Nzelobe (1996) the technical requirement of getting out a

product or rendering a service should be understood in considerable

details by entrepreneurs before embarking on business enterprise.

30

Lankard (2003) stressed that entrepreneurial skills must be nurtured

through proper education so that it can be directed to responsible and

enriching small business endeavour that will benefit the individual and

the communities in which entrepreneurs live. Small and medium

enterprises (SMEs) is an enterprises with a minimum asset base between

N1, 000, 000 - N200 millions, excluding land and working capital, with

the number of staff employed by the enterprise not less than 5 and not

more than 300. One of the common features of SMEs is that they are sole

proprietorship or partnership and have centralized management

structure (Udechukwu, 2003). In most cases, the operational and

administrative management is usually the owner (s)/ manager(s) who are

responsible for making the major decision concerning the enterprise.

The level of industrial development expected to be generated

through development of SME compared to the need of the country has

never been achieved. Aminu (2009) observed that there has been high

mortality rate of SMEs in the country due to lack of managerial

competencies required by small and medium scale entrepreneurs.

According to Aminu inadequate managerial competencies has resulted

into reluctance of banks to extend credit to SMEs entrepreneurs. In the

same vein, most technical college graduates are expected to acquire

entrepreneurial competencies for self-reliance and join the pool of

entrepreneurs for industrial development of the country do not have the

required managerial competencies.

31

Management is the art of getting things done through people; it is a

process of achieving an organization’s goal through coordinated

performance of five specific functions namely; planning, organizing,

staffing, directing and controlling (Osuala, 2001). An organizations'

success depends on how well its management is able to plan. According

to Olagunju (2004) one of the roles of management in a business

enterprise is to ensure the constructive coordination management efforts

at all levels into an effective instrument for achieving cooperate

objectives. Competency is the ability of an individual to perform a task

using his/her knowledge, skills, and experience. Competency deals with

specific tasks required to perform successfully in a given position.

Competencies of management will lead to individual and enterprises

growth, and help enterprises meet future demand:

Alio (2006) outlined some managerial competencies to include:

Effective feedback from customers

Ability to produce demanded item before collection date

Appraisal of apprentices performance

Planning ahead of a schedule programme

Regular inspection of tools

Evaluation of personal skills

Effective advertisement

Sensitivity to the feeling of others

Ability to handle difficult customers

32

Anyakoha (2009) outlined some managerial competencies to

include:

Ability to communicate effectively using oral and written skills.

Knowledge of method of conducting effective meetings

Ability to make long and short term planning

Acquisition of management and supervisory skills

Ability to manage time and meet job schedules

Ability to conduct personal evaluation

Knowledge of need for employee growth and development

Knowledge of factors involved in overhead control

Newer approaches to managerial skills according to George (2007)

have been built upon the technical, human, and conceptual skill

classification, but are slightly different. Aliyu (2001) outlined three

domains of managerial skills, purely technical skills, cognitive abilities,

and competencies that demonstrated emotional intelligence.

In spite of the fact that the Nigerian government has put in place

monetary, fiscal and industrial policy measures to promote and develop

SMEs in Nigeria, it has been observed that majority of technical college

graduate who are expected to have acquired skill for self-reliance to join

the pool of entrepreneurs for SMEs do not have managerial

competencies. Olabiyi, Keshinro, Oluwa and Bashorun (2009) outlined

some managerial competencies required of technical college graduates to

include.

33

Depth of knowledge in chosen trades

Develop interest and implement policies

Communicate effectively

Foster relationship among organization staff.

Set goals for the organization

Create long term vision for the organization

Create an open door policy

According to Olabiyi etal, lack of managerial competencies by

technical college graduates has resulted to a situation whereby most of

the graduates hope solely on paid employment which are not forthcoming

in view of the economic situation of Nigeria. Technical colleges are

expected to give training and impart the necessary competencies to

individual who shall be self-reliant economically (FRN 2004).

It is only through the acquisition of right managerial competencies

that technical college drafting graduates (entrepreneurs) can successfully

establish and manage the enterprises and contribute to the industrial

development of Plateau state and Nigeria as a whole. Having adequate

management knowledge and competencies helps entrepreneurs to

progress in their enterprises. However, one of the intricacies which

entrepreneurs identify as problem and a silent killer of entrepreneurial

development is lack of managerial know-how.

[

34

Financial/Marketing Competencies

Uzodinma (1991) perceived that the level of education in the

technical college has potential to equip persons to the best of their

abilities for a comfortable place in the society and the world of work. It is

necessary to note that the role of school in the process of competency

development is to provide knowledge and skills that are appropriate and

relevant to rapid technological development. Elobuike (1998) also opined

that an operator of a workshop with adequate competencies will stand

the test of time in meeting the desires and expectations of his customers.

The ability to keep records by drafting entrepreneurs would be an

advantage in analyzing performances. One of the main reasons in

management deficiencies which can cause business to fail is the inability

to keep adequate records.

Akamobi (2001) pointed out that a good book keeping record

should at least fulfill the following purposes:

Preserve intact the assets of a business

Show the liabilities of a business at any given time

Provide useful information for management control and decision.

Present, when necessary, a fair and correct view of the state of

business at any given time.

facilitate auditing

Confirm with statutory requirement

35

Give effects to the terms of agreement of partners and association of

persons doing business together.

Provide information for the completion of tax.

Alio (2006) stated that the recording of business is usually

performed by the book-keeper but since the craftsmen runs small-and

medium scale enterprises, the size of record may be kept by the manager

which may not warrant a book-keeper. According to Alio, the information

recorded by the manager would be useful to him in the following ways:

Making available information to the manger for decision making

Helping in the area of performance evaluation both to the manger

and other categories of work-force.

Helps in the costing of projects and other business ventures.

It helps in the maintenance of accountability.

Ihekwoaba (2007) stated that financial competencies is similar to

management, but it lays emphasis on financial resources, money,

cheques, postal orders, money order, letters of credit, bonds, shares, etc.

The competencies are needed by drafting entrepreneurs to assist them

take control of money, which is wealth. The competencies require

prudence in spending, control of inflow and outflow of funds, debt

management, credit management and hire purchase management.

However, financial competencies required by drafting entrepreneurs for

establishing SMEs include: proper and prudent money management,

36

control of in-coming and out-going finances, keep proper records of all

transactions and above all be aggressive towards profit making.

A market is a place where buyers express their demands for a good

or service and sellers provide their supplies of such goods or services.

Marketing, according to Hornby (2006) is the theory and practice of

buying and selling of goods and services. Marketing according to Dow

and Hendon (1991) in Okonkwo (2009) is the sum total of all business

activities that direct the flow of sales of products and services from

producers to consumers. Hisrich and Peters (2002) stated that marketing

competencies are critical to a venture’s continued success. As the

company grows, it will need to develop new products and services to

maintain its distinctiveness in a competitive market. According to Hisrich

and Peters many often blame lack of finances or poor management for

the failure of business, but a closer look will often reveal that the real

problems relate to marketing issues such as: Identifying the customer,

defining the right product and service to meet customer needs, pricing,

distribution, promotion, identifying the target market, characteristics of

the customer, and buying situation.

Financial / marketing competencies as outlined by Anyakoha

(2009) include the following:

Knowledge of accounts

Knowledge of costing

Ability to interpret financial statement

37

Ability to acquire the skill of preparing financial statement

Knowledge of factors involved in decision to grant loan by financial

houses

Knowledge of business laws

Ability to understand pay roll and various deductions

Knowledge of seasonal fluctuation of goods

Ability to budget and forecast

Ability to determine current and future trends in sales of products

Ability to determine availability of goods/raw materials for

production and storage of finished goods

Ability to determine and interpret factors which indicates extent and

strength of competition

Ability to determine what customers need

Stokes and Wilson (2002) stated that marketing competency is the

gathering of information, and making judgments based on it, is a key

entrepreneurial competency. A competent marketing manager according

to stokes and Wilson should possess the necessary qualities and skills to

ensure an effective performance of an enterprises marketing activities.

The following were outlined as marketing competencies: Judgment,

experience, knowledge, communication, motivation, planning, and vision.

They concluded that successful entrepreneurial marketing often

relies on the competency of the owner-manager in these key areas.

38

Aminu (2009) observed that in term of market, entrepreneurs are

reluctant to identifying the appropriate market for their

products/services. Most entrepreneurs do not actually know the right

market for their products and how to take advantage of market for

possible profit and capture the market share. According to Aminu, many

entrepreneurs have myopic view of the market due to lack of marketing

education to market their goods. Therefore, for a drafting entrepreneur to

overcome this market problem, an entrepreneur requires marketing

competencies to articulate the entire necessary marketing programme

that may lead the entrepreneur to success and acceptability of their

products in the market.

Aminu (2009) went further to state that marketing is the process of

bringing awareness to customers about the enterprise products or

services, and therefore entrepreneurs requires or services, aggressive

marketing to sale its products. Aggressive marketing of entrepreneur’s

product/services requires: Advertising, sales promotion, effective

distribution system, and right price for the products/services.

In drafting marketing however, there is a kind of market

arrangement where buyers and sellers are in contact with one another.

Drafting marketing enterprises involves the movement of drawings and

other useful products after they have been produced, into the possession

and ownership of final users. Thomas and Onah (1993) in Okonkwo

(2009) noted that two activities usually take place where a market

39

manifest itself namely; communication and exchange of goods and

services. They explained that in a simple market, this will be done by

direct face to face communication, but in sophisticated ones, an

elaborate system of communication may exist. A number of factors

according to the author determine the selection of a market, and they

include distance, transportation problem, handling, selling charges and

price quotations.

Therefore, for drafting entrepreneurs to succeed, they need an

aggressive marketing competency in the area of advertisement, sales

promotion, effective price system, and channel of distributing their

products/services to the consumers.

[

General Personal Attributes Competencies

Chell (1999) discussed “Big five” attributes associated with

entrepreneurial behaviour. Such attributes are manifested in a variety of

different ways in any one individual. However, it is worth stressing that

entrepreneurs are both determined to get their own way but also

competent in managing others through appropriate leadership. Chell,

outlined the personal attributes competencies as innovative, determined,

external focus and a team leader.

Hisrich and Peters (2002) classified entrepreneurial competencies

into three main areas: technical, business management and personal

attributes. The personal entrepreneurial competencies which

40

differentiated an entrepreneur from a manager include: inner control/

disciplined, risk taker, innovative, change oriented, persistent, visionary

leader and ability to manage change.

Ezeji (1993) outlined as follows the good work habit (attributes) of

an entrepreneur thus: Punctuality to work, good personal appearance

and neatness, care of tools, machines, equipment and materials,

initiative of a good work judgment, cooperation and dependability,

interest in work and workers, acceptance of instruction and correction,

respect of the rights of other workers, confidence in one’s ability,

resourcefulness and attention to details and ability to apply practices at

work and outside work. Every entrepreneur irrespective of how the

person is trained should adopt this work personnel attributes identified

by Ezeji in order to manage their enterprises effectively and efficiently.

Ihekwoaba (2007) stated that people have different opinion about

the entrepreneur which depend on their education, orientation,

understanding, belief and interest, in general, entrepreneurs should

possess all or some of the following attributes: Discover, explorer of

opportunities, a profit taker and profit maximizer, a philosopher, risk

taker and risk bearer, an adventurer, profit oriented, action-oriented,

anticipates possibilities, task-oriented, friend of the community, a leader,

Rational and take rational decision and above all a role model.

McCelland (1961) in Okonkwo (2009) stated that entrepreneurs are

most likely to do well if they are: Reasonable risk taker, self-confident,

41

hard workers, goal setters, accountable, and innovative. However,

drafting entrepreneurs can only succeed when they are ready to take

reasonable risk, have confidence in themselves of what they can do,

resilient in their endeavors, set attainable goals and be innovative enough

to meet up with the challenges of technological advancement.

Aminu (2009) stated that competencies of entrepreneurs varied

from the way society view them, because different countries and society

have their perception of what competencies should an entrepreneur

possess. Among the competencies of entrepreneurs that has been

accepted by many scholars according to Aminu, and studies conducted

include: perception, Boldness, persistence, persuasion, and ethics.

According to Aminu, entrepreneurial attributes (traits) include

independence, self discipline, concentration, persistence, creativity, hard

work, Business like attitude, motivation, confidence, willingness to take

risk, human-relation and ability to take decision.

Therefore, personal attributes required of drafting entrepreneurs for

success in establishing small and medium scale enterprises, has to do

with the totality of the individual entrepreneur’s disposition to the

enterprise as it relates to the growth of the business. Such dispositions

as punctuality to work, friendliness, trustworthiness, reliable, pleasant

looking, polite, and dependable. These attributes can be acquired

through training and experiences of the individual entrepreneur.

[[[

42

Small and Medium Scale Enterprise

Small and medium scale enterprise according to United Nations

Organization (1984) is that enterprise with a minimum of five and

maximum of hundred employees. Small and medium enterprises vary

from one country to another, depending on whether it is developed or

developing. CAZS (2004) stated that SME definitions normally contain

the following criteria: The size and amount of capital invested in

productive assets, the total turnover, and the number of employment.

According to Datol, Danwanzam, Nyapsen, Padung, Udo, Bentu & Okwori

(2004), Small and Medium Scale Enterprise is a form of business

organization which is usually set up by entrepreneurs who shall provide

all the needed capital, take decisions as well as shoulder the

responsibility for the management and administration of the business.

The authors further stated that the capital needed for SME is not more

than one (N1m) million Naira, excluding land premises. SME in the

context of this study are drafting enterprises with minimum assets base

between fifty thousand and hundred thousand Naira, excluding land and

working capital with a minimum of five and maximum of fifty number of

employee. Small and medium scale enterprises in drafting field include:

sheet metal layout, electronic schematic, structural steel detailing,

landscaping, electrical, civil, mechanical, plumbing, automotive design

drafting and architectural drawing. (Oakey, 2007). For a small and

medium enterprise to be established and managed successfully, it must

43

be done by someone in possession of entrepreneurial competencies.

Entrepreneurial competencies therefore refer to the sufficient knowledge,

novelty and skills required towards enhancing successful performance in

drafting enterprises for self reliance by graduate of technical colleges.

Figure 1: conceptual framework of the entrepreneurial competencies

required by technical college drafting graduates for establishing SMEs in

Plateau state (developed by the researcher).

The researcher represented the conceptual framework of the study

with six (6) blocks A, B, C, D, E and F. block A represents the

competencies expected of the graduates. Block B represents the

Competencies

Technical

Computer aided design

Technical sketching

Read and interpreted

drawings

Mechanical reasoning

Managerial

Supervision

Planning

Create open door policy

Financial/ marketing

Costing

Auditing

Procuring etc

General Attributes

Team leader

Focus driven etc

NBTE

Fed./state ministries

of education

NABTEB

Technical

colleges

Drafting

graduates of

technical

colleges

Landscaping

Plumbing

Electronic schematics

Structural steel

detailing

Sheet metal layout etc

Unemployment

Crime rate

Poverty etc.

World of work

(SMES)etc

A

B

C D

F

E

44

regulating, examining and inspecting bodies. Block C represents

technical college drafting teachers who are responsible for training the

students. Block D represents the technical colleges drafting graduates.

Block E and F represent situation of the technical college drafting

graduate s when the competencies are acquired and not acquired

respectively.

Theoretical Framework of the Study

A theory is a set of reasoned ideas intended to explain facts.

Ezeji (2001) stated that theories are more than collections of testable

hypotheses and concepts. They included more than abstractions

translated into words, which facilitate communication pertaining to

human behaviours. Rather, theories are representative of systems of

belief about the nature of people, objects and phenomena since they

contain assumptions about the extent to which human beings and

phenomena can be modified through experiences, and the limits that

have to be placed upon human aspirations.

Theory refers to ideas and suppositions in general. It is also known

as a set of statement that are systematically arranged, which may take

the form of a descriptive or functional definitions, operational construct,

assumptions, propositions, hypotheses, generalization, laws and theories

that give a functional meaning to an event or a series of events (Okonwo,

2009). Eboh (2009) stated that theory is a unifying and self-consistent

explanation of fundamental natural processes or phenomena that is

45

totally constructed of corroborated hypothesis. Theory therefore, is the

foundational basis upon which belief about the nature of people, events,

situations that concern them can be modified through experiences with

passage of time.

Framework in the view of Robinson and Davison (2004) is a

structure of ideas or related concepts and their methods of organization.

Bullon (2006) refer to framework as a system of thought that is organized

to give a practical meaning to the analysis of reality. Theoretical

framework therefore is a broad umbrella made up for understanding and

analyzing a reality or phenomena under study. Theoretical framework as

used in the context of this study, however, comprise of the study of

theories and principles which are related to the identification of skills and

competencies required for a successful establishment and management

of small and medium scale enterprises in drafting ventures. The

theoretical framework of this study is thus based on the theory of

problem-solving and skill acquisition theories. Several theories have

already been postulated to guide certain research studies and one of

such theories is the theory of problem-solving and skill acquisition.

Problem according to Nnachi (2007) is a difficult situation that

creates some worries in the individual. In actual sense, a problem is an

unsettling intellectual challenge (Ogbonnaya and Onwuegbuche, 2001).

He went further to state that problem exist only when there in a goal and

at the same time there is an obstacle to realize the goal. If there is no

46

goal, there is no problem. A problem therefore, may be defined as a

hindrance to the attainment of a stated and targeted goal which an

individual, organization or nation set to attained. If the goal of a school is

to ensure that every student is neat, there is bound to be a problem if

there is no water for the students to bath and wash their cloths. Two

major types of problem exist: well defined and ill defined problem.

Well defined problem is a type of problem whose initial state,

operators and goal state are easily determined and possibly well defined

while the ill define problem is shrouded in complexity like social

problems (Nnachi, 2007).Problem-solving is one of the main objectives of

education. An individual is educated to help him solve pressing problems

directly or indirectly. Problem-solving refers to the elimination of the

obstacles to the attainment of a goal. It involves movement from a

current, unsatisfactory state to a state in which the problem is

eliminated (Westen, 1996). This theory is taught to students so as to

prepare them to solve problems if they encountered fresh (Agulana and

Nwachukwu, 2001) which involve the formulation of new answer that

may extend the previously learnt principles and rules.

In establishing small and medium scale enterprises by technical

college drafting students, the type of competency required for effective

management of the enterprises is the problem-solving and skill

acquisition. Nnachi (2007) refer to skill as the ability to perform well in a

task as a result of exposure, training or practices, and problem as a

47

hindrance to the attainment of a goal. Okorie (2000) also stated that the

ability of individual to choose a particular occupation depends upon the

extent to which the individual’s abilities, experiences and training match

the recommendation/ requirements of that given occupations. Okorie

further noted that problem-solving and skill acquisition as an input into

the establishment of small and medium scale enterprises involves the

implementation of some practical and functional work-competencies

such as the ability to read and interpret drawings, accurate

dimensioning, technical sketching, managing and marketing among

others.

For successful establishment of small and medium scale

enterprise, therefore, technical college drafting graduates and other

interested members of the society need training in entrepreneurial

competencies required for establishing SMEs. The competencies which

they will acquire through training will enable them to successfully

establish and managed SMEs for maximum profitability, when adequate

capital is made available. Capital is an aid provided by man to enhance

SME operations. Capital in the opinion of Owoke, Ohuche, Agudozie,

Mackins and Oruta (2002), is a sum of money invested in a business

enterprise. Obi (2002), similarly identifies capital as a store of

accumulated wealth contributed to a firm by its owners. It is also

investment by the owners. It is also investment in the form of loans.

48

Capital can be fixed or circulatory. Fixed capitals are more durable

such as machines and buildings, while the circulating capitals are cash,

semi-finished goods or raw materials. These capitals can solve a problem

and skills are needed in its management. This is because SME requires

some capital investment in area of workshop, tools and equipment and

the needed materials to be properly managed by a competent

entrepreneur.

Entrepreneur is a problem-solver and a skilled person who

organizes and undertakes the risk of an enterprise Datol (2004) explained

that entrepreneurs are those “who undertakes risk”. Asuguo (2005) noted

that a good entrepreneur must be acquainted with efficient managerial

skill such as planning/management of an enterprise, organization, risk

bearing, searching out and exploiting, new business opportunities and

organization of other people’s work. Ihekwoaba (2007) also affirms that

an entrepreneur is any person who uses his skills to discover hidden

business opportunity and exploits it for a profit.

For a successful establishment and managing of SME, the

prospective entrepreneurs should constantly seek for more profitable and

efficient ways of combining and utilizing resources to maximize profit.

However, of all the theories reviewed, problem-solving and skill

acquisition are the relevant theories of learning because problem solving

and skill acquisition are aspects of learning. According to Gagne’s

hierarchy of learning, problem-solving is of the highest level. This will

49

guide the conduct of the study. In SME establishment and management,

problem-solving and skill acquisition are highly required in all the

aspects of entrepreneurial competencies. Technical college drafting

graduates therefore, required training in the necessary competencies for

establishing SME. These students when they have acquired the

competencies will avail themselves in the areas of translating graphic

design, building, setting out, landscaping, electronic schematic general

management, and marketing of the products. These students that will

supply these competencies must have acquired the competencies ever

before they can be competent in establishing SME. Therefore, with

reference to this study, the theory of problem-solving and skill

acquisition is very essential for a successful setting up of SME in that the

students will serve as a source of problem-solving and skill persons when

they might have acquired the necessary entrepreneurial competencies

required in establishing SMEs. They will become employers of labour.

This study uses therefore, problem-solving and skill acquisition

theories as an aspect of entrepreneurial competencies to identify the

necessary competencies required by technical college drafting graduates

in plateau state for establishing small and medium scale enterprises.

Skill according to Agulana and Nwachukwu (2001) is that ability to

perform well in a task as a result of stored up experience, knowledge and

novelty gain as a result of practice. Nnachi (2007) define skill as the

ability to practice, one can be skilled in writings, sewing, drawing,

50

reading, cooking, and so on. Skill persons in certain jobs are the

individuals that have undergone some extensive training in such jobs

and have thus mastered the activities that lead to successful

performance in the jobs. Skills; therefore, involve mastery due to training,

exposure or practice. Skills acquired by human beings can be of different

types. People are differently endowed in terms of behaviour, which is to a

great extent determines the skills to be acquired in a task. Skills could be

of four (4) types: Motor skill, affective skill, language skill, and cognitive

skill.

For the purpose of this study, the author tends to look at only the

motor skill because it involves the use of body organ or parts such as

hands, legs, head and so on to carry out physical activities in a normal

way. Such physical activities could be drawing, welding, building,

repairing a radio or car, and so on. Motor skill is achieved through

training involving contraction and straightening of skeletal muscles of a

person. A skilled, person according to Nnachi (2001) is the one that has

mastered the activities leading to a successful performance on a job or in

a task after receiving some training followed by practice.

A person is said to be skilled for jobs or activities that need some

training. A teacher is a skilled worker. One cannot be a qualified teacher

without undergoing some training. Thus a person is said to be skilled if

the person be a qualified teacher without undergoing some trainings.

Thus a person is said to be skilled if the person has the ability to perform

51

well due to training (Nnachi, 2003). He went further to state that skill

acquisition is a form of learning in which the individual obtains and

stores information about a task in his/her memory system in such a

manner that the retrieval of such information is unconsciously carried

out.

Drafting enterprises like any other small and medium scale enterprise

utilizes the acquisition of a lot of competencies. Competencies are

required in the use of scales, dimensioning, technical sketches,

interpretation of graphics, personal attributes, managerial/marketing

,among others. When these competencies are identified and incorporated

into the technical curriculum for the training of the students will equip

them for jobs in drafting enterprises for a worth while living, especially

when they could not gain admission for higher education or secure paid

employment meant for their levels. Hoffinan, Paris, Heal and Schell

(2008) noted that a number of people including graduates of technical

colleges establishes drafting enterprises for various purposes which

include, source of income, social stimulation, creativity and employment

among others. This aggresses with the problem-solving and skill

acquisition theories of acquiring competencies. Drafting entrepreneurship

has competencies which students and other idle youths could be

successfully trained on for gainful employment for a living. Drafting

enterprises also has information which can provide knowledge

concerning the establishment of small and medium scale enterprises

52

which can be engaged in by the technical college drafting graduates who

may not wish to further their studies on graduation or gain paid

employment meant for their level for a living.

Evident from the work of Hoffman, et al (2008) revealed that

drafting enterprises which is a form of work occupies a considerable

position of the adult lifespan, and its influence touches almost every part

of human lives. It defines his position in society, and, if fortunate, gives

meaning to his life and provides satisfying activity as an outlet for

creativity, and a source of social stimulation. This is in conformity with

the problem-solving and skill acquisition theories of learning. Small and

medium scale enterprises management is a drafting activity whereby

individuals acquired knowledge and competencies to transform technical

graphics and other resources into different finished products like an

installed house, well landscaped environment, well painted and

decorated house, and others. These activities require certain

competencies that should be identified and mastered for success in small

and medium scale drafting enterprises. Problem-solving and skill

acquisition theories of learning will guide the study in the identification

of those competencies that must be acquired for occupational success in

drafting enterprises.

Models to Identify Competency – Models in an Enterprise

Olaitan, Nwachukwu, Igbo, Onyemachi and Ekong (1999) define

work-skills as practical activities which can help an individual to acquire

53

saleable skills. They further stated that work-skills are a total away of

responsibilities within an activity which an individual performs for work

to have been done.

Two models were identified by Olaitan et al (1999) as keller and

competency-based. Only the competency based model will be discussed

as it is the model that suits this study.

[

Competency - Based Model:

Olaitan (2003) stated that to be competent means that the

individual has acquired the knowledge, skills attitudes and judgement

which he requires in order to perform successfully at a specified

proficiency level in a given work. Achilike and Okwuanaso (2004) stated

that competency is the abilities of powers and authority of skills,

knowledge, attitudes that are needed to accomplished tasks.

To execute a job or task successfully, requires certain

competencies. According to Okoro (2006), competency comprise of

knowledge/know-how required for job occupation; skills in the

application of knowledge, selecting and applying the knowledge

successfully in ones sphere of work in order to accomplish occupational

roles. However, competencies are the state or quality of being adequately

or well qualified, having the ability to perform a specific role.

Olaitan, et al (1999) before outlining the steps in using

competency-based model stated that it is synonymous with learning to

54

do. It is a process of designing and delivering strategies which can help a

student to acquire knowledge, skills and attitudes (competencies needed

for successful entry into employment) it involves arranging skills,

knowledge and attitudes to be learnt in hierarchy of difficulty. The

outlined steps include:

Identification of all tasks to be learnt.

Determination of what one need to know and do in order to perform

the identified tasks or jobs.

Arrangement of tasks and jobs in appropriate courses

Knowledge and skill for each task or job should be in hierarchy.

What one needs to know for mastery should be determined.

The Strength of this Model Helps to:

Assure educators that are providing appropriate vocational

education

Make teachers take decisions relative to what to teach, when to

teach it and how much time should be spend on it.

The authors further identified the following as constraints of

competency-based model:

For success to be achieved, learning tasks must be arranged

sequentially.

Learner must master specific skill before going on to another.

It is characterized by rigorous reliance on objectives.

55

This study will adopt the competency-based model because all the

steps and activities involved in establishing small and medium scale

drafting enterprise will be carried out by identifying the competencies to

be learnt, determination of what drafting students need to know in order

to perform the identified tasks like: personality attributes, drafting,

financial/marketing, and managerial. The knowledge and competencies

for these identified will be in hierarchy for achieving success in an

enterprise.

Review of Related Empirical Studies on Entrepreneurial

Competencies of Drafting Graduates

Anyakoha (1994) cited in Alio (2006) conducted a study on

enhancing the entrepreneurial skills of operators of Home Economics

related businesses and its implication for entrepreneurship education.

The sample of the study consisted of 200 entrepreneurs in Home

Economics in Enugu state. Questionnaire was the instrument used for

data collection.

The data collected was analyzed using mean statistics. The

following findings were made from the research.

Some entrepreneurial skills were needed by operators of Home

Economics related enterprise.

The entrepreneurial skill needed included knowledge of factors

involved in overhead control knowledge of inventory control, and

turnover ability manage time and meet job schedules, acquisition of

56

management and supervisory skills, knowledge of importance and of

job demands at home and family life, maintenance of appropriate

open channels of communication.

The following recommendations based on the findings of the study

were made.

That entrepreneurship education should be made part of the Home

Economics education of various levels of education, since graduates

from programmes often strive for self employment and self reliance.

That Entrepreneurship education should be encouraged through

mass media. Anyakaho’s study is related to this study in content and

design.

Alio (2006) conducted a study on strategies for enhancing the

competencies of electronics craftsmen in the informal sector of the

economy of Enugu state. The sample of the study consisted of 426

electronics craftsmen drawn from the seven local government area of

Enugu state. Questionnaire was the instrument used for data collection.

The data collected was analyzed using frequency counts,

percentage mean, standard deviation, ANOVA, test and scheffe multiple

comparism test. The following findings were made in the research.

That 70% of electronics craftsmen who operate small and medium

enterprises have never worked in any industries.

Most electronics craftsmen are in the age levels of 21-40 years.

They occupy permanent structure well-built workshops.

57

It was recommended from the study thus:

That since the education level of electronics craftsmen is low,

measures should be taken to update and broaden their knowledge

and competencies urgently.

Any retraining programme for improvement of the craftsmen skills

should be short in terms of duration, bearing in mind that they are

self-employed. The programmes should also be cost effective. It

should be affordable and attractive considering their background.

Government should mount electronics maintenance and service

oriented model electronics w/shops in some strategic places in

urban centres of Enugu state purposely to update the skills and

knowledge of electronics craftsmen.

Any government /non-government organization interested in

enhancing the competencies of electronics craftsmen in the informal

sector of the economy should always involve the owners of the

electronics workshop in the programme planning. Alio's study is

related to this work in content while the difference is in the use of

statistical tools.

Eliozor (2005) carried out a research work to determine

employability skills required by University Business Education students

in Enugu state. A survey research design was adopted for the study.

Mean, standard deviation and t-test statistics were used for data

analysis. Findings of the study revealed that 99% of the skills were rated

58

required while 1% as not required. This study is related to the present

study because of it focused on employability skill which is needed in

entrepreneurship, research design, instrument for data collection and

method of data analysis are all similar to that of the present study.

Ezeobele (2006) was another work on finding out the appropriate

skills needed for improved entrepreneurship in family poultry. The study

adopted a survey research design. A structured questionnaire was used

for data collection from 55 respondents. The data collected was analysis

using mean and standard deviation to answer the research questions,

while t-test statistics was used to test hypothesis. Major findings from

the study revealed that 42 skills were needed for improved

entrepreneurship in family poultry production. The study is related to the

present study because it also focuses on required skills for employability

which is what is needed for entrepreneurship.

Allu (2006) further carried out a study on work competencies

needed by technical college metal work graduates for entrance into

private enterprises in Nasarawa state. The study adopted a survey

research design. A structured questionnaire was also used for data

collection from 104 respondents. The data collected were analyzed using

mean and standard deviation to answer the research questions, while t-

test statistics was used to test null hypotheses. Major finding from the

study revealed that 101 competencies were identified as important work

59

competencies, needed for entrance into private enterprises. The study of

Allu is related to this work in content and design.

Wambutda (2008) carried out a research on competencies required

by technical college furniture craft students in furniture making

enterprise in F.C.T. the study adopted a survey research designs.

Structured questionnaire was used for collection of data from 242

respondents. The data collected were analyzed using mean and standard

deviation to answer the research questions, while t-test statistics were

employed to test hypotheses. Findings from the study revealed that 37

competencies are needed by youths for furniture making. Furthermore,

all the studies cited above are similar to the present work because their

method of research design and instrument for data collection are all

related to that of the present study.

However, the study on identification of entrepreneurial

competencies required by technical college drafting graduates for

establishing small and medium scale enterprises in Plateau state was

among the few on-going research in drafting enterprises to make the

graduates of technical colleges function effectively in small and medium

scale drafting enterprises.

[Summary of Literature Reviewed

The review of literature related to this study revealed that small

and medium scale drafting enterprises have made tremendous

contributions in the area of employment, income generation, training and

60

provision of social services that government somehow neglected to

provide. The small and medium scale enterprises in drafting is beset with

several problems, most of which revolve around lack of capital for growth

and poor competencies to catch up with technological knowledge in the

trade.

The review also showed that most technical college graduates do

not have the knowledge and skills that will enable them to take up

available jobs or be self-reliant. Some of the deficiencies attributing to the

failure of the graduates in establishing and sustaining their enterprises

are in the area of technical, interpersonal, financial, and marketing

competencies. Related empirical studies to the present study have

specially revealed that information gap exists with respect to acquisition

of saleable competencies required by the draftsmen for effective and

efficient running of their enterprises. The study also revealed that

draftsmen’s efficient operations in their workshops are hampered as a

result of level of competency they attained during their initial training.

Several studies that have been carried out in Nigeria concentrated

on strategies for enhancing the competencies needed by technical college

students for self-employment on graduation, none of such studies known

to the researcher was carried out on the entrepreneurial competencies

required by technical college drafting graduates for establishing SMEs.

However, the strategies identified by these researchers, although useful

cannot claim to be the competencies required by technical college

61

drafting graduates for establishing SMEs and that is the gap this study

tends to filled.

62

CHAPTER THREE

METHODOLOGY

This chapter describes the following subheadings: Design of the

study, Area of the study, Population for the study, Instrument for data

collection, validation of instrument, reliability of the instrument, method

of data collection, and method of data analysis.

Design of the Study

This study adopted a survey research design in which information

relating to entrepreneurial competencies of technical college drafting

graduates were sought. A survey research design as explained by Olaitan

and Nwoke (1988) is one in which the entire population or representative

sample is studied by collection and analysis of data from a group of

respondents through the use of questionnaire. Also Nworgu (2006)

defined survey research design as that design that centres on people,

their beliefs, opinion, attitudes and behavior. The survey research design

is considered most appropriate and suitable since the study solicits for

information from drafting teachers and draftsmen of small and medium

scale enterprises on the entrepreneurial competencies required by

technical college drafting graduates for establishing small and medium

scale enterprises (SMEs).

59

63

Area of the Study

The study was carried out in Plateau State. The state has three

technical Colleges namely: Government Science and Technical College

Bukuru, Liberty Institute of technology Jos, and Kuru trade Centre kuru.

Population for the Study

The population for the study was 89 comprising of 11 drafting

teachers in the three technical colleges in plateau State and 78

draftsmen of small and medium scale enterprises. This information was

obtained from Plateau state ministry of Education and ministry of

Commerce Industries and Tourism respectively. No sampling was carried

out since the population was of manageable size.

[

Instrument for Data Collection

The instrument for data collection in this study was a structured

questionnaire. The same instrument was used as an Interview guide for

the less literate respondents. The questionnaire items were made up of

two sections namely: section one soliciting information on personal data

of the respondents, while section two is structured into four parts (A, B,

C,& D). Part A deals on Technical competencies with 18 items, Part B

deals on Managerial competencies with 19 items, Part C deals on

Financial/marketing competencies with 20 items, while, Part D deals on

General Personal attributes with 16 items respectively required by

Technical College drafting graduates for establishing SMEs. A five-point

response modes of Highly required (HR), Required (R), Moderately

64

Required (MR), Slightly Required (MR),and Not Required(NR) with a

corresponding numerical value of 5, 4, 3, 2 and 1, was assigned to the

response scales for the competencies items as represented below.

Highly Required (HR) = 5

Required (R) = 4

Moderately Required (MR) = 3

Slightly Required (SR) = 2

Not Required (NR) = 1

[ Validation of Instrument

The Instrument was face validated by five experts, two of these

experts are from the department of Vocational Teacher Education,

University of Nigeria, Nsukka, one from Department of Technical

Education Federal College of Education Pankshin and two registered

Draftsmen from Plateau North and Plateau South senatorial districts.

The experts were requested to assess the items in the instrument in

terms of clarity and appropriateness in addressing the problem of the

study and research questions under investigation. The validates',

criticism, advice and suggestions were incorporated in the final draft of

the instrument. The impute of the validates really made the instrument

to the present standard.

65

Reliability of the Instrument

To establish the reliability of the instrument, the questionnaire was

trial tested on 3 drafting teachers and 10 draftsmen of SME. Teachers

and draftsmen were randomly drawn within Government Science and

Technical College Asakio, and Lafia town respectively, all in Nasarawa

state. Nasarawa State was chosen because it was carved out from

plateau State, therefore, Nasarawa State has the same level/Pattern of

work organization as Plateau State.

The Data obtained from the trial testing was analyzed using

Cronbach Alpha reliability coefficient to determine internal consistency of

the instrument. Section B of the instrument yielded .824, section C .837,

section D .826, and section E .814 given a total reliability of .825.

Cronbach Alpha was considered adequate because it is a generalized

formula that is used for multiple scored response items (Ogbazi and

Opkala, 1994). The result of the trial test helps predict the outcome of

the responses of the respondents.

Method of Data Collection

The questionnaire was administered to respondents by the

researcher and three research assistants. The research assistants were

briefed on how to administer the instrument in order to enhance the

return rate of the instruments. Information on the proper completion of

the instrument was explained to the research assistants who helped in

gathering the data for this study. A total of 89 copies of questionnaire

66

were distributed; out of which 11 was for teachers of drafting and 78 for

draftsmen of SMEs. The instrument was with the respondents for about

four to five hours to ensure 100% return rate.

Method of Data Analysis

Data collected from the respondents were analyzed using mean and

t-test. Mean statistics and standard deviation was used to answer the

research questions 1-4. The cut off point for taking decision on each item

was 3.00. Any item whose mean is 3.00 and above were regarded as

required while any item whose mean is less than 3.00 were regarded as

not required.

The four null hypotheses were tested at 0.05 level of significance

using t-test. The calculated t-test (t-cal) was compared with the table

value (t-tab) at 0.05 level of significance. This t- test of significance helps

to determine the degree of difference in the responses of the respondents

where the calculated value is less than table value, the null hypotheses

indicates that there is no significant difference in the responses of the

two groups of the respondents, therefore, the hypothesis (H0) of no

significant difference were upheld for that item. For an item with a

reverse value from the above, a hypothesis of no significant difference

were rejected for that item.

67

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