superpave performance graded binder testsusers.rowan.edu/~mehta/cematerials_files/ptc.16a.pdf ·...
TRANSCRIPT
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Superpave Performance Graded Binder Tests 1
SUPERPAVE PERFORMANCE GRADED
BINDER TESTS
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Superpave Performance Graded Binder Tests 2
PG Specifications• Fundamental properties related to
pavement performance
• Environmental factors
• In-service & construction temperatures• Short and long term aging
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Superpave Performance Graded Binder Tests 3
PG Specifications• Based on rheological testing
– Rheology: study of flow and deformation
• Asphalt cement is a viscoelastic material
• Behavior depends on:– Temperature– Time of loading– Aging (properties change with time)
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Superpave Performance Graded Binder Tests 4
High Temperature Behavior• High in-service temperature
– Desert climates– Summer temperatures
• Sustained loads– Slow moving trucks– Intersections
Viscous Liquid
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Superpave Performance Graded Binder Tests 5
Pavement Behavior(Warm Temperatures)
• Permanent deformation (rutting)
• Mixture is plastic
• Depends on asphalt source, additives, and aggregate properties
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Superpave Performance Graded Binder Tests 6
Permanent Deformation
Function of warm weather and traffic
Courtesy of FHWA
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Superpave Performance Graded Binder Tests 7
Low Temperature Behavior
• Low temperature– Cold climates– Winter
• Rapid loads– Fast moving trucks
Elastic Solid
σ = τ E
Hooke’s Law
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Superpave Performance Graded Binder Tests 8
Pavement Behavior(Low Temperatures)
• Thermal cracks– Stress generated by contraction due to
drop in temperature– Crack forms when thermal stresses exceed
ability of material to relieve stress through deformation• Material is brittle
• Depends on source of asphalt and aggregate properties
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Superpave Performance Graded Binder Tests 9
Thermal Cracking
Courtesy of FHWA
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Superpave Performance Graded Binder Tests 10
Aging• Asphalt reacts with oxygen
– “oxidative” or “age hardening”• Short term
– Volatilization of specific components– During construction process
• Long term– Over life of pavement (in-service)
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Superpave Performance Graded Binder Tests 11
Superpave Asphalt Binder Specification
The grading system is based on climatePG 64 - 22
Performance Grade
Average 7-day max pavement temperature
Min pavement temperature
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Superpave Performance Graded Binder Tests 12
Pavement Temperatures are Calculated
• Calculated by Superpave software• High temperature
– 20 mm below the surface of mixture• Low temperature
– At surface of mixture
Pave temp = f (air temp, depth, latitude)
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Superpave Performance Graded Binder Tests 13
RV DSR BBR
Construction
Tests Used in PG Specifications
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Superpave Performance Graded Binder Tests 14
Concentric Cylinder
Concentric Cylinder Rheometers
τ Rθ = i
2 π Ri2 L
γ = Ω R
Ro - Ri
Mi
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Superpave Performance Graded Binder Tests 15
Rotational Viscometer
Inner Cylinder
TorqueMotor
ThermoselEnvironmental
Chamber
DigitalTemperature
Controller
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Superpave Performance Graded Binder Tests 16
RV
DSR
BBR
Original Properties, Rutting, and Fatigue
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Superpave Performance Graded Binder Tests 17
Dynamic Shear Rheometer (DSR)
• Parallel Plate Shear flow varies with gap height and radius
Non-homogeneous flow
γR =R Θ
h
τR = 2 M
π R3
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Superpave Performance Graded Binder Tests 181 cycle
TimeAA
B
C
CA
B
Fixed Plate
Oscillating Plate
Test operates at 10 rad/secor 1.59 Hz
360o = 2 π radians per circle1 rad = 57.3o
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Superpave Performance Graded Binder Tests 19
Elastic Viscous
TimeAA
B
C
Strain
Strain in-phaseδ = 0o
Strain out-of-phaseδ = 90o
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Superpave Performance Graded Binder Tests 20
Viscous Modulus, G”
Storage Modulus, G’
Complex Modulus, G*
δ
Complex Modulus is the vector sum of the storage and viscous modulus
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Superpave Performance Graded Binder Tests 21
DSR EquipmentDSR
EquipmentComputer Control
and Data Acquisition
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Superpave Performance Graded Binder Tests 22
Areafor
LiquidBath
Motor
ParallelPlateswith
Sample
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Superpave Performance Graded Binder Tests 23
25 mm Plate with Sample
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Superpave Performance Graded Binder Tests 24
RV
DSR
BBR
Rutting
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Superpave Performance Graded Binder Tests 25
Permanent Deformation
Addressed by:
G*/sin δ on unaged binder > 1.00 kPa
G*/sin δ on RTFO aged binder > 2.20 kPa
For the early part of the service life
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Superpave Performance Graded Binder Tests 26
Short Term Binder Aging• Rolling Thin Film Oven
– Simulates aging from hot mixing and construction
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Superpave Performance Graded Binder Tests 27
Inside of RTFOFan
Air Line
Rotating Bottle
Carriage
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Superpave Performance Graded Binder Tests 28
Bottles Before and After Testing
Openingin
Bottle
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Superpave Performance Graded Binder Tests 29
Testing• Calculate mass loss after RTFO
• Determine G*/sin δ for RTFO aged material at same test temp. used for original asphalt cement
Mass loss, % =Original mass - Aged mass
Original massx 100
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Superpave Performance Graded Binder Tests 30
Question: Why a minimum G*/sin δ to address rutting?
Answer: We want a stiff, elastic binder to contribute to mix rutting resistance
How: By increasing G* or decreasing δ
Permanent Deformation
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Superpave Performance Graded Binder Tests 31
RVDSR
BBR
Fatigue
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Superpave Performance Graded Binder Tests 32
Fatigue CrackingFunction of repeated traffic loads over time
(in wheel paths)
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Superpave Performance Graded Binder Tests 33
Testing• Aged binder
– Since fatigue is a long term performance problem, include:• Short term aging• Long term aging
• Determine DSR parameters using 8 mm plate and intermediate test temperature
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Superpave Performance Graded Binder Tests 34
Pressure Aging Vessel(Long Term Aging)
• Simulates aging of an asphalt binder for 7 to 10 years
• 50 gram sample is aged for 20 hours
• Pressure of 2,070 kPa (300 psi)
• At 90, 100 or 110 C
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Superpave Performance Graded Binder Tests 35
Pressure Aging Vessel
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Superpave Performance Graded Binder Tests 36
Pressure Aging Vessel
Courtesy of FHWA
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Superpave Performance Graded Binder Tests 37
Fatigue Cracking
• G* (sin δ) on RTFO and PAV aged binder
• The parameter addresses the later part of the fatigue life
• Value must be < 5000 kPa
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Superpave Performance Graded Binder Tests 38
Fatigue Cracking
• Question: Why a maximum G* sin δto address fatigue?
Answer: We want a soft elastic binder (to sustain many loads without cracking)
How: By decreasing G* or decreasing δ
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Superpave Performance Graded Binder Tests 39
RV DSR BBR
Thermal Cracking
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Superpave Performance Graded Binder Tests 40
Bending Beam Rheometer
Air Bearing
Load Cell
Deflection Transducer
Fluid Bath
Computer
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Superpave Performance Graded Binder Tests 41
Bending Beam Rheometer Sample
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Superpave Performance Graded Binder Tests 42
Bending Beam Rheometer Equipment
Cooling System
Fluid BathLoading
Ram
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Superpave Performance Graded Binder Tests 43
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Superpave Performance Graded Binder Tests 44
Bending Beam Rheometer• S(t) = P L3
4 b h3 δ (t)Where:
S(t) = creep stiffness (M Pa) at time, tP = applied constant load, NL = distance between beam supports (102 mm)b = beam width, 12.5 mmh = beam thickness, 6.25 mmd(t) = deflection (mm) at time, t
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Superpave Performance Graded Binder Tests 45
Bending Beam Rheometer• Evaluates low temperature stiffness
properties– Creep stiffness– Slope of response (called m-value)
8 15 30 60 120 240
Log Creep Stiffness, S(t)
Log Loading Time, t (sec)
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Superpave Performance Graded Binder Tests 46
Is Stiffness Enough?• Need to assess strength at low temperatures
– Thermal cracking occurs when thermal stress exceeds pavement strength
• Direct tension test– Combined with BBR results to calculate critical
cracking temperature (tcrit)– States choice to use AASHTO M320 or MP-1a– DTT is no longer an option in AASHTO M320
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Superpave Performance Graded Binder Tests 47
Direct Tension Test
Courtesy of Instron
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Superpave Performance Graded Binder Tests 48
Direct Tension Test
Courtesy of FHWA
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Superpave Performance Graded Binder Tests 49
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Superpave Performance Graded Binder Tests 50Side View
Top View
specimen insertsball joint pins
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Superpave Performance Graded Binder Tests 51
Failure load
Original cross-section areafailure stress (σf) =
� L
Load
LLe
L + Δ L
Failure
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Superpave Performance Graded Binder Tests 52
εεff
stress
strain
σf
DTT Data
Constant Constant Strain RateStrain Rate
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Superpave Performance Graded Binder Tests 53
stress
strain
brittle
brittle-ductile
ductile
Different types of behaviorDifferent types of behavior
Different Binders or Temps
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Superpave Performance Graded Binder Tests 54
Failure Strain, %
Temperature
brittle brittle-ductile ductile
= 1
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Superpave Performance Graded Binder Tests 55
stress
strain
modified
unmodified
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Superpave Performance Graded Binder Tests 56
What Do You Need to Calculate Tcrit?
•BBR Data for at least 2 Temperatures–8, 15, 30, 60, 120, and 240 seconds–Stiffness, MPa
•DTT Data for at least 1 Temperature–Failure Stress, MPa
•TSAR software
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Superpave Performance Graded Binder Tests 57
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Superpave Performance Graded Binder Tests 58
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Superpave Performance Graded Binder Tests 59
Tcrit = the temperatureat which the thermal stressin the material (BBR) exceeds its strength (DTT)
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Superpave Performance Graded Binder Tests 60
SummaryFatigueCrackingRutting
RTFOShort Term AgingNo aging
Construction
[RV] [DSR]
Low TempCracking
[BBR]
[DTT][DTT]
PAVLong Term Aging
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Superpave Performance Graded Binder Tests 61
Questions –does it all
make sense?