Supernova Storms excerpt from Core Publishing ISBN 0-9690-4410-0 1980

Michael ( Miklos) Csuzdi, P. Eng. ( Electrical) Oct 8, 1929 - July 23, 1995

Michael Csuzdi devoted a great deal of his life in private research studying weather and geophysical phenomena. He applied electrical engineering theory to explain super nova storms; cyclones and anticyclones; earth currents, geomagnetic fields and their reversal; and finally displacement of the continents. These physical phenomena he concluded were all based on the well observed flow of electrons from the earth’s molten magma core out to space. This thermionic emission he fully modeled with the well established equations related to electrostatic charge and vacuum tube technology. He concluded it is the immense volume of the earth’s combined oceans and continents that makes these small electrical forces of nature grow exponentially into the force of nature of our planet. In later years he applied the same mathematical modeling to explain the continental positions on the earth’s moon and the planet Mars based on observed data of the time. His body of work based on thermionic emission is best understood by the pure physics community rather than the geophysics community that has consistently applied mechanically oriented explanations to observations on Earth. This has limited it’s understanding and acceptance. This need not be the case as the concepts and equations are straight forward and easily understood with an open scientific mind. You have entered this web page based on a key word search that is tied to a subject and explained by Michael Csuzdi’s theories. It is hoped that the following chapter taken from this published work with spark interest in the proposed explanation and drive curiosity in reading the complete document. Only then can the wholeness of his thermionic emission theory be fully realized as complete and scientifically accurate. The goal of this website is to drive further independent review and scientific debate on the theories proposed by Michael Csuzdi. If they can be corroborated then the potential for better weather prediction, earthquake prediction and an unlimited source of clean energy harvesting could be realized. Please feel free to share any of these documents and links with others as you see fit. The more review and dialogue the better.

2. The Supernova Storms.

I f i rst read about these storms in a popular magazine.

''They appear from nowhere in the middle of the night - huge thunderstorms that reach their full-blown might, sometimes in less than two hours, briefly thrashing the tropical Atlantic with explosive rage before disappearing as quickly as they came. So rapid and violent is their life cycle that meteorologists at the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration call them 'supernovas' after the sudden, brilliant flaring of a star before it collapses into death."[1]

"But where do they come from? The supernova storms were discovered only last summer, during the huge, multinational weather study known as the GARP (Global Atmospheric Research Program) Atlantic Tropical Experiment, or GATE. They were pinpointed thanks to the Synchronous Meteorological Satellite, SMS-1, whose infrared cameras enable it to photograph the developing clouds by their own heat, even during the darkest night."[l]

These storms do not fit into the conventional geophysics. scientists summarize their view on it:

Leading

"Are the storms causes - significant contributors to tropical weather dynamics - or mere symptoms, visible signs of some much larger and even more mysterious process? At this stage of research, all bets are open." "We cannot yet explain why and how they form over the ocean, at night."[l]

The conventional explanation of storms is that the solar energy is soaked up by the Earth's surface, and some time later this heat energy returns to the atmosphere. It radiates out from this virtual hot-plate area of the Earth to supply the atmosphere with this stored solar energy. But the surface of the ocean is an unlikely candidate for the role of the hot-plate, especially around midnight. Furthermore, hundreds of individual such storms develop there daily, regardless of the weather-conditions on the previous days, and they develop even if the sky had been overcast during the daytime and no sunshine reached the water.

I found more detailed observations in the technical literature. One study [2] analyses ninety-two storms during a 52-day period, in 1974, by viewing 4x4 nautical miles resolution infrared imagery from the SMS-1 satellite. Photos were taken typically at 30-minute intervals.

"Cloud systems selected for study met the following criteria: 1) Rapid growth of cold cloud in region where little or no cold cloud had existed. Typical growth period was 2-5 hours.

17

18

2) Bright mushroom or oval appearance in the gro~ing stage. This is a signature for developing cumulonumbus clouds. 3) Mature stage with horizontal dimensions of ~0

- 2° latitude."[2}

211 corresponds to 220 km in diameter of the storm which develops in about 5 hours. The locations of the 92 cloud systems are shown in Figure 2-1.

ON -,---r---i--;- - · r- ,--

• •

15 -• •

• • • • • • • • • •• • • • •• • • •• • • • • • • •

10 •••• • • •• • • . , • • • • • • •• •• • • • , • •• • • ••• • • • • • • •• • •• • • • •

5 • • • •

• • Figure

• 0 40 35 30 25 ow

I selected nine photos to illustrate a typical storm development (Figure 2-2). On August 10, 1974 a system ~ppeared at 30°W, 14°N at -06: 00 hours GMT. There is no trace of it on the OS: 00 hours frame. The area is clear of any other clouds within a radius of 350 km. The system reaches its maximum size in S hours. During its first 2 hours it stays at its original position, but from 10:00 hours to 18:00 hours it moves 600 km to the west at 75 km/hour velocity. (All these storl'llS move to the west, never to east, north, or south).

The quoted study [2] gives the diurnal variation in the startlng time of the storms (Figure 2- 3). The number within each hourly period is given by the height of the bars. It is very remarkable that six times

2-1

19

Figure 2-2

20

more storms start at midnight (12 per hour) than around noon (2 per hour). Furthermore, the midnight peak is sharp, and the noon minimum is wide. The quot _ed study also gives the dates, times (GMT), and location of the cloud systems studied. I converted this data lnto "elapsed days since July 17", and to local times (Figure 2-4).

I applied a linear curve fitting process to this data to see if there are other regular variations. Yes, there are significant trends in it. If the north-latitude data is plotted as a function of the elapsed days, it turns out that during this period of the year (between July 17 and September 6) the location of storm outbreaks moves monotonously towards the north (Figure 2-5). If the west-longitude data is displayed as function . of the local time, it turns out that the location of outbreaks moves towards the west between midnight and noon, then it moves towards the east from noon till midnight (Figure 2-6).

L. ::, 0 .c ~

4) .0 E ::, z

12

10

8

6

4

2

Figure 2-3

00 06 12 18 Local Time

These two movements of the outbreak locations follow the movement of the solar antipode point on the Earth's surface both latitudinally and longitudinally: the shift in the east-west direction is diurnal, and in the north-south direction it is seasonal (from June 21 till Decembe r 21 it moves northward, then southward during the next six months).

I advance here my conclusion: an internal stress-maximum moves along the solar antipode in the Earth I s crust, including the ocean floor. This stt'ess is of electric origin: it is related to the shift of the

System elaps ed L<x:al location System Number Days Ti:n.e Numiber

1 0.54 20•JO JO. 0°~1- 5 .0°~ 4? 2 2.J9 7,00 JJ . 0°:·1- 9 .0°N 48 J 4-. 38 7:00 26 . 0"~-11.0°:4 49 4 4-.75 16,00 26 ; 0°~·:-11.0° .'l 50 5 5 . 13 1:00 26. 5°W-10 . 5"~; q _., 6 6.21 17:JO 33 . 0° -..1- 3 .o.-;·i 52 . 7 7.04 23 :00 37 . 0° ·11- 8 .0°.f

~~ 8 7.50 10100 .29. 0°-;,,J-7 . 0°N 9 7,92 20100 .24 .0° 1!.1- 9. 0°N 55 10 8.08 19,00 2S .0° 1.11-12 . 0°N 56 11 9,38 7,00 38 .0° "''- :11 . 0°N 57 12 9,63 ·i:,100 )6.0°\oi-11, 0°N 58 13 10 . 00 2.2:00 29.0°W- 8 , ocrr c9

14 10.00 22 , 00 28 .0°1t- 9 ,0°N 6o 15 10 .04 2.JtOO J9 , 5°W- 9-5°N 61 16 11.00 22 t 00 35,0°W- 5,0"N 62 17 12.21 3,00 21. 0°W-17 ,O"N 6J 18 12.22 3100 22.0°W-18.0°N 64-19 12,94 21:JO 27.0°.-J - S.0°N 65 20 13.73 15•JO 29 .0°),1- ? .0°~ 66 21 14 . 13 1 :00 21, 5o·,,i- 9. 5"N 67 22 14,65 lJ1JO J6 .0°'.&1-9, C 0 :{ 6-8 2J 15.90 19,30 JS ,0° '.i'- 7.0 °::'i 69 24- 19, 17 2 .:00 J8 .O"'ii!- 9 . O 0 if 70 25 19 . .56 11,30 J4 ,0 °'A'- S . O"N ?1 26 20,1) 1 ,00 28 .o•·;t - 10. O"N ?2 27 21.40 ?•30 JO , 5 °','i-10 • 0 "N' 7.J 28 21.?7 16iJO 27 . 0"W-10.0"H ?4 29 22 . 10 Oi .JO 28. 0°',l-10 . 0° ~i 75 JO 24.19 2:)0 26 . 0 "':i- 9. 5°N 76 31 24-.20 2• .JO 23,5°W- 9 .0°N 77 32 24-.21 3100 22 . 5"",·1-10, J"~; 7:l JJ 24-, 25 4:00 23 , 0" \•1- 7 .0° :>. 79 .J4 24.29 5100 JO , 0°~1-14 .0°~ 80 .35 24.J3 5,30 25 .0° ~-12 . 0°N :'ll J6 24. J<! 7,00 26. 5° ·11-1).0"N :l2 37 24 . 75 16,00 ;4 .. 0°\ril-13. 0°1f SJ J8 26.00 22 i 00 35 .0° '.\'- 1. 0°N EP• 39 26.00 22,0-0 35 .• 0°·.-.·- J . 0 '0 ?f 95 40 26.58 l .2 . 00 JQ O 01 '1'- .:; 0 °'( 36 41 2.s.15 1:30 2r o ... ;1-1j : O"N 87 42 2!L21 3,00 JO . 0 °\i- 9 . 0 °N 88 43 29. ?3 151JO 31. 0 °W-12. 0°:-1 S9 44 29,04 23,00 26. 0 .... '1-12. 5":N 90 4-5 29 . 25 2:00 26 .O <>-,,;-12. 5°N 91 4-6 30.00 23:00 39 . 0<>-~-9.0"N 92

Figure 2-4

Elaos ed Local nays Time

J0,17 2: 00 )1.00 22:00 Jl.04 2J:00 Jl.13 1:00 J2.04 .23,00 J2 . 08 24,00 32 . 17 2,00 32.2 5 4-,'.lO J2 ,5 0 10,00 J2 .5(J ll:00 J2.6J 13,00 J2 • .33 15:00 J2 , 83 1s , oo 33. 04- 23 .00 J3.o4 23,00 JJ.J5 6,JO J4-.17 2:00 )4-. 21 J : 00 35.88 19,00 4-2.00 22,00 4-2.54 11 , 00 4-2,90 19 • JO 43.00 24,00 4J.S5 13:JO 44.04 2J :OO 44-. 04 2J:OO 44 . dl 17 :30 4-4, 39 17 ,00 4-5. 75 :.,co 45,42 a,oo 4j.4-6 9:JO 46.0!; 2.3:0 0 46.13 1:00 46, lJ 1,00 4-6,52 10:30 4-6.63 !J:00 46 , 75 1s,.oo 46,?5 16 : JO 4?.04 2J : OO 47.05 24 : 00 48.79 17 : 00 49 . 00 22: ::lO 50 .71 l;tOO :SL 04- 23 ,00 5.1.19 2,30 51.SJ 13,00

Location

20 .,'.)0 1;;'-10 . 0 ° :i .JO .0°·.t - 9 .0°N .}6.0"li'- 7,0°N 27 .5"W-10 . 0°N 29, 5"~·j-8 .O"N 25. 0°','/'.- 9. 0° ~i 37 . 5° ':I- 7. 5"~; ;2. 5°'N- a . 0°t, 25 .0°'/l'-10 , 0°N 33 ,;}" ',i- 6 . 5°N 27.0"W-11.0°~ l JO . 0°W- 8.0'" .1~ J6, 0°W- 7 .0°:i JO . ,:io ·.,;_ 2 . J 0 ~'.

}I. .0° ·.~- 3. 0°:I 22 .o 0 ·.i-11. 0°N 25 ,o<>·,t-12 . 0 ° N J1.0°~-li),::l 0 N 27. O"'Jl-1 2.0°~ i 27 . 0 Q'iil- 9 , 5°N 38 .o"·N-12. 0°~( J6 .0° ·r.-11 . o~.N 40 .0 °'.1- 6 . 0°:-1 40 .0 °·.-1- 9 .0°,: J2. 0°'.'i- 7. 5°~1 21.0°:'l-14 .o ~N JO. o·""d-11, 0°~ 24. O°'.i- 12.C 0 N Jl .O" ;l-1 2. 0°,f 29. 0° '.i- 4-. 0°N JO .0°','11-12. 0°~1 JS .o~;"~- 3 . 0° .N }4-. O 0 :'i-10 .C 0 N 26 . 0°:i - 5 .o 0 N 32. 0°: ·/-1 J, 0°K J9. 0":1- 9, 0°:( 3J, 0 °ll- 7,C"N 37 .0°\1'-1! , 0°N 24-. 0°ii- 7,0°N 25. O".'l- 11,0°N 22, 0°:j - 7 .0°i, 2J , 0° ",~- B .0 °X Jl . 0° :~- U.0° N 24 .0 °·;1-12. o 0 :i 22.0°., ·- s.c ":,.i J? ,0 °',i- 9.0°N

N .....

22

electron-density in the crust. This shift is manifested also on the surface of the crust in the form of the ~ell-observed "earth currents" or "telluric electricity" which I discuss in Chapter 5.

This diurnally circling mechanical stress triggers earthquakes where the crust is already pre-stressed by other causes, like the driving force of the continental plate movements which builds up continually. The electron density stress approaches its maximum during the local evening hours, thus it releases more and more earthquakes around midnight, thereby it depletes the internal stress for the next several hours, After midnight the electron-density maximum itself moves away from the stress depleted area, thus the earthquake occurence significantly drops for the daytime hours.

ON ow • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •

r 0 .. • • 15r 35

• • • • • • 'N • 0.0414 EO +6 .64 • ~ "N • 0 .0161 ED +8 .76 • • ~ ·. J

• . ;·; •• • 0 W-0.63 LT+25.36

•••• ··-\ 10 -· • 30 • • • • • • • • • • • ••• • -:c • • • - • • • • • • •• •• • • • • • • • 5 • • • •

• • • • • • • • • • .. • • • • • •

00 10 20 30 40 50 20

0 6 12 18

• • • • • , . ~

•• • •

• •

• 24

Elapsed Days Local Time Figure 2-5 Fi gur e 2-6

It is an obvious conclusion then that the outbreak of a supernova storm is the direct result of an earthquake on the ocean floor. Here an earthquake results in a large fissure on the floor, and a large area of the high temperature magma is suddenly exposed to the water of the

ocean. In mechanical terms the water starts boiling, in chemical terms the atoms in the water molecules dissociate, and in electrical terms part of the water molecules and their constituent atoms become ionized. Ionization means that one or more orbital electrons of the atoms are removed from their orbits and become free electrons (negative charges), and the electron-stripped atoms become positive ions (positive charges).

The sudden production of positive ions in the environment of the magma cathode is a creation of a positive space charge. This results in the inct'ease of the "anode current", or electron flow in the direction away from the cathode. The fast departing free electrons drag along the positive ions as well as neutral water molecules upward in the ocean's water. This is the birth of a supernova storm. The electric nature of this force is obvious from the fact that it acts continuously during the several hours while these water particles rise 5 kilometres in the ocean, and another 12 kilometres in the atmosphere. The electric force is a continuous action over the distance, as opposed to mechanical forces where the action at a distance does not exist.

In this respect the electric force is similar to the gravitational force which· also acts over the distance, except that this particular electric force which develops between the Earth's overall negative charge and the free electrons, acts in the direction opposite to gravitation, it acts in the upward direction.

The updraft speed of water particles is increasing with height inside the growing cloud tower since the continuously acting electric force encounters less and less resistance (friction) in the thinning atmosphere. This acceleration 'is well observed i~ meteorology, although its electric nature has not been recognized. ··

"Updraft speeds measured by the Thunderstorm Project ranged to a maximum of 26 metres per second (m/sec) but usually were less than half that much. They increased with height and averaged 5.0, 7.3, and 8.4 m/sec at altitudes of 1.5, 4.5, and 7 .6 km, respectively". "Updrafts exceeding 20 m/sec are not considered unusual in the upper parts of large thunderstorms. Airplanes flying through them at altitudes about 10 kxn have measured updrafts exceeding 30 m/sec."[3]

The presence of electric charges in a moving gas can be observed by their deflection in a magnetic field. The upward moving stormcloud moves in the geomagnetic field, thus if charges are in the cloud it will deflect according to

(2-1)

2J

24

where FM iS the magnetic force which arises on the moving charge, q is the electric charge of the particle, tt is negative for the electron and positive for the ion. vis the velocity of the particle, Bis the intensity of the magnetic field. The subscripts v stands for "vertical", and h for ~horizontal". v and Bare vectors, they should be perpendicular to one another. If they are not, only their perpendicular components count. The charge q is only a scalar multiplier of the v x B product. However, its sign is important: the direction of the magnetic force switches 180° if the sign changes,

V (Of •Q)

Figure 2-7

X X X X X X X X X X X

' ' ,

X /X I

I I

X I X i

t 1--q I I

Figure 2-8

Equation (2-1) can be represented graphically as three vectors at the edge of a cubic box (Figure 2-7) where the force FM iS at right angles to the plane containing both Band v and in the direction of a right-hand screw rotated in the direction v to B. This equation is a basic law in electricity, and it is described in many handbooks, as in [ 4] •

The geomagnetic field is usually represented by magnetic lines of force which exit from the south lllagnetic pole and enter the north magnetic pole, each such line carrying an arrow pointing to the north pole. When a cross-section area of a magnetic field is shown these lines of force are cut, The convention is that if these lines are directed into the page the lines are represented by crosses (x) as the tails of the arrows, and by dots ( .) if they are directed out of the page as the tips of the arrows.

Thus Equation (2-1) can also be represented by the path of a moving charge in a magnetic field (Figure 2-8). When a positive charge enters a magnetic field which is directed into the page the charge experiences a force of magnetic origin which deflects it to the left. This force is always at right angles to the momentary direction of velocity, thus when the charge changes course the direction of the magnetic force also changes to remain at right angles. This results in a path of constant radius if the velocity and the magnetic intensity do not change in the

meantime. A negative charge turna in the opposite direction, thus a mixture of both charges will be separated by the magnetic field if they travel together.

The Earth's magnetic field can also be represented this way. The Earth's equatorial cross-section is shown in Figure 2-9 when it is viewed from above the South Pole, and the crosses represent the geomagnetic field as the lines of force are directed northward, tnto the page. When an ionh;ed cloud enters this atmosphere from the

tt , ...... 11)

ti (M;M

- 11

- 11 i'I.T LEYH - -

-· - 1

- - WNW'

Figur e 2- 9 Fi gur e 2- 10

surface of · the ocean and it moves upwards, its charge contents will be separated by the deflection of the positive ions to the west and by the free electrons to the east. However, the two kinda of charges are physically much different. Free electrons are exceedingly small and invisible, while the positive ions are the same in size as the water molecules except that one or more of their atoms' orbital electrons are missing. Thus, they are the very matter of the cloud itself (together with the neutral water molecules). Therefore when an upward moving cloud is rotated to the west it is a positive-ion dominated cloud. In Figure 2-10 this westward rotation of the supernova cloud is shown from another report, {SJ. Meteorologists call this typical curving of the stormcloud the "anvil" which signifies its mature stage.

In Equation 2-1 the particle velocity vis a multiplier of the magnetic field B. Thus, significant deflection force develops only when the velocity is high. Therefore, there is no charge separation while they move in the dense water of the ocean, or even in the lower at~oephere.

25

26

The charge separation becomes significant only in the upper atmosphere. However, by separating the electrons from the ions and molecules, the upward drive is removed from the water particles. Thus, on the western edge of the stot'lll a special kind of raip starts falltng. The neutral water molecules start falling on the force of gravity, but the ionized water molecules are driven downward very forcefully by the electric field acting on their positive charge.

The presence of positive ions in this rain makes the downpour very powerful. On an o,cygen ion the acceleration

a= qV/m = 6x10 8 m/sec 2

(! r!

in an electric field of 100 V/m, while it is only 9. 8 m/sec2 on a water molecule. Thus a single ion is sixty +illion times more accelerated. The ion's kinetic energy is spread ot'er millions of neutral water molecules through repeated collisions, and this generates the extremely heavy torrential rains which precede these storms. This rain is characteristic of the storm and it is well observed by meteorologists.

"An extensive heavy rain area dev e loped west of the convective hands. For a width of -?O nautical miles west of the convective bands, upward drafts several nautical miles across with upward velocities of the order of 500 ft/minute were observed with little turbulence and no noticeable downdrafts. This rain area beco~es more stratiform yet westward where rain falls only from iextenaive and de ep middle clouds • '' [ 6 J

I quoted above the observation that a rising supernova storm cloud linearly moves towards the west by about 75 km/hour velocity for about 8 hours after its stagnant first two hours. This movement is another electric phenomenon, it works on the principle of the electric motor. Faraday constructed the first electric mptor in 1822 in the form as in Figure 2-11. A wire conductor in the fo t m of a rod, a-b, is suspended at a, so that its other endt b just touches the surface of a pool, M, of mercury. In the middle of M, is ! a powerful magnet, R, which provides a radial (horizontal) magnetic t field, B, around N. When a current ie passed through b-a the rod moves in the direction of the magnetic force, FM• As the magnetic field is radial, the movement of the rod describes a continuous rotation around N. When the direction of current is reversed, the direction of rotation also reverses. This configuration h fully applicable to the rising stormcloud. The magnetic pole N corresponds to the geomagnetic north pole whose magnetic field has a horizontal component in the tropical area. The column of the cloud is the wire-conductor ~ in which the electric current

flows, which is realized by the rising electric charges. The ocean is the pool of mercury from which the charges ( the el ectric current) enter the conductor, that is, the cloud tower . The cloud tower doe s not go around the Earth , because continents block it s path, but it completes sometimes more than 40 degrees of the ful l circle. In other words, under ideal circumstances, as continuous charge-supply for the cloud tower, and an all-ocean Earth, this conductor would go around the Earth at a constant distance from the north pole as a Faraday motor.

Fi gur e 2-11

The operation of this motor is based on the principle that a force of magnetic origin (FM) acts on the wire conductor in which an electdc current (I) flows, and whose direction is at right angles to the ambient magnetic field. (This is a variant of the magnetic force on moving electric charges). The direction of the force on the wire conductor can be determined by Fleming's "left - hand rule", Figure 2-12. When this r ule is applied to the storm whose direction of current is vertical, and the ambient magnetic field is the horizontal component of the geomagnetic field, then the cloud-conductor moves either to east or to west depending on the sense of the current.

What is the sense of this current? Is it up or down? The definition for the sense of the electric current is that it coincides with the flow of the positive charges. Thi s definition originates from the time of Volta and Galvani in the 17th century when the direction of the flow of electricity was established . They found that in an electrolyte metal is removed from the positive electrode and deposite on the negative one. They concluded that metal particles were carried by electricity from the positive anode to the negative cathode, thus th ey defined the direction of the electric current positive when it flows

27

28

froin the positive to the negative terminal. As it turned out iuuch later the metal particles move in the electrolyte in the form of positive ions, but negative charges also flow there in the form of free electrons, in the opposite direction. It also turned out that in metal (solid) conductors only the free electrons flow, positive ions do not. Thus, in metal wires electricity is represented by the flo~ of free electrons which flow from the negative to the positive terminals, thus, in fact, nothing flows in the direction of the "current", that is, from the positive to the negative terminal. This apparent contradiction causes endless confusion among those who are ignorant of this duality of the flow of electricity.

I

Figure 2- 12

Indeed, the flow of free electrons and the flow of positive ions are both rightful electric currents, and if they flow in the presence of an ambient magnetic field, there will be a magnetic f orce on each of them. However, if they flow together in the same medium in the same direction, then the signs of their "current" will be opposite, namely .the current of the positive - ion flow is a positiv e current, the flow of the free electrons is a negative curr ent. Therefore, if they are confined to the same system, as in the case of the rising storm cloud, the resultant current of the system is the difference of the two currents. For exa~ple, if the number of the positive and the negative charges are the same (and they move at the same velocity) in the rising cloud, then their overall current is zero. In this case, no matter how violently the cloud tower rises, there ia no magnetic force on this vertical cloud-conductor, and it does not move linearly in the horizontal direction. Indeed, as I quoted above, the supernova storm stands stagnant for the first two hours of its e~istence.

However, if the charge ratio tips towards one side, a difference­current arises, and the magnetic force starts acting on the cloud tower which, in response, starts moving as a Faraday motor towards the east or west. The actual direction depends of the sign of the difference - current. If the cloud is electron - dominated the current is downward and the cloud moves eastward; if it is positive-ion dominated the current is upward and the cloud moves westward according to Fleming's left hand rule.

Apparently supentova storms all become positive-ion dominated (electron - deficient) over the ocean , t hus they all move westward. Nevertheless, the proximity of a continent reverses this condition, the storm clouds become electron - domi nated and the magnetic force moves them eastward. A poleward velocity component also acts on them, but thh is not related to the Far aday motor. This component exists because electric charges can leave the atmosphere only through the auroral channels, thus they move poleward.

The operation of the supernova storm can be summari zed now. An earth­quake on the ocean floor exposes an area of the red-hot magma to the water, and this breaks up neutral water molecules into an equal amount of positive and negative charges. The negative charges are free electrons, and the posit ive ones are positives ions. These charges develop an electric force with respect to the overall negative charge of the crust, thus the free electrons develop a repulsion force while the positive ions deve l op an attraction f orce . Since the free electrons carry the same quantity of electric charge as the (singly ionized) positive ions, but have very much less mass (about 1/30,000), they accelerate very much fast er , therefore th ey drive both the positive ions and an amount of neut ral water molecules by flexible mechanical collisions in the direction of their own acceleration, that is, upward in the water.

The upward drive continues through the surface of the ocean and in the atmosphere where this conglomerat e of charges and water particles takes the form of a fast rising cumulus cloud tower (supernova storm). Within a few hours the ocean's wat er cools the magma surface and solidifies it into hard rock, and cuts of f the charge supply. Therefore the cloud tower develops a well - defin ed bottom where no more charges are to follow, and it rises as a closed bubble. Figure 2-10 indicates that directly below this bottom the atmosphere quickly returns to its normal state. During it s early life the cloud tower carries the same amount of both charg es, thus their resultant electric current is zero. therefore no horizontal magnetic force develops on the tower which then does not move in the horizontal direction.

However, there are two mechanisms which soon start upsetting this balance of charges. One is that th e fre e electrons, which drive the other particles of the cloud i n the upward direction, start overtaking them by missing collisons. These electrons depart the cloud at its top, and leave behind a positive-ion dominance. (Also, the unsupported particles start falling back to the ocean as rain, starting with the lower part of the cloud). The other is that the upward moving electric charges are deflected by the horizontal component of the geomagnetic field, the free electrons to the east , and the positive ions to th, west. This results in the westward tilting of the tower, and in further departure of free electrons at the eastern side of the tower. Thus, the positive-ion dominance further increases. The east-west curving of the deflecting charges increases with height because of the

29

JO

increaaing mean free path between collisions, thus the cloud tower develops an anvil shape as horizontal extensions of the cloud top in the east-west direction. Both of these extensions consist of neutral water molecules and the corresponding driving charges. But the eastward extension is not necessarily visible near to the tower because the high-energy collsions with the driving free electrons might prevent

condensation. Nevertheless, wind blowing in this area reveals the presence of the continuous driving force, and condensation takes place at some distance where the dispersion of the charges reduces the occurence of collisions. Figure 2-10 illustrates this case. Figure 2-13 shows the observed outline of a mature cloud tower with the connected extensions, and with t~e conventional non- electric explanation of its internal wind flow . This illustration is from an encyclopedia [10]. In Figure 2-14 I show my electrical interpretation of the wind paths, the two extensions and the top bulge. These are the result of the negative-positive charge separation in the east-west direction.

15

ra n - movemen o 20 km --"! and hall squall ·front

Figure 2-13 Fi gur e 2-14 '

However, the direction of the cloud's horizontal movement depends only on the sign of the current balance. Deep over the ocean this balance results in an upward current, thus the cloud moves with its positive-ion side towards west, over a continent the balance results in a downward current when the cloud's free-electron side is on the front while moving towards east, Thus in Figure 2-14 q2 are positive ions if D is westward, or q2 are free electrons if D 1a eastward, and q1 are always the other charge. The top bul ge is caused by neutral water .molecules which were driVen upward by ascending charges, thus they obta i ned a kinetic energy in that direction. However, the charges had been deflected sideways in the meantime, thus the molecules kept ruovi ng, like upward cast pebb l es, until they were overcome by the

gravitational acceleration. In their fall they enter one of the charge-streams and will be driven in the corresponding horizontal di r ection until they will have a chance to drop out and r eturn to the surface in the form of rain.

All other factors and activities of the storm cloud, like "dry layer", "moist layer", "rain - cooled air", even the "environment wind field", and also "rain and hail", are only side effects or consequences. The operation of a storm cloud is as much electrical as the operation of a television set, that is, almost one hundred percent. Thus, all attempts to explain them by mechanical terms only, are grossly inadequate.

Meteorologists say that supernova storms or cumulonimbus clouds sometime organize themselves into cyclones and hurricanes. I have studied some of these reports and I found that these activities of the etormclouds are a real electrical treasure box that I discuss in the next chapter.

J1

32

9. Bibl io graphy

[l] Supernovas: Quickie tropical storms. (Science News, Vol. 107, p. 152, 1975)

[2] Characteristics of Meso-(3-Scale Deep Convection Over the Eastern Tropical Atlantic, by Lee R. Hoxit. (NOM Technical Report ERL 366-APCL 38, 1976)

[3] lhunderstonns. (Encyclopaedia Britannica, 15th ed. Vol. 18, 1974)

[4] Electronic Engineering Principles, by John D. Ryder. (Prentice Hall, Inc. New York, 1949)

(5) On The Structure and Organization of Clouds in the GATE Area, by J. Simpson and R.H. Simpson. (GATE Report No. 14, January 1975).

(6) Rapid Structural Changes in an Asynnnetrical Tropical Depression, by Edward J . Zisper. (GATE Report No. 14, January 1975).

(7) Cyclones and Anticyclones. (Encyclopaedia Britannica, 15th ed. Vol. 5, P• 392, 1974).

(8) Physics of the Earth, by Frank D. Stacey. (John Wiley & Sons, Inc. New York, 1969).

(9) Physics of the Earth and Planets, by A.H. Cook. (John Wiley & Sons, Inc. New York, 1973).

(10) Squall line. (McGraw-Hill Encyclopedia of Science and Technology, Vol. 13, P• 20, 1977)

(11) Hurricanes and Typhoons. (Encyclopaedia Britannica, 15th ed. Vol 9, P• 58, 1974)

(12) Astronomy and Cosmology; a OX>dern course, by Fred Hoyle. (W. H. Freeman and Company, San Francisco, 1975).

[13] Space Physics, by D. P. LeGalley and Allan Rosen, editors. (John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 1964).

(14) Concise Encyclopedia of Astronomy, by Paul Muller. (Wm. Collins Sons and Co., and Follett Publishing Co. 1968).

[15) Atmosphere. (Encyclopaedia Britannica, 15th ed. Vol. 2, 1974).

(16) A Negative Experiment Relating to Magnetism and the Earth's Rotation, by P. Blackett. (Phil. Trans. A 245, 1952).

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128

[17] Magnetohydrodynamic Devices. (Encyclopaedia Britannica, 15th ed. Vol. 11, P• 329, 1974).

(18] MHD ... s target: payoff by 2000, by Enrico Levi. (IEEE Spectrum, May, 1978).

(19] Rowland, H. A. (Encyclopaedia Britannica, 15th ed. Vol. VIII, p. 696, 1974)

(20] On the Electromagnetic Effect of Convection Currents, by H. A. Rowland. (Philosophical Magazine and Journal of Science, June, 1889).

[21] Electric Engineering Principles, by John D. Ryder. (Prentice-Hall, Inc. New York, 1949).

[22] Atmospheric Electric Field. (Van Nostrand ... s Scientific Encyclopedia, 4th edition, p. 137, 1968).

[23] Tile Nature of Violent Storms, by Louis J. Battan. (Anchor Books, 1961).

[24] Tile Redshift Controversy, by Halton Arp and J. N. Bahcall. (W. A. Benjamin, Inc. Reading, Mass. 1973)

(25] Electrostatic 11¥)tors are powered by the electric field of the earth. (Scientific American, p. 126, October 1974).

[26] A Treatise on Electricity and Magnetism, by James Clerk Maxwell. (Dover Publications, Inc. 1954).

[27] Jet Streams. (Encyclopaedia Britannica, 15th ed. Vol. 10, 1974)

[28] Terrestrial Electricity. (McGraw-Hill Encyclopedia of Science and Technology, Vol. 13, p. 524, 1977).

[29] Geomagnetism, bys. Chapman and J. Bartels. (Oxford, 1940).

[30] Earth-Current Results at Tucson Magnetic Observatory, 1932-1942, by w. J. Rooney. (Carnegie Institution of Washington, 1949).

[31) Piezoelectricity. (McGraw-Hill Encyclopedia of Science and Technology, Vol. 10, p. 426, 1977).

[32] Electrostrictive Transducers. (McGraw-Hill Encyclopedia of Science and Technology, Vol. 8, p. 426, 1977).

(33] (Proposed Vol. 15 and 16, Publication 175, of the Carnegie Institution of Washington).

[34] Electricity and Magnetism, by M. Nelkon. (Edward Arnold Publication, London).

(35] A possible cause of the Earth's magnetism and a theory of its variations, by William Sutherland. (Terrestrial Magnetism and Atmospheric Electricity, Vol. 5, 1900).

[36) Reversals of the Earth's Magnetic Field. (Scientific American, February 1967).

[37) Paleomagnetism of the Stomberg Lavas of South Africa, by J. s. v. van Zijl et al. (J. R. Astr. Soc., Vol. 7, 23, and 169, 1962).

[38) Lineation of magnetic anomalies in the northeast Pacific observed near the ocean floor, by B. P. Luyendik et al. (J. Geophys. Res., Vol. 73, 5951-5957, 1968).

[39) The Solar System. (Scientific American, September 1975).

(40) The Odyssey, by Homer. (Book XII).

[41) An Ancient Greek C.Omputer. (Scientific American, June 1975).

(42) The Dynamic Earth, by Peter J. Wyllie. (Jolm Wiley & Sons, Inc. 1971).

[43] Anatomy of the Earth, by Andre Cailleux. (Weidenfeld and Nicholson Publishers, London, 1968).

[44] Venus: Topography revealed by radar data, by D. B. Campbell et. al. {Science, Vol. 175, 514-516, 1972).

[45) Martian topography derived from occultation, radar, spectral, and optical measurements, by E. J. Christensen. (J. Geophys. Res., Vol. 80, 2909-2913, 1975).

[46] Evidence for convection in planetary interiors from first order topography, by R. E. Lingenfelter and G. Schubert. {The Moon, Vol. 7, 172-180).

[47] Magnetic survey off the west coast of North America, by R. G. Mason and A. o. Raff. (Bull. Geol. Soc. Am., Vol. 72, 1259-1266, 1961).

[48] Variations of the Kinetic Energy of Large Scale Eddy Currents in Relation to the Jet Stream, by s.-K. Kao and w. P. Hurley. (J. Geophys. Res., Vol. 67, 4233-4242, 1962).

129

1JO

10. Acknowledgements

lltanks are due to David c. Gilmore, a vehicle dynamics engineer, for valuable assistance in the translation of various physical concepts into mathematical nx>dels. Tilese included the repulsive forces causing continental movement; the derivation of spherical coordinates from the vectored forces and displacements. He also provided uuch useful discussions, proof read a part of the manuscript, and contributed the watercolor which appears on the cover.

Quoted, cited, or otherwise referenced material is listed in the Bibliography, and identified in the text by the same number (in square brackets).

(l] is reprinted with permission of "Science News, the i;.,eekly news magazine of science, copyright 1975 by Science Service, Inc."

[3],[7],[27), and Figure 3-10 (11) are reprinted with permission from Encyclopaedia Britannica, 15th edition (1974).

[4] is copyright 1974 by Prentice Hall, Inc. Reprinted with permission.

[22] is copyright 1968 by D. van Nostrand Company, Inc. Reprinted with permission.

[28],[31],[32], and Figure 2-13 [10] are copyright 1977 by ~Graw-Hill Book Company. Reprinted with permission.

Figure 7-5 [37] is reprinted with permission of Blackwell Scientific Publications Ltd. (The diagram is redrawn to metric scales).

Figure 4-8 (a simplified version of Figure 1 of [48]), and Figure 7-6 [38] are reprinted with pennission of the Journal of Geophysical Research.

Figure 7-7 [47] is reprinted with permission of the Geological Society of America.

[42] is copyright 1971, and Figure 4-5 [13] is copyright 1964 by Jolm Wiley & Sons, Inc. Reprinted with permission.

Figure 8-24 [44] is copyright 1972 by the American Association for the Advancement of Science. Reprinted with permission. (The three arrows are additions to the original illustration).

Figure 8-25 [45] is reprinted with permission of the Journal of Geophysical Research. (The delineations, shading, and the dot-dash line are additions to the original illustration).